MODIFIED OF WASTEWATER PURIFICATION BY

IMMOBILIZED Sargassum duplicatum ALGAE AND

CHITOSAN TOWARD POTABLE WATER
AVAILABILITY

Sandra Sopian1), Laili Ellya Fauziyah1)

1)
Department or Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Kampus ITS Sukolilo-Surabaya 60111, Tel: (031) 5994251
Fax: (031) 5947264
sandrasopian@gmail.com
laili.3llya@gmail.com

Abstract
The existence of industrialization in various regions causing a lot of contamination in the
water. Most of them are heavy metal. Heavy metal has proven to be a major threat and there
are several health risks associated with it. Such as cancer, kidney damage, brain damage, and
so on which certainly can threaten people’s life. Globally, more than 80% of all wastewater is
disposed of without treatment. Immobilized S. Duplicatum algae as a modified adsorbent with
chitosan from shrimp shell waste as main component. Purification of heavy metal wastewater
using these materials and processes shows a decrease of 4 major heavy metals such as Pb, Cu,
Cd and Fe metals by 100%, 99.76%, 100%, and 88.57% respectively. Chitosan effect on the
decrease of the number of harmful bacteria. The technology is also easy to apply and durable
due to the recovery process. It is time to change the perception for the provision of clean water
by looking at waste water as a resource with this process. In conclusion, sewage treatment with
(other) waste to create a clean and potable water availability.

Keywords: Modified Purification Water, Sargassum duplicatum, Chitosan, Potable Water,

