FYSICA

NOTA 2 PAG : 124 - 150

TRANSVERSE WAVES

- Side to side movements

- movements are called oscillations

LONGITUDINAL WAVES

- Sections are known as compressions and rare fractions

- movements of oscillations are backward and forwards

- example: sound waves

DESCRIBING WAVES

- Speed = m/s

- Frequency : number of waves passing any poit per second (Hz )

- Period: Time for one oscillation ( 1 / frequency )

- WaveLength: distance of wave

- Amplitude :

- Wave equation:

- speed = frequency * length

WAVE EFFECTS

- REFLECTION:
- Waves are reflected from the surface at the same angle as they strike it

- REFRACTION
- The wave slow and change direction

- DIFFRACTION
- The waves passes through a gap

- wider gaps produce less diffraction

- Sound bends around obstacules
SOUND WAVES

- When they reach your ear , they make your eardrums vibrate and your hear a sound

- caused by vibrations

- sound waves need a medium to travel through

- sound cannot travel through a vacuum

- can travel through solid liquid and gases

DISPLAYING SOUNDS

- Using a microscope and a oscilloscope

- The vibrations are changed into electrical ossilations.

- producing a waveform

- This is how pressure at the microscope varies with time.

SPEED OF SOUND AND ECHOES

- speed of sound : 330 ms

- The speed of sound depends on the temperature of air

- Travel faster through hot air

- Does not depend on the pressure of the air.

- The speed of sound is different through different materials.

- Travel faster through solids ( particles closer together)

MEASURING THE SPEED OF SOUND

SPEED = DISTANCE : TIME

REFRACTION OF SOUND

- Traffic in the night sounds louder

- ground cools down, waves leaving the ground tend to bend, instead of spreading up,
- Bending effect like this caused by speed is called refraction.
ECHOES

- Hard surfaces reflect sound waves

 - Echo, you are hearing a reflected sound a short time after the original sound.

- Speed = 2 * distance to wall : echo time

- Echo - sounder: measures the depth of water under a boat

- Electronic tape measure : distance between 2 walls

- Radar : detects the position of aircraft.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVES

Frequency and pitch

- Sound waves are caused by vibrations

- The faster an object vibrates: the higher pitched the noise it makes.

- The bigger the vibrations when an object vibrates: The louder the sound it
makes.

- number of oscillations per second is called frequenzy

- measured in hertz

- Ear human : 20 up to 20 000

- 1 octave 64

WAVE EQUATION

SPEED = FREQUENCY * WAVE LENGTH

ULTRASOUND

- Sounds that are above the range of human hearing

LIGHT AND RAYS

- luminous objects and non luminous

- non luminous reflect light and some goes into your eyes

- paper : diffuse reflection

- mirror: regular reflection
- black surface : absorption
- glass : transmission
FEATURES OF LIGHT

- Light is a form of radiation ( spreads out )

- Light travels in straight line

- Light travels as waves

- Light transfers energy:

- Light can travel through empty space

- Light is the fastest thing their is

WAVE LENGTH AND COLOUR

- Most sources emit a mixture of wave length

- lasers emit light of a single wave length - monochromatic

REFLECTION IN PLANE MIRRORS

The laws of reflection

- Ray strikes a mirror:

- reflected
- incoming ray : incident ray
- outgoing ray : reflected
- normal ( line at right angle )

Laws of reflection:

- Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

- Incident ray , reflected ray and the normal lie all in the same place.

RULES FOR IMAGE SIZE AND POSITION

Plane mirror forms an image

- The image is the same size as the object

- The image size is as far behind the mirror s the object is in front