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A novel ejector-absorption combined refrigeration cycle

Daliang Hong, Guangming Chen*, Limin Tang, Yijian He

Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road,
Hangzhou 310027, PR China

article info abstract

Article history: This paper presents a novel ejector-absorption combined refrigeration cycle. When the
Received 9 March 2010 temperature of the heat source is high enough, this cycle will work as a double-effect cycle.
Received in revised form If the temperature of the heat source is lower than required temperature of heat source
6 July 2010 used to drive conventional double-effect absorption refrigeration cycle but much higher
Accepted 12 July 2010 than required temperature of heat source used to drive conventional single-effect
Available online 16 July 2010 absorption refrigeration cycle, the COP of new cycle will also be higher than that of
conventional single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle. Simulation results show that the
Keywords: COP of the cycle is 30% higher than that of the conventional single-effect absorption
Refrigeration system refrigeration cycle at some working conditions even in the later case.
Absorption system ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Ejector system
Design
Simulation
Performance

Nouveau cycle frigorifique associant un éjecteur et

l’absorption
Mots clés : Système frigorifique ; Système à absorption ; Système à éjecteur ; Conception ; Simulation ; Performance

1. Introduction global warming (Santamouris and Argiriou, 1994; Wimolsiri).

Conventional compression refrigerators need to consume
a great amount of electricity. IIR has estimated that approxi-
mately 15% of all the electricity produced in the whole world is
employed for refrigeration and air-conditioning processes of
various kinds, in addition, the refrigerants used in the
compression refrigerator such as CFCs, HCFCs have caused
serious environmental problems such as ozone depletion and
The absorption refrigeration cycle that can use waste heat and
solar thermal energy as driven force has attracted more and
more attentions (Srikhirin et al., 2006; Fan et al., 2007). GAX
absorption refrigeration cycle and multiple-effect absorption
refrigeration cycles such as double-effect absorption refrig-
eration cycle, triple-effect absorption refrigeration cycle were
proposed to improve the performance of the absorption
refrigeration cycle (Altenkirch and Tenckhoff, 1911; Vliet et al.,

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 13857170531; fax: þ86 571 8795 1680.
E-mail address: gmchen@zju.edu.cn (G. Chen).
0140-7007/$ e see front matter ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.07.007
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 5 9 6 e1 6 0 3 1597

Nomenclature e gas reduced massevelocity (the ratio of isentropic

massevelocity and critical massevelocity)
COP coefficient of performance
u velocity, m s1
m mass flow rate, kg s1
v specific volume, m3 kg1
h specific enthalpy, kJ kg1
f area of cross section, m2
p pressure, kPa
q heat exchanged, W Subscripts
m entrainment ratio sin single-effect cycle
x concentration, kg kg1 new new cycle
h relative increasing ratio 1, 2,. state points
wp pump power, W e evaporator
t temperature,  C gh high-pressure generator
41 velocity coefficients of primary nozzles gl low-pressure generator
42 velocity coefficients of mixing chamber r refrigerant
43 velocity coefficients of diffuser con condenser
44 velocity coefficients of mixing chamber entrance s heat source
k adiabatic exponent ab absorber
l gas reduced isentropic velocity (the ratio of gas p working fluid
isentropic-flow velocity and critical velocity) h secondary fluid
P relative pressure (the ratio of isentropic-flow c mixed fluid
pressure and stagnation pressure in a given section) lim limit state