Wastewater

1
INTRODUCTION
On average, high-income countries treat
about 70% of the municipal and industrial
wastewater they generate. That ratio drops to 38% in
upper middle-income countries and to 28% in lower
middle-income countries. In low-income countries,
only 8% undergoes treatment of any kind. These
estimates support the often-cited approximation that,
globally, over 80% of all wastewater is discharged
without treatment.
In Indonesia itself, the issue of water supply
and degradation of water quality due to waste
pollution is still a challenge to overcome. especially
with the increasing percentage of the population,
especially in urban areas that are now home to 56%
of the population. This has a direct impact on the
increasing need for clean water and a healthier
housing environment.
The abundance of wastewater from
industrial activities has become a challenge to be
processed so that its existence will not endanger the
environment and river water (moreover it is sea
water). It is time to change the perception for the
provision of clean water by looking at waste water
as a resource, which if safe, economical and
adequate processing can be an alternative source of
water that can be utilized for several types of uses.
River pollution problems due to industrial
waste containing heavy metals become a serious
problem almost in the entire Indonesian river. for
example Kali Mas River in Surabaya, which must
accommodate industrial wastewater disposal with
the majority of heavy metals contained in the
wastewater of such industries as metal Cd, Pb, Cu,
etc. it causes the water quality of rivers to decline as
a result of pollution.
Wastewater treatment containing heavy
metals indirectly meets two conflicting matters,
namely reducing the impact of industrial waste
water pollution on rivers and alternative water
supply for the needs. Moreover, building on the
experience of the MDGs, the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development has a more
comprehensive goal for water, going beyond the
Keterangan :
1. Raw Water Feed
2. Adsorption Process
3. Filtration Process
4. storage tanks
5. Biomass Recovery Process
6. Addition of HNO3
7. Recovery Algae
8. Metal Waste
9. Products
issues of water supply and sanitation. SDG Target
6.3 states: By 2030, improve water quality by
reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and
materials, halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater and substantially increasing recycling
and safe reuse globally. The extremely low level of
wastewater treatment reveals an urgent need for
technological upgrades and safe water reuse options
to support the achievement of Target 6.3, which is
critical for achieving the entire Agenda. The efforts
required to achieve this Target will place a higher
financial burden on low-income and lower middle-
income countries, putting them at an economic
disadvantage compared to high income and upper
middle-income countries.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
Biomass of S. duplicatum algae used as
adsorbent, shrimp shell waste as chitosan, sodium
silicate, Cu(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Cd(NO3)2, akuades,
akuabides, and H2SO4 .
Mechanism of Algae Immobilisation
Immobilization is performed to improve the
properties of algae as an absorbent, both physically
and chemically. In this study the algae biomass used
is S. duplicatum and the matrix support for
immobilization is silica gel, since it is an inorganic
solid having a surface active side such as silanol (-
Si-OH) and siloxan (Si-O-Si) large surface.
Immobilized results are expected to be used in
columns to absorb heavy metals, with denser
physical structures of various sizes, as well as
greater ability to adsorb metals.
Algae biomass powder with a predetermined
size of 1 gram mixed with 3M sulfuric acid. Then 1:
1 silicate Na solution was added to form gel for one
hour. The formed gel is left overnight, then cleaned
with kuabides to neutral laundry water. The gel is
dried in an oven at 80 °C for two hours.
Figure 1. Purification Process
Mechanism of Adsorption Process interaction between algae and metal content in water
A total of 20 mg of adsorbent interacted with was 15 minutes. While the adsorption capacity for
wastewater containing heavy metals in a stirred Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions in S. Duplicatum
reactor for 15 min. Then proceed with filtration algae immobilized biomass was 125.2 mg / g for Pb
process using chitosan from waste shrimp shell in (II) ions, 152,23 mg / g for Cu ( II) and 158.18 for
plug flow reactor (PFR) for optimization of heavy Cd (II) ions. Adsorption of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd
metal adsorption process and microbial removal. (II) metal ions with adsorbents at a maximum
Furthermore, water from the adsorption and temperature of 27 ° C at a concentration of about 300
filtration process is then stored in the tank for mg / L. The adsorption process occurs in
consumption. Meanwhile, the settling filtrate will be monolayers, with adsorption patterns and Langmuir
centrifuged for the separation process. adsorption isotherms assuming: occurs when all the
Mechanism of Biomass Recovery adsorbent active sites are filled by the adsorbat
The filtrate consisting of algae biomass and forming a monolayer. The capacity and energy of
the adsorbed metal was contacted with 25 mL of adsorption of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) metal ions
nitric acid at 3 M concentration, then stirred for 180 are determined based on the Langmuir adsorption
min. Recovered algal biomass can be reused for isotherm pattern, using the equation: C / n = 1 / nmK
adsorption. + C / nm. From the above data it can be concluded
Analysys of Product that Sargassum duplicatum algae absorbers are very
The results of this filtration adsorption effective for the production of metal ions contained
process can be said to be effective when there are in water.
significant excess weight and microbial content. To
find out the effectiveness can be proven by some Filtration-Disinfection Stage Uses Chitosan from
process of analysis where the results obtained later Shrimp Shell Waste
can be compared with drinking water quality After the coagulation stage, water will be
standard. treated again. The next stage is filtration and
1. Antimicrobial Test disinfection. At this stage chitosan is used as
Antimicrobial tests were used to test the filtration media. Chitosan is chosen because it has
effectiveness of the product against gram- advantages is:
positive and gram-negative microbes. 1. Eliminates phosphorus, heavy metals that still
2. Metal Content Test pass from the previous process, and oil from the
Test of metal content using atomic absorption air
spectrophotometry (SSA) to determine the 2. Killing bacteria that cause disease, such as
content of metal content in raw materials and coliform bacteria (cancer-causing)
products Water from the coagulation process will flow
through a PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) reactor wherein
RESULT AND DISCUSSION in the PFR there is a chitosan powder that will filter
In general the air purification step of the and sterilize raw water. Clean water products that
coagulation, filtration and disinfection stage. In this are suitable for consumption or use for everyday
paper, the coagulant used is algae. While at the stage purposes.
of filtration-disinfection using chitosan derived from
shrimp shell waste. Parameters of water purification and disinfection
Drinking water quality standards describes the
The Coagulation Stage Uses Algae quality parameters set for drinking water. Water can
At this stage the alga used is Sargassum contaminated by different parameter such as
duplicatum which paralyzes 1% silica gel. This turbidity, pH, Content of heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Cd,
immobilization aims to improve the physical and Fe), Total Bacteria Koliform and E.Coli. The Table
chemical properties of algae so effectively used as 1 shows that the water quality parameter before and
an absorber. Based on the results of the study of after treatment.
buhani et al, 2016, the most effective time of
Table 1. Water Quality Parameter
No Parameters Before Treatment After Treatment SNI
1 pH 4,4 6,9 6,5 – 8,5
2 Content of Pb 0,06 mg/l 0 mg/l 0 mg/l
3 Content of Cu 300 mg/l 0,7 mg/l <2 mg/l
4 Content of Cd 0,14 mg/l 0 mg/l <0,003 mg/l
5 Content of Fe 0,14 mg/l 0,016 mg/l <0,3 mg/l
6 Total Bacteria Koliform 4,5 x 104 cfu/ml 0 cfu/ml 0 cfu/ml
7 Total Bacteria E.Coli 5,6 x 103 cfu/ml 0 cfu/ml 0 cfu/ml
8 Temperature 270C 270C ± 3 suhu udara
9 Turbidity 5,3 NTU 3,5 NTU Max. 5 NTU
Characterization of Algae S. Immobilized of this material is the optimal method for recycling
Duplication with Na-Si to Heavy Metal marine algae. In conclusion, this study confirms that
Absorption the use of Sargassum duplicatum as a heavy metal
Characterization of immobilized algae using adsorbent is particularly suitable not only for the
FT-IR, SEM and EDX analysis. from identification removal of heavy metals, but also in terms of
using FT-IR it is known that absorption occurs from resource recycling and chitosan as a desinfectan and
functional groups such as O-H from Si-OH, C = O optimal process to remove heavy metal in
groups and Si-O-Si groups. it is assumed that the wastewater.
functional groups undergo a wave shift so that it is Purification of water containing heavy metals
assumed to be functional groups that may play a role using S. Duplicatum immobilized with Na-Si shows
in the adsorption process. while using SEM it a reduction for 4 major heavy metals contained in
appears that the outer part of the immobilized algae the waste water, Pb metal is reduced by 100%, Cu is
is Silica gel, tightly shaped and green. reduced by 99.76%, Cd is reduced by 100% , and Fe
immobilization with Na-Si causes the adsorption decreased 88.57%. The addition of Chitosan has an
capability of algae to be more durable and strong. effect on the decrease of the number of harmful
and characterization results using EDX show that bacteria in the waste water that is Koliform and E.
the composition of the main elements are carbon, Coli bacteria.
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CONCLUSION
Algae are the raw materials used in high
value-added industries such as food, cosmetics, and
medicines, but large quantities are disposed of as
waste due to their perishable nature. The application