Donatas Petrulis*,

Salvinija Petrulyte
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Design,
Faculty of Materials Engineering,
Kaunas University of Technology
Kaunas, Lithuania
* E-mail: donatas.petrulis@ktu.lt
Packing Properties of Fibres
in the Open-Packed Yarn Model
DOI: 10.5604/12303666.1228171
Abstract
Theoretical observations of the packing properties of non-compressible round fibres for two
idealized modifications of the open-packed yarn model are discussed. The modifications differ
in the method of arrangement of fibres within the cross-sectional ring layer. Modification
I has a number of fibres regularly increasing in further layers, and Modification II has the
fibres maximum packed in the layers. A procedure for obtaining the number of fibres in the
layers of Modification II was proposed. The investigation showed that with the beginning of
the 5th layer, the above-mentioned modifications have different packing properties. Because
of additional fibres in the layers of Modification II, packing fractions in the layers and
yarn obtained were greater if compared with those for Modification I. Analysis of packing
properties was made up to 12 layers of the yarn model and also was done for a case of an
infinitely large numbers of layers or fibres in a yarn.

Key words: packing fraction, fibres packing, yarn cross-section, yarn model, yarn structure.

Introduction
Since yarns are assemblies of fibres,
it becomes important to understand
how the fibres are arranged in the yarn
cross-section or, in other words, are
packed. The yarn geometry and different
behaviour of the yarns depend, to a large
extend, on the way in which the constit-
uent fibres, i.e. staple fibres or filaments
are packed within the yarns. The indices
of idealised packing of fibres are widely
used in the predicting of such yarn struc-
tural properties as the overall density,
diameter, twist contraction, linear den-
sity, etc. The packing of fibres in a yarn
cross-section is of great practical impor-
tance because not a little number of char-
acteristics of various woven and knitted
fabrics is predetermined by the yarn
structure. Therefore the arrangement of
fibres in the cross-section of a yarn and
the characteristics of packing as an object
of the yarn structural morphology have
been investigated for years.
The first studies about the idealised pack-
ing of fibres in yarns were proposed by
Schwarz [1, 2]. Later some aspects of
yarn structure were discussed by Gracie
[3], Iyer and Phatarfod [4]. Hearle and
Merchant [5], investigating polyamide
(nylon) filament yarns and applying the
open-packed model. The basic proper-
ties of the open-packed yarn model were
summarised by Hearle [6]. In this study,
a model of up to six layers was examined,
and important parameters, for example,
the maximum number of fibres capable
of packing into a given layer and the total
number of fibres was proposed. The es-
sential features of the regular open-
packed model were also given in [7]. Lat-
er various modifications of the packing
models were used or investigated in oth-
er scientific works [8-17]. For instance,
Binkevičius [9] applied the open-packed
model in yarn twist contraction geome-
try. Zemlekov and Popov [10] studied the
packing of the cross-section of multifila-
ment yarn during axial tension. Although
other investigators, for example, Morris
et al. [15] used another model, i.e. the
hexagonal close-packed model, it was
also mentioned that the density of close
packing is greater than that required for
most yarns. For instance, the packing frac-
tion of the simplest geometrical element
of the close-packed model has a value of
0.906 [17], and the packing fraction of the
close-packed yarn model computed for 12
ring layers is 0.898 [17]. Therefore, natu-
rally, hexagonal model modifications with
reduced packing density when compared
with the conventional model are also
used in papers by Neckář and Ježek [8],
and Morris et al. [15]. On the other hand,
the open-packed model with its modifica-
tions is another option where the packing
fractions can range at different levels. For
instance, the number of fibres in several
layers of the open-packed model can be
found [5-7, 18, 19].
Modern fields of textile applications, like
the medtech, indutech, mobiltech and pro-
tech sectors, among others, are connected
with a great variety of fibres and yarns.
The yarns for textile materials, especially
those for non-conventional applications,
are very different in their fineness, num-
ber of fibres in the yarn cross-section,
etc. Microfilament yarns, nanostructured
yarns and others are widely known, for
instance, dry spun carbon nanotube fibres
and yarns are mentioned by Li et al. [20],
and Zhang et al. [21]. Continuous twist-
ed nanofibre yarns were developed by He
et al. [22]. Some types of micron-sized
fibres can be used as elements of yarns,
plies, braids and other complex products.
Therefore the number of fibres in the
yarn cross-section can be much greater
than in a conventional yarn structure, and
the models of such yarns can also have
greater numbers of cross-sectional layers
when compared with the above-men-
tioned structures. Trends in the packing
properties of fibres in such yarns where
fibres can arrange themselves different-
ly are not well known. Therefore, in the
current paper, the packing properties of
the open-packed yarn model are studied
applying different modifications of the
fibre arrangement for an unlimited range
of the number of constituent fibres and
layers.
Methods and materials
An open-packed yarn model composed
of equal, non-compressible and circular
fibres is analysed. Figure 1 (see page 58)
shows a typical scheme of such a yarn
model in which the total gaps between fi-
bres in the layers are specially exhibited.
In this model, the fibres are arranged in
concentric ring layers, four of which are
shown in the scheme. The thickness of
each layer equalled the fibre diameter. As
shown in the model given, a singe fibre
is in the centre of the yarn. In the near-
est to the central fibre layer, six fibres are
arranged. The next 12 fibres are located
in the 3rd layer. A peculiarity of this layer
lies in the arrangement of fibres, they only

