Prepared for: Assignment 1 of BIT 307 Wireless Networking

E1400440 I Made Deva Dwi Adhitya

1. Currently, the use of wireless technology is increasing. Wireless technology has become
an important part in various fields such as information & communication transmission. The
examples of wireless technology in daily life are the use of Infrared (IR), Bluetooth,
Satellite, GPS, Wi-Fi, Cell Phone, and others. But in fact, many people do not know that
the use of wireless technology has a negative impact on health. Here is two health concerns
when using wireless technologies :
 Effects of cell phone usage on eyes
The Wireless Consumers Alliance Web site cites an article that appeared in the
January 2001 issue of Epidemiology reporting the risk of eye cancer caused by radio
frequency radiation (RFR) experienced when using mobile phones. An earlier study
found that some of the radiation from cell phones does not pass through the skull
however they bounce back and forth inside the eye socket. The article also states that
the exposures are too weak to increase temperatures and cause adverse biological
effects. But some studies indicate that there are adverse biological effects even if cell
temperatures are not increased. The biological effects have not been consistently
replicated or the information available today is not sufficient to provide concrete
evidence. However, a hypothesis states that RFR can speed the development of cancer
caused by other agents (Zafarahmed, 2003).

 Effect of Phone Radiation on Male infertility

Currently, the phone is being kept very close to the groin area by humans, such as
near the Testis like a pocket commonly used to carry mobile phones. Electromagnetic
waves have harmful effects on male sex organs and sperm. This radiation can cause
changes in shape, motility and sperm count. Radiation from cell phones can damage
the structure and function of the testes and decrease male fertility. The major organs
that are under the damage due to cell phone radiation are leydig cells, and seminiferous
tubules. Biogenesis Testosterone is affected and sperm DNA damage occurs by
radiation due to cell phones (Agarwal, Singh, Hamada, & Kesari, 2011). The
radiofrequency radiation of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi has a harmful effect on semen. The use of
Wi-Fi devices has close contact with our bodies (Oni, Amuda, & Gilbert, 2011).
Exposure to human sperm to internet Wi-Fi connected to the laptop causes decreased
 motility and increases DNA fragmentation due to non-thermal effects. This type of
technology should be used with caution by pregnant women when installed, when men
are exposed to environmental effects is the cause of decreased male infertility abilities.
This is a harmful effect on sperm parameters (structure and mobility). Significant
decrease in motile sperm was found by Wdowiak. A total of 65.7% of patients who did
not use cell phones showed normal sperm motility but 17% of patients showed
abnormal sperm motility that are mobile users (Agarwal et al., 2009).

FCC's official position

The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is the government body
responsible for safeguarding the law, censorship and broadcasting of permits related to
interstate and international communications in the United States.
The FCC is an independent government organization that runs on the fines of
regulations governing radio, TV, cable and satellite communications. The FCC was formed
from the Federal Radio Commission in 1934, at the same time when the Communications
Act of 1934 was created, replacing the very similar Radio Communications Act. The FCC
has expanded its scope to not just radio but all telecommunications, which have been
authorized by the Interstate Trade Commission (Rouse, 2014).

FCC specific role in health concern 1

Federal, state and local government agencies and other organizations have
generally relied on RF exposure standards developed by expert non-government
organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Since 1996, the
FCC has required that all wireless communications devices sold in the United States meet
its minimum guidelines for safe human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) energy. The
FCC’s guidelines and rules regarding RF exposure are based upon standards developed by
IEEE and NCRP and input from other federal agencies, such as those listed above. These
guidelines specify exposure limits for hand-held wireless devices in terms of the Specific
Absorption Rate (SAR). The SAR is a measure of the rate that RF energy is absorbed by
the body. For exposure to RF energy from wireless devices, the allowable FCC SAR limit
is 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg), as averaged over one gram of tissue (FCC, 2010).

FCC specific role in health concern 2

The FCC standards were established in 1996 at a time when few adults used cell
phones. Today, children and most adults are exposed to far more cell phone radiation than
the FCC-approved test models are subjected to when new cell phones are certified.
Moreover, the test assumes that cell phones can harm us only by heating tissue. This is not
true as there are numerous studies that demonstrate non thermal effects from cell phone
radiation including increased glucose metabolism in the brain, generation of heat shock
proteins, free radicals, and double-strand DNA breaks such as penetration of the blood
brain barrier, damage to sperm and increased male infertility (Moskowitz & Ph, 2013).

