Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
CE-314

Lecture # 9

Flexural Analysis and

Design of Beams
(Ultimate Strength Design of Beams)
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure
Stage-I, Un-cracked Section
N.A. position is fixed, means “la”
remains constant. Only “T” and “Cc” a/2 Cc
increase with the increase of load
la
T
Stage-II, Cracked Section
Internal Force Diagram
When section cracks, N.A. moves
towards compression face means
“la” increases. “T” and “Cc” also
increase.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)

Stage-III, Yielding in Steel Occur

a/2
T = Asfy remains constant and Cc also Cc
remains constant. “la” increases as the la
N.A. moves towards compression face
because cracking continues. T
Internal Force Diagram
Failure initiates by the yielding of
steel but final failure is still by
crushing of concrete
 C C

la la la

T T T

Stage 1: Uncracked Stage 2: Cracked Stage 3: Ultimate

Section Section Condition
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Derivation for ρ
Design Moment Capacity
φb M n = φb T × l a
 a
= φb A s f y ×  d − 
 2
For tension controlled section φ = 0.9

 a
φb M n = 0.9A s f y ×  d −  (1)
And  2
Asf y
a= (2)
0.85f c ' b
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Put value of “a” from (1) to (2)

 Asf y 

φb M n = 0.9A s f y  d − 
 2 × 0.85f c ' b 

 ρbd × f y 

= 0.9 × ρbd × f y  d − 
 2 × 0.85f c ' b 
For economical design
φb M n = M u
 ρ × fy 

M u = 0.9 × ρbd × f y 1 −
2

 2 × 0.85f c ' 
Mu  ρ fy 
2
= 0.9ρ × f y 1 − × 
bd  2 0.85f c ' 
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Let
Mu 0.85fc'
2
=R (MPa) And =ω
bd fy

Hence  ρ  2ω × R 0.85 fc'

R = 0.9ρ × f y 1 −  ρ 2 - 2ω × ρ + × × =0
 2ω  0.9f y 0.85 fc'
R  ρ 
= ρ 1 −  ω2 × R
0.9f y  2ω  ρ - 2ω × ρ +
2
=0
0.3825f c '
R ρ2
=ρ- R × ω2
0.9f y 2ω 2ω ± 4ω − 4 × 2

ρ= 0.3825fc'
2ω × R 2
ρ - 2ω × ρ +
2
=0
0.9f y
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
By simplification
 R 

ρ = ω1 ± 1 − 
 0.3825f c ' 

We have to use –ve sign for under reinforced sections. So

 2.614R 
ρ = ω1 − 1 − 
 < 1.0
 fc ' 
Reason
fc ' 600
For under reinforced section ρ <ρb ρ b = 0.85 β1 ×
fy 600 + f y
If we use positive sign ρ will ω
become greater than ρb, leading to
brittle failure. ρb < ω
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Plotting of R -ρ
Asf y ρbd d
a= = = ρ× (3)
0.85f c ' b ωb ω

 a Mu  a 
M u = φbρbdf y  d −  2
= φ b ρ × f y 1 − 
 2 bd  2d 
 a 
R = 0.9ρ × f y 1 −  (4)
 2d 
R
ρ
R

ρ
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Trial Method for the determination of “As”
Trial # 1, Assume some value of Asf y
“a” e.g. d/3 or d/4 or any other a= (A)
reasonable value, and put in (C) 0.85f c ' b
to get “As”
 a
M u = 0.9A s f y  d −  (B)
Trial # 2, Put the calculated value  2
of “As” in (A) to get “a”. Put this
“a” value in (C) to get “As” Mu
As = (C)
Keep on doing the trials unless  a
“As” from a specific trial 0.9f y  d − 
becomes equal to the “As”  2
calculated from previous trial.
THIS VALUE OF AS WILL BE
THE FINAL ANSWER.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Is The Section Under-Reinforced or NOT ?
1. Calculate ρ and if it is less than ρmax, section is
under reinforced
2. Using “a” and “d” calculate εt if it is ≥ 0.005,
section is under-reinforced (tension controlled)
3. If section is over-reinforced than in the
following equation –ve term will appear in the
under-root.
 2.614R 

ρ = ω1 − 1 − 
fc ' 
 
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Is The Section is Under-Reinforced or NOT ?
(contd…)
3
1. For tension controlled section, εt = 0.005, a = β1 d
8
Using formula of Mn from concrete side
M u = φb M n = φb C c × l a If we keep d > dmin
 a the resulting section
M u = 0.9 × 0.85f c ' ba ×  d − 
 2 will be under-
 3 
 3   0.85 d 
8 
reinforced.
M u = 0.9 × 0.85f c ' b 0.85 d  ×  d −
 8   2 

2


d > dmin means that
M u = 0.205f c ' bd section is stronger in
Mu compression.
d min =
0.205f c '×b
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-I, Un-cracked Section
Stage-II, Cracked Section a/2
Cc
These two stages are same as in
la
under-reinforced section.
T
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of
Internal Force Diagram
0.003 but steel not yielding
We never prefer to design a beam as over-
reinforced (compression controlled) as it
will show sudden failure.
φ = 0.65 εs < εy fs<fy
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not
yielding (contd…)
φb M n = C c × l a
 a
φb M n = 0.65 × 0.85f c ' ba ×  d -  (i)
 2
“a” is unknown as “fs” is not known

Asfs
a= (ii)
0.85f c ' b
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not yielding
(contd…)
εcu= 0.003

Comparing ∆ABC & ∆ADE B C

c
εs d−c fs = E × εs
A
=
0.003 c
d- c
d− a β d −a 
εs β1 f s = 200,000 × 0.003 1 
=  a 
E D
0.003 a
β1 εs
β d −a 
f s = 600 ×  1  Strain Diagram
β d −a   a 
ε s = 0.003 1 
 a 
Eq # (iv) is applicable
(iv)
(iii) when εs < εy
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Putting value of “fs” from (iv) to (ii)

β d −a 
A s × 600 1 
 a  (v)
a=
0.85f c ' b
Eq. # (v) is quadratic equation in term of “a”.
Flexural Capacity
 a  a Calculate “a” from (v)
φb M n = φbCc  d −  = φb 0.85 f c ' ba d − 
 2  2 and “fs” from (iv) to
calculate flexural
 a  a capacity from these
φb M n = φb T  d −  = φb A s f s  d −  equations
 2  2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Extreme Type of
Tensile X-section
Steel Strain c/d a/d ρmax φ
εt
Compression 0.65
< εy Controlled
 600 
> 
 600 
> β1   > β1
0.85f c '  600 
 600 + f   600 + f  f y  600 + f y 
 y   y 

Transition 0.65 to
≥ εy Section  600 
≤ 
 600 
≤ β1   0.85f c '  600 
(Under-Reinforced)  600 + f   600 + f 
≤ β1
f y  600 + f y 
0.9
 y   y 

≥ 0.004
Under- 0.65 to
Reinforced 3 3 0.85f c ' 3
(minimum strain
≤ ≤ β1 ≤ β1 × 0.9
for beams) 7 7 fy 7

≥ 0.005 Tension 0.9

3 3 0.85f c ' 3
Controlled ≤ ≤ β1 ≤ β1 ×
8 8 fy 8

≥ 0.0075 Redistribution
2 0.85f c ' 2 0.9
is allowed ≤ 2 ≤ β1 ×
7 ≤ β1
7 fy 7
Concluded