Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
I||P
IIITART& GRA]I||TIRAUTIIA
SURGTRY
IIE
AsherHirshbergMD
&
KennethL. Mattox MD
lsBN 1 90337822 2
Apad ironr any fair dea ing for the purposesof researchor privatestudy,
or crtcsrn or review,as permlttedunderthe Copyright,Designsand
PaientsAcl 1988,this publcatonrnaynot be reproduced, stored n a
retneva sysiem or irarsmitted n any forrn or by any means,eectronic,
digiial,mechanica,photocopyng,recordingor othelwise,witholt the
prior writtenpermisson of the publisher.
NOTICE
Neiherthe authors,norlhe pubisher,nor anyotherpartywho has been
invoved in lhe preparaiionor publication of this work can accept
responsibiltyfor any injuryor damageto personsor propertyoccasioned
throughihe mp ementationol any ideasor use of any productdescribed
herein,Neiihercan they accepl any responsbriiy for errors,or.iss ons or
msrepresentatrons, howsoever caused,
Whilst everycare is takenby the authors,the ed tors and the p!b isherto
ensure that all informatiof and data in ths book are as accurateas
possibe ai ihe time of goingio press,il is recommendedthai readersseek
independeni verJcaton of adviceon drugor oihefproductusage,surgical
racl_n
qJes.r d c irKa p.ocess6c pr or to r'rei.Jsa.
E
!
Contents
pqge
I
Introduction
What this Book is all About
Chapterl
r The 3-D TraumaSurgeon
19
Chapter 2
Stop That Bleeding!
ct'upte'e 35
i
I Youi Vascular Toolkit
I
i SEcrIoN II - THE ABDoMEN
Chapter 4
53
The Cxash Lapalotomy
Chapter 5
7L
Fixing Tubes: The Hollow Organs
Chapter 6
The Injured Liver Ninja Masier
Chapter 7
99
The ' Take-outable" Solid Organs
TOPKNIFE
TheAr1& Croft of TroumoSuroerv
pase
Chapter8 115
TheWoundedSurgicalSoul
Chapter9 131
Big Red & Big Blue:Abdominal VascularTmuma
Chapter10 147
Dorble Jeopardy:ThoracoabdominalInjudes
Chaptff 11 157
The No-nonsense Trauma Thoracotomy
Chapter 12 17L
The Chesr Inside and Out
Chapter 13 181
Thoracic Vascular Tmuma for the General Surgeon
Chapter 14
't99
The Neck: SaJadin Tiger Counhy
Chapter lS 215
Peripheral Vascular Trauma Made Simpl€
Epilogue 233
TheJoy of TraumaSuigery
Contributors
Authors
in the Depariment o{ Surgery'
AsherHirshbergMD FACS,is Professor
of Emergency
iut" o.*n",*" college of N/edicineand Director
in Bfooklyn'NewYork
i"'""rtu!'Srrg"ry XingsCountyHospiialCenier
"t
KennethL. ManoxN4DFACS,is Prolessor andViceChairof theMichael
and
i. o"ir*t Deparir.entof surgery,Baylorcollegeo{ Medicine'
Hospltal'
Cn[i si"olin*t of Surgeryat the Ben Taub General
"t
lllustletot
Editot
room (ER)
These cases almost invafiablyroll ihroughthe emergency
aoor" *h"n vo, t""t yo, are not at yourbest'notYouaretired and tunningon
u"i"ti"" Your sc,ub nu'"e is very experienced'The
"rrlii".t
i"i.f"g afe doing lheir besi by pushing bolus after bolus of a
"t" o'I
""""tf
;;;;;;" iror'ooic-asenl rne crrcu'|arilsnJ se d s'ppeared
";"" lavorile
vascJlar clamo
in" r"lrt *t""" t"" -'"utes igoin searcr'o'your
we can assureyou' it never is
Yes,this is deflnltelynot a good iime, bul
chaos around yo!' the
Tie audlblebleedingin tho belly,the controlled
and the clLrelessassistantacross the
iii"n*n *a ,'ght" ii your head,
TOPKNIFE
TheAd & Croft of TroumoSurgery
The book beginsand ends in lhe OR. lf you are lookingfor information
on careof ihe njuredpatientbeJoreor afterihe operation,looke sewhere.
We also assumethat yo! are famillarwith generalsurgicalprincp es and
lechniques.lf you seek nstruclionon how to reseciandloin bowelor how
to do a standardvascularanastomosis, you w ll not find lt here.However,
if you wish io learnhow io do a no-nonsense crash laparoiomy, deal with
a bleedng Lung,or repairan injuredpoplitealariefy,read on.
The shategicdimension
oJ an oPeraiion is ihe
broad considerationol
goals, means, and
alternatives. When You
operale with a teachrng
assistant,Your teacher
usually handles ihe
strategicdimensionlor
you. While You are
absorbedin mobllizing the
spl€nlc tlexure, Your
ieacher is already
weighingthe optionsof a
rapid damage control
laparotomy againsta time-
on your own' tne
consuminodefinrtiverepair.when you are working
"ait"""io"
suddenlyfalls on your shouldefs You can no longer
'Big
",r.*i" alsoconsiderthe
io"r"""*"tr"iu"tv on d," fole; ln the colon,but must
Being a
The ihird dimensionof every operationls team leadetship
the OR ieam members are
surqeonmeansmakingsurethat ihe etforiso{
assume yoLlr
coordinatedand {ocused on ihe same goals You cannoi
because he or she is smari and
t""t' lno*" tt'"t to do nextlust
"irui your pLan Similarly'the
experienced.You must clearly communicale
percepiionand cannot guess
anesthesiologistdoes not haveextrasensory
dunnga
yourplanuniessyou shareit- Mishandling team dlmension
ihe
you can make
iuuma op"rationis one of the worsi mlstakes
train yourselfto
To operateeffectivelyon woundedpaiients'you musi
in and out ot the
be a 3-dimensionalsurgeon who consianilyzooms
nronlioring Progress ano
lactical, strategic, and team dirnensions'
reassessingoptionsin each
I The 3 D Troumoslrgeon
in motion
Putting brain in gear before knife
oe{ore yo!' make the 'ncslon
Srraleqic lnrnk;ngis essentialeven
oJ,sLrse'[
no'e',
;;^d;: ;,'";"-pi",he brack l;'fitiii,"J:.;"f:
obrisatorv,os;s
#,'-Jl-il:iiJ"" r,san
::i:'",'::il:::,H""6J ano preoa-edbut
p..,entis'novFd oosirioned
[1;;;;::;;;;';r'""
nothingis done 10stop inlernalbleedrng
holeiniewalat ihe scrub srnK'
l{ vou chooseto spendmostof the black
*" i'"" * -*t;;an fingernalls,but when you enterthe oR vou will
Ihp wrong
""i
i; ;;;;;';;"""'tv oosiiionedLl'escrub nLrseprepo'ns
battle
i,"rl. ,t'" on,"". in disartayYouaraywelr haverosl'ne
""1 "nort sravwrthvouroatienl unl" the'asl
#;;;;;;;"..; ro avoidtl''|s
p'eoaratiols
o"i"ii'" .iit*t -a *e InP olackhore e'ective
lor
on scrubbing Everysecond
lf the patieniis in shock,don't waste.time
j*, g" u go"n und gloves'grab a knife'and rapidlydive intothe
"orni".
chesi or abdomen.
shock
Sterilityis a luxuryin severehemorrhagic
Alwaysprepfor a worst-casescenario
Famliarity with both the key r.aneuver and classic pitfall of every
operatve step s the differencebetweenthe trauma pro andthe wannabe.
Knowingthe keymaneuvers andpitfallsofa procedureallowsyouto pei{orm
the procedurelndependently and, with experience,teachlt io others.
jlilH;"i""ji;ft
:;:1::ilil1',::ilT ::::"H;Fti
"l:";f 1['ili::^-H]
Tiit"i,l,"?:Jl[:":'ff
?:r,ff
ily:Jt"f
iK,f -t""
ut it willwo* thistimeWecantellyou
maybe
oJ"""i t-i
ii::t'*"ll];rl:::lxH"lff
:il;:*[:lmig
"naini
il"'
:;:lJ
Getused thatn,Ihe
iolr"eided nt ::"",liJli"i"TJJ::1"::":::j
"*"'"-'";'ill'liJl"i,liiil;'i] Ll'l"""'";'|t 'ai'|
-re'rrect no'l
ve'|v
i€ke:t as a oersondl
*n"" a maneLver ooesrt wori don
failure.Pauseand consideryouroptlons'
"."*i"'',
First,reconsidefthe need{orthe
lailed ac1. ls it reallynecessary?
Doesihe bleederrequirea sulure? getreaf
Perhapsit will stop wlth iemporary
pressureand Patience'
AnotheroPtionis to retreatand
.f"
ca
gei help lt You are iortunate
enough to have backup' use lI'
o
Someonemore experiencedoiten
has a betterchanceof solvingthe
t.
problem,Recognizing the needlor
irelpand askingfor ii (whether you
or
are a resident seasoned trauma
surgeon), is a sign of good
ludgmenl
iryou
what compreierv
are *i"J,?:;J;til;,:::lilT:
":1111:Y:
upwirh
l'"" "stcome one
l::'[f]''T#'.""''fl5'$li]:"i"."iJ::1ff
ihai will.
,i:ili,tii,'i5;Jlliiiill
,'"Hl"i::"i:Xff T:['""5i
ll'iil"Jff
TOPKNIFE
TheAri a Crofiof TroumoSurgery
Avoidflailing;
learnto dealwithtechnicalfailufe
Tactical flexibility
a Havelencouniered a srmilar
sttuation
in anothercontext? ln electve
surgery?In anotherinjuredorgan or anatomicalregion?
a Can I modifyor adapi a standardtechniqueto the situation?
a How aboutsolvingpart of the problem?
a Can I leavethe probem unsolved{or a whileand come back later?
a Whai is lhe mininralaccepiableoptionto deatwtththe probtem?Witl
drainingthe niury(andcreaiinga conifolledfisrua) be good enough?
Can I hgatethe vessellnsteadof repairifg it?
In a complex
situation,
alwaysstrlveto simpllfy
theproblem.
Assessihe
iniufresanddecidewhichinjuredorgansmustbe fixedandwhichcanbe
rapidlyremoved(or fesected)and, thus,etiminaied fromthe equation.
1 The3-DTroumosureeon I
lrnes
Makeyour reconstructions as simpleas possible.The fewer suture
solutionsworKi compLex
yoLrrnake,the better.ln traumasurgery'simple
solulionsoften backfireon You
Simplitycomplextacticalsituations
K" \..t11- a
//
//,// "*'
t! \
+\9 ot;*a
"
"
/7/
Acc€$ and
Expo.ur€
F'i'
Bleedlng
TempoEry
conlrol
\
ErploEtion
!
dh
ope-aiion ll'e cro'ce
Now voJ lace tl'e kev strategicoecison ol tl'e
rcpai mears
o"*""" a"ti'ni"" 'epai' ana Ja-ag" control Dernd^e
and {omal closureoJ ihe cavity'
Lection or reparrof the injuredorgans
'Fti',i and
measures
control
bailoutu"ingtemporary
l-""i"* ""ri,[,."i.",^pij
U""rr" ol Ihe cav;ty. will' a plannedrelur' 'ater under mo'F
ju"r {
,,;;;;"'";;"";""-. vo, -at'" it' d""'s'on vFrvearv Don\ 1d
" pai|enl rs crasnlng
yoursel{abruptlybailingout in mid'operation becauseihe
Damagecontrolis thegreatequalizer
of traumasurgery
:rinrijffi* :i"#;**:6116';F#
:r";';
ver'|J'o
;'"""," m;ss
l,1i#lll,J""''-,"?l;,1':#T"
"T
iJil'iJ""":*iii:lil
i,Bff
:r"L",":*:*1,*n::i:'::::"ffi on the monitofscreen'
Ir*ri"il" ont"i""n'""1 insult,not the numbers
shouldguideYourdecision
(Gl)
an rsolatedbowelrniLlry will suruvea leak {rom a gasiroiniestinal
injuredpatieniln mulii-ofganfailurewill not'
surureline A criiicallv
Team leadershiP
hole in an iliac
Pictureyourselfgoingheadlo'headwiih an inaccessible
and
tlJ peru:" Your oalier' s n ororounosl'ock
""'" ""*'4"*",i o'ryoJr
blFeoinq aLdo'y.YoLrieamhasore c rcualng lurse DepFnd'ng
your pe'solalized needle
n"',i,"0"""t. ,a" .rr-" *il eilh€rgo nJ'r,i"glor
bites' bring a Fogarty
ariuer ttrat ttas ihe ideal angle {or your next 2_3
free yourfingerfrom compressing ihe bleeder'or
iattooncatleter itratcan
ore
;;,;-;-' a-.olr€1s{usio-'devcewhcn is more impolant? _
p:eceso equrp'ne,rI needeo ar t'r. same Iime
lir""t"tor, ,r'r""
".."niiul
it s your call
Alwaysprepfor a worst-case
scenario.