Petrulis D, Petrulyte S. Packing Properties of Fibres in the Open-Packed Yarn Model. 57

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2017; 25, 2(122): 57-61. DOI: 10.5604/12303666.1228171
 Figure 1. Cross-section of open-packed yarn model with four layers (t=4).
Methods and materials
Some types of micron-sized fibres can An open-packed
be used yarnofmodel
as elements yarns,composed of equal,
plies, braids and non-compressible and circular f
other complex products. Therefore the is analysed.
number Figurein1the
of fibres shows
yarnacross-section
typical scheme
canof such a yarn model in which the
be much greater than in a conventionalgaps
yarnbetween fibres
structure, andinthethemodels
layers of
aresuch
specially
yarns exhibited. In this model, the fibre
arranged in concentric
can also have greater numbers of cross-sectional ring
layers when layers, four
compared with ofthewhich are shown in the scheme.
above-mentioned structures. Trends in thickness of each
the packing layer of
properties equalled thesuch
fibres in fibreyarns
diameter. As shown in the model giv
singe fibreareisnot
where fibres can arrange themselves differently in well
the centre
known.ofTherefore,
the yarn. in
In the
the nearest to the central fibre laye
current paper, the packing properties fibres
of theareopen-packed
arranged. The nextmodel
yarn 12 fibres
are are located in the 3rd layer. A peculiarity o
studied
applying different modifications of the layer lies in the arrangement
fibre arrangement of fibres,
for an unlimited rangethey only touch the circle, which restrict
of the
nd
number of constituent fibres and layers.surface of the 2 layer. The analogous Modification nature II has ofathe non-regular
arrangement number of of fibresis insh
fibres
th rd
for the 4 layer. It is necessarythe layersthat
to note arethe maximum
total gaps packed insidebythe fibres.
3 and Althoug4th l
Modification II has a non-regular numbe
Methods and materials (i=3, i=4) are less when compared layertoupthe to fibre
the maximum diameter.value, For i the  4, precondition
two modificatio for
the layers are maximum packed by fib
An open-packed yarn model composedthe open-packed
of equal, yarn model,and
non-compressible in circular
i.e. the transversal
Modification fibresI and direction
Modification is alsoIIapplied, were studied as
Modification layer IIuphas to athe non-regular
maximumnumber value, the of fibre
prec
is analysed. Figure 1 shows a typical scheme of such a yarn model Suggested inpreviously
which the mentioned.
positiontotal for Fig. 1
the layers in are the maximum
transversalpacked direction by fibres.
is alsoAlth a
gaps between fibres in the layers are specially Modification I hasIna this
exhibited. regular
model, In view
numbersthe fibresofModification
ofthefibres arelarge in IIthe
numbers haslayers. aof
non-regular
fibres For available
such number in oy
a case
layer up previously to the maximum mentioned. value, the precondition
the the The
twoi,packed layers
modifications are were maximum
st
studied packed
in
2ndlayers a range ofbyopen-
fibres
betwee
oss-section of open-packed
Figure arranged in yarn model
concentric
1. Cross-section of open-packed ring
yarn model with
layers, four
four
with fournumber layers
Figure
of
layers which
of 2.
(t=4).
Arrangement
are
fibres
Figure in shown
the of
inmaximum
current thelayer
2. Arrangement of maximum scheme. when
in thepacked
fibres
i
transversal
In
2,
view
in
is:
fibres of
1
inthe stand
1 and
direction large2ndnumbers
layers
is also applied, of fibres a
(t = 4). of open-packed (i=1,yarn
i=2);model
rcase (iof= a1,layer
i = 2);with
yarn upa f toantheinfinitely
r – fibre radius. maximum large value,
numbers the precon of lay
thickness of each layer equalled the fibre  ni packed
K  yarn
diameter. model
i  1As
, shown in the model
f – fibre radius.
given,
previously thementioned.
two modifications were studied in a
singe fibre is in the centre of the yarn. In the nearest to the central For
fibre thelayer,in model,
yarn the six transversal
all distances direction
were computed is also appl usin
where K is the coefficient of proportionality In view of
case(K=6).
the of large
a yarn numbers
with an of fibres
infinitely available
large n
touch the circle, which restricts the surface This modification has a numberrdof fibres ied in a range previously between 1 and 12 layers.
mentioned.
of the 2nd layer. fibres are arranged.
The analogous The of
nature next in 12the
fibres
yarnareThislocated in the 3haslayer.
modification a numberA peculiarity
of fibres
Additionally of in this
the
a case yarn of a yarn with an in-
the two modifications
For the yarn model, were studiedall distances in a range werebet co
the arrangement of lies
layer fibresinistheshown for the
arrangement of fibres, they only touch the circle, whichResults
finitely In view
and
large
restricts discussion
numbers
the of theoflarge layersnumbers or fibresof fibres ava
n 1  3  t  t  1 ,   , (2) case examined.
of a yarn with
4th layer. It is necessary to note nd that the to- was also For an theinfinitely
yarnwere model, large numbers o
surface rd of the th 2 layer.
tal gaps inside the 3 and 4 layers (i = 3, where t is the The analogous nature
number of ofthe arrangement
layers. of Geometrical
fibres
all isthe
distances shown twoparameters
were
modifications
computed
ofusingclosely the
studied fibres
packed
fi- computed
in a ran
(2) For the yarn Results model, and alldiscussion
distances were
i = 4) are lessfor when
thecompared
4th layer.toIt the fibre
is necessary to note that the total gaps inside the 3rd To
bre obtain
andradius4thcase
rthe of a yarn with an infinitely large numb
f . geometrical parameters of Modificatio
layers
where
diameter. For i ≥ 4, two modifications of Modification II has a non-regular number t is the number of layers. 13 Geometrical parameters of closely pac
and 2nd (i=2) For thelayers yarn model, all distances were comp
the open-packed i=4)model,
(i=3,yarn are less
i.e.when
Modifi- compared to the
of fibres fibre
in the diameter.
layers. For thisFor i  4, two modifications
modifica- of (Figure 2) was used as a basis. In
cation I and Modification II were studied. tion, the layers are maximum packed by are shown Results andobtain discussion
Results To and discussion the geometrical parameters o
the open-packed yarn model, fibres. i.e. Modification I and Modification II were studied. as maximum nd
packed within the layer.
Although the fibres are packed in Geometrical Geometrical andparameters2parameters
(i=2)oflayers of closely
closely (Figurepacked 2) was used fibr
each layer up to the maximum Results 3 and discussion Suggested position for F
Modification I has a regular numbers of Suggested position for Fig. 1 value, the packed fibres
fibres in the layers. For such a case, the precondition for the non-compressibility To obtain To obtain arethe showngeometrical
as maximum parameters packed ofwithin
Modific th
In a similar Geometrical
the way, geometrical
distancesparameters
parameters
lABi & lADi ofof closely
and angle packedi ca
Modification I has a regular numbers of fibres
number of fibres in the current layer i, of fibres in the transversal direction is Modification in the layers. For such a case, nd the
and 2 (i=2) layers (Figure
II, a schematic of 2) thewas 1stused as a basp
Suggested
when i ≥ 2, is: also applied, as was used for the modifi- layers of To model.
the obtain the
It was geometrical
found that parameters of M
number of fibres in the current layer i, when i 2, is: (i = 1) areandshown 2 (i
nd
as =maximum
2) layers packed (Figurewithin 2) the layer.
cation previously mentioned. In a
nd similar way, distances l & l a
2  and 2i  1(i=2)
 Inlayers (Figure 2) was used ABi ADias
lwas
 used rfas a basis. this schematic,
 ni K  i  1 ,    , (1) ABi
the fibres of ilayers =(1) 2 are shown as maximumSuggested position f
In view of the large numbers of fibres (3) are shown of as the
maximummodel. It was found
packed withinthat the la
packed within the layer.
where K is the where K is the
coefficient of coefficient
proportion- of proportionality
available in yarns (K=6). of some structures, In a similar l ABi way, f  i  1 ABi
2  rdistances l & lADi and angle
Suggested posi
ality (K = 6).This modification has a number bothofoffibres
the two modifications
in the yarn were stud- and In a similar l l
layers ofway, (3) the distances
model. It was
ABi & found
ADi and
that
In abe similar way,shown 1 / distances lABi & lADi and a
 n 1  3  t  t  1 , langle
 α can
ADi l rfi  
 2 and r
 8  i  3
4  i 2 specially
  i  1 
2