MCMC's official position

The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission is the governing
body and its primary role is the regulation of the communications and multimedia industry
based on the powers provided in the Law of the Malaysian Communications and
Multimedia Commission (1998). MCMC is also tasked with overseeing the new regulatory
framework for the unified telecommunications and broadcasting industry and online
activities. In 2001, MCMC's role was expanded to include overseeing the postal service
sector in accordance with the Postal Service Act 1991 and licensing of the Certification
Authority under the Digital Signature Act 1997 (MCMC, 2016).

MCMC specific role in health concern 1

Radiation is a beam of heat-shaped energy, particles, or electromagnetic waves
emerging from the radiation source. The dangers of HP radiation in the eye is very
pronounced when we've been staring at the phone in a very long time. Based on the MCMC
policy about RF emission, MCMC has been set up exposure limits are 4.5 W/m at 900MHz
frequency, 9W/m at 1800MHz frequency and 10W/m at 2000MHz frequency and above.
And based on field inspections the emission levels are well below the exposure limits
stipulated by MCMC and ICNIRP (< 1.0 % of the permissible exposure limit) (MCMC,
2016).

MCMC specific role in health concern 2

The problem of radiation produced by high frequency that interfere with Male
infertility is regulated by MCMC in collaboration with ICNIRP in overcoming this
problem. There have been several studies of thermoregulatory responses of resting
volunteers exposed to EMF in magnetic resonance imaging systems. In general, these have
demonstrated that exposure for up to 30 min, under conditions in which whole-body SAR
was less than 4 W kg21, caused an increase in the body core temperature of less than 1°C
(Agarwal et al., 2009). MCMC & ICNIRP also published tips for user to maintain a
distance to wireless devices.
2. Amplitude Modulation

Figure 1: Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation was developed in the beginning of the 20th century. It was
the earliest modulation technique used to transmit voice by radio. This type of modulation
technique is used in electronic communication. In this modulation, the amplitude of the
carrier signal varies in accordance with the message signal, and other factors like phase
and frequency remain constant. The modulated and its spectrum consists of the lower
frequency band, upper frequency band and carrier frequency components. This type of
modulation requires more power and greater bandwidth; filtering is very difficult.
Amplitude modulation is used in computer modems, VHF aircraft radio, and in portable
two-way radio (Tarun Agarwal, 2014).
Figure 1 shows a modulating wave, a carrier wave, and the resulting waveform after
the modulation process, on the bottom. Note that the shape of the top of the modulated
signal is the same as that of the modulating wave. At the bottom, the shape is also the same
but is inverted (upside down) forming a kind of “envelope” or channel. In addition, note
that there is no change in the frequency of the carrier wave (Olenewa, 2016).
Frequency Modulation

Figure 2: Frequency Modulation

In this type of modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance
with the message signal, and other parameters like amplitude and phase remain constant.
Frequency modulation is used in different applications like radar, radio and telemetry,
seismic prospecting and monitoring newborns for seizures via EEG, etc. This type of
modulation is commonly used for broadcasting music and speech, magnetic tape recording
systems, two way radio systems and video transmission systems. When noise occurs
naturally in radio systems, frequency modulation with sufficient bandwidth provides an
advantage in cancelling the noise (Tarun Agarwal, 2014).
Figure 2 illustrates the FM signal and simple modulation sine wave (top graph).
The bottom of the image shows the result of frequency FM modulation in frequency. Notice
how the modulated wave frequency changes proportionally, based on the change in input
signal amplitude, which effectively enables the receiver to reproduce the modulating signal
with the correct amplitude (or volume) of the sound. The rate of change of modulated signal
(frequency) follows the rate of input change, or modulating signal, which, in turn, allows
the receiver to reproduce the frequency at the output (Olenewa, 2016).
Phase Modulation

Figure 3: Phase Modulation

In this type of modulation, the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with
the message signal. When the phase of the signal is changed, then it affects the frequency.
So, for this reason, this modulation is also comes under the frequency modulation.
Generally, phase modulation is used for transmitting waves. It is an essential part of many
digital transmission coding schemes that underlie a wide range of technologies like GSM,
WiFi, and satellite television. This type of modulation is used for signal generation in al
synthesizers, such as the Yamaha DX7 to implement FM synthesis (Tarun Agarwal, 2014).
Figure 3 shows an example of four different phase shifts with respect to the
reference signal shown at the top of the image, to illustrate the phase change (Olenewa,
2016).
 Table 1: Comparison between AM, FM, and PM.

Feature AM FM PM

Amplitude of carrier wave

Frequency of carrier wave Phase of carrier wave varies
varies as per amplitude or
Function varies as per voltage of as per voltage of modulating
voltage of modulating signal
modulating signal input. signal input.
input.

