Expansion Wave

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chonnam National University

Kang, Hyun Wook

kanghw@jnu.ac.kr
Contents
 Expansion Wave (Chap 9.6)
 Shock-Expansion Theory (Chap 9.7)
 Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction (Chap 9.10)

2
Whenever a supersonic flow is “turned away from itself”, an
expansion wave will occur.

The expansion fan is a continuous expansion region that can be

visualized as an infinite number of Mach waves, each making the
Mach angle μ with the local flow direction.

Across the wave, M increases, and p, ρ, and T decreases. Hence, an

expansion wave is the direct antithesis of a shock wave. 3
 1  sin 1 (1 / M 1 )

2  sin 1 (1 / M 2 )

The expansion fan is bounded by two Mach lines.

Since ds=0 for each Mach wave, the expansion is isentropic. This is in
direct contrast to flow across an oblique shock.

Prandtl and Meyer first worked out a theory in 1907-1908, hence

such waves are commonly denoted as Prandtl-Meyer expansion
waves. 4
 Isentropic compression and expansion

Isentropic expansion

Expansion waves in series are

Isentropic compression
divergent and so do not coalesce.

Oblique shock waves occur when a flow is suddenly

compared as it is deflected. (Non-isentropic)

A series of compression waves will eventually converge,

and their cumulative effect will eventually generate an
oblique shock not far from the curve surface.
5
Isentropic expansion


V d
 V  dV
  d

Differences from an oblique shock wave

Each wave is a Mach wave, so the changes are all infinitesimals.
The wave angle is   sin (1 / M ) , instead of angle β.
1

6
Isentropic expansion


V V  dV
   d
  d

 Mass conservation

 (V sin  ) A  (   d  )(V  dV )sin(   d ) A

7
 Isentropic expansion


V V  dV
   d
  d

 Momentum equation in the tangent direction

V cos [  (V sin  ) A]  (V  dV ) cos(   d )[(   d  )(V  dV )sin(   d ) A]

Using the mass equation

V cos   (V  dV ) cos(   d )
8
Isentropic expansion
In the limit as d  0
( d ) 2
cos(   d )  cos   sin  ( d )  cos   ...  cos   sin  ( d )
2
So we can rewrite the momentum equation as
V cos   (V  dV ) cos(   d )  (V  dV )(cos   d sin  )

dV dV
d  
V tan   dV tan  V tan 

But sin   1 / M , so tan   1 / M  1 , and

2
M 1

dV
d  M  1 2 (9.32)
V M 2 1
9
 Isentropic expansion


V V  dV
   d
  d

 Energy equation for steady, adiabatic, inviscid flow with no

body force
 (V  dV ) 2   V2 
 e  de   [(   d  )(V  dV ) sin(   d ) A]   e   [  (V sin  ) A]
 2   2 
 pV sin  A  ( p  dp )(V  dV ) sin(   d ) A

10
 Isentropic expansion

 (V  dV ) 2   V2 
 e  de   [(   d  )(V  dV ) sin(   d ) A]   e   [  (V sin  ) A]
 2   2 
 pV sin  A  ( p  dp )(V  dV ) sin(   d ) A
Using mass equation

 (V  dV ) 2   V 2  pV sin  p  dp
 e  de   e   
 2   2  (   d  )(V  dV ) sin(   d )   d 

p V sin  p
 
 (   d  )(V  dV ) sin(   d ) 