) andpiifallin everyoperative
Knowthekeyrnafeuver siep.
r The3-DTrcumostrrgeonI
failure
) Avoidflailing;learnto dealwithtechnical
) SimPlify tacticalsituations'
comPlex
of faumasurgery
controlis the "greatequ€lizer"
Damag€
>
) Staywellaheadof theoperalion
[ ,o, *",rr rn. on & croflof Trourno
)urgery
Chapter2
Stop That Bleeding!
Dr' FrancisCarter
In 1989, while discussinga paper on liver injuries'
Nanceol New Orleansmadethe followingcomment:
comes down io a
When vou are operatingon a bleedingpaiient'it all
the patientrunsoul or
simolequestion:can you stop the bleedlngbe{ore
a vascular
is noihowvotrhandle but'
clanrp'
iilJai il'" r."v,o
"r"""ss
ralhef.how vou handleyoursolfand your ieam Bleeding
contfoLLsnot
some cool moves lt is ihe ability to rapidly select
"Oorr'."oJrnn one after the oiher In a
appropriatehe;ostaiic optionsand deployihem
do it
discipiined,eflectivefashion Here s how lo
TOPKNIfETheAri & Croit of TroumoSurgery
Choosing a hemostaticoption
Bleedingcontrolis a gradedresponse
i;i;t;:
hemo::1h":iTli,',^1ii
ora paddre,Havins-a
insearch
creek
accideni. lt requires careful plannlngano
they can be iound'
iO"iO*"", V." *ill need and where
"t,""*
Be readywith an altemativehemostaticoptbn
Obtaining
tempolarYcontlol
Manualof digitalPressure
is an excellentfirst chorce.
Conirol bleeding from a
cardiac laceraiionwilh Your
{ingef. Pinch a mesenteric
bleederbeiweenlhumb ano
forefinger. Compress a
bleedinginiernaljugularvein
with your finger' lnseri a
finger into a hosing gforn
TOPKNIFE
TheAd & Crofl of TrournoSurgery
pedicle
olt"r.i* it th,"lt""aing organhas a vascular
BIG TROUBLEhingeson
The dlstinctionbehveena smallproblemand
the bleeder'
of the bleedingrate and the accessibiliiyo{
" "".Ui*rt" can bleed more than a
;;;", ;" peripheralmesentericvessels
Yei peripheral
I""t"t.i- n".""rn" in the base ol the mesentery'
theyare accessibleand
.""""t"ti. O""a-" *" a smallproblembecause is BIG
i; d;i;,h. Bleedins fiom the rooi oi the mesenterv
"; {or vascular reparr oi an
in6ugrr u"""r"" lt impliesth€ need
inaccessiblesuperiormeseniericvessel
TOPKNIfETheArl 6 Croft of TroumoSLrrgery
Update
co'Irol_STOP'Res:stlnetemplalion
OnceyouhavFgainedte-po arv
'ontror' Ins'ead orgarrTeard oprrm:ze
," I-.""a1"*,, p,"J""" to de 'nrLrve
your atiackl
. l"l::T,:",",."jf
il:x'.:JxilJ,",.'fi"1'J"':;ii::J
lnruser'
least8_10unitsof bloodand a raprd
p i-ed and wo'(lng
O Ger an a.rovans us;ondev:ce
; :li:;*".::;"n,::il
fl:"';:11",":ili:1"11:
. "J*m.J1';;x;14 5l;:x:
l+i!ill:.#.'":,,#
likea Foleyor fol
equipmeni
additional
therorreF
handre
'"".' canthev
.- X"'S::"'H"#;;ffi:Jil!:f""";
additional
1""",* l.lJ"ai""at should
vouset u
'',:,:f;::ii::ffiJ'il'"'#J"t'1i11",,*"""*"
f"uFfi"""ning ""r{-
with your
are movingforward'don't fiddle
While all ihese preparations manual pressurer ano
,".o"i"tt L"""" the packsalone'maintain
"""i,J
don t moveanyclamps
Siand calmlyand patientJy wjih your hand on the bteederand wait unril
the ieam is ready,the patienthas been resuscitated,and ihe appropriaie
rnstruments and help are in the field.you havecarefujlyset up youf attack;
now wage your battleunderfavorablecircumstances.
When_dealing
wrthBtc TROUBLE,
resistthetemptation
io keepon
moving.The dramaof exsangLrinating hemorfage rs s(jch rhai the ieam
a\peclsyoulo 'do sometning.
stopo;nglheooeraionin mid-ar-,s l.e lasr
Irrrg theye,oect.Neve.tretess. Instston co_p,erngat prepa.arons even
if it takesa considerableamountof time.We have
occasionailystooa witi
our hand on the bleederfor 15 minutesor more while
the OR ieam
co-'rolelFdp.eparat,ons fo, baflteard -he oat.elt was beingresrscrtatFd.
-are1uF.prepa-at,on ard olannng giveyoJa hugetaclica. eova'rldgF a'ro
dramanca ty improveyourpalents chances,
Selectedhemostatic techniques
Pdckitlg 701
packing
is io do ii early.since relieson'clot
Thefitstruleof packing cansiillrorm
l" Jtfectiveif donewhenthepatient
"* ",i,, whenthepatient and
is coagulopathic
n""J"[i'" t"lnan "" " lastresort'
"rril,""l',i
oozingfronr everywhere,is futile
Your packingtechnique
must be iailored to the
shape of the injury. lf
dealing with a large
bleedlngsurfaceor mu tiple
injuriesto a solid organ,
pack fforn without. When packing a beeding crevrce, like ihe deep
perinealwoundof an openpelvicfracture,packfrom within.ln severeliver
injuries,such as a siellatefractufeof the dome oJ the rjght lobe,you will
ottenfind yourself!sing a combinationof bothtechniques.
Toomuchpackingis bad
t:T;:'il";ift ':T':J
i"J::"::,,,1"if ::;il,:i
-ost
::il":ff;:[';
fsupef;urallayer
ot the
peer.o{i
the
.,"*1,,*.lat U)/".,*" notsJ-e
AreiheyturnrngprnK
l"naiui"t' tul" goodlookat thedeeperlayers youoo nor
" h*e to takethesandwich aparibecause
lij-rno'"tf"na'f *, yo,
mechanlsm
patienfscloiting
n"ueette"tivele.ostasis Neverrelyon the
for ine{fectivepacking The besi time to acheve
i"
"".0"*t"i" r"*" vou leavethe oR' noi iwo hours(and12 undsor
l"#iJJ
blood)Later'
removethe soakedpacks
Whatif yourpackingdoesnt work?Fitst'
more Didyouhavea gooo
*" u1lo""'*a l*p""ithe injuredarea.once
siructures' of did youbuilda
sandiichsotiatysupporiedby surroundlng addmore
"f_to"ting in .id_airwithno support?Do youneedlo
ls lherean
a vouuaa packing{romwithinor lromwlthout?
""na*i"l','
o"'"-f."iSf,ouf it directlv
ii"''"i ,i' tn",",,'"a a'"at lttlre'eis' yo' musidealwiih
techniquecan youdo something eLseto help
,"1"" "-""J* *.*"i'c
ageni?A blindhem.ostalic
i.t',a""""n"i
aii"o'"n" naa a topicathemostatic
"""0
*"t""u *"it ag;in uniilyouare sufethatyouhaveef{ective
"r,lr""
bleedlng conirol
Be paranoidaboutYourPacKs
(figrre of 8) suture
I serting a blittd helnosttltic
a bleederihat is eiiherinvisible
Use a blindhemosiaiicsuiureto conitol
see the bleedernor can you
o, ias retract.a inlo the tissue You cannot usins brrnd
;;; ;;;;;. 'i, but vou can imasinewhefe it is After
emergency surgeryi you
t',".o"tuti" *any iimes in eJective.and
",ltrt"" "o io do ii well Chances are' you
.uv f""i"onfia""t tl"t vou know ho*
don'ii hereare some usefulpointers:
is aPpropriaiefor a blind
a
' Make sure the anatomicalsituation malor
;";;;; lf the bleedingis close to an unexposed
";*".assr.rmethat lhe maior vessel is the bleedet and
"""""i "f*"y"
TOPKNIFETheAri & Craft of TroumoSurgery
Whileinserting
a bind stich,planyournexthemostatic alternative.
Experience
hastaughtus ihai il you havenoi obtainedhemostasis
wjih
2 StopThotBeedins n
onthetissue
h..ostatic stitchsainspurchase
filTf,I[of
"
Aottic clafiPittg
) Bleedingcontrolis a gradedresponse
) Be readywiih an alternativehemostaticoption'
!
I
Chapter 3
r -Tt 11,:r
Your VascularloolKlr
haztingthe
'ot,ititu beings,who ate almost utique in
Hutuall
to tria froa th? etpeie (e of olhe$' are atso
i; ;' ; k;i i; i;;; i ;: ;; ;ippi'[ n aisi' cii' ari on to do' o
- DouSlasAdams
Sequenceand pliodties
Grafr
)J
,<v ,,t,,^ )t ./a-
? I
ogo{_TJ+(fpi
Bleeding Ext€nsile Delinilive Decision
Conlrol Control
bleedingin kansitionzones
-" *n t"aponud" *ntrols external
TOPKNIFE
TheAd & Crofi of Tro!mo Surgery
Alignbonebeforeaderialreconshuction
Angiography
you have
andthe localcitcumstances'
Depending on yourexperience
anangiogram:
threeoptionsfor obtaining
angiograriperformed
1. A single-shot in the ER _ rapidlybecominga
loslan
in the angiographv. strl:
, e"i",r"r studyperformed
_ ":^^9:
couldpreclude
inierveniion ihe needfor openreParr'
-
"ndovascularansiosraphv b1,cannulalion of the exposedaderv
a ;;;;;;" the
"
o""il!"rn" by clamping
oL ai"ned the inflowbeJofeinjectrng
"t"
dv".
Pre-emPtive f asciotomy
t<z$ol'.. =r
cf"^h '<-?tw^
ToPKNIfETheA.t & crofi of Trourno
surgery E
.a
the iibialshaft.Injuryto lhq / ,./
greatersapherfousveiny'nor pad of tnis
/ncrsron,so be cafofulUsrng'lhecautery..6erachthe loleus muscteiro,r1
the modialaspect of ihe tibja to decompressthe deep posterlor
compartment.
Do pre-emptive
fasciotomybeforepoplitearaneryrepair
;T"""l"li
l'"3:,i:'::T
..H::1,::::""J l:1iT.-:l
:T'J"'n::;l
:i::;
;:J,::':::iT:fl
:fi:::it'::".m,:*if:i:'
:
":lil;:15::TJl:,""":
;::ii:rtli:l'*::J::"1fi aspccrot tne{emu'or libia'and
a"ria""'t
.;ffi;111"T:J-'j:ff
a+Oq* Findlhe posterior
::;:ll"Jl;
i""'-ff
:*-::rm"""Jff
jT;:iT::'.*:"??"Jt"1li?
t*ff ffio.*"",*": i.,'
;; 'rse{ur whe.vour€ n troubre
concep'
;"i #;;;;j';"
"'tremelv
territorY
unfamiliar
inguinalligamentrn penetrating
injurieslo the groif. Betow the
lrgament youwillfindonlyblood,
sweai, and tears.Above it, you
are in vtrginterritorywhere you
can easly isolateand conirolthe
external iliac artery. The peri-
cafdiumis, similarly,a barrierto
the expansionof a mediaslinal
hematoma,and the diaphragm
blocksthe extensionof a midline
retroperitonealhematoma.Go
to ihe oiher side of anatomrcal
barriers to {ind easy proxima/
Distal control
withinthe I'emaloma
unde.pro).ima' conkol andgai4d stalcontrollrom
are the distalrrle-nal
i""'"^i to"rtion, wne-edistarconkol is dfticult
ol thepelvrs
.uu"t,ui"narteryandthe a'ge verrs
"'"loiio"i"rv,
choosethetechnique-thal
Fordistalconirol{romwithinthe hemaioma'
:;i'f
i:"il;",ii;
mt"l';li:xru!T;i"1,fl",;"il1ll'ff connected to a 3'wavstopcock)rnto
l"*# fiol""|lt li"n"rtv cathe-ier
usedin eleclivevasculaf
ffti" l"st technique' frequently
ii"
" "*rV
"rrrr"*i ""tfy"" n"in distalcontrolwithout havingto dissectoutthe
"ff""" "
distalcontrol
u"tloonfor problematic
G"lnillotr.inut
ffi:Hlii!##
:::ii:+:
H:iH3T*"i"".#
lT,',Ji[$i..""?TJ"T""i"'.1"*Y,"i.
infi:,:H:""j;H' and
l[, ;:::::[:T*, ,neincisionoptimize
Ligetion
Tefiporary sh nts
a lnadequateinfLow(proximalinjuryor tesidualthrombus)
of the shunt into a
i Compromisedoutflow (residualclot or mlgratlon
disialartetialbranch)
TOPKNIfETheAd & Croftof TroumoSurgery
a Obstructed shunt(angulatron
dueto excessive lengthor ligatures
ihat
aretoo trghil.