1982; Devault and Marsala, 1990). Although the COP of these low-pressure generator can be lower than condensing pres-
cycles are much higher than that of conventional single-effect sure and the grade of heat source can be lower than that of
cycle, the grade of heat source used to drive these cycles are heat sources used to drive the double-effect absorption cycle.
much higher than that of heat source used to drive conven- Although it has a higher COP than that of the conventional
tional single-effect cycle. There is an obvious blank between single-effect cycle, relative increasing ratio cannot be high
the grade of heat source used to drive these cycles and that of because of high entrainment ratio and low efficiency of
heat source used to drive conventional single-effect cycle. To ejector. To make efficient use of high-grade heat with a simple
make efficient use of the heat at this grade, Erickson (1991), structure refrigeration system, this paper proposes a novel
Inoue (2003) and Wang and Zheng (2009) proposed several ejector-absorption combined refrigeration cycle based on
configurations of one and half effect absorption refrigeration parallel flow double-effect absorption refrigeration cycle.
cycle by combining single-effect cycle with two-stage cycle.
The heat input to the combined cycles is used to drive one
sub-cycle, part of the heat rejected by this sub-cycle is used to 2. Cycle description
drive another sub-cycle to generate additional refrigerant
vapor, so the COP of these cycles are much higher than that of The proposed cycle is shown in Fig. 1. Figs. 2 and 3 show pet
the conventional single-effect cycle. Nevertheless, the refrig- diagram of the solution and peh diagram of the refrigerant
eration systems with the cycles are complicated and the initial respectively. H2O/LiBr is used as working pair in this paper. The
investment in system components will obviously increase working principle of the cycle is described as follows. The water
(Wang et al., 2000). Ejector is regarded as an attractive vapor (1) is separated from the solution in the generator. Part of
component used to improve the performance of the absorp-
tion refrigeration cycles (Riffat et al., 2005; He et al., 2009).
Gu and Yu (1993) proposed an ejector-absorption combined
refrigeration cycle, high-pressure vapor from generator
injects part of the vapor out from evaporator to condensing
pressure, so the injected vapor does not need to be separated
from generator and the COP of this cycle is much higher than
that of the conventional single-effect cycle. Although its COP
is much lower than that of the double-effect cycle because
of the high compression ratio and low efficiency of the
ejector, its structure is much simpler (Jiang et al., 2002).
Kuhlenschmidt (1973) proposed a novel ejector-absorption
combined refrigeration cycle, the cycle employs two-stage
generators similar to that used in a double-effect absorption
system. Unlike the double-effect absorption system, the vapor
from low-pressure generator is used to inject the vapor from Fig. 1 e Schematic diagram of a new ejector-absorption
the evaporator to a higher pressure, so the pressure of the combined refrigeration cycle.
1598 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 5 9 6 e1 6 0 3
Fig. 2 e pet diagram of the solution.
the vapor from GH (high-pressure generator) (4) flows to GL
(low-pressure generator) and is condensed to be saturated
liquid there, the other part of the vapor (2) injects the vapor
from the GL (6) to condensing pressure. Tv 4 throttles the liquid
water out from GL (5) to condensing pressure. The stream out
from Tv 4 (8) mixes with the vapor out from ejector (7), and then
the mixed stream (9) is condensed into liquid (4) in the Con
(condenser). The liquid out from Con (10) passes through Tv 5
and is throttled to evaporating pressure, and then this stream
completely evaporates into vapor (8) in evaporator. The vapor
out from evaporator (12) mixes stream from Tv 3 (26). This
stream (13) flows to AB (absorber). The solution cycle between
GH and AB is the same as that of the conventional single-effect
cycle except that part of the solution out from P (pump) (21)
flows to GL through SHX 2 and Tv 2 in turn. The solution out
from GL (24) flows to Tv 3 through SHX 2. This stream is dep-
ressurized to evaporating pressure by Tv 3 and then mixes with
vapor from Evap. The cycle is finished.
The valve between state 2 and state 3 is a stop valve. When
the temperature of the heat source is high enough to drive
a double-effect cycle, the valve is closed completely; the
Fig. 3 e peh diagram of the refrigerant.
proposed cycle will work as a double-effect cycle. When the
temperature of the heat source is not high enough, the valve is
open completely. In the later case, the mass flow rate of state 4
is changed by Tv 4. As the opening of the Tv 4 increases, the
mass flow rate of state 4 increases.
3. Mathematical model
A mathematical model was developed to analyze the perfor-
mance of new cycle. To simplify the model, some assump-
tions are made in this paper.
(1) The system runs in a steady state.
(2) Pressure drops along the pipelines are neglected.
(3) The condensing temperature and the temperatures of the
solution out from AB are equal, they are assumed to be
40  C in this paper.
(4) The refrigerant out from condenser is saturated liquid
and the refrigerant out from evaporator is saturated
vapor.
(5) The refrigerant out from GL is saturated liquid
(6) The solutions out from generators and absorbers are
saturated solutions.
(7) The solution pump power input is neglected.
(8) A temperature difference of 10  C is assumed at the cold
ends of the SHX 1 and SHX 2.
(9) A temperature difference of 5  C is assumed between the
refrigerant and solution out from GL.
(10) A temperature difference of 10  C is assumed between the
solution out from GH and heat source into GH.
Ejector is the key component in the combined cycle.
Obviously, the COP of the system depends strongly on the
performance of ejector. The model used to calculate entrain-
ment ratio is given by Colomoc and Ijo}ep (1977), whose
results are similar to that given by Da-Wen et al. (1996). Each
component of combined cycle is treated as a control volume
with inlet and outlet fluid, heat transfer and work interac-
tions. The basic models for all of the components include
mass balance equations, energy balance equations and LiBr
mass balance equations. The balance equations of each
component are shown respectively as follows:
High-pressure Generator (GH)
m17 h17 þ qgh ¼ m18 h18 þ m1 h1 (1)
m17 ¼ m18 þ m1 (2)
m17 x17 ¼ m18 x18 þ m1 (3)
Valve (V)
h2 ¼ h3 (4)
m2 ¼ m3 (5)
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 5 9 6 e1 6 0 3 1599