p V2 p  dp (V  dV ) 2
e  e  de  
 2   d 2

11
Isentropic expansion

V2 (V  dV ) 2
h  h  dh  (h0=constant)
2 2

dh  VdV

C p dT  VdV

V
dT   dV
Cp

12
 Isentropic expansion
V  Ma

V  M  RT

dT
dV  dM  RT  M  R
2 T
dT
dM  RT  M  R
dV 2 T

V M  RT

dV dM 1 dT
 
V M 2 T

dV dM 1 1  V  dV dM 1 VdV
 
    dV 
V M 2 T  Cp  V M 2 C pT
 13
Isentropic expansion

dV dM 1 VdV dM 1 dV V 2 dM 1 dV M 2 a 2
     
V M 2 C pT M 2 V C pT M 2 V C pT

dM 1 dV M 2 RT dM 1 dV M 2 RT
   
M 2 V C pT M 2 V R T
 1
dM 1 dV 2
  M (  1)
M 2 V

Hence
dV 1 dM
 (9.39)
V 1  M 2 (  1) / 2 M

14
Isentropic expansion
Momentum equation

dV
d  M  1 2
(9.32)
V

Energy equation
dV 1 dM
 (9.39)
V 1  M 2 (  1) / 2 M

Combining the two equations

M 2 1 dM
d 
1  M 2 (  1) / 2 M
15
 Isentropic expansion

M 2 1 dM
d 
1  M 2 (  1) / 2 M


M 2 1
M2
dM
0 d  M 1  M 2 (  1) / 2 M
1

M 2 1
M2
dM
    (M 2 )  ( M1 )
M1
1  M (  1) / 2 M
2

M 2 1 dM
where  (M )   (Prandtl-Meyer function)
1  M 2 (  1) / 2 M
16
Isentropic expansion

1   (M1 )
   ( M 2 )  ( M 1 ) (9.43)
 2   (M 2 )

  1 1   1 2
 (M )  tan ( M  1)  tan 1 M 2  1 (9.42)
 1  1
(Appendix C)
17
18
Isentropic process
According to Eq. 8.42
 /(  1)  /(  1)
p0,1  1  p0,2   1

 1  M 12   1  M 22 
p1  2  p2  2 

 /(  1)
  1 2 
 /(  1)
  1 2 
p0,1  p1 1  M1  p0,2  p2 1  M2 
 2   2 

Since p0,1=p0,2 for an isentropic process,

 /(  1)  /(  1)
  1 2    1 2 
p1 1  M1   p2  1  M2 
 2   2 

 /(  1)
  1 
1  M 2
p2  2
1 
 
p1  1    1 M 2 
 
2
2
19
Isentropic process
According to Eq. 8.42
T0,1  1 T0,2  1
1 M 1
2
1 M 22
T1 2 T2 2

  1 2    1 2 
T0,1  T1 1  M1  T0,2  T2 1  M2 
 2   2 

Since T0,1=T0,2 for an isentropic process,

  1 2    1 2 
T1 1  M 1   T2 1  M2 
 2   2 

 1
1 M 12
T2 2

T1 1    1 M 2
2
2
20
Example 9.9
A supersonic flow with M1=1.5, p1=1 atm, T1=288 K is expanded
around a sharp consider through a deflection angle of 15o.
Calculate M2, p2, T2, p0,2, T0,2

 1   ( M 1 )  11.91o and 1  41.81o

21
 Example 9.9

 2     1  15  11.91  26.91o

M 2  2.0 and 2  29.2o

 p0,1 / p1  3.671  p0,1  3.671 atm

 Isentropic flow p0,2  p0,1  3.671 atm
M 1  1.5 
T0,2  T0,1  417.6 K
T0,1 / T1  1.45  T0,1  417.6 K


 /(  1)
  1   1
 1  M 1
2
 1 M 12
p2  p1  2  0.469 atm T2  T1 2  232 K

 1    1 M 22  1
 1 2
M2
 2  2
22
Example 9.10
Consider the isentropic compression surface. The flow is turned
through a total angle of 15o. What are M2, p2, and p0,2?

The process is the isentropic compression.

This process is simply the opposite of the isentropic expansion.

The isentropic expansion can also be used for isentropic compression.

The difference is just the sign of the deflection angle.

   2  1

  1 1   1 2
 (M )  tan ( M  1)  tan 1 M 2  1
 1  1
23
Example 9.10
   2  1

 1  102.3o   15o

15   2  102.3

 2  87.3o

M 2  6.4

Note M2<M1 in the case of compression wave

On the other hand, M2>M1 for an expansion wave

24
 Example 9.10

p0,1 p0,2

 /(  1)  /(  1)
p0,1  1 2    1 2  p0,1  4244 atm
 1  M1   1  10   4244
p1  2   2 

For an isentropic process, the stagnation pressure is conserved.

p0,2  p0,1  4244 atm

 /(  1)
  1 2 
 1  M1 
p2  p1  2  18.02 atm

 1    1 M 22 
 2 
25
Example 9.11
Consider the flow over a compression corner. The flow is turned
through a total angle of 15o. What are M2, p2, and p0,2?

