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With the passage of time, the human being can be easier than it is, when feeding, to go to
the doctor when something does not work well in his organism, he has the need to
communicate and be attentive to what is happening in the world and around you. For this
reason the method of propagation of the waves is studied, which propagates in any
dielectric material, including air, but does not propagate very well in conductors with lost,
for example, seawater.
There are several propagation methods that are most known in the wave of the radio that
propagates through the terrestrial waves with the energy transmitted from the source, later
the energy is received from the side of the receiving antenna.
other waves are light, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays.
These waves are not visible to the human being and must be analyzed with indirect
methods such as schemes.
The transmission medium constitutes the physical medium through which the sender and
receiver can communicate in a data transmission system. We distinguish two types of
media: guided and unguided
This guide will deal with topics related to modes of propagation and polarization in
electromagnetic waves and the behavior of waves in different transmission media used in
telecommunications.
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:
2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it could be
used.
Snell's law (also called Snell-Descartes law) is a formula used to calculate the refractive
angle of light by traversing the separation surface between two means of propagating
light (or any electromagnetic wave) with a refractive index. The same states that the
multiplication of the refractive index by the sine of the angle of incidence with respect to
the normal is constant for any ray of light striking the separating surface of two media.
That is, the component of the refractive index parallel to the surface is constant.
Although Snell's law was formulated to explain the phenomena of refraction of light it
can be applied to all types of waves crossing a separation surface between two media in
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
The light rays passing through the two media are refracted, that is, they change
their propagation direction depending on the quotient between the refractive indices n1
and n2. The angles θ are the angles that are formed with the normal line, with θ1 the
angle of the incident wave and θ2 the angle of the refracted wave
*Critical angle
A critical angle or angle limit is defined as the angle from which there is no
refraction and all the incident light is reflected to the same medium from which it comes.
Only total reflection can occur if the index of the medium in which we find ourselves is
Being d, the focal distance, theta the angle of vision, and next to it is how the retina acts to
concentrate the rays, in many cases the lens of the eye does not make a good focus and it is
when people distort the images. To correct this, we sought to change the angle in which
light enters the lens of the eye as a small help, this is where the physics of refraction of light
is applied a little. Refraction is the deviation of the path of light waves when they pass from
one medium to another with different optical density (), that is, when a ray of light passes
through an object of a certain optical density, it changes its trajectory when it leaves.
Observe in the following image:
4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?
The use of the refractive index is important in various production processes, it has become
increasingly necessary due to the requirements of current quality regulations, which include
the entire production chain from the cultivation of raw materials, its reception and the
elaboration of final products in the industries of the chemical, agroalimentary and
pharmaceutical sector, among others. The determination of the refractive index is used, for
example, to know the composition or purity of a sample, through an instrument called a
refractometer. The operating principle of a refractometer is based on the speed of light that
depends on the medium in which it travels, if a ray of light crosses slanted from one
medium to another of different density, it changes its direction when it crosses the surface.
5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans? Explain.:
When the light passes from one medium to another, a change in its direction occurs due
to the different velocity of propagation that light has in different material media. When
we divide the speed of light in the vacuum between one in a transparent medium, we
obtain a value, it is the refractive index of that medium
area in which the light will be polarized, that in which the light has incised at Brewster
angle, while the rest is more or less depolarized. The polarization can be detected by
looking through a polarizer, which is a sheet that allows more or less light to pass
depending on the polarization that it has and that is what the polarized glasses are made.
Choose one of the following problems, taken from “Cutnell, J. D., & Johnson, K. W.
(2009). Physics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York. doi, 10, S0142-9612”
JOHN:
1. When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass slab,
the angle of refraction is 43𝑜 what are (a) the index of refraction of the glass and (b)
the Brewster angle?
The Angle that forms the X axis with the ray refracted is the same that
forms the normal with the reflected Angle that would be equal to the incident ray and in
sin 𝜃1 = sin 47
𝑛2 = Index of refraction in the glass =?
sin 𝜃2 = sin 43
We cleared 𝑛2
sin 47
= 1.072
sin 43
Index of refraction in the glass =1.072
2. JOSE OCHOA: In the following figure 𝑛1 = 1.7, 𝑛1 = 1.5, and 𝑛3 = 1.3, light
refracts from material 1 into material 2. If it is incident at point A at the critical
angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (a) the angle of
refraction at point B and (b) the initial angle 𝜃? If, instead, light is incident at B at
the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (c) the angle
of refraction at point A and (d) the initial angle 𝜃? If, instead of all that, light is
incident at point A at Brewster’s angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3,
what are (e) the angle of refraction at point B and (f) the initial angle 𝜃?
3. LEIDY LOPEZ: In about A.D. 150, Claudius Ptolemy gave the following measured
values for the angle of incidence 𝜃1 and the angle of refraction 𝜃2 for a light beam
passing from air to water:
Assuming these data are consistent with the law of refraction, use
them to find the index of refraction of water. These data are interesting as perhaps
the oldest recorded physical measurements.
4. YEISSON: In the following figure a 2 m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom
of a swimming pool to a point 50.0 cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at
angle 𝜃 = 60𝑜 . What is the length of the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of
the pool?
0.5 mts
60𝑜
2 mts
Solution
To meet the length of the shadow of the pole part pole distance and angles of incidence and
refraction.
The incidence angle is 60 °
Obtain the angle of refraction
𝑛1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑖
𝑛2
The index of refraction of water is of 𝑛 = 1.5
The index of refraction of the aires is of 𝑛 = 1
Thus
1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(60°) = 0.577
1.5
The angle of refraction is
𝜃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛−1 (0.577) = 35°
𝜃 = 35°
FRANKLIN
5. In the following figure, light from ray A refracts from material 1 (𝑛1 = 1.6) into a
thin layer of material 2 (𝑛2 = 1.8), crosses that layer, and is then incident at the
critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3 (𝑛3 = 1.3). (a) What is the
value of incident angle 𝜃𝐴 ? (b) If 𝜃𝐴 is decreased, does part of the light refract into
material 3?
Light from ray B refracts from material 1 into the thin layer, crosses that layer, and
is then incident at the critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3. (c)
What is the value of incident angle 𝜃𝐵 ? (d) If 𝜃𝐵 is decreased, does part of the light
refract into material 3?
𝑓 = 2.5
𝑠 = 4.8
𝑒𝑟 = 80
4.8 1 10−9
𝑡𝑎𝑛8 = 4.8 ( ∗ )
2𝜋(2 ∗ 5 ∗ 109 ) 364 𝑓
𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑛(8) = 0.432
µ 1.002 ∗ 49 ∗ 10−7
√ =√
£ 1
80 ∗ 364 ∗ 10−9
𝑛 = 42.19101
4.8 ∗ 42.15121
𝛼= = 101.258
2
𝛼 = −8.68(𝑥) = −878.92
(𝑥) = −3𝑑𝑏
−3𝑑𝑏
𝑥 = −3𝑑𝑏 = 3.41 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
𝑑𝑏
𝛼 (𝑚)
Graphics
Zircon
Incidence Angle 30
Zircon
-2,5 4,330127019
0 0
1,388888889 -4,803226796
θi=30°
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Conclusions
Know and apply Snell's law the critical angle in the field of transmission.
Apply the knowledge studied in real exercises that can be presented in the
professional field.
References
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, 519-524.
Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
The following video explains how to use the Snell Law to analyze phenomenon
associated with transmission systems when there is a medium change, like refraction and
reflection.