Chapter 2

FRACTIONS 98
20. = 98 R0
1
98
2.1 Factors and 2
= 49 R0
Prime Numbers 98
= 14 R0
7
Exercises The factors of 98 are 1, 2, 7, 14, 49,
and 98.
2. A composite number is a whole number that
has more than two factors. 48
22. = 48 R0
1
4. The least common multiple of two or more 48
numbers is the smallest nonzero number = 24 R0
that is a multiple of each number. 2
48
= 16 R0
6. The divisibility test for 10 is to check if 3
48
the ones digit is 0. = 12 R0
4
10 48
8.  10 R0 = 8 R0
1 6
10 The factors of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24,
 5 R0 and 48.
2
The factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5, and 10.
24. 7 is prime.
9
10. = 9 R0 26. 24 is composite; 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 are factors.
1
9 28. 75 is composite; 3, 5, 15, and 25 are factors.
= 3 R0
3
The factors of 9 are 1, 3, and 9. 30. 31 is prime.

15 32. 45 is composite; 3, 5, 9 and 15 are factors.

12. = 15 R0
1
15 34. 10  2  5
= 5 R0
3 10
The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15.
2 5
47
14. = 47 R0 36. 14  2  7
1
The factors of 47 are 1 and 47. 14

35 2 7
16. = 35 R0
1
35 38. 18  2  3  3  2  32
= 7 R0
5 18
The factors of 35 are 1, 5, 7, and 35.
2 9
73
18. = 73 R0 3 3
1
The factors of 73 are 1 and 73.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

18 Chapter 2 Fractions

40. 40  2  2  2  5  23  5 54. 169  13  13  132

40 169

2 20 13 13

2 10 56. 62  2  31
62
2 5
2 31
42. 63  3  3  7  32  7
58. 200  2  2  2  5  5  23  52
200

2 100

2 50
44. 57  3  19
57 2 25

3 19 5 5

46. 49  7  7  72 60. 90  2  3  3  5  2  32  5
49 90

7 7 2 45

3 15
48. 64  2  2  2  2  2  2  26
64 3 5
2 32
62. 400  2  2  2  2  5  5  24  52
2 16

2 8

2 4

2 2

50. 22  2  11
22

2 11
64. 9 = 32
52. 105  3  5  7 12 = 22 ´3
105 LCM = 22 ´ 32 = 4 ´9 = 36

3 35
66. 4 = 22
5 7 6 = 2´3
LCM = 22 ´ 3 = 4´3 = 12

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.1 Factors and Prime Numbers 19

68. 20 = 22 ´5 49 R2
21 = 3´ 7 88. b. 4 198
LCM = 22 ´ 3´5´ 7 = 4´ 3´5´ 7 = 420 No, because 198 is not a multiple of 4.

70. 15 = 3´5 90. Yes, an oil change would be recommended

60 = 22 ´3´5 at 21,000 miles, since 21,000 is divisible by
3,000.
LCM = 22 ´ 3´5 = 4´ 3´5 = 60

72. 30 = 2´3´5 92. LCM (4,3) = 12

150 = 2 ´3´52 2006 + 12 = 2018
Both prizes will be given in 2018.
LCM = 2´ 3´52 = 2 ´3´ 25 = 150
94. 6 = 2 ´3
74. 100 = 22 ´52 3= 3
90 = 2´ 32 ´5 4 = 2´2
LCM = 22 ´32 ´52 = 4 ´9 ´ 25 = 900 LCM (6,3, 4) = 22 ´3 = 12
The bills will all fall due again in 12 months.
76. 2 = 2
8 = 23
10 = 2 ´5 Mindstretchers
LCM = 23 ´5 = 8´5 = 40
1. a. 57  7  19  31 or
78. 2 = 2 57  3  17  37
3= 3
5=5 b. 81  11  23  47 or
LCM = 2´ 3´5 = 6´5 = 30 81  7  37  37

80. 6 = 2 ´3 2. 1  1
8 = 23 22
12 = 22 ´3 33
LCM = 23 ´3 = 8´3 = 24 4  22
55
82. 8 = 23
6  23
24 = 23 ´3
77
56 = 23 ´ 7
LCM = 23 ´3´ 7 = 8´3´ 7 = 168 8  23
9  32
84. 63 is composite; 3, 7, 9, and 21 are factors.
10  2  5
86. 5 = 5 LCM  1  23  32  5  7  2,520
10 = 2 ´5 The smallest whole number divisible by
12 = 22 ´3 every whole number from 1 to 10 is 2,520.
LCM = 22 ´ 3´5 = 4 ´15 = 60
3. 715  7  11  13  715,715
49 R0
88. a. 4 196
Yes, because 196 is a multiple of 4.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

20 Chapter 2 Fractions

8
22.
2.2 Introduction to Fractions 3

Exercises
5 1
2. The improper fraction can be expressed as a 24. 4
2 5
mixed number.

4. Divide the numerator and denominator of a

fraction by the same whole number in order
to simplify it.

