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5. USB
○ Uses asynchronous serial data transmission
○ Benefits:
- Has become an industry standard
- Backward compatible
- Drivers are automatically installed, devices automatically detected
- The USB connectors can only fit one way
- Several transmission rates are supported
○ Drawbacks:
- Cable length is limited to 5 meters
- Transmission rate is limited to 500 megabits per second
6. Error detection
1. Parity check
a. Used to detect errors in data transmission.
b. Parity checks can be even (an even number of 1-bits) or odd (an odd number of 1-bits).
c. One of the bits transmitted is known as the parity bit.
d. A parity bit (a 1 or a 0) is added to the byte being transmitted to make the sum of bits
either odd or even.
e. At the receiver, a check is performed to check if the data received is even or odd.
f. If the parity is incorrect, an error has occurred.
2. Checksum
a. Used to detect errors in data transmission.
b. Data is sent in blocks.
c. An additional value (called the checksum) is calculated for the block of data being
transmitted.
d. The checksum is transmitted along with the block of data.
e. At the receiver, a checksum for the block of data is recalculated and compared to the one
transmitted with the block.
f. If they don't match, an error has occurred.
3. Check digits
a. Used to detect errors in data entry.
b. A digit is calculated from the data.
c. It is added to the data.
d. The digit is recalculated when the data is entered into a computer.
e. Digits are compared to check for errors.
5. Echo check
a. When data is sent to another device, this data is sent back again to the sender.
b. The sender compares the two sets of data to check if any errors occurred during the
transmission process.
c. This isn’t very reliable. If the two sets of data are different, it isn’t known whether the
error occurred when sending the data in the first place, or if the error occurred when
sending the data back for checking
d. It is another way to check that the data was transmitted correctly if no errors have
occurred during the second transmission.
8. Web server
○ A computer that hosts a website.
○ It stores each page of the website and its related content.
○ Requesting information from a web server is called downloading.
○ Sending information to a website is called uploading.
○ A computer that accesses information from a server is a client.
15. Cookies
○ Packets of information sent by a web server to a web browser.
○ Generated each time the user visits the website.
○ Every time a user visits the website, cookies will have collected some key information about the
user.
○ They carry out user tracking and also store/ maintain user preferences
○ Cookies aren’t programs but are simply pieces of data.
○ The information gathered by cookies forms an anonymous user profile and doesn’t contain
personal information (such as credit card numbers or passwords).
○ Because of the information they do collect, however, they are subject to privacy and security
concerns.