a Shuntdislodgemeni (presents
as a rapidlyexpandinghematoma).
artery= interposition
Transected graft
vasculaftrauma'raisingfears
Systemicheparinhas a bad reputationin
soft {rssueor In remore
o'clusing U'eea,ngIn Ihe adlacenttrdumatiTed
especiallyil
'ni, nes.Hlowever,wfrendeal:ngwrh an isolat€oarler;alInjury'
t"o"', n"t"n rime'givesystemc heoajn to proteclIl'e d;stal
tir,
'microcirculation
" " "ke ariery repairs are a good examplewhere
Popliteal
sysiemicheparinmakesa difference
rol a mJsl ll a vein
Oo vou l'ave Io tepair injuredveins?lt is a 'urury
ine toJble These
,. i"*i'"" a co.pre* ,epai' t may not be wonh
" often
,J""1t" t""n"tnrt rno'ederand'ng lhanarte'ialreconsrruclions
"]" lr Ih€ palientl'as
*in *tencv' and mav oe 'nnecessatv
"i"t"i"""J,'i sustaneo a srgn lcant physiorogical
.ti* ti" ,"qui,"
w'thoul
'"""rr,
"'r""" t'" oR {or manyhouts' ligaielhe Inluredve n
"""ntion
"ih"]0""" "
hesitaton.
venousreparr'lhe
l{ vou decid€ Io iaduge i.] a combinodarleria'ard
because a thrombosedven
u"nou" ,"con"tru"rio't should come {irsl
tissue
o" cleared R6membefio interposeviablesoil
"ff".tiu"fy a fislula
Setweenthe ve"ous and arieial tepars Io nreveni
"""noi
) Bleeding aredifferenlpiorilies
andischemia
in lfans(ronzones
bleeding
conirolsexternal
> Balloontamponade
physrology'
) Knowthe patienis ioialtraumaburdenand
) Alignbonebefotearierialreconstrucliofl
fascioiomy
Do pre-emplive arieryreparr'
beforepopliieal
)
> landmarks'
Knowthekeyanatomical
) conlroloutsidethe hematoma
Get pfoximal
dlsialcontrol
balloonfor problematic
Usean iniralumlnal
)
lnlury
De{ineihe fullexientof ihe vascular
>
yourworkspace
developandoptimize
Gradually
)
repairanddamagecontrol
Decidebetweencomplexvascular
)
> of defeai'
Ligationis noi anadmission
) Clearihe inflowandoutflowtractsbeforeshuntinsertion
gra{t'
artery= interposition
Transected
)
full speedahead!
Damnthe totpedoes,
Admiral David l. Faragut
The oPerativesequence
same methodical' pfactLced
Every trauma laparotomyfollows lhe
operatNesequence
Repair
oeflnitive
.r ^'fib
/"r
\,t("
rr\"€ - +,0;;;;1
\ r-++^-
Tenporary I Expro€tion
Bleoding
"\y:
Exposue Control
oamagsControl
E to, *",r, tnuon & crotiof TroL,rno
surserv
Gaining access
Now,take advantageoi
a little-knownanatomrca
faci. In most Paiients,the
periioneumjust cranialto
the umbilicus is either
verythin ot has a delect
There is only very thin =
preperitonealfat in thrs =-
area, makinglt the ideal =
'-- - - ---
enor for enterirq the
peritonealcaviiy forca "=.:;==;-2')
the elaboraie dance ='
(often iaught in elective
surgery) of Picklng uP
'wo parrso{ p c{'p- ard makirgd s'all n:c\ lo
rh-"-oe;itone ,m betwee.
defeclimmedralely dbovF
l"iju-;. 5r-p1 po^ea frrqerirro rl-isoer'tone't
tf'" u*lifi"u", yo, find yourselfin lhe peritonealcavlty
"na
pFrfioreu_1toge'he-wrth rhe
tlsinq a parr ol l^F€vyscissors crr Ihe
Useyourron-
-J,n"o or"p"tito.""riai'Loll'e rullexlento{ the:ncision
pusn ine IntesrilFs oown Io prolecttnem tor youl
i".i'""i,i,"a'o
it between
.i".""i"g ldeniiJythe {alciformligamentand divide
bellv'
;;;;
""i**"
; ;;'; to ih" tishi uppet quadrant You fe in the
""""""
readyto Rock n' Roll
finger
ot theknifeandoneeducated
ttr"e sweeps
ilf,Ih" u"tly
"itt
TOPKNIfETheAd & Croft of TrournoSu€ery
A 7oor.1 of cdlttion
A creative solution in an
abdomenwith multipleold scars
would be noi to enier in the
midline, bui make a biiateral
s!bcostal incision (also known
as a DoubleKocheror a rooftop
incision).The inclsion iiself
takes longerto makeand close,
but you will morethan make up
for il by skirting around the
troublesomemidlineadhesions.
the bowelearly
Eviscerate
reiractinghand above
the spleenand left lobe
of the iver. Create a
sandwich by packing
medial io the spleen.
lVoveto the leftparacolic
guiier and then to ihe
pervrs,and pack them,
Al this tinre, the evis-
cerated bowel remains
out of the way.lf blood is
accumulating on the
evsceratedbowel, the
source is a mesenleric
bleeder. Deal wiih it
drrectly.During packing
and while your non-
dominanthandis retfactrngand proiectingthe liverand spJeen,
fee/for any
obviousinjury,and begin planningyour approachbased on this tactile
In penetratrng
lrauma,yourbest bet is to go straightai the bleeder
Glanceinto the evisceratedperitoneal cavityto deierminewherethe
bleedingis comingfrom.Youwillthenbe ableio achieve iafqetedrather
lra. bl:ndrempora.y herosrasis.pac^ a b,eeding sohdorguno,,
4 The Crosh Loporoiomy
In an exsanguinatingPaiieni,
consider compressingihe aorta.
i Manual compression of the
supraceliacaortathrougha,ho!eIn
I the lesseromenlumrs mucn sarcr
and as ef{ective as formal
clamping. Transfer responsibility
for aoriic compressionto the righi
handof your assrsianl
compartments
and inframesocolic
Explorethe supramesocolic
the
So far, you have exploredlhe petitonealcavity-Underneath'
is still lurkingin the
r"t;;"'-ft"";;., a sepa;atevisceralcompartment'
Begin by mobilizingthe
lowerdescendingcolon,as in
a left coleclomy.Pu I the left
colontowardyou, ideniifyand
incise the white iine of Toldt,
and rapidly mobilize the
descendingcolon from below
toward the splenic flexure.
Continueyour move upward
along ihe same line, which
exiendslateralto the spleen.
4 TheCroshLoparoromy
This moveenablesYou
to roiaie ihe spleen,
pancreasand left kdney
in a media direction
toward the midline As
your hand sweeps rrom
below upward and
mediallybehind the lett-
sided organs,Your Plane
is directlyon the muscles
of ihe posteriorabdominal
ln most srtuatrons
requiringthis maneuver,
hema_
the retroperlioneal
toma wilLdo much of the
lifls
dissectionfor you. As it spreads laterally'the expandinghematoma
you to
the lefi sided ;iscera off ihe posteriorabdominalwall, allowing
performthe maneuver bluntLy and rapidly
you
An expandingcentral hematomadoes the disseclionfor
When you performthe N4attox maneuverfor the firsi iime, you discover
(yet again) a discfepancybeiween neat illusifationsand harsh realitv.
Don'i say we didnt wa,1 yor.r.Once you nave cla,nped rhe aor;
proximally, it becomesa pulselessflaccidtube that is difficuhio identjfvin
a largeretooeritoneallemaLoma.To -a1e maflersworse,a tnick laveiof
periaortictissue separalF5ihe suprarera, aorla l.o7l your dssectior
plane,and you musi divideit to gain the periaoriicplane.We advisevou
to ga n t,rrsolaneai tne irJrarenalleve,,whe.p it is much easierto toeniifv.
and tnen orocFed uo to rhe sup-arenataorric segmerr. tr youni
hypoiensivetfauma patients,the aoria is constrictedand considefablv
smalefihanyouexpecl.
j i.Jl L\,,/)rA
4 rhecroshLoporotomv
rl
;:|,.ff"",dt:irlHr;::##:"ffiil1^i".
;Til:ifln: :",;"T:::;: *::i:"'"'",'""n.,'*iiJ,
;i;,il;l:
Doarisht.sided
mediar
ni"""J.IiIiIIiIt"-!"!
stage is, you guessedit, a super.exiended
_^ll: ]n|:O Kocher
Fri:{,ili:iiJi:,ili"]ii:",1""#,3
i:ri:[:]r, iffi ::"."#::t,ff
il;;l;i*m*iri
c'ania'rv
aroobJq*'v
r'o''rn.
;
;:'il1;:iT".li";;"'"rero' J
"*u-
To perfom the Catiell_Braasch
maneuve(do an extendedKocher
maneuver;ihen, carryihe incision
in the posteriorperiioneumaround
the cecum.Now, gatherthe small
bowel 10 the rjght and craaiallv,
and incisethe tineof fusionof th;
small boweJ mesentery to ihe
posterior peritoneum from ihe
medialside of the cecum to ihe
ligamentof Treitz,a surprisjnolv
shortdistance.you shoutdnowie
able to brjng the smallboweJand
flgnl coton out of the abdonren
and swing them upwardonio the
ameaordrest, a prettyremarkabje
srght.
Combinedmajorvascularand hollowvisceralinjuries
'surgicalsoul' (Chaptet8)
Penettatinginjuryto the
High-grade Iiverinjury
Pelviclraciurewitf an e{pardrngpeivicl^e-aloma
lnjuriesrequiringsurgetyin othercavities(chest'head' neck]
E ,o, *",rr rn. orr& croftol Troumo
su.ger1,
*rh:]: "i:[iF:';Hig:":T:fl;,
:::l?"5ffi
:'ilr
*"";;.;;il;"i
;f""ilffH:ff ;
Jiil:i,iliti"'
"i::;:i;:::'
contain
andprotect
theuo*"r*t*, t"iplilfiI--inJlfii
liJij:i:-;,":;;
::i'f:":it!.i,qii"i,:"_'ii"*r#:,::ft :t:
provtdesa meansfof collectingjnira-abdomi
creaies
a physicar
banier
beti,een j:l,i#:ijT:iii:i!;jl
ffiJfl
mass.This barrierpreventsadhesion
formatiofbeiween,f," l"*",1"j
ihe windowof opporiunity
ro, a.riniiv"
f.#"i:,:JI** "",ry
bag is unfolded bY
cutiing the seam and
then sterilized. We
suiureil to the skinalong
the edge of the wound
with a running heavy
monofilamenl sulufe,
preservingthe fascialor
the definitive closufe
This technique is more
tima-consuming than ihe
vacuumpackbut provdes
inexpensive,alraumatic
containmentof the abd_
iihtil*r,",31
il'r".ffi
:,T:iT,,H,",:
THE KEY
POINTS
) EnterihebelJywjththfeesweeps
'--- ''ofi'n" nn^
oneeducated
finger
) siay awayfrom "nd
ord
"""r".
) Evisceraie
ihe boweteariy.
) In blunttrauma,
beginwithempirical
packrng.
) In penehating
trauma,eviscerate
andt" t"r thebleede'
) Exprorerhesupram""""",::*
,;,;
) Keepretroperitone",",r,:.;;,.,r;":::;J-*-.
) An expandingceniral
hemaiomadoes
t""""
) Feerrhemuscres
o,,r" ;";";;*,
,:";.
) Do a rjght-sided
medialvisceralrotatjon
in threestages.
