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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography

Brandon J. Arellano

UTEP

RWS 1301 MWF

March 27, 2018


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

Annotated Bibliography

The conducted research discovered possible connections with UTEP’s colleges and

discrimination against the elderly as well as practices in society. Establishing the connection will

be made first hand since my major is in business therefore it will be easy to establish a

connection since with my Intro to Global Business class, Adding to my means of research; a

monogram, articles, and studies. The sources give knowledge and support of how discrimination

of old people has impacted society, laws were passed to prevent it in the workplace. Ageism is

described to be “one of the most socially-condoned and institutionalized forms of prejudice.

Society has transformed from holding elders in high regards to ridiculing and disrespecting them.

Research Questions

1. Is there a problem with society’s social policies towards Discrimination of elderly

people?

2. How exactly are elders discriminated? And who discriminates?


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References

The age discrimination in employment act of 1967. (1976). Harvard Law Review, 90(2), 380-

411. 10.2307/1340159 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1340159

According to the law review, the study revealed that age discrimination is based on

“erroneous assumptions about the effects of age on ability” used by businesses out of

mere concern for their economic efficiency. The author noted that the passing of the Age

Discrimination in Employment of 1967 established the “enforcement procedures of the

Fair Labor Standards Act.” This act was passed to prohibit the discrimination of persons

40 years or older in the workplace, some elders were denied health benefits and training

opportunities based on their age. At the time the ADEA only applied to businesses who

had more than twenty employees.

Cruikshank, M. (2013). Learning to be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging, Rowman & Littlefield

Publishers.

Cruikshank argues that we must learn to love the changes that happen to our body as we

age, it is not a “natural process” but merely “something we are initiated into.” We believe

that we are responsible for our own aging by the process of “productive aging” which

proves to be untrue. In order to learn how to age healthy it is important to maintain the

key to mindful aging: the ability to think critically and have self-reliance. Although

learning to be old may be difficult, living a healthy life has a great amount of influence

on the aging process as it helps with esteem.

Holmes, G. G. (2007). Hidden in plain sight: The problem of ageism in public

schools. Counterpoints, 315, 69-84. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42979127


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He claims that, we as a society must learn to coexist between “young and old.” Holmes

stresses that it is imperative that we see one another “as part of the wholeness of human

experience.” The concept of ageism is argued to be part of the “normative order of

American society.” The results evaluated ageism leads to self-destructive and asocial

behaviors, and supposedly it is passed down from generation to generation, “through the

process of socialization.” In order to stop practices we must adopt “positive attitudes

about aging and the aging process.”

Nelson, T. D. (2005). Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social

Issues, 61(2), 207-221. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x

Nelson emphasizes the social norm of society is “clearly saying one thing: getting old is

bad.” Recent surveys have discovered that approximately “90 million Americans

purchase or undergo procedures that hide physical signs of aging” each year. It is stated

that age prejudice is one of the “most socially-condoned and industrtiutionalized forms of

predjudice” and is overlooked, for example a statement explains the transition of the

treatment of Elder Adults being held in high regards to being useless in the industrial

revolution to their current status today. Today the negative attitudes towards the elderly

continue to increase as we treat them as “second-class citizens with nothing to offer

society.”

Santora, J. C., & Seaton, W. J. (2008). Age discrimination: Alive and well in the

workplace? Academy of Management Perspectives, 22(2), 103-104. Retrieved

from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27747450
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The authors insinuate that despite our high levels of mortality older people are still

eliminated from the workplace even though they are a “talented and experienced segment

of the population.” 120 cases were examined by the two and in their examination, they

discovered that both men and women experienced “approximately the same frequency in

age discrimination cases.” While reviewing the cases the authors reported an interesting

discovery “race apparently has little to do with age discrimination.” After reviewing their

findings of the study led them to the conclusion that “age discrimination is unfortunately

alive and well in the workplace.”

Stones, M. J., & Stones, L. (1997). Ageism: The quiet epidemic. Canadian Journal of Public

Health / Revue Canadienne De Sante'e Publique, 88(5), 293-294. Retrieved

from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41992752

The authors insist society has had little to no success in “eradicating the ageism

epidemic.” They believe that ageism takes both positive and negative forms, obviously

negative ageism being the most encountered between the two. The journal article

provides information of surveys done by the authors as they questioned High School and

College students about “basic questions about aging and age.” The students

“overestimated the proportions of older people with cognitive and physical illness, and

magnitude of normal age changes.” The research revealed that students were hardly given

any information of aging and elderly people during their school careers. Our education

system failed to inform students about later life in the past.

Filinson R., & Ingman S R, Elder abuse: Practice and policy (1989) .(Eds.), . 233 Spring Street

New York, NY 10013-1578 United States of America: Human Sciences Press.


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The authors argue that physical abuse is not the prevalent form of abuse as elderly people

are attacked verbally, financially, and are generally neglected. Findings from A O’Malley

research team revealed “3 distinct categories of abuse.” The first is general neglect, the

needs of an impaired elder person going untreated by their caregiver. The second usually

is usually practiced heavily as an impaired elder is financially exploited or

psychologically abused by a caregiver who is of no relations. Lastly, independent elderly

persons who are “physically, psychologically, or financially abused by family members

who are not caregivers.” Their argument is based on the most socially condoned practices

of discrimination, usually when people hear the term “elder abuse” they think an elderly

person is physically abused by their caretaker but that is never the case as studies proved

they suffer more from verbal and financial abuse, being exploited financially.

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