,
for fur-
Table 1. Parameters of the arrangement of maximum packed fibres in the layers of the open- ther layerslayers
ABi of theofmodel.
f
the model. It wasItfound was that found that
packed yarn model.(2) (4) (3) lADi2  rrff i41i     3
2 1/ 2
l ABi   8  i (3)
,
Layer i where t is the
Distance l numberDistanceof layers.
Abi l Angle α (rad) ADi Ratio 2π/α
i
when
and
i
i  2.
and
1 – – – – (3) (4)
2 2r 3 r 1/2
1.0473 6.0 Sincel ADi  rf  4  i 2  8  i  31 / 2 ,  (4)
f f
and when i  2. ,
3 4r 15 r 1/2
0.5057 12.4
 i  l ADi

f f
when i ≥ 2.
 r, f  4  i 2  8  i  3
1/ 2
4 6r f 35 r 1/2
0.3351
3 f 18.8 cos (4)  l ADi Since
5 8r 63 r 1/2
0.2500 25.1 Since  2  l ABi ,

f f

6 10r 99 r 1/2
0.2001 31.4 when(4)i 2.    l
(5)
f f
cos i   ADi ,    , (5)
7 12r 143 r 0.1674 37.5
 2  l ABi
1/2
f f
Since 
we when i 2.
we have
8 14r f195 r 0.1443
1/2
f 43.5
have
cos i   l ADi ,2
9 16r f255 r 0.1265
1/2
f 49.7  (5)
Since
10 18r f323 r 0.1096
1/2
f 57.3
 α 2  
arccos2 we 
l4have
 i  8  i  3 
1/ 2

 .. (6)
  i  2l ADi
ABi
 i  1
11 20r 399 r 0.1020
1/2
61.6 i

f f

12 22r 483 r 0.0895

1/2
nd 70.2 (5) cos 2   , 
  8  i  3 
st l
1/ 2
rangement of… maximum… packed fibres in 1 …and 2 layers of (6) open-
2
4  i
f f

… … The geometrical  αi parameters
2  arccos computed
ABi
.
Infinitely large Infinitely large Infinitely large Infinitely large accordingwe have
(5) to Equations (2), 
 (3) and2  (6) i  1 
0.000
model (i=1, i=2); rf – fibre radius.
value value value value are given in Table 1.
(6) 
 4  i2  8  i  3 1/ 2  
αi we2 have
arccos 
58 FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern i Vol.125, 2(122) . 14/ 2
 Europe2 2017,
α  2  arccos

 4i  8i  3 
2
 .
(6) i  2  i  1 
 Figure 3. Cross-section for Modification I of open-packed yarn model with six layers
(t=6).