Frequency of carrier wave is Amplitude of carrier wave Amplitude of carrier wave

Carrier parameter
kept constant is kept constant is kept constant
Digital PM types include
BPSK, QPSK,
AM types include DSB-SC, Digital FM types include QAM(combination of
SSB, VSB etc. Refer DSB- FSK, GFSK, Offset FSK amplitude and phase
Types
SC vs SSB-SC and SSB vs etc. Refer MSK and modulation types)
VSB modulation GMSK modulation Refer BPSK and
QPSK, QAM modulation
types.
Lower power consumption
Increased immunity to Increased immunity to
Advantages and it is simple technique of
noise. noise.
modulation.
Complex in detection at AM Requires larger More complex hardware at
Disadvantages
receiver bandwidth. receiver.

analog TV transmission Radio Broadcasting, Direct Used in data communication

Application
systems Satellite Broadcasting systems.
3. Here is three types of antenna that are used in wireless communication :
 Omni-directional (Dipole) Antennas
The most common wireless LAN antenna is the Dipole antenna. Simple to design,
the dipole antenna is standard equipment on most access points. The dipole is an
omnidirectional antenna, because it radiates its energy equally in all directions around
its axis.
Directional antennas concentrate their energy into a cone, known as a "beam." The
dipole has a radiating element just one inch long that performs an equivalent function
to the "rabbit ears" antennas on television sets. The dipole antennas used with wireless
LANs are much smaller because wireless LAN frequencies are in the 2.4 GHz
microwave spectrum instead of the 100 MHz TV spectrum. As the frequency gets
higher, the wavelength and the antennas become smaller (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).

 Semi-directional Antennas
Semi-directional antennas come in many different styles and shapes. Some semi-
directional antennas types frequently used with wireless LANs are Patch, Panel, and
Yagi (pronounced “YAH-gee”) antennas. All of these antennas are generally flat and
designed for wall mounting. Each type has different coverage characteristics. These
antennas direct the energy from the transmitter significantly more in one particular
direction rather than the uniform, circular pattern that is common with the
omnidirectional antenna (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).

 Highly-directional Antennas
As their name would suggest, highly-directional antennas emit the most-narrow
signal beam of any antenna type and have the greatest gain of these three groups of
antennas.
Highly-directional antennas are typically concave, dish-shaped devices.
These antennas are ideal for long distance, point-to-point wireless links. Some models
are referred to as parabolic dishes because they resemble small satellite dishes. Others
are called grid antennas due to their perforated design for resistance to wind loading
(John Wiley & Sons, 2009).
 Table 2: Comparison 3 Type of Antennas

Highly-Directional
Comparison Type Omnidirectional Antenna Directional Antenna
Antennas

Used outdoors, should be

Semi-directional antennas Used outdoors, to connect
placed on top of a structure
Usage are ideally suited for short two buildings in the high of
(such as a building) in the
and medium range bridging. coverage area.
middle of the coverage area.

The Yagi antenna design has

Usually pole-shaped and
a dipole as the main
situated on a metal plane, Usually typically concave,
Characteristic radiating or driven element
which acts as the bottom half dish-shaped devices.
to which power is applied
of dipole.
directly from a feeder.

Connect two
Often attached to the roof of a buildings that are miles
Yagi antenna is often used
Location used car or a truck for mobile away from each other but
for television reception.
application have no obstructions in their
path.
4. Adaptive array antenna is an antenna array provided with signal processing algorithms.
These algorithms are used to determine spatial signal parameters such as the direction of-
arrival (DOA) of the incoming signal, and to form the beam and steer it in the desired
direction while minimizing the interference. Thus, it can perform the following tasks:
a. Estimate the direction of arrival of all incoming signals including the interfering signals
and the multipath signals using the DOA algorithms such as Multiple Signal
Classification (MUSIC) and Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance
Techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms.
b. Determination and differentiation the intended signal from the rest of the unintended
incoming signals.
c. Steer the beam pattern in the direction of the intended signal and track it while putting
pattern nulls in DOA of interference and multi-path signals. This is will be done by
dynamically updating the weights of both phase and amplitude of signal at the different
array elements using adaptive algorithms such as Least Mean-Squares (LMS) and
Recursive-Least-Squares (RLS) algorithms.