6. The least common denominator of two or more 4

fractions is the least common multiple of their 26. 3
9
denominators.

8. There are 4 equal parts of which 1 part is

1 7
shaded. The fraction is . 28. ; proper fraction
4 12
10. There are 5 equal parts of which 4 parts are
11
4 30. ; improper fraction
shaded. The fraction is . 10
5
1
2 32. 12 ; mixed number
12. There are 2 wholes and of a whole shaded. 2
5
2 4
The mixed number is 2 . 34. ; improper fraction
5 4
6 5
14. There is 1 whole shaded and of a whole 36. ; proper fraction
8 6
6
shaded. The mixed number is 1 .
8 3
38. 10 ; mixed number
4
6
16.
11 1  3  1  1 4
40. 1  
3 3 3

2  3  10   2 32
4 42. 10  
18. 3 3 3
10
3  4  12   3 51
44. 12  
4 4 4
11
20. 8
11 46. 8 
1

5  6  6   5 41
48. 6  
6 6 6

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.2 Introduction to Fractions 21

1  2  10   1 21 38
12 R2
38 2
50. 10   82.  3 38  12
2 2 2 3 3 3

1  8  20   1 161 8 R0
52. 20   72 72
8 8 8 84.  9 72 8
9 9
5  7  11  5 82
54. 11   19 R0
7 7 7 19 19
86.  1 19  19
1 1
10
56. 10 
1 88. Possible answers:
3 3 2 6
 
7 13  2   7 33 10 10  2 20
58. 2   3 33 9
13 13 13  
10 10  3 30
1  6  4   1 25
60. 4   90. Possible answers:
6 6 6
1 1 2 2
 
1 10  14   1 141 10 10  2 20
62. 14   1 1 3 3
10 10 10  
10 10  3 30
1 R1
6 6 1 92. Possible answers:
64. 5 6 1
5 5 5 5 5  2 10
 
6 6  2 12
2 R2 5 5  3 15
12 12 2  
66.  5 12 2 6 6  3 18
5 5 5

1 R0 94. Possible answers:

12 12 3 3 2 6
68.  12 12 1  
12 12 5 5  2 10
3 3 3 9
1 R0  
100 100 5 5  3 15
70.  100 100 1
100 100
2 22 4
96.  
15 R1 9 9  2 18
31 31 1
72.  2 31  15
2 2 2 7 7  2 14
98.  
10 10  2 20
20 R2
62 62 2
74.  3 62  20
3 3 3 5 5  15 75
100. 5   
1 1  15 15
13 R1
40 40 1
76.  3 40  13 4 4  7 28
3 3 3 102.  
9 9  7 63
5 R1
41 41 1 3 3  4 12
78.  8 41 5 104.  
8 8 8 10 10  4 40

5 R3 2 2  21 42
58 58 3 106. 2   
80.  11 58 5 1 1  21 21
11 11 11

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

22 Chapter 2 Fractions

7 7  3 21 1
108.   36 9  4 4
8 8  3 24 136.  
45 9  5 5
1
5 5  8 40
110.  
6 6  8 48 19 19
138. 
1 1  30 30 51 51
112.  
3 3  30 90 1 1
36 9 4 1
1 1  25 25 140.  
114.   144 9  4  4 4
4 4  25 100 1 1

7 7  7 49 1
116.   21 3 7 7
8 8  7 56 142.  
36 3  12 12
1
5 5  24 120
118.  
6 6  24 144 1
51 1  51 1
1 144. 11  11  11
9 3 3 3 102 2  51 2
120.   1
12 3  4 4
1
144
146. 1  11  2
1 1 144
21 3  7
122.  1
21 3  7 5 3
148.  because 5  3
1 1 10 10

1 1 5 7 20 21
4 2 2 1 150.  because 
124.   6 8 24 24
24 2  2  2  3 6
1 1
9 3
152.  because 9  4  12  3, 36  36
25 5  5 25 12 4
126.  
49 7  7 49
3 1 17 3 34 21
154. 2  1 because  since 
1 7 2 7 2 14 14
75 3  25 3
128.   156. 2 = 2
100 4  25 4
1
3=3
4 = 22
1 1 1 LCM = 22 ⋅ 3 = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12
875 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 ⋅ 6 18
130.   = =
1,000 5  5  5  8 8 2 2 ⋅ 6 12
1 1 1
3 3 ⋅ 4 12
= =
1 3 3 ⋅ 4 12
15 3  5 5 2 3 3⋅ 3 9
132.   1 = =
9 3 3 3 3 4 4 ⋅ 3 12
1 3 3 3
In increasing order, the fractions are , , .
4 3 2
1
30 5  6 5 2
134.   1
18 3  6 3 3
1

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.2 Introduction to Fractions 23

158. 4 = 22 170. b. The fraction of therapists who are respiratory

6 = 2⋅3 94,000 94 47
therapists is   .
8 = 23 276,000 276 138
LCM = 23 ⋅ 3 = 8 ⋅ 3 = 24
172. The Lakers did not win 82 - 65 = 17 games.
3 3 ⋅ 6 18 17
= = This is of the games played.
4 4 ⋅ 6 24 82
5 5 ⋅ 4 20
= =
6 6 ⋅ 4 24 1 1 4 4
7 7 ⋅ 3 21 174.  
= = 9 9  4 36
8 8 ⋅ 3 24 There is a greater probability of rolling a 6,
3 5 7
In increasing order, the fractions are , , . 5 1
4 6 8 because is greater than .
36 9

160. 8 = 23 176. The LCM of 2, 8, and 16 is 16.