Figure
Figure 3. Cross-section for Modification I of open-packed yarn model 4. Cross-section
with six layers for Modification II of open-packed yarn model with six layers
Figure 3. Cross-section for Modification I  of open-packed yarn Figure 4. Cross-section for Modification II ofthe
t=12, open-packed yarn
above-mentioned modifica
(t=6). model with six layers (t = 6). (t=6). model with six layers (t = 6).
and 410, respectively.
The geometrical parameters computed according to equations (2), (3) and (6) are In Figure 5, the trend in the growth o
As was expected from the schematic given (ni) and for the whole yarn (n). Figure 1 In Figure 5 (see page 60), the trend in
in Figure 2,given in Table
distances 1. lADi tend to shows that both of the two modifications the growth of a difference
lABi and is shown for between
the yarnthese
model examine
increase with different intensity (see Ta- have identical numbers of fibres for the numbers as index Δn is shown for the
Suggested position for Tab. 1 Suggest
ble 1) when the number of layers i increas- model up to four layers. However, these yarn model 14 examined up to 12 layers.
es. Distances AslABiwas lADi differfrom
andexpected minimally results
the schematic are different
given in Figurefrom the 5 layer,
2, distancesth
as lADi tend to
lABi and For infinitely large numbers of i
when parameter i has the greatest value. shown in Figures 3 and 4, where differ- For infinitely large numbers of i and t,
On the other increase
hand, the with different
greatest intensity (see
difference Table
ent total 1) between
gaps when thefibres numberin the layers i increases.
of layers these modifications numbershaveof ni and n.large
infinitely
between lABiDistances
and lADi lwas shown for the can be obtained.
ABi and lADi differ minimally when parameter i has the greatest value. On
numbers of ni and n.
case of two layers (see Figure 2). There-
fore the value theofother
anglehand, thegreatest
ai is the greatestfor difference between
Additional lABi of
fibres lADi was shown
andModification II arefor thePacking
case of fractions Packing fractions
i = 2, i.e. α2 two
= 1.0473 rad, decreasing up to marked in Figure 4. For instance,
layers (see Figure 2). Therefore the value of angle i is the greatest for i=2, when At i.e.
first,
2the packing properties of fibres
At first, the packing properties of fib
zero for an infinitely large number of lay- i = 12, parameter ni for Modification I and in the yarn model layers were studied.
=1.0473
ers. Since angle αi israd,
shown decreasing
between two up to zero for an infinitely
Modification II is 60 and large number of layers.
70, respectively. ForSince
layer i, the packing i, the packing
For layerfraction is fraction is
lines AB and AC, which connect the axes When t = 12, the above-mentioned mod-
of two maximum i is shown
angle packed adjacent between
fibres oftwo ifications
lines AB have and AC,numbers which of connect
fibres inthe the axes of two A
Φi  fi ,     
, (8)
the current layer
maximum (i = 2)packed
with theadjacent
axis of thefibres yarn
of the ofcurrent
397 andlayer
410,(i=2)
respectively.
with the axis of the central Ayi
central fibre (i = 1), it is possible to use this
fibre (i=1),ofit the
value in computations is possible
number of tofi-
use this value in computations of the number of fibres in where Afi the cross-sectional area of
n2. Having
bres in layerlayer this intention,
n2. Having ratio Table
this intention, ratio 2.2Data of fibres
i was for Modification
obtained for each layerI and (Table
Modification
1), II ofareaopen-packed yarn model.
of the layer.
2π/αi was obtained
Figure 4. Cross-section for eachIIlayer
for Modification (Ta-
of open-packed yarn model with six layers
varying from 6.0 for to layers
70.2 fori layers i=2 and i=12, Number As Number of fibres in
Layer respectively.
ble 1), varying from 6.0 to 70.2 NumberBecause
of fibres of the
(t=6). = 2 and i = 12, respectively. Because of the Layer i
radius Ri
in layer ni of layers yarn n
assumption about the non-compressibility of fibres, in further calculations,
I IIthe whole in yarn t  Afi I  rf2  ni II
assumption about the non-compressibility
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
of fibres, innumbers
further calculations,
of ratio 2/the wholeused. Table 1 also shows that for an infinitely large value
i were and 7
2 2rf 6 6 2 7
numbers of ratio 2π/αi were used. Table 1
of i, parameters
also shows that for an infinitely l & l
ABilargeADi and
value 2  / i have
3 infinitely 4r
4
large
f

6rf
values.12
18
12
18
3
4
 
19
37
  19
2
Ayi   Ri  rf  Ri  rf ,
37
 2

of i, parameters lABi & lADi and 2π/αi have

5 8rf 24 25 5 61 62
infinitely large values. 14 equation (8) becomes
Numbers of fibres 6 10rf 30 31 6 91 93