The digital signal processor (DSP) is the key element of the adaptive array antenna
systems. But before analyzing and processing the received signals by the DSP, it is
necessary to down-convert the received signals to baseband frequencies by using the
frequency down converters and digitize these down converted signals by using Analog to
Digital (A/D) converters. After down-converting the incoming signals and digitizing them,
the DSP will be able to handle the received data information, calculate the complex
weights, and multiply the weights to each antenna element. In order to optimize the array
radiation pattern (i.e., producing maximum beam gain in the direction of the intended
signal) and shape the radiation pattern to minimize the interference.
In adaptive array antenna systems, two major strategies are normally used:

 In the first strategy, a training sequence will be used as a part of the desired signal and
this training sequence should be also known at the receiver side, so in this case there is
no need to use a DOA algorithm. This training sequence, which is correlated with the
desired signal, will be then compared with what is received and the weights will be
 adjusted and updated such that error signal between the known and the received signal
is minimized by using an adaptive algorithm. This scenario is usually appropriate for
Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) environments.

Figure 4: An overview of the major algorithms used in the adaptive antenna array systems.

 In the second strategy, a DOA algorithm should be used to identify the directions and
the angles of arrival for all signals received by the array. Then, the weights will be
adjusted to get a maximum beam gain towards the intended angle-of-arrival and null
gain towards unintended signals by using an adaptive algorithm. This scenario is
usually not appropriate for Non-Line of-Sight (NLOS) environments where there are
many reflectors close to the receiver which resulting in many DOA angles and then the
DOA algorithm probably will fail to detect them correctly. Figure 4 provides an
overview of the major algorithms used in the adaptive antenna array systems.
Advantages:

 Increased number of users

Due to the targeted nature of smart antennas frequencies can be reused allowing an
increased number of users.
 Increased Range
As the smart antenna focuses gain on the communicating device, the range of operation
increases.
 Security
Adaptive array antennas naturally provide increased security, as the signals are not
radiated in all directions as in a traditional Omni-directional antenna.
 Reduced Interference
Interference which is usually caused by transmissions which radiate in all directions is
less likely to occur due to the directionality introduced by the smart antenna.
 Increased bandwidth
The bandwidth available increases form the reuse of frequencies and also in adaptive
arrays as they can utilize the many paths which a signal may follow to reach a device
(Revindran, Suhas, & Deshpande, 2013).

Disadvantages:

 Complex
A disadvantage of smart antennas is that they are far more complicated than a
traditional antennas.
 More Expensive
As smart antennas are extremely complex, utilizing the latest in processing technology
they are far more expensive than traditional antennas.
 Larger Size
Due to the antenna arrays which are utilized by smart antenna systems, they are much
larger in size than traditional systems.
  Location
The location of smart antennas needs to be considered for optimal operation. Due to
the directional beam that ‘swings’ from a smart antenna locations which are optimal
for a traditional antenna is not for a smart antenna.

5. Telecommunication technology is one of the fastest growing technologies. Start with the
expansion of VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology utilization, Satellite
Technology which enables to carry out anytime, anywhere and by anyone.
In line with the rapid progress of the current era, mobile telecommunications technology
or mobile communication much in demand by the community. This is seen also in the
rapidly expanding telecommunications technology and mobile communication services in
the world (mobile evolution). The development of telecommunications technology,
especially in the field of cellular happens very rapidly due to the need to communicate and
exchange data quickly, easily and mobile.

1G Technology
1G is the first generation that began introduced in the 1970s (Siska, 2015), 1G
mobile technology is working using analog signal transmission only able to make phone
calls. 1G technology that has a role large enough to help the growth of the mobile market.

2G Technology
2G is the second generation that was introduced in 1990, the most prominent
difference of 2G technology is on the use of radio signals. 1G technology is still using
analog signals and 2G technology already uses digital signals that support voice calls, SMS
and MMS as well.
Then 2G technology was developed to 2.5G and 2.75G at 50 kbps speed, and developed
again into EDGE with a maximum speed of 1 Mbps (Siska, 2015).
3G technology
3G is the third generation that was introduced in 1998, 3G technology is the first
mobile broadband. In addition to the same capabilities as the previous generation, this
technology has the ability to transfer audio, graphics and video, for the purposes of video
streaming and video calls. In the beginning 3G technology only has speeds up to 2 Mbps,
and then developed again into 3.5G HSPA with DL speed up to 14 Mbps and UL speed up
to 5.76 Mbps. It then evolves into a 3.75G HSPA + technology with a maximum speed of
DL up to 168 Mbps and maximum UL up to 22 Mbps (Siska, 2015).

