1.

literary theory: the field of study concerned with the principles underlying the analysis and

understanding of literary works.

2. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It is the view

that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions despite existing in

an irrational universe. It focuses on the question of human existence, and the feeling that there is no

purpose at the core of existence. It holds that, as there is no God or any other transcendent force, the

only way to counter this nothingness is by embracing existence. Thus, Existentialism believes that

individuals are entirely free and must take personal responsibility for themselves.

3. New Historicism is a literary theory based on the idea that literature should be studied and intrepreted

within the context of both the history of the author and the history of the critic. Based on the literary

criticism of Stephen Greenblatt and influenced by the philosophy of Michel Foucault, New Historicism

acknowledges not only that a work of literature is influenced by its author's times and circumstances, but

that the critic's response to that work is also influenced by his environment, beliefs, and prejudices.

4. Semiotic: the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.

5. Semilogy : De Saussure (1857-1913) founded the idea of semiology as the science of signs.

6. Marxism: A system of economic, social, and political philosophy based on ideas that view social change

in terms of economic factors.

7. Narratology: the branch of knowledge or criticism that deals with the structure and function of narrative

and its themes, conventions, and symbols.

8. Reader-response criticism is a school of literary theorythat focuses on the reader (or "audience") and

their experience of a literary work, in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention

primarily on the author or the content and form of the work.

9. Structuralism: A movement that gives importance to the structure of the text. It focuses on the structural

similarities in various texts. Individual works are neglected.

10. Stylistics is the study of linguistic style. Define stylistics: an aspect of literary study that emphasizes the

analysis of various elements of style (such as metaphor and diction) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics

which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners / linguistic features of

different varieties of language at different levels . </

11. Literary theory is a description of the underlying principles, one might say the tools, by which we

attempt to understand literature. All literary interpretation draws on a basis in theory but can serve as

a justification for very different kinds of critical activity.

12. Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to

interpret texts. It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and

anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. One may

psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such

characters are projections of the author's psyche.

13. Id , ego and super ego: Freud's idea was that the human psyche has more than one aspect. the psyche

structured into three parts, the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives. These

are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical. According to Freud's model of the psyche, the

id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden

memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates

between the desires of the id and the super-ego. Although each part of the personality comprises unique

features, they interact to form a whole, and each part makes a relative contribution to an individual's

behavior.

14. Feminism: The term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement

aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. Feminism involves political and

sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference, as well as a

movement that advocates gender equality for women and campaigns for women's rights and interests.

15. Modernism is a radical break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression.

Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century,

particularly in the years following World War I. In an era characterized by industrialization, rapid social

change, and advances in science and the social sciences , Modernists felt a growing alienation

incompatible with Victorian morality, optimism, and convention. New ideas in psychology, philosophy,

and political theory kindled a search for new modes of expression.

16. Qualitative research:

17. Quantitative research:
18. Research variable: Variable:
19. Research problem:
20. Hypothesis:
21. What is Ethnography?:
22. conversation analysis:
23. Primary data sources::
24. Secondary data sources:
25. Questionnaire:
26. Reliability
27. Validity:
28. Restricted
29. non restricted sampling:
30. Likert scale:
31. A rating scale
32. Systematic sampling
33. Stratified random sampling
34. Scaling
35. Corpus Analysis:
36. 5 Sources of primary data
37. 5 sources of secondary data
38. Type 1 error
39. Type 2 error
40.
41.