Numbers of fibres 7 12rf 36 37 7 ni

127 130
Φi 
Summarised results of fibres for Modification
Summarised results of fibres for Modifi- 8 I 14r
andf Modification
42 II of 43the open- 8 8  i  1 . 173
169

cation I andpacked model are

Modification presented
II of in Table 2. 9
the open- 16rf 48 49 9
(11)
217 222
10 18rf 54 57 10 271 279
packed model are presented in Table 2.
Suggested position
11 for 20r
Tab. 2 f 60 61 11 Data 331
about the packing
340 fractions o
The currentThe
layercurrent
radius layer radius was
was computed ascomputed12
as 22rf 66 70 12 397 410
… … … … … Modification
… I, when
… i  2 and ni can
Ri 2  rf  i  1.   
 . (7) (7)Infinitely constant
Infinitely large
Infinitely Infinitely Infinitely Infinitely
of i=0.750 in the w
value Infinitely
To show the main trends, the numbers value
large large large large large large
To show the main trends, the
of fibres are given separately for layers numbers of fibres are given
value separately
value for layers
value(ni) andvalue value value
II, the quantity of i is not stable
for the whole yarn (n). Figure 1 shows that both of the two modifications have
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2017, Vol. 25, 2(122) values of i are greater
59 if compared
identical numbers of fibres for the model up to four layers. However, these results are
differences between the modificatio
different from the 5th layer, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, where different total gaps
range of +1.7 and +6.0 %.
 fi f1 fi ft ,
are:
AThe cross-sectional
A  ...  A fi  ...area  A ftof fibres in yarn A
are:

Afifi Af 1f 1  ...  A fi  ... A...,ft, A
AfiA yiA f 1Ay1.......
A fi A...
yi  A ft
, yt ,
are:
A A A A1.......AyiAfi...... A A
Ayiyifi Ay1y1f  ....  Ayi  ...  ytA,yt ft ,
Awhere
yi  AAty1isthe
... number
.... of
AAyi...... Ayt , in the yarn.
A layers

A ,
 ...,
fi f1 fi ft
Ayit tis
where  the Athe y1number
 ....  of Ayilayers in A the yarn.
whereOn theisother number
hand, of layers in , yarn.
ytthe
Ayi t isAythe
where  number
....  Ayi  of...layers
 Ayt in the yarn.
On
where t isOnthe the other 1 hand, ,
Onwhere Afinumber
the
the other
tisthe
other rf2 of
hand, nlayers of
number in the
layers in the ya
yarn. 2 hand,
where t
AAfi rfr 2nn is the number of layers in the yarn.
On fi the other
and
Afihand,
On the other   rf  n f2 hand,
and On the other hand,
and
and A A    rR
Afifiyi  rf2 
2
f t n2 f
2 ,
nr    (14)
and AAyi RR t  rf  ,22,
Rtis t therfradius
where rf  ,    of the (15)peripheral laye
2
andA
and
yi
yi   R t 
where
where R is
Rradius the radius of the peripheral layer (i=t
t is the radius of theand peripheral layer
be mo((
t
is Therefore
where Rt where the R is
Ayiyi equations
layer (i =Therefore
t the 
equations
RtRt rf (7)
ofradius rf, and
2(7)
the2 peripheral
of , the (15) can layer
peripheral
t)

in the yarn.
Therefore
R 2  equations
r   t  1 (7) and(15) (15)cancan be be
modified
modi
Therefore equations (7) and (15) can be modi
t f
 where
Rt t 2  R
Rwhere

2  R
r is  the
rf tf t is(7)
 t
ttthe
 1 
radius
and1radius
of the
of the peripheral (ila
peripheral layer
Therefore  REquations
(16) 2  r    1  (15) can be
modified (16) Therefore
into
t
Therefore
f
equations
equations (7)(7) andand (15)(15)
can becan modif
be
(16) and
(16)
 R 2  r  t  1  (16)
and

andRt 2  rf 2t  1   2
and andt Ayi  f rf  2  t2 1 .
A(16)
Ayiyirfrf2222
2
t t 11.  (17)
(16)
2
2.
ATherefore
   r  2packing
f the  t  1 fraction . of fibres in t
and packing
ThereforeTherefore
the
yi
the fraction
packing of fibres
fraction of fibres in the ya
and
Therefore
in the yarnTherefore
is Athe the packing
fi 2 packing
fraction
n fraction of fibres
of fibres in the
in the
ΦAyiA  rf  2  t  12 ..
2

yi rf22n
fiA n n t  1
Figure 5. 5.
Figure Difference
Differencebetween
between Modification I and Modification
Modification I and ModificationII IIin in
thethe number
number of
of fibres ΦΦ  Ayi