M 1  10,  =15o    20o

M n ,1  M 1 sin   (10)sin(20o )  3.42

 M n ,2  0.4552 M n ,2 0.4552
M2    5.22
 sin(    ) sin(20  15)
 p2 / p1  13.32
 p / p  0.2322 p2  13.22 atm
 0,2 0,1
p0,1  4244 p1  4244 atm
p0,2  0.2322 p0,1  985 atm 26
경사충격파를 이용한 공기 압축

반사파를 이용한 공기 압축
27
압력증가, 밀도증가

28
 Shock-Expansion theory:
Applications to Supersonic Airfoils
(Chap 9.7)

29
Drag and life coefficients

Drag coefficient Lift coefficient

D L
Cd  Cl 
1V12 sc / 2 1V12 sc / 2

M1 1 1 p 1  p1
1V12  1 1 V12  1 V12
2 2  p1 2  ( 1 RT1 )
1  p1 2 1 V12 1
Chord c  V1   p1  M 12 p1
Spans s
2  RT1 2  RT1 2

2D 2L
 Cd  2 , Cl  2
M 1  p1sc M 1  p1sc
30
Flat plat at an angle of attack

M 2  M1
p2  p1
M 1 , p 1 , p0,1 p0,2  p0,1

M 3  M1
p3  p1
p0,3  p0,1

p2 is calculated from oblique shock properties.

p3 is calculated from expansion-wave properties.

31
Diamond foil at an angle of attack
②

p2  p1 ④
① p4  p2

M 1 , p 1 , p0,1
p3  p2 p5  p4
p5  p3
③
⑤

p2 and p3 are calculated from oblique shock properties.

p4 and p5 are calculated from expansion-wave properties.
The diamond-drag is greater than the flat-plate drag.
This must be endured in practice to achieve a wing structure.

The theory sketched above is in good agreement with experiment,

as long as the Reynolds number is not to small and M not large.

32
Diamond-wedge airfoil at zero angle of attack

L0

D  ( p2  p3 ) st

33
d‘Alembert`s paradox

For incompressible and inviscid potential flow,

the drag force zero on a body moving with
constant velocity relative to the fluid.
Zero drag is in direct contradiction to the
observation of substantial drag on bodies
moving relative to fluids. d’Alembert (1717-1783)

34
d‘Alembert`s paradox

In a supersonic, inviscid flow, the drag is finite; d’Alembert`s does

not occur. The new source of drag is called wave drag (조파저항).

35
Example 9.12
Calculate the lift and drag coefficient for a flat plate at a α=5o
angle of attach in a Mach 3.
D
L

 R
M1  3 
p1 p2  p1

c p2  p1

2D 2L
Cd  , C 
M 12 p1sc M 12 p1sc
l

36
Example 9.12
Upper surface: Expansion wave (isentropic process)
D
L
M 1  3   1  49.76o (Appendix C)
 R
 2  1    1   M1  3 
 49.76  5 p1 p2  p1
 54.76o  M 2  3.27

c p2  p1
For an isentropic process
 /(  1)
  1 2 
1  M1
p2  2 
   0.671
p1  1    1 M 2 
 
2
2

37
 Example 9.12
Lower surface: Oblique shock
D
L

 R
M 1  3,  =5o    23.1o M1  3 
p1 p2  p1

M n ,1  M 1 sin   3sin 23.1o  1.177

c p2  p1
p 2
 3  1 ( M 12  1)  1.5
p1  1

38
 Example 9.12
D
 p2  0.671 p1 L

 p3  1.5 p1  R

Lift: L  ( p3  p2 ) sc cos  p1 p2  p1

Drag: D  ( p3  p2 ) sc sin 

c p2  p1

2D 2( p3  p2 ) sc sin  2sin   p3 p2 
 Cd  2       0.011
M 1  p1sc M 1  p1sc
2
M 1   p1 p1 
2

2L 2( p3  p2 ) sc cos  2 cos   p3 p2 
 Cl  2       0.125
M 1  p1sc M 1  p1sc
2
M 1   p1 p1 
2

39
Example
The airplane has a symmetric diamond across section (δ=6o). For a
speed of 600 m/s in air at 4 oC and 100 kPa, find the pressure
distribution on the upper and lower surfaces, and the lift and drag
coefficients for an angle of attack of α=6o.