) The Caiiell_Braasch
maneuverifrom
CE
) conian
andprorec,,,,"
;;:; ;; ;;,:";ffi_:"_"
ChaPter5
Fixins Tubes:TheHollow Organs
Immediate concerns
g n d c o n l a i l s p l l l a g eo ' ' 1 l e s t ' n a l
Y o u rl i ' s ' p r ' o ' i i e s a r e I o c o n l r o l o l e e d ' n a
mesertery does
-"*t ,i:"" ff'" **e' does 1oi bleed mJcn bJ'the
", vesselhas
lf the bleeding
retracted beiween lhe
leavesof the mesentery'
all you can see is an
expanding mesentenc
hemaioma.Raiher than
waste irme ttyrng Io
ideniify the bleeder,
simplyapply PressureIo
lhe area,We usuallyuse
either the assistants
hand or long sPonge_
holding{orcepsaPplleo
TOPKNIfETheArt 8 Crofi of TrournoSurgery
Missed injuries
will
wherecursoryinsPection
Pay specialatientionto five locaiions
oftenmissa holeln thegu:
c
tuophagogast Lbament or
Tleits
'nosl immeoiatecoiseorerces'
Mrssinga gastr;cPerfora'iorhas me
gLlt -lssing a I'ole
ci""" rL".qtomarhis tne 'nost vascLlarorgan ol tne
wthin a coLpleo{ hoursrac'nga
i""""- t", *if' be bacl in ll^eoR Much like a
Hil;;" ;" ; *atermelonfilledwith blood and clois
missed sastdc
;i;"J;; ;;; ;";"" the mosi problematicand easilv
or in ihe posterior wall near
iniuriesare locatedhigh on the lessercurve the
t"h"s'"ut"' bv dividins
or the stomach
;il
111'; ;;;t;" ""u' greatercurve
o""t."ofi. o."*rt. Ope; the lessersacwidelyand lifi ihe
wall'
;p to havea good look at the entirePosierior
TOPKNIFE
TheAri & Croft of TroumoSurgery
r:r*il 3:l
:"1i1*:::':il"d1," ::ffilll
J:'l
::1"x1;;,:';li
';"::,*:;' ":"'il;"'
:i;"'i;
;r;:*ru:x'i:!J:,'il""i:'" YoLdon\ l've Io do a ro-mal'esecton
;"-;;'iai";;i;o;-"sorLi'ons
andreconstruction to preventspillage'
a Bowel interruptlon oY
stapling across wfln a
linearsiaplerPfoxmalano
distal to the Perforated
segment, or ligating ihe
bowel usinga cotionlaPe
wiihoutreseci|on
a Bowel resection without
anasiomosis is a good
solutionif ihe injuryinvolves
a bleeding mesentery ll
you have to resect a
considerable lengih ol
bowel in a Patrenl /n
exfremis, Your qulcKesl
optionis to sequentially fire
a series of linear cutting
siaPLerswith vascular
E ,o, *"n, rn" o,t & crcrft
oi Troumo
suroerv
Ulological damagecontrol
runningstitch lt doesn'thaveto be
Close a bladderiniurywith a quick layerwrll
r."'"ni"1l","a if you are pressed{or time: a single
iay loi be
"^^ ' "t.a-*pair tne besl oot;on' sLture closure
" ;." Wfit" a'wavs oLcasionsvou'naveecr
L"j o,"r"'ir u u"'v,"tn"deleclOnrhose'are theopenbladder
,ffi.ri lt *tr#r"J roih uretersandiightlvpacking
{orhemosiasis
slaoler'On ra"eocca"'ons
Reoairqaslt'cperforationsJs:nga 5ut'i'e or
panialgasirecto-y
massrveo;skJcl:on ol the stomauhrcqJiresd
difficultto visualizeand
The cardia is ihe pari of ihe stomachmost
these problematrcInlurles
repair,especiallyin obese patients Approach
as
svstemarrcdly. Frrs',opirmireyourexposu-el- lh6 ncisonene'rdrng
fj, ," do ng urelJlwork?SnoJrdvouinseri
o"i"iUf"f ," r"'r'-Fi;ac1or
uP?Nen' mobilizethe EG
." ,lp* i""l i"u*t,irr lslhe patientiiltedhead
".
jlnction as il You wete gorng
to do a vagotomy We do
realizethis is rapidlYbecoming
a losi ad, but in this situationii
is the key maneuver' Take
down the left iriangular
ligamenioJ the liver,told uP
the left laierallob6, oPen the
posteriorPeritoneum overlYrng
the esophagus along the
'white llne,' and encirclethe
esophaguswlth Your nnger
This givesyou good accessIo
the injuri,.
TOPKNIFE
]he Art & Croft of TroumoSurgery
with a simplesr'riure_jusl do ii No
lf vou can closethe 6olonLacetaiion
you ffom doLnga
amo;nt of peitoneal contaminationshould dissuade
colonlc segment
straightfoMardprinraryrepair' Blt what if ihe injured
mLrstbe resecied?
TOPKNITETheAd & Croft oi TroumoSLrrgery
lManysurgeonstalk aboutcolocolostomy
for lrauma;fewerdo it
6IJ t"*t
tn"-"*
tn" awayfromextrapetonealrecialinluries
"tr""t
Bladderandwetet inities
word: DON'TLWhen
Here, we can summarizeour advice in a single
of an injuredbladder
oos"ifL. ast u urofogi"tto performdefiniiiverepair
las a beitergrasp of the varioustechnicalopiions
lr ureie. The ,-rrotogist
f]o* to fest one for a specificsituationFurthermote'the
""J "loo*in"manageany complicaiionsand underiakelong'term
ufolooistwill also
pre even wrlh
folrowl-rp.Wheneve. pocsibe. we aol^ereIo tnis onnc
Jto'ogst is nol
straiohtlo'wardilltapethoneal badde' njuries li a
avail;ble,damageconirol is alwaysa soundoption
reseciion
) You can controlspillageffom ihe irjured gui wilhoui
a.npoa,tt aa$
{ J "49
* ^"- ^B carry'u'67-
- r^'v')
' /1,-0 \r,
----.-\
I
#-
&r'- (1fnt
t,.t".tzl-}\ g,tt 4
o- 'z r*7*l< -
&,t.-s-x-
uJ^rr^d r-*.4
V
Chapter 6
The three
YourfLrstprioritywiih a bleedingliler is to stop ihe bleeding
temporary
ootions {of ter.porary control are manual compression'
option is useful for specifrc
packing,and ihe Pringle maneuver Each
operativecLrcumslances
TOPKNIFE
TheArt & Croft of TroLrmo
Surgery
pack'or clamp
Controlthelivertemporarilyuginghand,
S r.ilarly,puttlngyour hand
behrnd the right iobe and
rotating jt medialjystreiches
the right triangular ligament
and allows you to divide it
safely.Continuethe mobil
izatiof by releasing the
anteror corofary ligament
(takingcare not to inlure the
lver capsule or the right
draphragm)and then the
posterior coronary ligameni.
Your goal is to deliver the
eftire rrghilobeio the midline.
Be liberalwithyour mobilization,
but atso be carefulithe hepaticverns
and IVC are wa,t.rgtor a carele5smove,ano tre smal,acce;so-yve 1s
enieringthe IVC below the right hepaticvein are easrlyavulsedwith a
iniurywithmassive
is a high-gtade bloodloss'andyou
BIGTROUBLE
*"'i" it.i"""ia*g"t i lJsingyourpatientThedecisionwhetherlhe
ii,y i" ptoSL. or BIGTROUBLE is the kevstategicdecisionin
" "."rr
lrauma
hepatrc
is not
injuriesdirectlylf a superficialaceration
Dealwith low_grade
pressure for a lew
of"eJlnq,f"au" it lrone l{ ihereis slowoozing,direct
stopsthe bleedingYour hemostatic effods should be
t""i."".U""
proportionaltothemagnitude of theinjury(Chapier2)
With deePerlaceraiions'
have your assistant Pinch
ihe edges of the laceration,
turn the cautery to KILL,
and blast the faw bleeding
sudace, focusing on the
disruPied edges of the
hepaiic caPsule APP|Yihe
cautery to a metal sucker
lip to achieve a wider
effect.Use an Argon Beam
Coagulaior,i{ available,to
thoroughlYbarbequeihe
raw surface. Use a toplcal
hemostailcagent You are
Jamiliarwith from electve
tJ-'
surgery.
,- t
holo you need a
Nevi, consrderhepdlorrhap'lyFor yoLr sJlLres Io
,"""onufty int""t ani a moreor less Linearlacefalionthat can be
""p*te with 0
sidelo_side We typlcallysuiure hepaticlaceraiions
"_o-otlt"t"a row of horizonial maitress
.iiornl" on utrnt-iipLurgeneedle,cfeatlnga
" parenchyma'ano
sutures.The chromicsutureslidesthroughthe hepatlc
good bite ot irssue
ihe laroecurvedneedleenablesyou to obtaina
TOPKNTFE
TheAri & Croft of TroumoSurgery
"Packing plus,,
Considerangiographic
embolization
as an adjunctto packing
6 rhe Injured Live( Ninjo Moster
bl"'t 'ti1
o c \ ' t t ' / n "c' ' ; ' ^
Deepliver sutures L+7 ;'f*J(r. '
Theycausenecrosis of tissue
Deeplivelsulureshavea badreputation 'liver{ever'from
lnclorpJratea in the stitch,predisposing to inlectionor
ntec,iot Do,.t lel rhs bdd teoutalior rob vol o{ an
;;;;ir*l i{ donI
#:# ;;p- ,",' bahrewitl^tnp\rniaMaster'espec:aryvou
" oui
;;".;;;;*";" wlth the injuredliveror needa rapid bail
O f,* O"t'*, *ith somehepaticnecrosis is farbetierihana dead
""ili'"".
posioperativebleeding As the
A irap with deep liver suluresis early
cJt lh'oLgh the ede'natoJs
rnureo l,ver swells the s'ilures mdy
and rebleedilq'
pu,"n"t'yt" *'tn 'o"" ot Lnehemoslaticef{ecl
Hepatotomy
withselective
ligationis easiersaidthandone
g
6 TheInluredU'er: NinioMo'ter
Balloon tamponade
Whendealingwith a
through-and.ihrough
(transfixing)
lver injury,
whrchrnayoccasionally
Invoive both lobes,
renremberthe optionof
bailoontamponade- an
Ingenrousand easy
solutionto a very bad
problem.Thealternairve
is erlensjve iractotomy
to achieve direct
hemostasis.
Resectionaldebridement
bleeding
When a subslaniialpart of the hepaticlobe is desiroyedand
debridemeni Have your
orofusely,ihe mostexpedientopiionis reseclional
lhe non'injuredliverparenchyma around the
^"ai"t"ni n
"nuully"otpress o{ien your
area you wish to resect lf the lobe ls properly mobilized'
ihe injuredpart' minimizing
assiint wiLlbe able to completelyencircle
blood loss whlLeyou do the reseclon
thai
Turnthe cauterylo maximumand use it to de{inea lineof resectlon
Always
is immediatelyoutsidethe injuredarea in healthyhepatictissue
area where the vesselsate iniaci
resect imrneiiatelyoutsidethe injured
rh,s is ,he \ev
and have 1or rer;credi
"_j.=-jj!I:El_!jg]
maneuver of resectonaldebndemenl
'pinched corn bread' maneuver)and
Perform finger fracture (ihe
The slmplest
selective ligati;n along your chosen !ine of resection
o{ the left lobe along
lateraL
examplefoiuse of this techniqueis resection
to the left of the lalciformligament Some surgeons Llse
a llneimnrediately
ih s non_
a linearcuiting staplerwiih a vascularstaple load io faciliiate
anatomichePaticresection
debridementin healthylivertissue
Performresectional
Othel techniques
Rehohepaticvenousiniury
Gushingdark blood from a deep hote in the tiveror from behrndafd
around t usuallymeansan njuryto eitherthe retrohepaticIVC or hepatic
veins.Theseencountersare rare, brief, and brutal.[4or€ often ihan fot,
the resultrs of-tableexsanguination
and a veryfrustratedsurgeon.
parenchyma'
a l{ dark bloodis gushingout from a deep holein the liver
pLugthe hole. Pack ii with a laparotomypad, viable omentum'or
ballooniamponade.Whateverii takes- iusi plug the hole'
'Pandora'sBox (Chapter10) A hole in the right
a Don't open
diaphfagm bleeding inlo the chest in a patieni wlth penetratrng
thoracoabdominaltrauma can hide a retrohepatlcvenous rnlury
Simplyclosethe hole and don t mobilizethe hver'
a When bleedingemanatesffom behindthe liver,iry to determineif the
sourceis belowor behindthe liver.Injuriesto ihe IVC belowthe liver
(ihe pararenaland suprarenalsegments)afe accessibleto direct
repair.lt's difficult,but can be done.
a lf the suspensoryligamenisof the liver are distupied, your best
chanceto controlthe bleedingis packingihe areaquicklyand tightly'
Wiih limted disrupiion of the ligamenis,you may be able io re_
esiablishconlainmentwith packing.Wiih massivedisruplion,often
associatedwith a high-gradeliverinjurythe battleis usuallylosl even
beforeyou siad Packrng.
- don't be a hero
venousiniury,restorecontainment
ln retrohepatic
IOP KNIFE
TheArt & Croft of lroumo Surgery
lf you can clearlysee ihe injury and the com.non bile duct is wide
enoughto accommodatea T-tube,this is a good bailout option.However,
the common bile duci of most young irauma patients is narrow and
delicate, and insertinga T.tlbe into it may well buy youf patieni a
posloperatvestncture,
) usinghand,pack,or clamp
Controltheliveftempofarily
) as an adjunciio packrng
Considerangiographicembolizaiion
) FiLllargeparenchymaldefectswith omentum
- H.L. Mencken
The spleen
Mobilization
midline'you
The siuck spleenis, you guessedii' siuck To gel it to the
the
have to deal with two obstacles.The firct are adhesionsbeiween
wall ihat will not let you pass your nano
spleniccapsuleand lhe abdominal
lfihere is littleor no bLeeding, youcan takeyour
overthe splenicconvexity-
But if you
iime and ;harplydivideihe adhesionswith scissorsor cautery
quicklygel them
are workingin a poolof blood,just do whaleverittakesto
oui of ihe way with yourfingers,scissors,or boih Damage to ihe splenlc
capsuledoesnt matiersinceihe sPleenis comingout anyway
Remooeot rcpab?