Ejector m21 ¼ m22 (25)

m3 h3 þ m6 h6 ¼ m7 h7 (6) m24 ¼ m25 (26)

m3 þ m6 ¼ m7 (7) Throttle valve 2(Tv 2)

Condenser (Con) h22 ¼ h23 (27)

m9 h9 ¼ m10 h10 þ qcon (8) m22 ¼ m23 (28)

m9 ¼ m10 (9) Low-pressure generator (GL)

Throttle valve 5 (Tv 5) m23 h23 þ m4 h4 ¼ m24 h24 þ m6 h6 þ m5 h5 (29)

h10 ¼ h11 (10) m23 ¼ m24 þ m6 (30)

m10 ¼ m11 (11) m4 ¼ m5 (31)

Evaporator (Evap) m23 x23 ¼ m24 x24 þ m6 x6 (32)

m11 h11 þ qe ¼ m12 h12 (12) Throttle valve 3(Tv 3)

m11 ¼ m12 (13) h25 ¼ h26 (33)

Absorber (AB) m25 ¼ m25 (34)

m13 h13 þ m20 h20 ¼ m14 h14 þ qab (14) Mixed process

m13 þ m20 ¼ m14 (15)

m7 h7 þ m8 h8 ¼ m9 h9 (35)

m13 þ m20 x20 ¼ m14 x14 (16)

m7 þ m8 ¼ m9 (36)

Pump (P) m26 h26 þ m12 h12 ¼ m13 h13 (37)

m14 h14 þ wp ¼ m15 h15 (17) m26 þ m12 ¼ m13 (38)

m14 ¼ m15 (18) m26 x26 þ m12 ¼ m13 x13 (39)

Solution heat exchanger 1(SHX 1) Separated process

m16 h16 þ m18 h18 ¼ m17 h17 þ m19 h19 (19) m1 ¼ m2 þ m4 (40)

m16 ¼ m17 (20) h1 ¼ h2 ¼ h4 (41)

m18 ¼ m19 (21) m15 ¼ m16 þ m21 (42)

Throttle valve 1 (Tv 1)

h15 ¼ h16 ¼ h21 (43)

h19 ¼ h20 (22)

The ejector is the key component in the combined cycle.
m19 ¼ m20 (23) Obviously, the COP of the system depends strongly on the
performance of the ejector. Fig. 4 shows the diagram of the
ejector. The model used to calculate entrainment ratio is given
Solution heat exchanger 1(SHX 2)
by Colomoc and Ijo}ep (1977), whose results are similar to
that given by Da-Wen et al. (1996). To simplify the model of
m21 h21 þ m24 h24 ¼ m22 h22 þ m25 h25 (24) ejector, some assumptions were made:
1600 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 5 9 6 e1 6 0 3

mc ac
f3 ¼ (53)
kc Pc pc ec3

f3 ¼ fh2 þ fp2 (54)