2=2 1 1
11 = 11 
16 16
LCM = 23 ⋅11 = 8 ⋅11 = 88 1 1 2 2
 
5 5 ⋅11 55 8 8  2 16
= =
8 8 ⋅11 88 1 1 8 8
 
1 1⋅ 44 44 2 2  8 16
= =
2 2 ⋅ 44 88 1
4 4 ⋅ 8 32 a. Newark had the best visibility at mi.
= = 2
11 11⋅ 8 88 1
4 1 5 b. JFK had the worst visibility at mi.
In increasing order, the fractions are , , . 16
11 2 8
57  61  57  57  58  57 347 5
5 R2 178.   57
32 2 1 6 6 6
162. 6 32 5 5
6 6 3 5
Their average age at inauguration was 57 yr.
6
9
164.
10
Mindstretchers
1. The shaded center triangle is equivalent to 4
of the smaller shaded triangles, so there are 7
3 8  2   3 19 shaded triangles. There are 9 unshaded triangles,
166. 2  
8 8 8 so there are 16 triangles in total.
7
1 R2 of the triangle is shaded.
6 2 1 16
168. 4 6 1 1
4 4 2
1 2. There are an infinite number of fractions
There are 1 cloves per serving. 3 1 4 1 5 1 
2   1 ,  1 ,  1 , . . ..
2 2 3 3 4 4 
170. a. 182,000 + 94, 000 = 276,000
There are 276,000 physical therapists. 3. a. 3´14 = 6´7 = 42
The fraction of therapists who are physical 3´58 = 6´ 29 = 174
182, 000 182 91 7 ´58 = 14 ´ 29 = 406
therapists is   .
276,000 276 138 2 3 79
b.  
4 6 158

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

24 Chapter 2 Fractions

2.3 Adding and Subtracting

Fractions 9 9
22. =
10 10
4 8
Exercises + =+
5 10
2. To subtract unlike fractions, rewrite 17 7
=1
them as equivalent fractions with the 10 10
same denominator.
7 7
4. Fractions with equal numerators and 24. =
20 20
denominators are equivalent to 1. 3 15
+ =+
4 20
7 9 16 6 3 22 2 1
6.    1 or 1 =1 =1
10 10 10 10 5 20 20 10
71 79 150 50 1
8.   1 or 1 1 1 1 6 5 10 21 7
100 100 100 100 2 26. + + = + + = =
5 6 3 30 30 30 30 10
1 3 2 6
10.    3 1 1 27 30 10 67
7 7 7 7 28. + + = + + =
10 3 9 90 90 90 90
1 3 1 5 1
12.     1 6
10 10 10 10 2 30. =
2 12
1 4
1 5 =
14.  3 12
4 20 1 3
2 8 + =+
  4 12
5 20 13 1
13 =1
12 12
20
1 3
1 1 32. =
16. = 10 30
6 6 2 12
2 4 =
+ =+ 5 30
3 6 5 25
5 + =+
6 30
6 40 10 1
=1 =1
30 30 3
5 10
18. =
6 12 1
1 1 34. 4
+ =+ 5
12 12 2
11 1
12 6
5
1
3 21 Check: 4  2
20. = 5
4 28  
3 12
+ =+ 4 2  6
7 28
33 5
=1
28 28

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 Section 2.3 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 25

1 1 10
36. 6 46. 4 = 4
12 9 90
1 7 63
4 +20 = +20
12 10 90
2 1 73
10  10 24
12 6 90
1 1 1 7
Check: 6  4 Check: 4 + 20
12 12 9 10
   
4 + 21 = 25
6  4  10
1 5
2 48. =
38. 8 6 30
3 2 12
2 +3 = +3
+6 5 30
3 17
4 1 3
14 = 15 30
3 3
1 2
2 2 Check: + 3
Check: 8 + 6 6 5
3 3  
  0 + 3= 3
9 + 7 = 16
3 6
3 50. 20 = 20
40. 2 5 10
10 1 5
9 +4 = +4
+7 2 10
10 11 1
12 2 1 24 = 25
9 = 10 = 10 10 10
10 10 5
3 1
3 9 Check: 20 + 4
Check: 2 + 7 5 2
10 10  
  21 + 5 = 26
2 + 8 = 10
8 8
3 15 52. 4 = 4
42. 17 = 17 9 9
8 40 1 3
1 8 +5 = +5
+20 = +20 3 9
5 40 11 2
23 9 = 10
37 9 9
40
8 1
3 1 Check: 4 + 5
Check:17 + 20 9 3
8 5  
  5 + 5 = 10
17 + 20 = 37
5 10
7 14 54. 10 = 10
44. 4 = 4 6 12
10 20 1 3
7 7 + 8 =+ 8
+ =+ 4 12
20 20 13 1
21 1 18 or 19
4 =5 12 12
20 20
5 1
7 7 Check:10 + 8
Check: 4 + 6 4
10 20  
  11 + 8 = 19
5 + 0=5

