Introduction

Transportation simply means movement of goods or people. It is a major part of our life, which makes life easier for people. In the past, people faced numerous
problems while traveling to far destinations. In this case, transporting goods and helping people travel was very hard and was time consuming to transfer one item
from one place to another because there were no vehicles or transport equipments;which we have today; mostly the transportation of goods was done by animals. It
is transportation, which made it easier to explore incredible places, to assure more accurate time in relation to supply of goods and other demands and to keep goods
preserved on its natural life spans. Nowadays, people are able to discover space by transportation. Therefore, transportation has very essential roles in our life.

Early History

The first form of transport was, of course the human foot!. However people eventually learned to use animals for
transport. Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated between 4,000 and 3,000 BC

Meanwhile about 3,500 BC the wheel was invented At first wheels were made of solid pieces of wood lashed
together to form a circle but after 2,000 BC they were made with spokes.

The earliest boats were dug out canoes. People lit a fire on a big log then put it out and dug out the burned wood.

About 3,100 BC the Egyptians invented the sailing boat. They were made of bundles of papyrus reeds tied together.

About 2,700 BC the Egyptians began using wooden ships for trade by sea. Early ships were steered by a long oar.

Romans

The Romans are famous for the network of roads they built across the Empire. Roman legionaries built them so the
Roman army could march from one part of the empire to another quickly. Rich people traveled by horse or on long
journeys by covered wagon. Sometimes they were carried in litters

Romans built large merchant ships called cortia, which could carry up to 1,000 tons of cargo.

After the fall of Rome transport became more primitive. Roads in Europe returned to being simple dirt tracks,

Middle ages
In the Middle Ages rich people sometimes traveled in covered wagons. Others traveled on a box between two
poles. Two horses, one in front and one behind carried it. They were trained to walk at the same pace.

However at sea a number of useful inventions were made. The Chinese invented the compass centuries before it
was used in Europe. Nevertheless by the 12th century Europeans had learned to use it. Also in the 12th century
Europeans invented the rudder.

17th century

From the middle of the 17th century stagecoaches ran regularly between the major towns. However they were very
expensive and they must have been very uncomfortable without springs on rough roads. There was also the danger
of highwaymen.

In 1663 the first Turnpike roads opened.

Transportation in the 18th Century

Transport was greatly improved during the 18th century. Groups of rich men formed turnpike trusts. Travelers had
to pay tolls to use them.

Transporting goods was also made much easier by digging canals. In the early 18th century goods were often
transported by pack horse. Many canals were build for transport They played a major role in the industrial revolution
by making it cheaper to transport goods.

Meanwhile in France the Montgolfier brothers invented the hot air balloon in 1783. The hydrogen balloon was also
invented in 1783. In 1785 two men flew over the English Channel in a hydrogen balloon.

Transportation in the 19th Century

In the mid 19th century transport was revolutionized by railways. They made travel much faster. (They also removed
the danger of highwaymen). The Stockton and Darlington railway opened in 1825. However the first major railway
was from Liverpool to Manchester. The first underground railway in Britain was built in London in 1863. Steam
locomotives pulled the carriages. The first electric underground trains began running in London in 1890. The Central
Line opened in 1900. The Bakerloo Line and the Piccadilly Line both opened in 1906. Meanwhile the Paris Metro
opened in 1900.

From 1829 horse drawn omnibuses began running in London. They soon followed in other towns. In the 1860s and
1870s horse drawn trams began running in many towns

Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars in 1885 and 1886. The motorbike was patented in 1885. Cars
developed quickly. The car heater was invented by Thomas Ahearn in 1890. Also in the 1880s the safety bicycle
was invented

Meanwhile at sea 19th century transportation was revolutionized by the steam ship. By 1815 steamships were
crossing the English Channel At the end of the 18th century several men designed lifeboats.

Life in the 19th Century

Transportation in the 20th Century

Transportation greatly improved during the 20th century. Although the first cars appeared at the end of the 19th
century after the First World War they became cheaper and more common. a car. By the 1970s the majority of
families owned one.

The first electric traffic lights were invented in the USA in 1914.

The parking meter was invented by a man named Carlton Magee.

The first zebra crossing was introduced in 1949.

.Meanwhile in the late 19th century horse drawn trams ran in many towns in Britain. At the beginning of the 20th
century they were electrified. However in most towns trams were phased out in the 1930s. They gave way to buses,
either motor buses or trolley buses, which ran on overhead wires. In the mid-20th century there was a large network
of branch railways in Britain. The first hovercraft passenger service began in 1962.
Meanwhile a completely new form of transport began. In 1919 planes began carrying passengers between London
and Paris. The first passenger jet service began in 1952.

The Boeing 747, the first 'Jumbo jet' was introduced in 1970 and The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994.

Life in the 20th Century

Transportation in the 21st Century

The next step in transport will probably be commercial suborbital space flight. At the moment it is still in the future
and at first it will inevitably be very expensive but it will eventually become cheap enough for ordinary people to
afford.
 There is no doubt that our transportation system is undergoing a dramatic change
and traditional transportation industry is keenly interested in understanding this new paradigm. These new mobility innovations are bringing new
faces to transportation sector, Technology has regularly changed transportation by making it quicker and more efficient. The first wheels on carts
were created in roughly 3500 B.C., along with river boats driven by oars. Until roughly the 1600s, there were few major changes in transportation
technology, such as domestication of horses and carriages. The industrial revolution in the 1800s included many transportation improvements,
such as trains and railways, which allowed for quicker land travel. This was used for cargo and passengers, making it possible to quickly travel
across large swaths of land. The same steam technology also helped further improve ships.

Flight was achieved in 1903, and improved rapidly throughout the century until passenger airlines were common and normal and it was possible
to escape the Earth's atmosphere. This century also saw the automobile of the late 1800s become a common personal transportation option that
facilitates fast, affordable travel for individuals.