The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : The Massage Connection ANATOMY

AND PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - The Massage Connection -
Answer (click here)
2. Levels of Organization-An Overview - Answer (click here)
3. The Holistic Approach - Answer (click here)
4. Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
5. Systems of the Body - Answer (click here)
6. Planes of Reference - Answer (click here)
7. Human Anatomic Position - Answer (click here)
8. Directional References - Human Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click
here)
9. Body Regions - Massage Connection - Answer (click here)
10. Body Cavities - Massage Connection - Answer (click here)
11. Levels of Organization - Answer (click here)
12. Chemical Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
13. Cellular Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
14. Tissue Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
15. The Atom - Answer (click here)
16. Isotopes - Answer (click here)
17. Chemical Bonds - Answer (click here)
18. Chemical Reactions in the human body - Answer (click here)
19. Acidity and Alkalinity in the human body - Answer (click here)
20. Important Organic Compounds in the Body - Answer (click here)
21. Organelles - Answer (click here)
22. The Nucleus - Answer (click here)
23. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) - Answer (click here)
24. Membrane Transport in Cell: Passive and Active Transport - Answer (click
 here)
25. The Cell Life Cycle - Answer (click here)
26. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
27. Epithelia Classification: Simple, Stratified, Glandular Epithelium -
Answer (click here)
28. Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
29. Effects of Age on Tissue - Answer (click here)
30. Implications for Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)

Integumentary System
1. Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
4. The Epidermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
5. The Dermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
6. Nerve Supply to The Skin - Answer (click here)
7. Blood Circulation in the Skin - Answer (click here)
8. Skin and Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
9. Variation in Skin Color - Answer (click here)
10. Blood Flow and Skin Color Changes - Answer (click here)
11. Pigmentation of Skin By Carotene - Answer (click here)
12. Subcutaneous Layer, or Hypodermis - Answer (click here)
13. Accessory structures of the skin - Answer (click here)
14. Absorption Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
15. Microorganisms on the Skin - Answer (click here)
16. Inflammation and Healing on the surface of the skin - Answer (click here)
17. Effects of Aging on theIntegumentary System - Answer (click here)
18. Integumentary System and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
19. Massage Techniques and the Effects on the Body - Answer (click here)
20. Effect of Heat on Skin - Answer (click here)
21. Effect of Cold on Skin - Answer (click here)
22. Water and Skin - Answer (click here)
23. Body Wraps and Skin - Answer (click here)
24. Skin Lesions and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)

Skeletal System and Joints

1. The Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
2. Bone Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Formation of Bone - Answer (click here)
 4. Bone Remodeling - Answer (click here)
5. Parts of a Long Bone - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Bones - Answer (click here)
7. Human Skeleton - Answer (click here)
8. The Skull - Answer (click here)
9. Bones of the Face - Answer (click here)
10. The Mandible - The Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
11. The Vertebral Column - Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
12. Vertebral Regions and Spinal Curvatures - The Vertebral Column -
Answer (click here)
13. Characteristics of Vertebrae in Different Regions - Vertebral Column -
Answer (click here)
14. The Sacrum - Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
15. Intervertebral Disks - Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
16. The Thorax - Answer (click here)
17. Pectoral Girdle and the Upper Limbs - Answer (click here)
18. The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs - Answer (click here)
19. The Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
20. Ilium - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
21. Ischium - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
22. The Femur - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
23. The Patella - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
24. The Tibia - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
25. The Fibula - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
26. The Ankle - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
27. Joint Classifications - Answer (click here)
28. Stability of Synovial Joints - Answer (click here)
29. Movement Across the Joints - Answer (click here)
30. Classification of Synovial Joints - Answer (click here)
31. Individual Joints - Answer (click here)
32. TemporoMandibular Joint (TMJ) - Answer (click here)
33. Intervertebral Articulation - Answer (click here)
34. RIB Cage Articulations - Answer (click here)
35. Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - Answer (click here)
36. The Sternoclavicular Joint - Answer (click here)
37. Acromioclavicular Joint - Answer (click here)
38. Glenohumeral Joint - Answer (click here)
39. The Elbow Joint - Answer (click here)
40. Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs - Answer (click here)
41. Sacroiliac Joint - Answer (click here)
42. The Hip Joint - Answer (click here)
43. The Knee Joint - Answer (click here)
44. Tibiofibular Joint (Proximal and Distal) - Answer (click here)
45. The Ankle Joint and Joints of the Foot - Answer (click here)
46. Arches of the Foot - Answer (click here)
47. Age-Related Changes on the Skeletal System and Joints - Answer (click
here)
48. The Skeletal System, Joints, and Massage - Answer (click here)