4G Technology
4G is the fourth generation that was introduced in 2009, 4G LTE technology
formulated jointly by members of 3GPP. An Indonesian Khoirul Anwar who has been
living in Japan for 12 years, and a researcher at JAIST is not an inventor of the 4G LTE
technology. Khoirul Anwar is only the patent holder of one of many technologies for
transmitter with dual FFT concept in SC-FDMA method which can be used as 4G LTE
uplink method. The latest mobile technology is called LTE (Long Term Evolution) and
also LTE-A (Long Term Evolution Advance) LTE technology has a speed of DL up to 100
Mbps and UL to 50 Mbps. The speed can still be much faster again according to the release
category used by the operator, the speed is theoretically determined from LTE Cat 1 to
LTE Cat8 as in the following table (Siska, 2015).

4G Operator #1 : Telkomsel
Telkomsel became the largest mobile telecommunications operator in Indonesia
with 139.3 million subscribers as of December 31, 2014 and a market share of 51% as of
January 1, 2007. Telkomsel's network has covered 288 international roaming networks in
155 countries by the end of 2007. Telkomsel has become a mobile operator the seventh in
the world that has more than 100 million subscribers in one country as of May 2011.
In December 8, 2014, Telkomsel officially launched the first commercial 4G LTE mobile
service in Indonesia. Telkomsel 4G LTE service has data access speed reaching 36 Mbps.
Telkomsel currently holds more than 100,000 BTSs that cover about 98% of the population
in Indonesia. As the world's No. 6 largest mobile operator in terms of subscribers,
Telkomsel is the market leader in the telecommunication industry in Indonesia which is
now believed to serve more than 143 million subscribers by 2015-2016. In an effort to
guide the development of the mobile telecommunication industry in Indonesia into a new
era of mobile broadband services, Telkomsel has consistently implemented 3G technology,
HSDPA, HSPA + roadmaps, and the development of Long Term Evolution (LTE) network.
Telkomsel is now developing broadband network in 100 major cities in Indonesia. To assist
customer service, Telkomsel is now supported by 24 hour call center and 430 service
centers spread all over Indonesia (TELKOMSEL, 2014).

4G Operator #2 : Indosat Ooredoo

Indosat Ooredoo (formerly PT Indosat Tbk., Formerly Indosat) is one of the
telecommunication service providers and telecommunication network in Indonesia. The
company offers communications channels for mobile users with pre-paid or postpaid
options under the Matrix Ooredoo, Mentari Ooredoo and IM3 Ooredo brands, other
services provided are voice over voice communication for fixed line including international
IDD (International Direct Dialing). Indosat Ooredoo also provides multimedia, internet and
data communications (MIDI = Multimedia, Internet & Data Communication Services)
services. In 2011 Indosat Ooredoo controls 21% market share. In 2013, Indosat Ooredoo
has 58.5 million subscribers for mobile phones. In 2015 Indosat Ooredoo increased its
subscriber base by 68.5 million subscribers with presentation up 24.7%, compared to the
period of 2014 of 54.9 million users. In 2013, Indosat held commercialization of 3G
network at 900 MHz frequency. The following year Indosat launched 4G service launch
and service at 900 MHz with speeds up to 42 Mbps in some major cities in Indonesia. In
2015, Indosat officially renamed Indosat Ooredoo (Indosat, 2015).
4G Progression in Indonesia
Mobile operators in Indonesia now use different LTE frequency bands. Telkomsel,
XL Axiata, and Indosat Ooredoo utilize 900 MHz and 1,800 MHz frequencies. While Bolt
uses 2,300 MHz and Smartfren occupies 850 MHz and 2,300 MHz. Tri soon followed in
the first or second quarter of this year, possibly by adopting a frequency of 1,800 MHz.
For information, the lower the frequency is claimed to be better because the range can be
wider, even through thick walls or underground parking area.
Most telco operators provide 4G LTE services in two standards, namely Time
Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). TDD works by using the
same frequency to send and receive data. The advantage is in the download speed, but its
uploads tend to be weak. Bolt is an example operator that provides TDD services in
Indonesia. On the other hand, FDD sends and receives data in different channels. Although
minimal interference and more stable, download speed and upload tend to be balanced.
FDD is currently used by Telkomsel, XL, and Indosat. Meanwhile, Smartfren is listed as
an operator that uses two LTE standards. Frequency 850MHz its FDD type while its TDD
is at the frequency of 2300.
Based on data from WeAreSocial, at the beginning of this year there are already
88.1 million people of Indonesia who are connected to the internet. But unfortunately,
according to a survey from Deloitte Global Mobile Consumer Survey, the network adopted
by the majority of people in the country is still 3G. In fact, 3G network users in Indonesia
is the highest compared to several neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, and
Thailand. Found also if the user of 4G LTE connection in Indonesia only 15 percent of the
lowest or the lowest of the four other countries being sampled (Noviadhista, 2016).
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