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

26 Chapter 2 Fractions

3 300 2 24
56. 8 = 8 64. 4 = 4
10 1,000 3 36
321 321 11 11
+2 = +2 2 = 2
1,000 1,000 36 36
1 18
621 + 1 =+1
10 2 36
1,000
53 17
3 321 7 =8
Check: 8 + 2 36 36
10 1,000 2 11 1
  Check: 4 + 2 + 1
3 36 2
8 + 2 = 10   
5 + 2 + 2=9
1 8
58. = 7 5 2
3 24 66.  
7 7 9 9 9
25 = 25
24 24
1 12 11 5 6 1
+100 = +100 68.   
2 24 12 12 12 2
27 3 1
125 = 126 = 126 3 1 2
24 24 8 70.   1
1 7 1 2 2 2
Check: + 25 + 100
3 24 2
   7 4 3 1
0 + 25 + 101 = 126 72.   
9 9 9 3
1 2 1 1
60. 4 = 4 74.  0
8 16 8 8
3 3
4 = 4
16 16 2 12
5 20 76. =
+ = + 5 30
4 16 1 5
25 9 - =-
8 =9 6 30
16 16 7
1 3 5 30
Check: 4 + 4 +
8 16 4
  
4 + 4 + 1= 9 9 90
78. =
10 100
2 8 3 3
62. 1 = 1 - =-
3 12 100 100
5 10 87
5 = 5 100
6 12
1 3
+ 3 = +3 5 20
4 12 80. =
21 9 3 6 24
9 = 10 = 10 1 3
12 12 4 - =-
2 5 1 8 24
Check:1 + 5 + 3 17
3 6 4
   24
2 + 6 + 3 = 11

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.3 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 27

2 18 92. (continued)
82. =
5 45 1 2
Check: 7 = 7
2 10 2 4
- =-
9 45 1 1
+ =+
8 4 4
45 3
7
4
11 11
84. =
12 12 1
1 4 94. 2
- =- 3
3 12 -2
7 1
12 3
1
5 5 Check:
86. = 3
6 6 +2
2 4
- =- 1
3 6 2
3
1
6 5
96. 4 = 3
5
2 1 1
88. 6 -1 = -1
3 5 5
1
-1 4
3 2
5
1
5 4
3 Check: 2
5
1 1
Check: 5 +1
3 5
1
+1 5
3 3 =4
5
2
6
3 2
98. 2 = 1
2
5 1 1
90. 10 -1 = -1
6 2 2
5 1
-2
6 2
8
1
Check: 8 Check:
2
5 1
+2 +1
6 2
5 2
10 1 =2
6 2
3 10
92. 7 100. 5 = 4
4 10
1
- 9 9
4 -4 = -4
10 10
2 1
7 =7 1
4 2
10

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

28 Chapter 2 Fractions

100. (continued) 7 17
108. 3 =2
1 10 10
Check:
10 9 9
- =-
9 10 10
+4
10 8 4
2 =2
10 10 5
4 =5
10 4 8
Check: 2 = 2
5 10
4 9 9
102. 9 = 8 + =+
4 10 10
3 3 17 7
- =- 2 =3
4 4 10 10
1
8
4 1 6
110. 2 =1
1 5 5
Check: 8
4 4 4
- =-
3 5 5
+
4 2
1
4 5
8 =9
4 2
Check: 1
5
1 11 4
104. 5 =4 +
10 10 5
3 3 6 1
-2 = -2 1 =2
10 10 5 5
8 4
2 =2
10 5 1 7 77
112. 7 = 7 = 6
4 8 10 70 70
Check: 2 = 2
5 10 1 10 10
-2 = -2 = -2
3 3 7 70 70
+ 2 =+ 2
10 10 67
4
11 1 70
4 =5
10 10 Check:
1 1
7 -2
1 6 10 7
106. 3 = 2  
5 5 7 - 2=5
4 4
-1 = -1
5 5
1 10 110
2 114. 2 = 2 = 1
1 10 100 100
5 27 27 27
2 -1 = -1 = -1
Check: 1 100 100 100
5 83
4
+1 100
5 Check:
6 1 1 27
2 =3 2 -1
5 5 10 1000
 
2 - 1=1

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 Section 2.3 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 29

