Types of error Description

Conceptual Error - Kesilapan dalam pemahaman konsep matematik

(Kesalahan Konseptual) (error in comprehension of mathematical concepts)

- Kegagalan mengenalpasti formula pengamiran dalam

penyelesaian masalah.
(error in indentifying the applicable integration formula)

- Kegagalan memilih teknik pengamiran yang sesuai.

(failure by choosing the appropriate integration techniques.
1
Example: ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

Students fail to attempt the formula of integration

Procedural Error - Kesilapan dari kegagalan untuk melaksanakan manipulasi atau

(Kesalahan Prosedural) algoritma walaupun memahami konsep dalam masalah itu.
(Errors from failure to carry out manipulations or algorithms
although concepts in problem are understood)
- Kesilapan kerana kekurangan pengetahuan kandungan matematik
dalam topik lain
( Errors due to lack of mathematical content knowledge in other
topics )
- Kesilapan kerana tidak menguasai asas fakta matematik
( Error due to did not mastered the basic facts of mathematics)

Example:∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2x − 1)𝑑𝑥

= tan 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
Students fail to put a coefficient of in front of tan 2𝑥
2
Careless - Kesilapan disebabkan kecuaian
(Errors due to carelessness.)

Example:
2
∫1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶]12
= −𝑒 −2 −𝑒 −1
= −0.5032
Students careless to bring down the negative sign
Figure 1: Classification of students’ errors

(Reference from research of Seah Eng Kiat)