A
A
A fi
fi 
 2  t  1
22 .2 t..  (18)
1 .
2

ΦTherefore
 Ayi the packing 12 .fraction of fibres in the
(index
fibres ∆n) against
(index the number
n) against of layers
the number in yarn
of layers in t.yarn t. (18) Ayi 2 2 tt 
1
Therefore
(18) Afiof the
After application packing
Equation
n
yi
fraction
(2) for of fibres
(18)
After
Φ
(18) application
 Equation
 ofbecomes
equation (2) for Modifi
2 .
Table Modification I, (18)
2  t  1
t=12,3.the
Packing
t=12,ofthe
fibres
above-mentionedin layers for Modification
above-mentioned
modifications I andnumbers
modifications
have Modification
have of II of open-packed
numbers
fibres of the
in fibres in of
yarn the397
yarn of 397 Ayifi nequation(2)(2) A
yarn model. t=12, the above-mentioned modifications have numbers of fibres in the yarn ofAfter After
397
application
application
Φ application
After
ofofequation
3  t 2  3 of
t equation
1
forfor
Modificatio
(2) for Modifica
Modifica
and 410, respectively.
and 410, respectively. Φ3t 2A2yi32  t21 t  1.  
(18)  . (19)
2

andCross-sec-
410, respectively. Cross-sectional area of Packing fraction of fibres 3  4
ΦΦ 3  2t  3  t  1.t2 t
 3  4 t  t 1  1
Difference,
Layer i In 5, Figure 5, inthethe trend inin the ofgrowth of a difference between these numbers as index 4n t t 2244toft 1of
application ..equation
In Figure the trend fibres
growth layer Aa difference in layer Φ these
between numbers as index n Φ(18)
tional area fi i
The main After
parameters (2) for Modificat
The44  t  11the packing
%
In Figure
of layer A 5, the trend I
yi in the growth
II of a difference
I between
II these numbers as index n main
t  4 parameters of the packing o
of fibres in
The yarnmain for Modification I and
is shown 1 is shown
for the πryarn formodel
the yarn
2 model πrexamined
πr examined 2 up to 12 layers. up to 12 layers.
1.000
2
1.000 0.0 TheAfter main  t 2parameters
3application 3  II
parameters
parameters t are 1 ofof ofthethe
equation the4. packing
packing
in(2)Table
of offibr
for Mo
is shown for the yarn model examined up to 12 layers. Modification The ΦModification
main
II are 2presented . presented
in of
Table packing of4. F
f f f

2 8πr 2
6πr 2
6πr 0.750
2
0.750 0.0
f
SuggestedSuggested
f
position for f
position
Fig. 5 for Fig. 5 For Modification
Modification 4 I,t the II4 are t presented
packing 1 fraction in Table 4. For M
Modification II are
3 16πr 12πr Suggested0.750
12πr position for0.750 Fig. 5 0.0 decreases
Modification 3  t1.000 2 from
II 3are for presented
t 1.000 1 for in
presented inmonofibre
Table 4.
Table 4. FoFo(t
2 2 2
f f f
Φ decreases Φ
The from
 mainfrom parameters monofibre
For infinitely
4 For infinitely
large
24πr large
numbers 2
18πr numbers
of i and 18πr of
2
i and
t, these 0.750 2
t, these 0.750
modifications modifications
have 0.0 have infinitely
infinitely large decreases large
decreases from
2 1.000
1.000 . of
for for
the packing(t=1)
monofibre
monofibre
of f
(t=1
For infinitely large numbers of i and0.750 t, these 0.781 modifications have infinitely
(t = 1) to large 0.750 4for  tyarn  4II 1.000
with thas 12 1 values layers.
f f f

5 32πr 2
24πr 25πr
2 2
+4.1 decreases
Modification from for monofibre
of  in the (t=1ra
numbers numbers
of n i and of
n. ni and n.
f f f
Modification Modification
Modification II has values
II II
has are of presented
values Φ in of the  in inTablethe 4.
rangeFor
6 numbers 40πr of n and
i f
2
30πrn. 31πr
f
2
0.750f
2
0.775 +3.3
range between Modification
The
Modification
differences main and
1.000 II has
parameters
II
in has 0.775. values values
values When ofofof the
obtained  in
 inbetween
the rang
packing
the rang
7 48πr f
2
36πr 37πr
f
2
0.750f
2
0.771 +2.8
t ≥ 4, differences
decreases
differences in Φinin
fromvalues
values
1.000
obtained
for
obtained monofibre
be- between
(t=1)
thethm
8 56πr 2
42πr 43πr
2
0.750 2
0.768 +2.4 differences
%.
differences
Modification in  II values
valuesare obtained
obtained
presented between
between
in Table th
Packing Packing
fractions fractions tween the modifications were from +1.6
f f f

9
Packing 64πr
fractions
2
48πr 49πr
2
0.750 2
0.766 +2.1 %. Modification II has values of  in the rang
to +3.3%.%.
forSuggested pos
f f f

10 Atpacking
first,
72πrthe packing 54πr properties 57πr of fibres inmodel
0.750 the yarn 0.792model +5.6 were studied. %.
layers decreases from 1.000 monofibre
At first, the properties of fibres in the yarn layers were studied.
2 2 2

At first, 80πrthe packing

f

60πr properties
f

61πr of fibres0.750
f

in the yarn0.763 model layers +1.7were studied.