Youarenowfacingthekeyslrategicdecision
ln sp/enictrauma:
romove
of repair?Splenectonry
or splenorrhaphy?
7 The Tokeouiobe solldorgons
Forsplenicrepair,considertEumaburden,age,injury,andexperience
t compteungthe s1lenecto,nq
,l
."tt /' CJi""'y Lo the imor€sson you may havo fro.r readingthe rauma
7 literalureol the pasl decade,splenectomyis not a crime lt is otten ihe
I
safest and mosi expedientsolution One very effectlvetechnique of
splenicpreseruation is the {omalin jar
\ ^ Yr{
Fixing the injurcd spleen
Don'tpersistifyourrepairdoesn,twork,and
-, don.ireiyon thepatient,s
Cott'ngmechanism to siooorgoingoozirg.,lf i air,,ary.,t s noi
In ar adL[ patient.we proceedwttn splenectomy wor"r,.g."
i, rhefts, aftemp;d
repairJaits.
tf yousirongtybetieve
thairepairis stifitf.,"Uu.toptiontofifrJ
palient,youmaytry a second
time_A tniraatremptrsptaying wirhfjre.
Wehave.g:ven youihFhmied.ienu of sptenrc ,echniquFswe
rsoair
_ Lse
sorryif you are disapporn,ed.We have,itr,eexperielce
:,:1:li::i"",
wllr Tormat tem,splenectomyor tre absorbabtemeshwrap.We consioe.
rnemunlecessaflly riskyacrobaics.lr siuatonswherethesetech'rrques
wouldbe requhed,we preferio en on the
srdeot cautionand do a
sprenectomy.
Don'tpersistif splenorrhaphy
doesn,twork
ENplolation
Youcanhavea quick'rule
oui' look at the body and tail
of the pancreasthfoughthe
lessersac by poking a hole
In the gastrocoiicomentum
on the teft (Chapier 4).
However, if you see or
suspectan injury,you needa
wrde exposure. Have your
asststani pull ihe stomach
upward and ihe transverse
corondownwardrand detach
the greater omgnium from
the transversecoJon a/ong
the bloodless line io open
the ful/ width of the tesser
sac. Wjih any sign of Injury,
7 Therake-oirioblesoioorgonsI
left
Iook the pan"reatfrom the front - but mobilizeit from the
"t
Decision
assessrngIne
ls thete a ductal injury?This is the key quesuonwhan
see that ihe pancreasls
iniuredpancreas someiimesyou immediately
in a deep wound ['4ore
;;;;iJ vou can rdenlilylheinruted duct
'niury and palpanon
ot you ", tu," out a duclal basedon Inspeclioi
"n, ""n;ot
alone.What then?
E ,o, *",rr rn" orr& cfqfj of Troumo
surgery
ln a stablepatrentwiih no othef
maiof
inir
e,ercise cared,nraopar,, r";;.;;;:;#;:;jJ:i;T,:lj"'j;::ilI:
-catn.rer
II.e ga,'bladderrrrough a ";
reedle and aro pray rhar rt n,ts tre
pancreaticduct in a retfogradefashron
ihrougt th" urputu. eropon";ii
of this technrquecJaimji works about
half the time. In
ra,'elydoes. B.euaLsplhey a,e torattyLnnece,sary, "rl. ",,p";i;n";;;
we don | -euommero
olTeropfonsI ke ampurat ng tneta,ror tre panc.ea5lo n^othedJc-or Ine
absurdnotionof makinga duodenotomyio
cannuJate the papilla.
r:: c:Tmon sense..\pedien-aop,oacr.f Fypto.aion
-^Y" !':*
revears a oeepInJUry liJ<ely
to..vorus,1.,"
6u"', Oo 1ol hesitatero pertor_
a orslatpafcreaiectomy,evenwiihoutdefinitiveproof
of ductatinjury.lf we
*':""1 w" ,,""" o.",n
baitoL,oLiLkty.
P:^r,]:l
'o lhe InJLry "."eed-o
dnd perform ";;;;;;,
" ihe operairor,
ar ERCp as \oor as oossib,eafte.
fealizrngthai we may occasionally have
ro go tJack for a disial
'+ @ *"*tH
-''N5t(^\D\--
Thekidneys a s!,rl,r" + c.^l,alt r'.-{,&}.-&
Access&ndotlscttltu contxol
At laparotomy,the iniufed
kidneyiypicallypresents as
a lateral feiroPentoneal
(perinephric) hematoma
(Chapier 9). Deal wth a
massivelybleeding kidneY
in an unstable Patient b),
rapid mobilizaiion and
contfol of the vasc!lar
pedicle,just like You deal
with the iniured spleen A
E ,o, *"'rr rn. o,r & crofiorTroLJrno
sursery
lo
lf the kidney is bleedingmassivelyand is obviouslynot amenable
ot has a hilarvascularlnjuryin with
conjuncrion oiher life_
reconslruction;
lhreatening iniuries,a rapid nephrectomyis lifesavingLift lhe mobilized
tie off
kidneyup, id;ntify the arteryand vein, sutureligatethe arteryand
ligaturesand pui the kidney in
ihe v;in. Then, divideth€ ureterbetween
Palpatethe contralateral
kidney
) doesnt work
Don t persistif splenorrhaphy
leJi
) Look at ihe pancreasfrornihe tront-but mobilizeit fior' the
and dfaLnage
Damagecontrolfor the distalpancreasis hemostasis
)
> kidney
Palpaiethe contralateral
Immediate concetns
\:1,--:1.)
from the area of the righr
renal h Ium- Pack or
manuarry compress it.
Don't unroofit.
2. fhe niddle layer irc)udes
tfie retropancreatic
vessels:
the superior mesenteric
artery (SIMA) and vein
(SMV),and the portalvein.
The secret of tempofary
b eeding control ts rapid
mobilizationwith a Kocher
g
sThewoundedsursrcosou
while others
Some soul woundsbLeed{reelyinto the peritonealcavity'
DTesentas a conlarneohe_laromaCo'Irol o'i'ee bleedingcomestlrsl
'pote skunk'by enrenrga coniained hemaLomd unli all1€e
Neverever a
your attack'
bleedinghas been controlledand you haveorganized
patient
Supraceliacaortic clampingis a usefuladjunctin a cfashing
aorta
infrarenal (to control
Doubleclampingof bolh the supraceliacand
mesenlenc
backflow)helPsreducebleedingJrominiuriesto the superlof
field'
vesselsand the portalveinbui will nol dry up lhe operative
E ro, **,rr rn" o,i & croit of Tfoumo
sursery
Imptoving exposure
The retropancteaticvessels
podalveinconfluence
Transectthe pancreasto gainaccessto the
belowihe Pancreaticborder'
optimizeyour exposureb)/ ..'.)a-.
mobilizingthe ligament ol
Tfeilz or by doing a full
Cattell-Braasch maneuver'
The SMA is exPosed,
allowingyou io Place YoLlr
clamps selectively. Never
clamp blindlyat the root ol
ihe mesentery't ls a reclpe
E ,o, *",rr.n. on & croftofTfoumo
sursery
*:. srvtA;sdi.cussed
inrhererrchaorer.
Repa,. rre
rIU?o srMvrt yoJ "cani i, nor.,;gare:r. Fotlowing
",,T:"J^:,#T" hgalronof Fithert1Fportal
vernor ihe SMV ihe jneviiableconsequencejs
massivefluid sequestration
an^dmidgut,edema, whjchtranslateinto extremelyhigh postoperative
requrrements fiuiJ
and an tnab/lityio closethe aboomen,In iact,
as we wrote
oLisw,rhd souwoJrou"a"*". svv ris;ri";.
l,': :::o]L :oac\
nrs vacLLr l?l'*'"
drdiredib itj tttersoi sero,rst,u;ofro_ rhe p"n-torea,
cavty on lhe fjrsi posloperatjve day. Don,tforgetthat venousgangreneof
'" , oirr ncr rhrear.so
ll: T.y:i bowei atwaysoo a se.ond rook."pa,o-romy ro
ascedarn viabitii!
The pancreaticoduodenal@mple.,
_ ..
Sorie of the mostfascinatingreadingin the trauma
literaiuredescribes
pdlcr.alicoduodena, reDairtech1,o,res, spalrtng d wide .anoFo, verv
rmagr'rai
ve resecironsard recorstrucions. We a.e oa.tjc-la.,y
ioro o{ ihi
opirmisttcii ustraiionof bothends of a transectedpancreas
ptuggedintoa
R-ou\+n-Ytooool oowe,.crFalirgrwo aojacenr
oarcreattcolelJrostom es
lhe prinredpase -oterates
ar,.rhins.lJnfon:rar"ty.
il;"l'J;j"n,."
KFeorhngs as s.-noeas ooss:b.e. €votoacrooaltcs.
,mrred-enu o, sraighifo,ward and st.ck to a
ooLons.yoL wih nor f,1d d detaled
possibte
parcred,icoouooe'la,,ecorsrrucrive
:ll_*'t]". :' "ilastead. rechlrqLes
rT lFrschaoter we giveyoua ve.y| _itedm€nJof s:-p,ea.o sate
Iecnn.q,resthai wo-l ,or rs. T.ree ca-dr,ralorirciple"
shoLtogLioe yorr
approachto proxjmalpancreaticand duodenalinjuries:
Duodenal injuries
ln mosi cases'
Can vou closeihe injuredduodenumwilhoutiension?
a,simple suiure Justas
lateral
a"ti"iii'i |'"p.i|.of a arodenal laceraijonis
iransversely'even il the
in small bowel injuries,orient your suiure line
!s
lacerationis longiiudinal, io avoidnarrowingthe lumen lf the lacerairon
tio iono,o u u"nsverse repaifwithouitension'do a longiiudinal
,li"i. it"
""fli""" is a matterof personalpreferenceWe usually
"rtur"t""lnique fashion
do a sinqlelayercontinuousrepairin an inveriing
Repairinaccessible
duodenalinjuriesfrom the inside
Pancreaticiniuries
Bleedingfrom a proximalpancreaticinjuryrequirescarefulassessment.
Once ihe pancreaiicoduodenal comptexhas been mobilzedby a Kocher
maneuverjcofirol bleeding by local pressure, hemostaticsutures, or
packing. Unless the entrfe pancreaticoduodenalcomplex is shattered,
massivehemorrhagefrom a proximalpancreaticinjuryis alwaysfronr an
undeiyingmajorvascuar njury.
concept
Thosewho like playingwilh dynamiteadhefeto the traditional
Io ls perfor-lrg a
of o'pservirq palcrealic tissLe Wnal ir amoJrls Fig,r-rrsl
o"ri"*":."1"1".*".v on a 'rormal pa,rcealic sl'mp a 'or
,"..,..*i" ev.n J.]Oerrne besi eleLllveclrcunstarcesCons:de'
pancreas'where fie
example,the optionsfor lraciure of ihe neck of the
againstihe splne The
ot"na i" tr"n"""t"a by an anteroposteriorinrpact
proximalslurnp'
iafest definitiveoption for this injury is closure the
oJ
the open drstaL
followodby resectingthe disial pancreasor oversewing
oi the stump
st!mp. Analomicalreconsiructionwould meandebridement
loop of
."1 i*ti"g a normalso{l pancreaiicremnaniinto a Roux_en'Y
pancreatic head and a bowel
bowel, in ciose proximityto an oversewn
Wh ile enth y
usiastical
sutureline. lf this sounds unsafeto you' we agree
feports oi what
described in texibooks and often discussed,current
they talk about) indicatethls
surqeonsactuallydo (as opposedto what
i" u",v *t"rv used Apparenily,enoughsurgeons have learned
"pplo".n pancreasdoes not pay
tie oainfullessonthat{iddlingwith the vaumatized
We preferio closethe pancreaiicstumpand drain ii
for trauma
Avoidpancreaticoieiunostomy
Combined injuries
'niuriesto Ihe pancreasard
Bleeo,ngpaiienls with comor,red
_oI de tom a dLodenaleak lh€yersangurrale So slop
a-oden.,m-oo
duodenum' do I
the bleedingand bail oui l{ you can rapidlyclose ihe
and ligaiionio conlrol
Otherwise,use a combinationof externaldrainage
Relurn for a laterreconstruction
Juodenal,biliary,and pancreaiicconteni
if the paiientmakeslt.
divertingthe
Pvloricexclusionls an effectivetechniquefot temporarily
qast'ric away {fonr the iniured pancfeaticoduodenal complex
"ontent nuehavea bias toward ihis elegant procedure we
i"ing e"yrot
"rtg"on",l- -lordan,Jr', who conceivedii We adviseusingt
i""rnl"a tro. e"otg"
injuries
to oroteciduodenaisututelinesin combinedpancrealicoduodenal
is intact
wherelhe duodenumcan be closedand ihe ampulla
TOPKNIFE
TheAd & Craft of TrournoSurgery
slnce Lt
The Achillesheel of pyloricexclusionis ihe gastroenierostomy
this probem' some
cades a significantrisk of nonJunction To avoid
relyrng
surgeonspreJetlo do pyloricexclusionwithoutgasiroenterostomy'
on distalenteralfeedinguniilthe pylorusopens
lines
Usepylodcexclusionto protectcomplicatedduodenalsuture
as the patLentls
Are you goingto hook the pancreaticstunrpto bowel
*tino'rl"-g+ti u,ril o{ orood?YoL rust be kiodngl A raoid dislal
'eft side of Lhe
pu""r"""t"atotu howeve' may enabreyou to reacn lFe
retropancfeatic Porialvein
Conslantly
Theseexamplesshow you how io simpli{ylacticalsituations-
-
inJUry and go lor
ask yourselfwhal the simplestsoluiionis for a specific
who ihinks
il. The only hope lor a patientwith a soul wound is a surgeon
_ about sprralvern
abour liqaiion,resection,drainage'and shunting noi
graftsaid Roux_en_Y pancreaiicojejunostomles'
injLlry'
) Soul woundsbleedlrom moreihan one vascular
portalveincontluence
> Transectihepancreaslo gainaccessto the
for disaster'
) Blind clampingat the root of ihe mesenlefyls a recipe
itl
Don'lfiddlewiththe pancreas'drain
>
) for trauma
Avoid pancreaticojelunostomy
E ,o, *",rr rn. * & croftofTroumo
sursery
) Usepyjoricexclusion
to prot€ctcomplicated
duod€nal
suturelines.