The energy equation is given as

mc ¼ mh þ mp ¼ mp ð1 þ mÞ (55)

In addition, the velocity of the secondary fluid will not be

higher than its critic speed at any cross in mixing chamber.
Therefore there is a limited entrainment ratio for any given
working conditions of mixing chamber. It is given as,
Fig. 4 e Diagram of the ejector.
!  
ph ph ph
mlim ¼  ap 1 ah (56)
pc ec3 pp eps pc ec3
(1) The working fluid and the second fluid will not mix until
The values of constant used in these equations are shown in
they reach the mixing chamber;
Table 1. The parameters input to this procedure is the
(2) The velocity of the fluid into ejector and the velocity of the
temperature of the heat source, condensing temperature,
fluid out of diffuser are neglected, because they are much
absorption temperature, evaporation temperature, the pres-
lower than the velocity of the fluid in mixing chamber;
sure of high-pressure generator and the pressure of the low-
(3) The working fluid flow is one-dimensional.
pressure generator. By solving the equations (1e56), we can
(4) The pressure of the working fluid is equal to that of the
get the performance of the proposed cycle.
secondary fluid at inlet of the mixing chamber. They are
In this paper, COP is adopted for the cycle performance
equal to the pressure of the secondary fluid into ejector.
evaluation. It is defined as cooling capacity output divided by
heat input, given by
The momentum equation is given as


   COP ¼ Qevap =Qgh (57)
42 mp up2 þ mh uh2  mp þ mh u3 ¼ p3  pp2 f2 (44)
Relative increasing ratio is used to compare the perfor-
The velocity of the fluids at inlet and outlet of the mixing mance of new cycle with that of the conventional single-effect
chamber can be given as cycle, which is given as

up2 ¼ 41 ap lp2 (45) h ¼ ðCOPnew  COPsin Þ100%=COPsin (58)

The properties of pure water are calculated by REFPROP 8.0

uh2 ¼ 41 ah lh2 (46)
(Lemmon et al., 2007). The properties of H2O-LiBr solution are

 given by Pátek and Klomfar (2006).
u3 ¼ ac lc3 =43 (47)

The critic velocity of the fluids at inlet and outlet of the

ejector can be given as
4. Parametric analysis and optimization
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
kp pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ap ¼ 2 pp n p (48) Fig. 5 shows the effect of pgh and pgl values on COP when the
kp þ 1
temperature of heat source, the condensing temperature, the
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi absorption temperature and evaporation temperature are
kh pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 130  C, 40  C, 40  C and 5  C, respectively. It is obvious that the
ah ¼ 2 ph nh (49)
kh þ 1 increase of pgh makes entrainment ratio and generator
temperature of the GL increase, which makes the COP increase
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
at first. On the other hand, it will also make the heat input to
kc pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ac ¼ 2 pc nc (50)
kc þ 1