Muscular System
1. Muscle Tissue and Physiology of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Myofilament: the Specialized proteins of Myofibrils - Answer (click here)
4. Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Characteristics of Whole muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Tone - Answer (click here)
7. Muscle Spindles - Answer (click here)
8. Tendon Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Isotonic and Isometric contractions - Answer (click here)
10. Muscle Energetics - Answer (click here)
11. A Summary of the Role of CNS in Muscle Function Control - Answer
(click here)
12. Physical Conditioning - Muscular System - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
15. Smooth Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
16. Muscle Terminology and Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)
17. The Axial Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer (click
here)
18. Appendicular Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
19. Muscles Of The Lower Limb - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
20. Muscular System and Aging - Answer (click here)
21. Muscular System and Massage - Answer (click here)

Nervous System
1. Organization of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of the Neuron - Answer (click here)
3. The Synapse - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Neurons - Answer (click here)
 5. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
6. Production and Propagation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
7. Differences in Propagation of action Potential in Myelinatedand
Unmyelinated Axons - Answer (click here)
8. Synaptic Transmission - Answer (click here)
9. Examples of Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
10. Electrical Synapses - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
11. Summation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
12. Factors that Affect Neural Function - Answer (click here)
13. Functional Organization of Neurons - Answer (click here)
14. Standard Terms and Grouping - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
15. Regeneration and Degenerationof Neurons - Answer (click here)
16. Sense Organs and Initiation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
17. Cutaneous Receptors - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
18. An Overview of Electrical and Ionic Events in Receptors - Answer (click
here)
19. Perception of Sensations - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
20. The Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, and Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
21. Anatomic Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
22. Distribution of Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
23. Nerve Plexus - Answer (click here)
24. Reflexes - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
25. Monosynaptic Reflex:The Stretch Reflex - Answer (click here)
26. Muscle Spindle - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
27. Reciprocal Innervation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
28. Inverse Stretch Reflex - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
29. Polysynaptic Reflexes: Withdrawal Reflex - Answer (click here)
30. The Final Common Path - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
31. Input to Motor Neurons - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Pathways of Cutaneous and Visceral Sensations - Answer (click here)
33. Direct Pathway of Fine Touch and Proprioception Senses - Answer (click
here)
34. Direct Pathway of Pain and temperature (and Remaining fibers of
Touch) Senses - Answer (click here)
35. Representation of the Body in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
36. The Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
37. Integrative Centers - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
38. Right and Left Hemisphere Specializations - Brain and Brain Divisions -
Answer (click here)
39. The Limbic System - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
40. The Thalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
41. The Hypothalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
42. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
43. Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
44. General Principles of the Control of Voluntary Movements - Answer (click
here)
45. The Motor Cortex - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
46. Lesions and Muscle Tone - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer
(click here)
47. Vestibular Apparatus - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
48. Motor System Lesions - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
49. The Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
50. Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
51. Bodyworkers and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Endocrine System
1. General Properties of Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Control of Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
3. Hypothalamus - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
4. The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click
here)
5. Thyroid Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
6. Parathyroid Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
7. Adrenal Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
8. Pineal Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
9. Endocrine Function of The Pancreas - Answer (click here)
10. The Endocrine Function of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
11. The Endocrine Function of the Heart - Answer (click here)
12. Thymus gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
13. Digestive Tract - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
14. The Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue - Answer (click here)
15. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
16. Endocrine System and Massage - Answer (click here)