) if forcedto do a kaumaWhippl€- do it in stag€€.
- OpeiativeRecordoI LeeHa|ve)'Oswald'
ParklandMemorial Ho spital11'/24 /63
Cired n1tThe\Nhren CommissianRepott:REart oJthePresilent's
*zi,:i?::i',;X:,Til;
antheAssas"^"."
canmission "f
TOPKNIfETheAri & Crofl ol TrournoSugery
and un{orgiving
No authorhasevercapturedthe tremendouschallenge
ihis dry' technical
nature of abdominalvascular trauma better than
a,rd\is ream at Parl'aid do ng
.".",i"" -pott 0""""t''q G To* Sn:res
ilrrt" *i,l'nurpre vascLlarinjJ-ies i'l,le aodomer of Lee Hdrvey
O*"*"fa. ifr" *oon lhs centralleaturesof abdominalvascular
".phasizes
irom inaccessiblesites' muitipleassocated
trauma: massivebleeding
';;,;""..;; un narrow window of oppoduniivto save the
""u"."-tv can also often hear it
.lil""i. v", noi onlv see the bleeding'bui vou
'Because
the patientis exsanguinating, you rarelyhavelime io summona
more experiencedcolLeague to help you gain control You havelo lasten
youf seat belt and gel going.
Hematoma
OperativeApproachto Retropedtoneal
looping
Distalaorta/
tvc
AbdominolVasctror rrourio H
9 BigRed& BigBlLre:
Midline suPramesocolichematoma
and ihe
Iniuriesto ihe patavisceralaodic segmentbetweenthe celiac
renaiarteriesare highly lethal They are alwaysassociatedwith injuriesio
'Blooo
'o"" '" typicary -assive confo' is not
"ii"l".t ".ort"t.and repairreqJiressJptac€'iac
str'ao'rforwarO, ula-ping For althese
reasins, iry to get awaywith a laieral repairil you can'
s;t'iafontnatprelpnis
IntLryIo tne p o\rmalSMA 15anothe unlo-giv'ng 'he
.ematomdAn irjLryto sMA dbovelhe
,"':';:;"
";';-"'"colic anteriorhole in the suprarenalaorta ControlI
J *""*'",'t
""*r"* "n the aorta
iror tt'" t"t Uyp"*orming a Mattoxmaneuverand clamplng
"ia" You can then get to the injured
*J oa"* ,i" t"le-off o-fthe vessel
"0""" in the lesser oment!m
SL4A,eitherfromthe side orfront, by makinga hole
pancreas caudally These injuries
and retractingthe upper border of the
wiih damagelo the pancreas and adjacent bowel
are tvpicallva=ssociated
ligation' followed by
Ott"'nyour b""t option*ith a proximalSMA injufyis
retrogradereconsiruction
is achievedby
Control of bleeding from the reiropancreaucSMA
SMA below ihe
dividingthe pancreas (Chapter 8) An injury to the
of the mesentery
parcre-aswill manifestas a largeher'atomaat the root
ng a tenrpofary
The damagecontrolopiion for S[4A injuriesis insert
{orthem
Wt it"i"" t'"u. not done it, othershavereportedit wofked
"lrnt. ano vasoco,rslicted
t ioari,rqt're proximalSIVIAi_ a sFvereryhypotelsive
-o bowel iscl-e-id So \ow
p."t,"nt:. noi gooa op ro' oecaJsF il lFaos
"
shouldyou reconslructlhe SIVIA?
classicpitfallln proxirnalconirol
o{ lhe infrarenal aorla rs
iatrogeniciniury to the LRV or
lVC. To avoid ii, look at ihe
shape and Pfecise locatlon ol
the hematoma.ls ii distal,away
from the root of the transverse
mesocolon?lf so' ihe 'sk ol
inadverieniinjuryto the LRV is
small. Mobilizeihe ligamentof
Treiiz,refleci ihe fourth poriion
o{ the duodenumlalerally,and
enter the safe PedaodicPlane'
Blunily cfeate a space lor a
clampon boih sidesoi the aorta
using Your {ingers However,if
the hematomaexlendshigheruP
obscuringihe ligamentof Treilz'
it will be much safer io gain
supraceliaccontrolihrough the
man!allycompresslrglne
Lesseromeniurnabovethe stomach,eltherby
ot the
the spine or by clampingthrough the tighi crus
".,t" "g"ln"t
diaphragm(Chapter2).
hematoma
-eware of iahogenicveininjuryin an inframesocolic
lor the
lJn{odunateLy,we cannotof{eryou good damageconiroloptlons
a chestiube as a lemporary
infrarenalaortaeither'We havelried inserting
but did not havea survivor'However'in 1945'
""t,"*" "irrutlons aorticde{eci{rom a
C.i. Hotr", ot Cin"innuiibrldgeda large abdominal
"tluniin
TheArt & Crofl of Trournosurgery
TOPKNIFE
or cannotapolyd slde-bililg
tne b.€eoi'1g']olebui ca11oldelile the edge
rwilh r'1lot\F lJmpn
a 3omlballoo,1r
clarp,'n.e-rnga ld'geFolevcatnercr
and inflatingit can helP.
warn you ot a
A hematomabehindor aboveihe duodenalloop should
long Deaver retfactor
cavalinjuryaroundor abovethe renalveins lnserla
compress Ine
over the inferior surlace of the liver and iow ln to
supfarenallVC, while simultaneouslyreiractingthe liver 10
inaccessibLe
and posterior
or*ia" fl.it"O wofk space Expose lhe right lateral
" kidney medially
!"0""o oi tf'" pafarenalIVC by mobilizingthe tighi
you can divideihe proximalLRV wiih to
impuniiy improveaccess
Similarly,
conitol of the IVC
to ttre titt siae ot tle tVC. Ev€nwith these maneuvers'
ai or aboveihe renalveinsis a realtechnlcalchallenge
and
What are yout repair opiions?lf the laceraiionis straightforward
a complex reparri
easilyaccessible,do a latetalrepair'lf ihe injuryrequlres
you may be
the patientis stable,and you havethe necessaryexperience' -hs favorab'e
rempled to e'gdge il gymnastlcs Unlo4urately'
,r*f ini'r'yir a stabrepaliell wilh no olher
""rno'-,-.'" "".pf"" classic
iniuri"" i" extremelyrare bird, almosi neverseen in natufe A
"n
eia.ple of gy.na.t'ci, an rllJsrraiion yoJ ofienseein boonsa1datlases'
tn'oJqha
'" r"p;, oi,f'" posierio'wa' ol th. IVC fro- Ih€ Inside
reconstructive
tonoiiudinalanierio, venotomy Nlanyoiher neat complex
including
t;;"iqr"" n"* been describedfor high-gradecaval iniuries'
n'ore Allbelorq to a bra"cn ol
Daneora{'s,svnlhelrcgrahs' palches ard
l'".w'r as scielce'icton Thev rdy nave worked fol
ir'r"ir*."'.t"*"*
for you Our strong
someonesomewhere,bui ihey ate not goingto wotk
advice- and we cannotovefemphasize this enough' is to avoidthe lancy
IVC' ligateiiL
stu{f.lf you cannotdo a simplelat€ralrepaifon the inlrarenal
but i{ the
Do your besi to repairihe activelybleedingsuprarenalcava'
consdera baloul solurlo' Pacl''ngmay work _ ll
oaientis,n exlremrs,
is accept:ngthat ihe
nas cerlainlywo-kedlo' us L:gat:on a,rotl^erootror'
on_iableexsang!lnalon
kidneysmaytakea hii' whichis stillfar betterlhan
TheAri & Croiioi TroumoSurgery
TOPKNIFE
Pelvic hematoma
In a patientwithpenetrating
t|auma, a pelvLcnemaloma
meansinjuryto an iiac vessel
unlessprovenotherwise.You
must unroofthe lnjuryand flx
it. lf the injuryis on lhe right,
mobillzethe cecum;lf on ihe
lefl, mobillzethe s gnroid.
When you can t be sure and
suspect a bilateralinjuty,
doing a full Cattel-Braasch
maneuvergrves you wde
exposureof the illac vesseLs
and keeps all your opiions
open, Now you musi gain
controLof the pelvlcvessels.
Pfoximalconirol is obviously
not enough. You maY have
forgottenthe ntenraliiac
g
Abclomholvosculorlralmo
9 BigRecl& BigBLue:
What are your repairoptlonsfor the iLiacvessels?By the iime you have
gainedvascllar control,ihe patienthas iypicaly sufferedriassve bood
oss and has associaiediniuriesto olher abdominaotgans, usuallyihe
co on. bladderor smallbowel.Talkio the anesthesio og sl and assesslhe
magniiudeof the physiological jnsult. Moreoltenthannoi, the siiuationwil
havedamage contro wrltten alL over 1. lf the artety requres on y a simple
l a l " ' a ' e p a ' - j - s _ o o i . l. f r h ei _ j u r iys m o ' ee n e n sv p a t e - p o r c r ys l ' u 1 l
is a classicand effeciiveba I oui ootion.
9 BigRed& BigBue: AbdominolVoscuor lroumo n
our advrce s
As for definitivereconstructionof an injurediliac artery'
arteryror an
not to wasie valuabletlme irying to mobilizea iransected
just Inierposea
end-to-endrepairbecauseit rarelyworks lnstead'
syntheticgraft.
unforgiving
Do not dilly-dallywiih iliacvein injuries They afe extremely
and youf paiient ls stillalive'
and leihal.1liou havecontrolledthe bleeding
good fortune Don t spoil
uo, l"* ar*ay *"a up a prettylargechunkof
'"u"ru1n
compler -ep€i s ll yoL can li/ l,le inj-'v wth a
no 6v 6i1"rnpr'.q
rno-enl's
.,:0" ,epai'.do it. l{ no'. ,gd.etr-a vFir wilr'oLIa
"i"'rf closea largedeteci
hesliationThe iliacveinsare nol mobile,so tryingto
one smallhole
can put tne repairunaertersion Youfind yo!rself replacing
lhis into lour
wiih two largerones. The nexi bite of the needleconveris
S ,o, *n,r,,n. on & croftorTroumo
surgery
hol€s,andbeforeyouknowit,1hegameisover- you'velost.Thegmartest
movsyoucanmakeis ligatelhe vein,
) Bewareof iahogenic
veininjuryin an inframosocolic
h€matoma,
> Shunting
andligation
areth€ bailoutopiionsfor iliacart€ryinjury.
Chapter10
DoubleJeoPardY:
ThoracoabdominalInjuries
A battle is a Pheflorfienofl that alu)ays htkes
place ifi the i nctiorr between tTDo'naps'
- AnonYmous Bdtish Officer' 1914
the mosi
lf you are unsurewhereto begln,you are noi alone Some ot
exasperatlng baitlesin traumasurgeryoccur in the iunctionbetweenthe
about
abdomenand chest Duflng trainingyou are likely to hear
mortallty conferences' bul
thoracoabdominaliniuriesat morbidily and
you are in for a small
when you try to ook them up in trauma texts,
Thereis not a on
chapter
single thoracoabdominaltrauma in any
surprise.
cur;entmajoriraumaiexlbook Why? What exactlyare thoracoabdomrnal
injuries?Whai makesihenr so special?