13 13 113 1 1 11
116. 9 =9 = 8 124. 9 = 9 = 8
100 100 100 10 10 10
7 70 70 1 5 5
-6 = -6 = -6 -3 = -3 = -3
10 100 100 2 10 10
43 6 3
2 5 =5
100 10 5
Check: 3 6
13 7 Check: 5 = 5
9 -6 5 10
100 10 1 5
  + 3 =+ 3
9 - 7=2 2 10
11 1
8 =9
2 3 15 10 10
118. 1 = 1 =
8 12 12
2 4 4 1 4 20
- =- =- 126. 3 = 3 = 2
6 12 12 4 16 16
11 5 5 5
-2 = -2 = -2
12 16 16 16
15
11 11
Check: = 16
12 12
2 4 15
+ =+ Check:
6 12 16
5
15 3 1 2 +2
=1 =1 =1 16
12 12 4 8
20 4 1
2 =3 =3
1 2 6 16 16 4
120. 2 = 2 = 1
2 4 4
3 3 3 2 1 1 20 6 15 29
-1 = -1 = -1 128.      
4 4 4 3 5 2 30 30 30 30
3
4 1 5 20
130. 7 = 7 = 6
3 3 15 15
Check: 4 12 12
4 -2 = -2 = -2
3 5 15 15
+1 8
4 4
6 2 1 15
1 =2 =2
4 4 2 8 8
4 =4
15 15
1 4 20 1 5
122. 7 = 7 = 6 -1 = -1
4 16 16 3 15
5 5 5 3 1
-1 = -1 = -1 3 =3
16 16 16 15 5
15
5
16 1
132. 4
15 10
Check: 5 9
16 +2
5 10
+1
16 10
6 =7
20 4 1 10
6 =7 =7
16 16 4

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

30 Chapter 2 Fractions

132. (continued) 1 1
144. a. 
4 32 32
7 = 6
4 1 4
3 3  
-3 = -3 8 32
4 4 5
1 32
3
4 The combined amount of electricity
generated by liquid fuels and nuclear
9 9 5
134. 8 = 8 power will be of the total world
10 10 32
1 2
- = - electricity.
5 10
7 7 14
8 b. 
10 16 32
5 5
1 5 35  
19 = 19 = 18 32 32
6 30 30 9
7 21 21
-8 = - 8 = -8 32
10 30 30
14 7 The amount of electricity generated by coal
10 = 10 9
30 15 is greater than the combined amount
32
1 3 generated by liquid fuel and nuclear power.
136. 6 = 6
10 30
7 14 146. The sum of the fractions of the votes would
+ 3 =+ 3 equal 1 whole, or 88 .
15 30
17 5 1 5 2 7
9    
30 8 4 8 8 8
8 7 1
3 9  
138. = 8 8 8
8 24
1 12 The third candidate got 18 of the votes.
=
2 24
1 8 5 5
+ =+ 148. 20 = 20
3 24 8 8
29 5 1 4
=1 +10 = +10
24 24 2 8
9 1
30 = 31
9 18 8 8
140. =
10 20 The total weight of the boxes is 31 18 oz.
1 5
- =-
4 20
150. Find the difference in foot length when
13
comparing sizes 4 and 7.
20 1 3 2 3 6 3 3
6  5  6  5  5  5  in.
7 7 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
142. acre = acre
8 8 Find the difference in foot length when
1 2 comparing sizes 7 and 10.
- acre = - acre
4 8 1 1 1 2 5 2 3
7  6  7  6  6  6  in.
5 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
acre
8 3
Both differences are the same, namely in.
The area of the land not occupied by the 4
building is 85 acre.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Fractions 31

152. Find the total weight of the packages on the

right side of the scale. 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing
1 2
1 lb  1 lb Fractions
2 4
1 1
3 lb  3 lb Exercises
4 4
3 2. To multiply mixed numbers, change each mixed
4 lb
4 number to its equivalent improper fraction.
The total weight of the packages on the left
4. To divide fractions, change the divisor to its
3
side of the scale must also equal 4 lb. reciprocal, and multiply the resulting fractions.
4
3 6. When multiplying fractions, we can divide any
4 lb
4 numerator and any denominator by a common
3 factor.
2 lb
4
2 lb 7 1 7
8. ´ =
The small package on the left weighs 2 lb. 8 2 16

æ 3 öæ 1 ö 3
10. çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ =
Mindstretchers èç10 øèç 4 ø 40