The area of the cross section of working fluid and secondary

fluid at the cross section 2e2 is given as Table 1 e The value of constant in equations (44)e(56).
mp ap Constant Value
fp2 ¼ Q  (51)
kp p pp ep2
41 0.95
42 0.975
mh ah 43 0.9
fh2 ¼ (52) 44
kh Ph ph eh2 0.925
kp 1.4
kh 1.4
The area of the cross section of the mixed fluid at the cross
kc 1.4
section 3e3 is given as
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 5 9 6 e1 6 0 3
Fig. 5 e The effect of pgh and pgl values on COP.
generate per unit mass of vapor in GH increase, which makes
the COP decrease later. The increase of pgl makes entrainment
ratio increase, which makes COP increase at first, similarly it
will also make the heat input to generate per unit mass of vapor
in GL increase, which makes the COP decrease later. Therefore,
to get a maximum COP for a given working condition, pgh and pgl
should be optimized. The simulation results of the new cycle
given in the next section are those with optimized pgh and pgl.
5. Results and discussion
Fig. 6 shows the effect of the temperature of heat source
values on optimized pg and mr when evaporation temperature
is 5  C, condensation temperature and absorption tempera-
ture are equal to 40  C, respectively. It can be found that as the
temperature of heat source increases, the optimized pressures
of both high-pressure generator and low-pressure generator
increase, which make u and m6/m1 increase.
Fig. 7 shows the effect of the temperature of heat source
values on COPs and h when evaporation temperature is 5  C,
condensation temperature and absorption temperature are
Fig. 6 e The effect of the temperature of heat source values
on optimized pg and mr.
1601
Fig. 7 e The effect of the temperature of heat source values
on COPs and h.
equal to 40  C, respectively. It can be seen that when the
temperature of the heat source is lower than 122.5  C, the COP
of all cycles are the same, because new cycle and double-effect
cycle will work as a single-effect cycle to get a maximum COP.
When the temperature of the heat source is higher than
122.5  C but lower than 150  C, the COP of the new cycle is
higher than that of both the conventional single-effect cycle
and double-effect cycle. When the temperature of the heat
source is higher than 150  C, conventional double-effect cycle
can work well. At these working conditions, entire vapor
separated from high-pressure generator is condensed into
liquid in low-pressure generator and new cycle will work as
a double-effect cycle. In addition, when the temperature of
heat source is higher than 110  C, the temperature difference
between the solution out from generator and heat source at
inlet of generator of single-effect cycle must increase as the
temperature of heat source increases to avoid crystallizing. It
also can be found that h increases as the temperature of the
heat source increases, when the temperature of heat source
reaches to 130  C, h is higher than 10%; if it reaches to 136  C,
h is higher than 20%; if it reaches to 142  C, h is higher than 30%.
Fig. 8 shows the effect of evaporation temperature values
on optimized pg and mr when the temperature of heat source
Fig. 8 e The effect of the temperature of heat source values
on optimized pg and mr.
1602 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 5 9 6 e1 6 0 3
Fig. 9 e The effect of evaporation temperature values on
COPs and h.
is 130  C, condensation temperature and absorption temper-
ature are equal to 40  C, respectively. It can be found that as
evaporation temperature increases, the optimized pressures
of both high-pressure generator and low-pressure generator
increase, which make m and m6/m1 increase.
Fig. 9 shows the effect of evaporation temperature values
on COPs and h when the temperature of heat source is 130  C,
condensation temperature and absorption temperature are
equal to 40  C, respectively. When evaporation temperature is
higher than 2  C but lower than 12  C, new cycle will have the
highest COP among that of all cycles. When evaporation
temperature is higher 12  C, conventional double-effect cycle
can work well and new cycle will work as a double-effect
cycle. It also can be found that h increases as evaporation
temperature increases, when evaporation temperature rea-
ches to 5  C, h is higher than 10%; when it reaches to 8  C, h is
higher than 20%; when it reaches to 10  C, h is higher than 30%.
6. Summary and conclusions
To make efficient use of high-grade heat with a simple
structure refrigeration system, this paper proposes a new
ejector-absorption combined refrigeration cycle.
Pressure of the high-pressure generator and pressure of
the low-pressure generator could be optimized to get
a maximum COP at any given working conditions.
If the temperature of the heat source is higher than
122.5  C, new cycle has a higher COP than that of conventional
single-effect cycle at the condensing temperature and
absorption temperature of 40  C, and the evaporation
temperature of 5  C. The value of h increases as the temper-
ature of the heat source increases. When the temperature of
heat source reaches to 130  C, h is higher than 10%; when it
reaches to 136  C, h is higher than 20%; when it reaches to
142  C, h is higher than 30%. When the temperature of the heat
source is higher than 150  C, new cycle will work as a double-
effect cycle.
If evaporation temperature is higher than 2  C, new cycle
has a higher COP than that of conventional single-effect cycle
at the temperature of heat source of 130  C, and condensing
temperature and absorption temperature of 40  C. The value
of h increases as evaporation temperature increases. When
evaporation temperature reaches to 5  C, h is higher than 10%;
when it reaches to 8  C, h is higher than 20%; when it reaches
to 10  C, h is higher than 30%.
If the ejector is taken place by an expander-compressor,
the performance of the system will be even higher because the
efficiency of the expander-compressor will be much higher
than that of ejector.
Acknowledgements
The major program of the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China, under contract No. 50890184 and National Basic
Research Program of China, Project No. 2010CB227304, finan-
cially support this work.
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