TOPKNIfETheArt & Croft of TroumoSurgery
Fivecompartments
convergein the thoracoabdominal
region
tr"*'
lO DoubLeJeopordv:Thorocoobdomino E|
Strategicconsiderations
maintainlactLcal
The most impodantadvice we can ofler you is to
begin in one caviiywhile the
*"lUi|',r".Si"l"t"" show that you will o{ien
fact and compensale
mainsourceof bleedingis in another'Recognizethis
_o, i, u, o"i_q vigilaniano rac.rcay lle/b' AuL'vely seFk cl res Il_al
so-"'n ng susio ou. ,s ndpPen ng o'l lhe others'deol Ih' didp'tagml're
a qraoLaJypro'rtroi'rg
,renioiapn ag oroore'srve'yobsuu'r'19your
'
ooe".a'ue'r.ld. A,waysoo p'eparedro cl'argeyoJ'pra- rr id_operator
a;d rapidLydive intoihe otherside of the diaphragm
Unexplained hYPotension
Inappropriaieresponseto lV fluidsor blood
Graiuai in"reas" ln air*ay pressures(signof a hemo/pneumoihorax)
Elevatedcentralvenouspressure(signof lamponade)
Maintaintactical f lexibility
pericardiotomy
Mobilizethe left laterallobefor transdiaph.agmatic
Opening Pandora'sBox
is a lethal
abdomento mobilizethe liver and iix ihe hole from below
mistake.lf indeed you are dealingwith a coniainedretrohepairccaval
inrounconi'o'led
rnrurv.lorl w J rosecontainment.converlinglre slluallon
i nd yoJrsellttyirg to sqLeeTe
venor,. h".orrh"g" Very rapidlyyou wi|
the toothpasteback intothe tube
Neveropen Pandora'sBoxl
region
Five compaitmentsconvergeln ihe thoracoabdominal
)
) Everybulletie ls a story
) Maintainiactical{lexibility
peticardiotomy
the leit laierallobe for tfansdiaphragmatic
L4obilize
Nev6ropen Pandota'sBoxl
TOPKNIfETheAd a Croflof TroumoSurgery
Chapter 11
The No-nonsense
Trauma ThoracotomY
Life is pleasaflt Death is peaceful
It's the fuansitiolrthat's ttoublesome.
- IsaacAsimov
or
lmagineplayinga new computergame The plot takes place In one
morei tve do.ains o|.terrltoriesWhile you'reerpLoring one domain'the
realactionmay well be unfoldingin anothef' Eachdomain has a separate
portal,andchoosingihe wrongportalfor a speciiic game landsyou in deep
iroublefromthe get-go.To makethingsevenmoreinter€sting, ihe gamehas
your game rs last_
a differentstorylinein each terdiory.To top everythlng,
'
pacedand short with no teplays
game'
Beginningio thinkthat you don't wani to play?Sorry' ii s noi a
that
and you have no choice lts thoracotomyfor trauma,an operation
operatlve roller
olien starts as a good case and quickLyiurns into an
coasier,especlallyif you are a generalsurgeonwho does not frequenlly
visit the chesi. The action can unfold in one of more of iive separaie
viscefalcompartments{two pleura!spaces' peticardialspace' thoraclc
outLet,and posieriormediastinum),each accessiblethrough a difiefent
incision.Severalpathophysiological mechanismsmay be at work
simultaneously:bleeding, hypoxia, catdiac lamponade' tension
pneumothorax, and air embolism,each evolvingat a differentpace Gei
the picture?
Where to cut?
penetralinginjurYaboveot
belowthe lettclavicle,gain
proximal control of the
subclavian aderyihrougha
high left anterolateraL
thoracoiomy in ihe 3rd
intercosialspace (above
lhe nipple), recognizing
that you cannot fix the
vessel through this very
llmited incision. You will
haveto exposethe lniured
subclavian arterythrougha
separaieincision(ChaPtef
13).
for thoracicoutletiniury
selectyourincision
Caretully
TOPKNIFE
TheArl & Croft of lroumo Surgery
Makea boldcui in
the 4th lntercosial
space, In a mae
paiient,this s below
ihe nipple. In a
female, retract the
breasi craniallyand
makethe incisionin
the inframammary
Jold.Avoidthe buk
of the pecloralis
major by placingthe
incision immediately
belowit.
lf necessary,extend Your
incisionto the othersideofthe
chest by cutting across lhe
sternumcleanlyusinga Gigli
saw, an oscillatingsaw, or
bone cutters,When crossing
the stemumfrom left to right,
carry the incisionuPwafdto
lhe 3rd intercosialsPace to
stay above the right niPPle,
exPosure
thusiacilitaling ol the
upper mediastinalstructurcs,
especially the innominaie
bifurcation.
Don'tforgettheinternal
mammary it won'tforgetyou
arterybecause
Evacuate
the blood,askthe aneslhesiologistto stopinflating
ihe l!ng
for a rnoment,and rapidlyassessthe situation.
Whereis the bleedrng
comingfrom? Lufg or chest wall? Do you suspecia perlcardial
g
Troumorho'ocotomv
ll TheNo-nonsense
you
Nexi, opiimizeyour work space ls your incisionadequateor do
you can divide the costal
need beiier exposure?Using bone cutiers,
the tib
cartilageo{ ihe 4th rib at the upper edge of your incisionto allow
as much
spreaderto open wider' l{ time is criiical,open ihe ib spfeader
rib cracking This ls not an eective
as you have io, even if you feel a
whatever it takes li
iho;acolomy,and you must haveadequaieexposure,
all thjs is siiil not enaugh,the ace up yoursleeveis, ol course'a clam_shell
dn
e,(renq'orac'ossthe slFrnurnIhdrwlll exooseevFrylh'nglt rs l_oweve-
incislonihai carriessignificantrnorbidiiy
Youcan'tevenbegin
to encirclelhe hilum
unless the lung is
mobilizedbY cutting
lhe inferior pulmonarY
ligamenl.Ask ihe anes-
ihesiologisi io stoP
ventilatingthe lungs
momentarily, andgaiher
the partiallY-inflated
lung in )/our non_
domlnanthand like a
bouquet o{ flowers
Negotiate a Satinsky
to tne pn'eri!
clai,p arounotne eni're hi'um laking cate 1o avoid Inrury
*li"f' :s ararmilglyc,os6 Pulmora'v hilar Lla-1Pingrequrresbolh
""."J, guides the jaws
luna"; on. f'"na loldsl'ne open clamp while the other
aroundthe hilum.
Aortic clamping
The descendingthoracicaorta s flaccidand pulseless,easiy mistaken
lor an adjacentllaccid pulseess tube, the esophagus.Clamping lhe
esophagusdoes not improvethe palients hemodynamics one bit.
TLlh Ihe pdlie_-' "tl ar- o gel t o'rl oi yoJ- $av na'e
"ooucl Jei-yis
,o-eor. rqu 't od ne on ro lF L',les- a_d-_'r' cuili_gW're
needlesare
not a centralissueher€,yoursafeiyis Sharpinstr!mentsand
promlnenilyin play during resusciiativethoracotonryA cardrna ruLe'
iheretore,is to haveonlvone par o{ handsin ihe operauve field yours'
siicksand cuis are a clearand Presenldanger In lhe organrzed
AccideniaL
chaosol a resuscltaliveihoracotomy,and paiientsw th penetratng trauma
often carrytransmisslble diseases Don t klll yourselfor injurea co league
whiLetryingto saveYourPatleni
ihoracoiomyis a classicdamageconiroLprocedureAtter
Resuscitaiive
youopenihe chesi,onlyfivemaneuvers are donein the ER
Worryaboutpersonalandt€amsafetyin a resuscitative
thoracotomy
Median stelnotomy
retractofand graduallYoPen
it wiihoui cracking the
) Beginwith a/.rierolaterat
ihoracotomyin the unstabtepatient.
) Worryaboutpersonalandteamsafetyin a reslscilatrve
thoracotomy.
for a gunsholinjury
Youareinsidethe righichestdoinga thoracoiomy is .,'oibr'edi's'
ro seethe rLns
Youa'e rerreved
'" ;: il;';;;;;";t wal" P'obabrv
il,.it '"iit* '" -' rs lromtnebullell-olcin tl^echesl
ll roo(s kea,si.nple p,'""".r""1j::i,"""j#"ri;^:
i"i """,y.
". ",","""t"
hemostancsttch Then'as you ky to gel to rr you '
graduallydawns on
1"."""J" 1""""""" oehi;d the diaphragm'it
ihingsare far ffom simPle
your{ace' you can barelyseeihe
Wiih the lungrh}thmicallybillowingin thoracolomy
an anterolatefal
or""l". iu"" ,itou ao' gettinglo it through
ni",ni""."tri'*i.pos-srure Wnen vourinattvfl""t?iJilJ
you cann( ['il1i:
a frgureof I stltch,you discover
'bs lhe ilrercoslal-pacerslu5r
n"""d'"b"""r"" yo, k""o bu-p:ngrrlo
;;;l; a rul'swinsol Ir'ereedle Welcometo
";;;"'; """"m'odate
the big leaguesl
underrated iniury_oneot the
Youhavejustcomeacrossa notoriously
lt is certainlynot the only one
"lial"n .on"t"r"" of traurnasurgery
;;ffi il";;, "i*i "f:*ti";";1"*:"ry"13i$,:1,",,i,
(Chapter5), a bleedinghole in ihe psoas
n
extremitv
i;;; i" ;i" rower ":::"]:.:"1'1" ;;#:1
good 1""il:"".i:i::l"j
TheJa'enot"t o'_T1:'."-1ldo.*,d
"xd-pl€s
souland mayseemslralgl ar ri,srgrarue.Bur
to lhe surqical
you-a'ein deeperwatersthanyou
*nl" r", iru. *". - yo'rdiscover o{ Lrauma
thouq,1t,somotime. wel,overyoJ'heao Thel^iddermo'1slert
yotrlo Lome up w ln
,uil"orl oo",a,t" anoimag;narol{orcing
"'"",iv;ty
unorthodoxsolutions
TOPKNIFETheArt & Croft of TrourroSurgery
Theintercostal andinternalmaramaryarteriesbleedfuriously
because
,
lhey havea bidirectional bloodsupply.To achieveetfeclivehemosiasis.
yoL mJsl conlrortne arteryt-ombotns,des.The
cnalrengingchesiwati
o'eeoer,'snot tl.e one localed-maoiatelvbenFath your;clio^ s.a,,.g
you n lne'acewheryouopenthechest.h is thecunlrrg.Lnreachab,e
Injury,veryhighor very/owon the cheetwall_a bJeeder youcan bareJv
Yourfrrstpriorrtyis temporarycontrol.Raproty
assessthesituation: car
you see the spurtingvessel?Are you dealingwith a discretearterv(rn
pererrating
trauma)or wrt"d,f,useoozrlgf.omextensrve traLmato ciest
wallmuscles(inblunttrauma)? Are the adjacentribsfractured?ls ihere
morelra'ronesou.ca orb eedirg?Depeloing o.ryor,r,indr1g..
co_p.ess
tneoreederw.tl your.inger,clanp ii, or tempora.'ty
packir.
Pulmonarytractotomy
rs a an elegani lung-
sparing solutton for
t h r o ug h - a n d ' i hr o u g h
penetratinginjuries ihat
are too deep for a
slapled reseciion.The
underlyingprincipleis to
lay open the tract so you
can gei to the bleeders
insideit. In oiher words,
you connectihe iract to
the lung surface by
dividingthe br dge of
nssuebetweenthem.
TOPKNIFE
TheArt a CroftofTroumoSurqery
Pulmonary
hactotomyis a neatsolutionto a ditficultproblem
Centrallunginjuries
aredeadlybecause theyaredifficultto controJ
and
repairTheyare classrcexamplesof Blc TROUBLE(Chapter2), where
orgafzingyour altackand yourteam beforejumpingin can makean
enormousdifference.
l2 The Chesl: nslde ond Out
When confronted
with massivebleeding
from an lnjuryclose to
the pulmonaryhilunr,
rapidly mobillze ihe
lung,gatheringit in your
non-dominaft hand,
and pinchthe bleeding
hllum beiween thumb
and forefinger The
simiadiyto ihe Pringle
maneuverrs oovous.
Now organize youf
anacK: rmprove exp
os!re, "mainslera ' ihe
endotracheal tube i.to the conlralatefalbronchusif possible,and get a full
sei of vasc!lar instfumentsand an autotranstusion device.
Controlthe pulmonaryhilumbetweenthumbandforefinger
Drainthe perforationby
inserting a large-bore
suclion drain through ihe
perforaiionand up intothe
proximalesophagus,and
secure it in place. lf you
can get an esophageaT,
iube, use it. lf possible,
approxrmate ihe edges of
the holearoundthe dfain-
A ways rememberto drajn
the pleural space with a
separatedrain or a tube
thoracosiomy.Use this
damage conirol option
when you have to bail oui in a hurry,the injury s too largeto be
approximated is delayed(morethan12-
withoutiension,or the operaiion
24 hoursfrom injury)and the pleuraispaceis severely inflamed,
making
primaryclosureunsafe,
Fixskaightforward
majorairwayiniurieswith absorbablesuture
Conirolthepul..onary
hilumbeiweenthumbandforefingef.
) Do a stapledpneumonectomy
oniy as a last resort.