1. 1 2 1 æ 1 ö2 æ 1 öæ 1 ö 1
1 1 12. çç ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ =
4 3 12 èç 8 ø çè 8 øèç 8 ø 64
5 1
1 1 3 3
6 1 6 14. ´ =
2 2 4
11 1 3
1
12 3 4 20 2 40 19
16. ´ = =1
3 7 21 21
3 1 1 1 11 9 99 49
2.    18. ⋅ = =1
7 28 7 4 10 5 50 50
3. a. In method 1, we regroup, that is, borrow
æ 1 öæ
from the whole number in the minuend æ 4 öæ 1 ö ç 4 ÷÷ç 1 ÷ö÷ 1
so that the fraction in the minuend is big 20. çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ = ççç ÷÷÷ççç ÷÷÷ =
èç 5 øèç 4 ø çç 5 ÷ç 4÷ 5
enough to subtract the fraction in the sub- è ÷øçè 1 ÷ø
trahend. In method 2, we add a fraction to
the subtrahend, making it a whole number. 2
We add the same fraction to the minuend 4 1 4 1 2
22. ´ = ´ =
and then subtract. 5 2 5 2 5
1
b. Answers may vary.
c. Answers may vary. æ 1 öæ 1 ö
æ 4 öæ÷ 3 ö÷ çç 4 ÷÷÷çç 3 ÷÷÷ 1
24. çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ =
çè 6 øèç 8 ø ç 6 ÷ç 8 ÷ 4
çè 2 ÷øèç 2 ø÷

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 31

32 Chapter 2 Fractions

3 3 1
12 15 12 15 1 1 7 3 7 1
26. ´ = ´ =9 52. 2 ´1 = ´ = = 3
5 4 5 4 3 2 3 2 2 2
1 1 1

5 5 5 25 1 æ 1 ö2 æ 3 öæ 3 ö 9 1
28. ´5 = ´ = =4 54. çç1 ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ = = 2
6 6 1 6 6 èç 2 ø çè 2 øèç 2 ø 4 4

5 5 7 35 2 1 5 3 15 1
30. ´7 = ´ = = 11 56. 5 ⋅1 = ´ = = 7
3 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2
3
10
3 3 12 5 11 20 110 2
32. ´12 = ´ =9 58. 1 ´ 20 = ´ = = 36
4 4 1 6 6 1 3 3
1
3

20
7 5
2 100 2 1 1 21 10 35 5
34. 100 ⋅ = ⋅ = 40 60. 5 ´1 = ´ = =5
5 1 5 4 9 4 9 6 6
1
2 3

4
4 20 4 æ ö÷æç 11 ö÷
æ 3 öæ 4 ö çç 13 ÷ç 22 ÷ 143 8
36. 20 ⋅ = ⋅ = 16 62. çç1 ÷÷÷çç2 ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷ = =3
5 1 5 èç 10 øèç 9 ø çç 10 ÷÷çç 9 ÷÷÷ 45 45
1 è 5 øçè ø÷
3
17 1
5 5 12 15 1
38. ´12 = ´ = =7 1 2 51 5 17 1
8 8 1 2 2 64. 5 ⋅1 = ⋅ = =8
2 10 3 10 3 2 2
2 1

æ 1 öæ 1 ö æ13 öæ 1 ö 13
40. çç4 ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ = 15 4
çè 3 øèç 5 ø çè 3 øèç 5 ø 15 1 3 75 8
66. 37 ⋅1 = ⋅ = 60
2 5 2 5
1 1
1 1 1 11 11
42. ´2 = ´ =
3 5 3 5 15 3
1 1 1 9 6 27 11
æ ö÷æç 3 ö÷ 68. ´ 2 ´6 = ´ ´ = =1
æ 9 öæ ö çç 9 ÷ç 15 ÷ 27 8 4 8 4 1 16 16
1 13
44. çç ÷÷÷çç2 ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ = =1 2
èç10 øèç 7 ø çç 10 ÷çç 7 ÷÷ 14 14
è 2 ÷øçè ø÷
æ 1 öæ ö
æ 1 ö÷2 æ 1 ö÷ æ 5 ö÷çç 5 ÷÷÷çç 1 ÷÷÷ 5
ç ç ç
70. ç1 ÷÷ ç ÷÷ = ç ÷÷çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ =
3 1 çè 4 ø èç 5 ø èç 4 øç 4 ÷ç 5 ÷ 16
1 2 9 2 èç ø÷èç 1 ø÷
46. 4 ´ = ´ = 3
2 3 2 3
1 1 5 1
1 3 5 25 3 5 25 1
1 2 72. 8 ´ ´ = ´ ´ = =2
3 10 6 3 10 6 12 12
3 1 3 16 2
48. ⋅ 5 = ⋅ =2 2
8 3 8 3
1 1
æ 1 ö3 æ 5 öæ 5 öæ 5 ö 125 5
74. çç2 ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷ = = 15
æ öæ 1 ö èç 2 ø èç 2 øèç 2 øèç 2 ø 8 8
æ 7 öæ
÷ 1 ö çç 7 ÷÷÷çç 9 ÷÷÷ 7
÷ 3
50. çç ÷÷çç2 ÷÷ = çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ = = 1
çè 9 øèç 4 ø ç 9 ÷ç 4 ÷ 4 4
֍ ֿ
èç 1 øè

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Fractions 33

2 3 2 5 10 1 1 3 1 3 8
76. ¸ = ´ = =1 102. 3 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = 24
3 5 3 3 9 9 8 1 8 1 1