Reproductive System
1. Genetic Sex - Answer (click here)
2. Fetal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Puberty - Answer (click here)
4. Testis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
 5. The Vas Deferens - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
6. Accessory Glands - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
7. Semen - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
8. Penis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
9. Endocrine Function of the Testis - Answer (click here)
10. Ovaries - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
11. The Uterine Tubes (Fallopiantubes; Oviduct) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
12. The Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
13. The Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
14. The External Genitalia - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
15. The Menstrual Cycle - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
16. The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse (In Brief) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
17. Contraception (Strategiesfor Birth Control) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
18. Development of The Fetus - Answer (click here)
19. Maternal Changes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
20. Labor - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Lactation - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
22. Age-Related Changes in the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
23. Massage and the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular System
1. Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
3. Red Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Types - Answer (click here)
5. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Answer (click here)
6. Platelets - Answer (click here)
7. Hemostasis - Blood - Answer (click here)
8. The Clotting Mechanism - Blood - Answer (click here)
9. Anticlotting Mechanisms - Blood - Answer (click here)
10. Plasma - Blood - Answer (click here)
11. An Overview of Circulation in Heart - Answer (click here)
12. The Heart: Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac Centers, Innervation of the Heart, and Factors Affecting Heart
Rate - Answer (click here)
14. Blood Supply to the Heart - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Cycle - The Heart - Answer (click here)
16. Apex Beat, Arterial Pulse, Venous Pulse - The Heart - Answer (click here)
17. Factors Affecting Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
18. Blood Vessels and Circulation - Answer (click here)
19. Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
20. Capillaries - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
21. Venules and Veins - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer
(click here)
22. Volume in Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
23. Major Systemic Arteries - Answer (click here)
24. Systemic Veins - Answer (click here)
25. Dynamics of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
26. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
27. Compensatory Adjustment - Regulation of the Cardiovascular System -
Answer (click here)
28. Effect of Aging on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
29. Massage and the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)

Lymphatic System
1. Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
2. The Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
4. Components of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
5. Drainage Route of Lymph - Answer (click here)
6. Massage and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
7. Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Nonspecific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphocytes - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
11. Immunization - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
12. Abnormalities of the Immune System - Lymphatic System Immunity -
Answer (click here)
13. The Lymphatic System, Immunity, and Aging - Answer (click here)
14. Basic Concepts of Health and Disease - Answer (click here)
15. General Causes of Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Infection and Infection Prevention - Answer (click here)
17. Pathways of Infection - Answer (click here)
18. Immunity and Massage - Answer (click here)

Respiratory System
1. Function of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
 2. Upper Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
3. Lower Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
4. Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. The Pulmonary Circulation - Anatomy of the Respiratory System -
Answer (click here)
6. The Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
7. The Pleura - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
8. Mechanics of Respiration - Answer (click here)
9. External Respiration - Answer (click here)
10. Respiration Muscles - Answer (click here)
11. Breathing Patterns, Respiratory Volumes, and Capacities - Answer (click
here)
12. Gas Exchange - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
13. Transport of Gases - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of Respiration - Answer (click here)
15. Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
16. Effect of Cold on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
17. Effect of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
18. Respiratory System and Massage - Answer (click here)

Digestive System
1. Functions of Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
2. Components of the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
3. Wall of the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
4. Peritoneum - Answer (click here)
5. Movement in the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Factors Controlling Digestive Function - Answer (click here)
7. An Overview of Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Functions of Important Nutrients - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation of Food Intake - Answer (click here)
10. The Structure and Function of Individual Organs of the Digestive
System - Answer (click here)
11. Mouth and Associated Structures - Structure and Function of Digestive
System - Answer (click here)
12. Salivary Glands and Saliva - Structure and Function of Digestive System
- Answer (click here)
13. Pharynx, Esophagus - Structure and Function of Digestive System -
Answer (click here)
14. Stomach - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click here)
15. Small Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
16. The Pancreas - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
17. The liver - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
18. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
19. Gallbladder - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
20. Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
21. Large Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
22. Movement in the Colon and Defecation - Answer (click here)
23. Digestion and Absorption of Food in the Gut - Answer (click here)
24. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
25. Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
26. Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
27. The Gastrointestinal System and Bodywork - Answer (click here)

Urinary System
1. Functions of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Components of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
3. The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
4. Nephron - The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Urine Formation - Answer (click here)
6. Composition of Urine - Answer (click here)
7. Transportation and Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
8. Urination or Micturition - Answer (click here)
9. Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System - Answer (click here)
10. Bodyworkers and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)