  6o
  6o
V1  600 m/s, p1 =100 kPa
V1
M1   1.8
 RT1

40
Example
(a) Upper surface (isentropic expansion)

 2u   1  u  20.7  3  23.7 o ( 1  20.7 o for M 1  1.8)

M 2u  1.9 Region 2u

 /(  1)
  1 2 
 1  M 2u 
p2u  p1  2  85.7 kPa

 1    1 M 12  Region 2l
 2 

41
Example
(b) Upper surface (isentropic expansion)

 3u   2u    23.7  6  29.7o

M 3u  2.12
  6o
 /(  1)
  1 
 1  M 2
3u 
p3u  p1  2  60.9 kPa

 1    1 M 12 
 2 

42
Example
(c) Lower surface (oblique shock)

M 1  1.8, l  u    9o   l  42.8o

M n ,1  M 1 sin  l  1.223

Appendix B

 p2l
 p  1.58
 1
 M  0.828
 n ,2l

 p2l  158 kPa


 M n ,2l 0.828
 2l sin(    ) sin(42.8  9)  1.489
M  
 l l

43
Example
(d) lower surface (isentropic expansion)

 3l   2l    11.6  6  17.6o ( 2l  11.6o for M 2l  1.489)

M 3l  1.693

 /(  1)   6o
  1 2 
1  M 2l
p3l  2 
   0.740
p2l  1    1 M 2 
 
3l
2

p3l  117 kPa

44
Example
FV
For easy computation, first we find the p2u
vertical and horizontal forces with respect
to coordinates orthogonal to the airfoil. p3u
p2l
FH
p3l
(c / 2) tan 3o
c/2

 c c 
FH  ( p2u  p3u ) tan 3o  ( p2l  p3l ) tan 3o  s  64.2sc kN
 2 2 

 c c c c
FH   p2l  p3l  p2u  p3u  s  1.73sc kN
 2 2 2 2

45
Example

L FV
6o

o D
6
FH

D  FH cos 6o  FV sin 6o  8.43sc kN

L  FV cos 6o  FH sin 6o  63.7 sc kN

 D
C 
 d 1  0.037
 1V1 sc
2
 2 1  p1 / ( RT1 )  1.258 kg/m3

C  L
 l 1  0.281
 1V1 sc
2

2
46
Example
A symmetrical diamond airfoil is shown at 5o angle of attach.
Calculate the surface pressures.

α=5o 15o 15o

M   2.4 15o 15o

① ③
10o
20o 20o
10o
② ④

47
Example

①
α=5o 10o
20o
M   2.4
②
Region ①
M   2.4,  =10o    33o
p1
M n ,  M  sin   1.3  M n ,1  0.786,  1.805
p
M n ,1 0.786
M1    2.0
sin(    ) sin(33  10)
Region ②
M   2.4,  =20o    44.2o
p2
M n ,  M  sin   1.67  M n ,2  0.6458,  3.126
p
M n ,2 0.6458
M2    1.7
sin(    ) sin(44.2  20) 48
Example
M 1  2.0
30o ③

30o
M 2  1.7 ④
Region ③
 3   2  30o  26.38  30  56.38o
M 3  3.35
 /(  1)
p3  1  0.2 M 12  p3 p1 p3
   0.127   0.229
p1  1  0.2 M 32  p p p1

Region ④
 4   2  30o  17.81  30  47.81o

M 4  2.9
 /(  1) p4 p p
p4  1  0.2 M 22   2 4  0.229
 2 
 0.156 p p p2
p2  1  0.2 M 4  49
Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction
(Chap 9.10)

50
Flow separation
Boundary layers are susceptible to separation from aerodynamic
surfaces wherever song adverse pressure gradient occur.

Flow separation

51
Shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction
Shock waves product very strong adverse pressure gradient. Thus,
when a boundary layer encounters a shock wave, the boundary
layer often separates from the surface to which it was attached.

Flight cruises at Mflight~1<1.

M>1 over the wing.
Normal shock occurs.
If Mflight>1, flow separation may occur!
Drag increases and lift decreases.

Normal shock above the wing of an L-1011 commercial jet aircraft in a transonic flight,
made visible by background distortion of low clouds over the Pacific Ocean
52
 Shock-wave/boundary layer interaction

Because the high pressure behind the shock feeds upstream through the
subsonic portion of the boundary layer, the separation takes place ahead of
the theoretical inviscid flow impingement point of the incident shock wave.

The separated boundary layer deflects the external supersonic flow into itself,
thus inducing a second shock wave (induced separation shock)
53
 Shock-wave/boundary layer interaction

The separated boundary layer subsequently turns back toward the plate,
reattaching to the surface at some downstream location.

Here again the supersonic flow is deflected into itself, causing a third shock
wave called the reattachment shock.

54