7 4 7 5 35 3 23 1
78. ¸ = ´ = =1 1 2 46 2 46 3 23 2
8 5 8 4 32 32 104. 5 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = =7
9 3 9 3 9 2 3 3
3 1
1 1 1 2 2
80. ¸ = ´ =
7 2 7 1 7 1
1 1 71 1 71 2 71 1
106. 7 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = = 14
1 5 1 9 9 10 2 10 2 10 1 5 5
82. ¸ = ´ = 5
8 9 8 5 40
1
1 1
3 6 3 5 1 1 1 13 1 13 2
84. ¸ = ´ = 108. 6 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = 13
10 5 10 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 1
1
2 2

2
2 2 2 5 47 5 47 6 94 4
10 5 10 6 110. 15 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = = 18
86. ¸ = ´ =4 3 6 3 6 3 5 5 5
3 6 3 5 1
1 1

1
1 2 1 2 4 2 3 3
5 1 5 3 5 1 112. ¸1 = ¸ = ´ =
88. ¸ = ´ = =2 7 3 7 3 7 4 14
6 3 6 1 2 2 2
2

3 1 3 28 3 9 27
1 114. ¸3 = ¸ = ´ =
3 6 3 5 5 4 9 4 9 4 28 112
90. ¸ = ´ =
4 5 4 6 8
2 9 7 19 7 10 70 13
116. 7 ¸ 1 = ¸ = ´ = =3
10 1 10 1 19 19 19
7 7 10 7 1 7
92. ¸ 10 = ¸ = ´ =
10 10 1 10 10 100 6 41 14 41 1 41
118. 5 ¸ 14 = ¸ = ´ =
7 7 1 7 14 98
1 1 2 1 1 1
94. ¸2 = ¸ = ´ =
20 20 1 20 2 40 1 1 22 5 22 2 44 9
120. 3 ¸ 2 = ¸ = ´ = =1
7 2 7 2 7 5 35 35
4
2 8 2 8 9
96. 8 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = 36 4
9 1 9 1 2 7 1 17 41 17 8 68
1 122. 1 ¸ 5 = ¸ = ´ =
10 8 10 8 10 41 205
5
5
2 10 2 10 5
98. 10 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = 25 1
5 1 5 1 2 1 1 49 5 49 2 49 4
1 124. 8 ¸ 2 = ¸ = ´ = =3
6 2 6 2 6 5 15 15
3
5
2 10 2 10 3 2 2 5 7 5 5 25 4
100. 10 ¸ = ¸ = ´ = 15
3 1 3 1 2 126. 1 ¸ 1 = ¸ = ´ = =1
1 3 5 3 5 3 7 21 21

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

34 Chapter 2 Fractions

9 4 9 æ 4 8ö 1 1 2 æç 1 1 ÷ö 2
128. + ⋅ 8 = + çç ⋅ ÷÷÷ 138. ¸ ´ = ç ¸ ÷´
10 5 10 çè 5 1 ø 3 6 3 çè 3 6 ÷ø 3
9 32 æ 2 ö
= + çç 1 6 ÷÷ 2
10 5 = çç ´ ÷÷÷´
9 64 çç 3 1 ÷÷ 3
= + è1 ø
10 10 2 2
73 = ´
= 1 3
10 4 1
3 = =1
=7 3 3
10
1 1 æ 25 5 ö æ 4 5 ö
2 1 æ3 2ö 1 140. 3 ¸ 5 + 4 ¸ 2 = çç ¸ ÷÷÷ + çç ¸ ÷÷÷
130. 3 ¸ - 2 = çç ¸ ÷÷÷- 2 8 2 èç 8 1 ø èç 1 2 ø
5 3 çè 1 5 ø 3
æ 5 ö
æ3 5ö 1 çç 25 1 ÷÷ æ 4 2 ö
= çç ´ ÷÷÷ - 2 =ç ç ⋅ ÷÷+ ç ⋅ ÷÷
çè 1 2 ø 3 çç 8 5 ÷÷÷ çèç 1 5 ø÷
15 1 çè 1 ÷
ø
= -2 5 8
2 3 = +
1 1 8 5
= 7 -2 25 64
2 3 = +
3 2 40 40
= 7 -2
6 6 89 9
1 = =2
=5 40 40
6
6 18 7 13 æç 6 18 ö÷ æç 7 13 ö÷
3 1 1 æ3 1ö 1 142. ¸ - ⋅ = ç ¸ ÷-ç ⋅ ÷
132. ⋅ - = çç ⋅ ÷÷÷ - 11 55 26 14 èç11 55 ø÷ èç 26 14 ø÷
8 2 10 çè 8 2 ø 10 æ 1 5 ö æ 1 1 ö
3 1 çç 6 55 ÷÷ çç 7 13 ÷÷
= - = çç ⋅ ÷÷- ç ⋅ ÷÷
16 10 çç 11 18 ÷÷÷ ççç 26 14 ÷÷÷
15 8 çè 1 3 ÷ ø çè 2 2 ÷ ø
= -
80 80 5 1
= -
7 3 4
=
80 20 3
= -
12 12
3 17 5
1 6 1 = =1
134. 6 ¸ 5´ = ´ 12 12
4 5 4
2
3 1 æ 2 ö2 æ 1 ö2 æ 5 2 ö2 æ 3 ö2
= ´ 144. çç1- ÷÷÷ ¸ çç1 ÷÷÷ = çç - ÷÷÷ ¸ çç ÷÷÷
5 2 çè 5 ø èç 2 ø èç 5 5 ø èç 2 ø
3
= æ 3 ö2 æ 3 ö2
10 = çç ÷÷÷ ¸ çç ÷÷÷
èç 5 ø èç 2 ø
9 9
2 1 æ4 2ö 1 = ¸
136. 4 ⋅ -1 = çç ⋅ ÷÷÷ -1 25 4
3 8 çè 1 3 ø 8 9 4
8 1 = ⋅
= -1 25 9
3 8 4
2 1 =
= 2 -1 25
3 8
16 3
= 2 -1
24 24
13
=1
24