differences in  values obtained
Suggested between
position thef
11 f
2
f
2
f
2
When Modification When Modification I has an infinitely I has Suggested Suggested
an infinitely positio
larg
positio
For layer For
i, the layer
packing i, the packing
fraction is fraction is
12 88πr 66πr 70πr 0.750 0.795 +6.0
WhenModification
%. ofModification layers t, II Ihas has an values (19) of 
infinitely largein num
the
2 2 2
For layer i, the packing fraction is
f f f
large number Equation
… … … … … … … When that Modification I has an infinitely large
A fi A fi shows that
Φ i 
Infinitely ,Φi Infinitely
large A fi , Infinitely Infinitely
Unknown Unknown (8)
thatdifferences
that (8) in  values Suggested obtained positio betwe
A
valueyi
Φ i  A
large
yi , large large 0.750
value value 3  3
t 2
(8)
 t
3 2
 
t 3 1  t  1 3 - ( 3 / t )  3 (1 - / t(2
3) / t )  (1 / t 2
)
Ayi
value value value ΦΦlimlim 2 %. When Modification  lim2  lim I has an 0.750 infinitely
. 2  0large .750.n
2 2
where
where Afi the cross-sectional A the cross-sectional area of fibres in the
area of fibres in the layer, and Ayi is the cross-sectional layer, and A is the
t t 4 
cross-sectional
 t
4  4
t 2
 t
 
34 1 t t
3 
2 t 
3 t t 1
4
1 3 
 t ( t4
 1 / t
3
 )- 
(34 /(1
3
t 
) -/
(t
3(
(14
/ )
t
/ )
t /
) t
(1 )/ t2
) (1 / t )
fi yi
where Afi the cross-sectional area of fibres in the layer, and Ayi is the cross-sectional  limΦ  lim2 2  lim  lim
Φthat 0.2750.0.750.
(20) 7
where Afi the
thearea
cross-sectional area of fibres whole range of layers. In the case of Mod- This result t  4 t t 44t t  14  tt 
can can also1 4be )(4(1//tt)2be
t (4 /4tobtained Suggested
) (1/ t ) obtained when thp
area of layer. of the layer. This
This result result
can also be obtained also when the 7
in the layer, area and Aofyi is thethe layer.
cross-sectional ification II, the quantity of Φi is not sta- When 7
As of the layer.As ble if i ≥ 4. Because of additional fibres in large numbervalue.
large This
ofvalue.
fibres This The
resultinModification
result
yarn can
The ncan
positive also
haspositivealso
an Iroot
beinfinite- be hasobtained
obtained an
ofinfinitely
troot
when when
from theo enl
th
area As
layers, the values of Φi are greater if com- ly large value. The positive 1 / 2 root of t from
As
Afi    rA2
 ni  rf 2  ni
2
Equation
(9)
1 large that
(2)4 is large
(9) n value.
value. 1 The  The positive positive
1 / 2 root rootof toffrom t from 7e
equa
f fi
Afi   rf  ni      (9) pared with those results of Modification I.  t 1    4  n  1 . 
 t 2  (9) 12  1 / 2 1 / 2 .
and 15 When i ≥ 4, differences between the modi- 2 1 1 412  n4   1n 1
and and  t    
and fications in values of the packing fractions Therefore equation  t     . acquires
(18)  . (21) the foll
    
2 2 12 12
 Ayi  


Ayi   Ri  rf  Rii  rff ,,
2 2
 ARyii  rf  RiRi rf rf2  ,,R(10)
2
   2
 r 2 Φi are in the range of +1.7 and +6.0 %. Therefore
(10) 3Equation
Therefore (10) n
Therefore
equation
(18) equation
  (18) acquire
acquires the
Φ (10)
Therefore
3 1 n . equation (18)(18) acquires acquires the the foll
follow
equation (8) becomes Finally the packing properties of fibres in following
Φ  4  n
form: 
equation(8)
Equation (8) becomes
becomes .
equation (8) becomes yarn were examined. 4  n3 n31 n
(22) Φ Φ  . .    (22)
ni ni 4  n4   1n  1
Φi  Φi  . ni ..    (11) (22)
8  iΦ i1 8  i  1 . The
Thecross-sectional
cross-sectional
The cross-sectional areaarea area
of ofoffibres
fibres fibres
in yarn ininyarnAs
As A
yarn in the
fiand
Afithe
in and previous
cross-sectional
previouscross-sectional casecase of the area areaofinvesti- the
of ofyarn investigati
yarn A Ayiyi
8  i  1 (22) (22)
Data
(11)about (11) the packing fractions of fibres ΣA
are:
fi and cross-sectional area of yarn ΣA yi when n increases up to an infinitelythe
As
gation, in it the
is clear previous
that Φ equals thecase same of large i
are: are: constant when
As As
in n in increases
the
the previous case previous up tocase an of in- the investigati
in layers are(11) presented in Table 3. For when  n3.
3large n value:increases upof to the investigation,
an infin
Data about
Modification Data the
I, about
when packing
i ≥ the
2 and packing
fractions
n can fractions
of
be fibres  AAof
in  fibres
layers
A A   in
...are