Drainan esophageal
perforation
as a bailout sotLrton.
Fix straightforward
malora rway injurieswith absorbablesuiure.
Chapter13
'I
horactcV ascular I ra uma
for the Ceneral Surgeon
- H.M. Sherman
Epinephrine
is the enemyof the myocardial
sutureline
l3 ThorocjcVosculorTroumofor ihe cenerol Surgeon
Repairingsimplecardiacwounds
Since pressurein ihe righi atriumls low, you often can controlan atrial
lacerationtemporarly with a partiallyoccludingSatinsky-type clamp and
then fix it with a runningsuture,as you wouLda arge vein. Grazingnon-
penetraiingrnyocafdialwounds oftenb eed persistentlyand requiresuture
repaifjust ike a lull-ihicknessaceraiion.
Complexcatdiacwounds
The technicalsolution
for a /aceraiioncioseto a
coronaryartefy is a deep
horizontalmattresssuture
that dives beneaththe
aftery.Take special cafe
when tying this suiure
because S-T segment
changesor new O waves
on the ECG monitormay
force you to removethe
strtch and fedo it. An
Inlury to the coronary
artery itself is iypicaly
distal sinc_"paiientswith
transectionof a proximal
coronaryvesselare usually
dead on arrival. Your
realisitc option for a
cardiaclacerationwith a iransecteddistalcoronaryarteryis to ligatethe
vessel and repair the hole, accepting ihe inevitabteischemi; of
the
correspondrng ',,,
myocardialseoment.
ir r+ *,:*! . '*-",rJ ^{\-i1
" L.^4
Cardiac tamponadecaused by lnjury to the intrapericardial
oreat
vesse'sis usJallyreha,.
On rhera.eoccdsiollratyor,pnco.:rre, i. ir I hve
patient, success hinges on your ability to fapidly identify
the inlury,
l3 Thorocicvoscuar Troumofor lhe GenerolSurgeon
Mediansternotomyprovdes
excellentaccesslo the superior
mediastinum. A mediastinal
hematomalooks Like a large
chunk of red jelly sittingabove
ihe pericardium,oozing blood
and obscuring the anaiomy.
This red jelly usuallysignifiesa
major vascular injurY in ihe
ihoracic oulei that You mlst
find andfix.
Disseciionn a mediastinal
hematomais nevereasy.lf
you fee ost, a usefullrick
is to open the pericardium
to orient youfself. The
pedcardum is an anaiomical
barrier that blocks lhe
extensionof lhe mediastinal
hematoma,jusi like ihe
inguinaligament blocksthe
extensionof a groin hem-
atoma (Chapier 3). By
opening the per cardium,
you can follow ihe aortc
arch upward into ihe
hemaloma to identify ihe
vessels oJ ihe ihoracc
outlet.
I 3 Thoroclcvoscuor Troumo for ihe GeneroSurgeon
hematoma
Followa trail ot safetyin exploringan uppermediastinal
Neverplungeblindlyintothe mediastinum
in blunttrauma
[JseDscronfof thoracicoutletarterialreconstructions
The azygosvein
Behindthedividedslernocleidomastoid, ihescalene
idenlify fat padand
caretully it fromlateraliomedjalln
mobilize searchofthe phrenic nerveOn
lhe leftside,youshouldbeableto identitihethoracic ductas ii entersthe
and iniernal jugularveinslf iniured'suture'
iunclionof the leftsubclavian
ligateit witha 6:0polypropylene il
suture; not' eaveI abne
TOPKNIfETheAri & Croft of TroumoSurgery
> anuPperm€diastinal
Followa trailofsaf€tyin exploring hematoml'
- '
) Nover plunge into
blindiy the in
msdiastinum trauma
blunt
tharacicoutletarterialteconstrucJionsi
) . Usq D4gr-arriQr
) artery
Thephrenicnerveis yourk€yto th€subclavian
TRAILOF SAFEW
W1W'7@= Jugulafvein
Gaifiirrgcotlttol
As wiih any other namedartery in the body the safe planealong the
carotidthat protectsyoufrom mischiefis the periadventitialplane(Chapter
3). As you reachthe injury,you encounterback bleedingfrom lhe internal
and exiernalcarotidarterles.First, use your fingef for temporaryconirol
Then, eiiher clamp the distal artery or insert an intralunrinalFogarty
catheterconneciedto a 3-waystopcockintothe outflowtfact. Remember
that the hypoglossalnervecfossesoverihe proximalinternalcaroiid,and
the vagus nerve lies just behindit You have come to the heari ol tiger
plale and bluntlypush asrde
country,so stay in ihe sa{e periadventilial
(rather than cut) any unideniifiedstruciures Definitivecontrol of ihe
carotid bifurcationmeans occluding all thtee vessels: the comrnon'
internal,and exlernalcarotidarteries
TOPKNIFE
Ihe Art & Crofi of TroumoSurgery
in ihe lniured
Beginby exploringthe injury.Openthe arlerylongitudinalLy
areato definethefullexlentofihe damage Caretully debridethe coniused
or iniuredsegmentto oblainheallhyaderialwall wiih a normalintlnraon all
sldesof the arterialdefect.As you definethe injury planahead
Preciselydefinethe carotidiniury
The esophagus
A quick and easy bail out optior that has worked for us is to rnserla
lafgesuctjondrainirio ihe defecl,rapidlypurse'siringthe esophageal wall
14TheNeck Soforiin TigerCounlry
Transcervicaliniuries
To explore a transcervical
penetration, we prefer a lJ
ncjsion,the ceryica equivalent
of a clam-shel thoracotomy.lf
you spend a few minutes
deveoprng a superror
skinfap in
the subplaiysmaplane (as you
would do in a thyroidectomy), \ - l
yougainmaximalexposure of ihe \\.r11
bilaieral neck, mlch like ifting
the hood of your car to look ai
lhe engine. Exposure just
doesn'tget any betterthanthis.
Finishing up
) Lift.thehoodoffthensckwitha U incision
TOPKNIfElhe Art & CrclJiof lroumo SLJrgery
Chapter15
PeripheralVascular
Trauma Made Simple
Eoerything shoulil be fia ile as
simpleaspossible,but not sirftpler.
- Alberi Einstein
In ihis chapier we try to bridge the wide gap between the neat
ilustrationsof vascularexposuresyou see n books and the harshteality
of the OR, where the paiient is bleedingand all you can see in ihe
operativefield is tfaumaiizedmuscleand lots of hernaloma.Bridgingth s
gap is especiallyimportantfor surgeonswho don t do periPheralvascular
work on a regularbasis but are called upon to conifo and repair the
occasionalarterialinjury.Our key messageis that the injufed artery is
alwayspart of a wo!nded patienl,and the patient'soveralltraumaburden
oflFn orcraies1ow yoJ approachlhe vdscuar 'njury
a Reiroperitonealapproach-
expose the exiernal i|ac
artery through an obljque
lower abdor.inallnclsron
approxrmately2cm above
a.d pafallelto the nguinal
ligameni.Incisethe apo-
neurosesof the externaland
internalob|que, and open
the iransversls abdominis
and transversalisfascia io
exposethe preperitoneal fat.
Gentlecephaladretraction of
the peritonealsac will bring
you to lhe external iliac
artery.Thisapproachavoids
laparotomy,but takes time,
so is farely used in the
bleedingpatieni.
a Verticalgroininclsion- the simplestway to gain proximalcontrolof ihe
nosrnggrorn,
So much for the good news.The bad news is that evenwith proxima
control, the paiientcontinles to beed, albeit at a slower rate. lf back
bleedingis noi very brisk and you can identifythe key structures,use a
combinatonof sharpand blunt disseciionlo exposethe fer.ora vessels.
Bluntdisseciionis saler in hostileterriiory.You want to avoiddamageto
the femora nerve,and yo! cannotcut the femoralnervewiih yourfinger
Exposingthe femoralvesselsin a
war zone is not easy. You have to
identifyand inciseiwo fasciallayers:
the fascia lata and the femora
sheath. Cut lhe {ascia lata
longitudinallylo enter the fat of the
femoral triangle and insert a self-
retainingretractof.Yourbestfriendin
the hosiile groin is the inguinal
ligament, and the exPerienced
surgeonmakesa poinl of idenii{ying
t early.Palpalethe faity content of
the trianglewith an educaiedIinger
Feel for a pulse or, if absent,for a
tubular structure in the fai ln the
pulselessgroin,you often encounter
musclebeneaththe fascia lata.This
simplymeansthai you are too latera,
overthe iliopsoasmuscle,so redireci
your dissectionmedial)/
face of extensivedamage to
the bifufcationis to join the
stur.ps of the superflcialand
de6p femoralarteriesside{o-
sideto createa shortcommon
arterialtrunk before inserting
an nterposltiongraft. This
sparesyouthe awkwardjob of
implaniingthe deep femora
arterylnto the gra{i.
I
lf the posteriorwall of ihe
injuredferioral arteryrs iniact,
do a patch repa;r lf the artery
is transected,inierpose a
syniheticgrajt or a reversed
saphenousveinfror. the oiher
leg. lf the arterialand veirous suture lines afe immediatelyadjacent,
interposeviablemusclebelweenthem to preventan aitoriovenous fisiula
We do not lnsert iniePosition grafts lnto the femoral vein, but many
surgeons oo.
Slightlyflex and
externally rotate
the patieni's eg,
supportrng t on
foldedtowels.When
working above ihe
knee, supportihe
leg belowthe kneeto avoiddisiorlingyourwork space.Makea longitudinal
incisionover the anteriorborderol ihe sartorils muscle,extendingit well
proximaltothe injury.lncisetheskincarelullyto avod accidentallytransecting
the saphenousvein.Open
the superficialfascla and
identify the sartorius
muscle,the gaiekeeperof
ihe super{icial{emoral
artery.Retractihe sadorius,
A,A eithef anieflorly (in the
upperand niddle ihigh)or
posterrorly(in the middle
and ower thigh), by
insertlng a self.retaining
retractor nto the wound.
Your target ls the flbrous
roof of Hunters canal,the
white fascia directlyunderneath
the sartoriusbetweenthe adductor
magnusandvastusmedialis muscles.Openil andyouarestaringat the
neurovascularbundle.Carefully
freethesuperficial
femoralarteryfromthe
adjacent vein and pay
special atteniion to the
saphenousnerve that Ls
pad oi the neurovascular
bunde and can be easijy
damaged.As with any
vascuar Injuryi$an your
dissectionln v rginterriiory
proximalto the injury and
proceed disialy toward
the injuredsegment.
l5 Peiplrero Voscu or Troumo Mode Simpe
What are your repair optons? YoLlmay elecl to inserta shunt if you
needto bailout or if you decide (withihe orihopedicsurgeons)to achleve
bone alignmentpriorto arterialrepair.This is genetallya good ideasince
sewinga graft in an unslableflailinglir.b is somethingyo! shouldavoidlf
possible.When the superficialfemoral artery is iransected' Insert an
graft.
interposition
Asain,bewareof injurng
the saphenousv€inthat lies
imrnediatelyposteriorio your
incision.Cutting lhe deep
fascrarevealsthe fal of the
distalpoplilealfossa,where
you find the neurovascular
bundle immediatelybehind
the bone.The first structure
Voscuor Troumo Mode smpe
15Periplreroi
Bluntlycreaie an inter_
condyaf iunnel between
ihe proximaland disial
Do a longiiudinal
lncisions.
arteriotor.yin the Proximal
popliiealarteryabovethe
knee, hook !p the
reversedvein endlo-side,
and ihen doubLylLgate the
adery immediatelYdistal
TOPKNIFE
TheA.t & Croit of TroumoSurgery
popliieal
are forced to run to the OR urgenily'begin by exposingthe
stlb_
artery below the knee and shootingan on_tableangiogramA
optimalangiogramcan send you on a lengihy exploration ot what
turns oui to be an intactaitery in spasm
3. Where to begin?The popliiealfossa below the knee ls an excellent
siartingpoint becauseyou can always{ind the ariery there, even if
you havelilte vascularexperiencell is v rginterrltory,the vesselsate
large, and you can ideniifythe neurovascular bundle and follow t
disialy.
is goodenough
Oneopentibialartery
The axillaryartery
To gain rapld access io the,4&iy," ^,--
proximalaxilary artery,you have io ;r;1 ,r 1, ,.a^or)
go ihrough the pectorais major
muscle.Abduct the arm and make
an nfraclavlcular incsion extending
from the mid-clavicle io the
deltopectoral groove. This trans- i) ,-.4-'
-
pectoral rouie is an extensle
exposure.You can extendit distally
along lhe dellopectoralgroove.
Dissectionbetweenthe delioid and
ihe pectoralisr.ajor, combned wilh
Modesimpe
r5 Peipheravoscuarlroumo
major,not aroundrt
the axillaryarterythroughthe pectoralis
Approach
)-
'.,
.,;,..,
.|trr.",r..*,J
,,,y
'q'. l.J lr-,- il-^r
itr.\.v./-
TOPKNIfETheAd & Crofl of Tro!mo Surgery
'*
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