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 2.4 Multiplying and Dividing Fractions 35

æ 1 ö2 æ 1 1ö æ 7 ö
2
æ 3 2ö 1 16 23 368
146. çç3 ÷÷÷ + 2 çç1 -1 ÷÷÷ = çç ÷÷÷ + 2 çç1 -1 ÷÷÷ 158. 16´11 = ´ = = 184
èç 2 ø èç 2 3 ø èç 2 ø èç 6 6ø 2 1 2 2
1 31 12 372
49 æ1ö 15 ´12 = ´ = = 186
= + 2 çç ÷÷÷ 2 2 1 2
4 çè 6 ø
The room that measures 15 12 ft ´12 ft has the
æ1 ö
49 ççç 2 1 ÷÷÷ larger area, since its area is 186 sq ft and the
= + ç ⋅ ÷÷
4 çç 1 6 ÷÷ area of the 16 ft ´11 12 ft room is 184 sq ft.
èç ÷
3 ø
49 1
= + 9 1 9 21 189 9
4 3 160. ´10 = ´ = =9
147 4 10 2 10 2 20 20
= + There are 9 209 gallons of gasoline in
12 12
151 7 10 12 gallons of gasohol. So there are
= = 12
12 12 1 9 10 9 1
10 - 9 = 10 - 9 = 1 .
2 20 20 20 20
æ 4 ö2 æ 16 ö gallons of ethyl alcohol in gasohol.
148. 14 - 3 ¸ çç ÷÷÷ = 14 -çç3 ¸ ÷÷÷
çè 5 ø çè 25 ø 9 1 8 2
There are 9 -1 = 8 = 8 .
æ 3 25 ö÷ 20 20 20 5
= 14 -çç ⋅ ÷÷ more gallons of gasoline than ethyl
çè 1 16 ø
alcohol in gasohol.
75
= 14 -
16 162. 6 min ¸ 2 min = 3
11
= 14 - 4 The temperature drops by 1 F three times.
16 10
16 11 æ 1ö 3 10 3 7
= 13 - 4 70 - çç3´ ÷÷÷ = 70 - = 69 - = 69
16 16 çè 10 ø 10 10 10 10
5
=9 7  F.
The temperature after 6 min is 69 10
16

1 3
9 2 9 5 9 1 3 9 4
150. ¸ = ⋅ = =2 164. 9 ¸ = ´ = 12
10 5 10 2 4 4 4 1 3
1
2
He can administer 12 doses.
3 10
æ 1 öæ 2 ö 9 20 1
152. çç4 ÷÷÷çç6 ÷÷÷ = ⋅ = 30 1 3 3 3 2
èç 2 øèç 3 ø 2 3 166. a. 3 ¸ 1 = ¸ = ´ = 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 3
1

1 The average amount collected per year is

1 2 1 $2 million.
154. ⋅ =
8 5 20
4 b. If an additional $1 million were collected,
1 then the total collected is $4 million.
of the emergency room visits were due to 1 4 3 4 2 8 2
20 4 ¸1 = ¸ = ´ = = 2
motor vehicle accidents. 2 1 2 1 3 3 3
2 2
2 -2 =
156. $24, 000 ¸ 12 = $2,000 3 3
Their monthly income is $2,000. The average would increase by $ 23 million.
500
1 1 2,000
´ 2,000 = ´ = 500
4 4 1
1
They should spend no more than $500 per
month on rent.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

36 Chapter 12 Solving Linear Equations and Inequalities

Mindstretchers

1. The reciprocal of 0 would have to be 1,

0
which is impossible because the product
of any number and its reciprocal is 1, but
0 times any number is 0.

2. 3 1
6
2
2
3
1 1 12
1
2
6 1
3

1 1 1 1 1
3. 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ⋅1 ⋅1
2 3 4 99 100
1 1 1 1
3 4 5 100 101 101 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = = 50
2 3 4 99 100 2 2
1 1 1 1

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.