...  Alayers
Apresented
 ... 
...are
A A presented
in
,  Table
(12) in
3.finitely
Φ Table
For
lim  For 3  0.750 .
lim
Data about the packing i fi
fractions offi fibres f 1f 1 in layers fi ft
fi are presented ft, , in Table n 4 3. 1For
n when  4  (1 /n
nwhen
n ) increases
increases
n up toup an to an (12)
infinitely (12) large
infinitely largeva
computed according to Equation (1), 3 n 3
Modification I, when i I,2 when
Modification and nii can  2weand ni can be computed
be computed accordingaccording to equation to (1),
equation
we have Φ(1),
 lim awe have a lim  0.750 .(23)
have a constant value of ΦiI,= when
Modification 0.750 iin 2the and ni can  AA AA y1y1....
yi computed
yibe AA yiyi......Ato
....according Aytyt,equation
,  (13) (1),
It can n 4  n  1 n
we have
be aalso 3  n 3 notedn4  (31 / n3) that the above-me (13)
, Φ  limΦ  lim  lim  lim  0.750.0.750 . (13)
constant value constant of  value
i=0.750 of  ini=0.750
the whole in the rangewhole range of
of layers. In layers.
the case In of theModification
case of Modification n 4 nn 14 nn14 n(1/ n4) (1/ n)
constant value of  =0.750 in the
wherewhole range
t tisisthe of layers. In the case of value
Modification 0.750
It can bein Eastern obtained
also Europenoted earlier for
that the a Modifica
60
II, the of quantity of 
i
where if i 4. of
thenumber
number ofoflayers
layersininthe the yarn.
yarn.FIBRES & TEXTILES 2017, Vol. 25, 2(122)
II, the quantity i is not i is not
stable if istable
4. Because Because
additional of additional
fibres in layers, fibres inthelayers, It can the
It canbe be
also also noted noted that that the the above-me
above-mentio
II, the quantity of i is not stable ifthei other
4. Because of additional fibres The value
in layers, current the results
0.750 obtained of  values earlier could forb
OnOn the other hand,
hand,
values of values i are of i areif greater
greater compared if compared
with thosewith results those of results
Modification of Modification I. When iI. 4,When value i value
4,0.750 0.750 obtained obtained earlier earlier afor Modifica
values of i are greater if compared with those 2 results of Modificationyarns, The
I. Whencurrent for i 4,example, results made fromoffor Modificatio
great
value nu
It can be also noted that the above-men- Table 4. Packing of fibres in yarn for Modification I and Modification II of open-packed
tioned limiting value of Φ conforms to yarn model.
the value 0.750 obtained earlier for Mod- Cross-sectional area Packing fraction of fi- Difference,
Number Cross-
ification I when t = 12 (see Table 4). of layers -sectional area of fibres in yarn ΣAfi bres in yarn Φ %
in yarn t of yarn ΣAyi I II I II
The current results of Φ values could be 1 πrf2 πrf2 πrf2 1.000 1.000 0.0
considered as a limit for special types of 2 9πrf2 7πrf2 7πrf2 0.778 0.778 0.0
yarns, for example, made from a great 3 25πrf2 19πrf2 19πrf2 0.760 0.760 0.0
number of nanofibers. 4 49πr f
2
37πr f
2
37πrf2 0.755 0.755 0.0
5 81πrf2 61πrf2 62πrf2 0.753 0.765 +1.6
6 121πr 2
91πr 2
93πrf2 0.752 0.769 +2.3
Conclusions 7 169πrf2
f

127πrf2
f

130πrf2 0.751 0.769 +2.4

An attempt has been made to analyse the
packing properties of non-compressible
round fibres in yarn for two idealised
modifications, i.e. Modification I and
Modification II of the open-packed yarn
model. These modifications of the mod-
el may be termed as open-packed struc-
tures with respect to ring layers situated
around the central fibre. However, Modi-
fication I represents a case of a model for
which the number of fibres in further lay-
ers regularly increases. Meanwhile Mod-
ification II is based on the assumption of
a maximum packed structure within each
layer.
To obtain the number of fibres in the
layers of Modification II, a procedure
of computing of ratio 2π/αi for the cur-
rent layer i of the model was proposed.
The analysis showed that with the begin-
ning of 5th layer, the above-mentioned
modifications differ in packing proper-
ties. For Modification I and Modification
II, the structures with 12 layers have 397
and 410 fibres in the yarn, respective-
ly. Because of additional fibres in the
5th-12th layers of Modification II, the pack-
ing fractions of fibres in the layers Fi are
1.7-6.0 % greater compared with those of
Modification I. Moreover parameter Fi of
Modification I has a constant value 0.750
for layers with i ≥ 2. Because of the same
reason of additional fibres, values of the
packing fraction of fibres in yarn Φ for
Modification II were 1.6-3.3% greater
when compared with data of Modifica-
tion I. For an infinitely large number of
layers, t, parameter Φ of Modification
I has a limiting value of 0.750. This result
was also confirmed for a case of an in-
finitely large number of fibres in yarn n.
References
 1. Schwarz ER. Textiles and the micro-
scope. McGraw-Hill, 1934.
 2. Schwarz ER. Certain aspects of yarn
structure. Textile Research Journal
1951; 21: 125-136.
8 225πrf2 169πrf2 173πrf2 0.751 0.769 +2.4
9 289πrf2 217πrf2 222πrf2 0.751 0.768 +2.3
10 361πr f
2
271πr f
2
279πrf2 0.751 0.773 +2.9
11 441πrf2 331πrf2 340πrf2 0.751 0.771 +2.7
12 529πr f
2
397πr f
2
410πrf2 0.750 0.775 +3.3
… … … … … … …
Infinitely large Infinitely large
Infinitely Infinitely
Unknown Unknown
large large 0.750
value value
value value
value value
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