CHEMICAL PULPING
Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal Vol 32 no 3, 2017 --- DOI 10.3183/NPPRJ-2017-32-03-p428-435
The effect of reaction wood on the properties of
eucalyptus kraft pulp – Part II
Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti, Rubens Chaves de Oliveira, Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira Carvalho and Maria Fernanda
Vieira Rocha.
KEYWORDS: Fibers, G-layer, Paper production, Paper
properties.
ABSTRACT: The fibers of Eucalyptus wood have
characteristics relevant to the Brazilian pulp industry in
the production of tissue papers, printing and writing
papers, and more recently paper for packaging. The
chemical composition and morphology of the fibers of
reaction wood are distinct from normal fibers, and can
influence both the pulping parameters and the paper
properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the
quality of bleached Eucalyptus Kraft pulp, from reaction
wood, on paper production. For that, the physical-
mechanical and optical properties of bleached eucalyptus
pulps produced from trees with straight stem and inclined
stem, normal and reaction wood, respectively, were
analyzed. The reaction pulp presented physical,
mechanical and optical properties superior to the normal
pulp, with the exception of tear resistance and apparent
specific volume. As such, the reaction pulp obtained
higher potential for paper production than the normal
pulp. For sanitary purposes, the reaction pulp achieved
good water absorption results and also reduced the energy
consumption during refining, despite a slight decrease in
the tensile and tear index. For the production of printing
and writing papers, the reaction pulp had better
performance in the optical mechanical resistance
properties, with the exception of tear resistance.
ADDRESSES OF THE AUTHORS: Walter Torezani Neto
Boschetti (walterboschetti@gmail.com), Rubens Chaves
de Oliveira (rchaves@ufv.br), and Ana Márcia Macedo
Ladeira Carvalho (ana.marcia@ufv.br), Federal
University of Viçosa, Department of Forest Engineering,
Viçosa, Brasil; Maria Fernanda Vieira Rocha
(mfvrocha@yahoo.com.br), Federal University of
Lavras, Department of Forestry Sciences, Lavras, Brasil.
Corresponding author: Walter Torezani N. Boschetti
Introduction
Eucalyptus species are relevant to the Brazilian pulp
industry, and their fibers have characteristics for the
production of printing and writing papers (P&W), tissue
paper, and more recently for packaging. In the context of
planted eucalyptus forests in Brazil, it is common to find
plantations on sloping terrain, and in more specific cases,
trees inclined by the action of winds. In these cases, the
stress of the trees in restoring the vertical position of the
trunk affects in the formation of the wood, called reaction
wood (Ferreira et al 2008; Monteiro et al 2010; Boschetti
et al 2015a).
The chemical and morphological characteristics of the
fibers directly influence the paper properties. In the
eucalyptus reaction wood, within the same fibrous
population there are normal fibers, tension fibers and
428
opposite fibers. The chemical composition and
morphology of these fibers being different from a fibrous
population of normal wood (Aguayo et al 2010; Boschetti
et al 2015b).
These differences in the properties between reaction
wood and normal wood can cause changes in the
delignification process, and consequently in different
pulping parameters, consumption of reactants during pulp
bleaching and in the properties of the formed paper.
Indications that tension wood in Populus produced
inferior strength properties in the formed kraft paper
(Parham et al 1977). Thus, the study of reaction pulp
properties in Eucalyptus is fundamental to known the
modifications caused by the presence of the reaction
wood, and in this way, designate the possible uses of the
pulp for the different types of paper.
In this context, the objective of this work was to
evaluate the quality of bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp
from reaction wood on paper production.
Materials and Methods
Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft pulp from normal wood and
reaction wood was used. The wood came from trees of
the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla,
planted in lowlands, with spacing of 3.00 x 3.33 m². The
trees were affected by winds 33 months after planting,
where some trees were tilted irreversibly. Cutting was
done 38 months after the occurrence of the winds, and 71
months after the planting date. For the analysis, 10 trees
were selected, 5 trees with straight shafts (normal wood),
and 5 trees with inclined shafts (reaction wood). The
presence or absence of the reaction wood in the straight
and inclined tree stems was confirmed in the longitudinal
direction of the trunk, through the eccentricity of the
marrow and, by the technique of double staining in
histological slides.
From the 37% and 62% positions of the commercial
height of the trees, where there was a higher incidence of
reaction wood in the sloping trees, 75 cm long logs were
removed, which were debarked and processed into chips.
The chips were classified, selected and subjected to
conventional kraft cooking with the same process
variables, simulating the same cooking for both woods:
500 g of chips, 18% active alkali, Reactor heating time
(M/K 610-2) was 90 minutes until reaching 170°C, and
another 60 minutes of cooking at 170°C. The sulphidity
of the white liquor, whose NaOH base concentration
equaled 106.84 g.l-1, was 22%, and the liquor/wood ratio
was 4:1 m3.t-1.
Subsequently, the cooked pulps were delignified with
oxygen and bleached in the D-(EP)-D-P sequence, until
near 90% ISO. The brown pulps obtained from the cooks
with 18% NaOH active alkali charge were oxygen
delignified (O-stage) under the following conditions:
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Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal Vol 32 no 3, 2017 --- DOI 10.3183/NPPRJ-2017-32-03-p428-435
100 °C; 60 min reaction; 302 kPa pressure; 10%
consistency; 15.0 kg.tas-1 (tons of dry pulp) O2; 16 kg.tas-
1
NaOH. The O-stage was carried out in a Mark V reactor
(Quantum Technologies Inc., USA), with the equivalent
to 250 g of oven dry pulp (od). The pulp was washed
with the equivalent to 9 m3.tas-1 distilled water.
The oxygen delignified pulp was further bleached with
the D-(EP)-D-P sequence, under the following
conditions: First chlorine dioxide stage (D): 10%
consistency, 90 ºC, 100 minutes, kappa factor of 0.18 and
final pH between 2.5 and 2.8. Alkaline extraction
reinforced with H2O2 stage (EP): 10% consistency, 85 ºC,
60 minutes, 5 kg.t-1 H2O2, 10 kg.t-1 NaOH and final pH
between 10.8 and 11. Second chlorine dioxide stage (D):
10% consistency, 80 ºC, 105 minutes, 4 kg.tas-1 ClO2 and
final pH between 4.0 and 4.5. Hydrogen peroxide
bleaching (P): 10% consistency, 80 ºC, 105 minutes, 3
kg.tas-1 H2O2 and final pH between 10.8 and 11. Among
the various bleaching stages, the pulp was washed with
the equivalent of 9 m3.tas-1 distilled water. The demand
for chlorine dioxide for 90% ISO brightness was
measured by the interpolation of the obtained results.
The carbohydrate content (arabinans, galactans, glycans,
xylans and mannan) and the pulp viscosity after the
bleaching stages were analyzed according to Wallis et al
(1996) and the TAPPI T230 om-08 standard1.
Samples with masses equivalent to 30 g of pulp were
disaggregated at 30000 rpm in a laboratory hydrapulper
at a consistency of 0.8%. The fibrous suspension was
then drained to a consistency of 10% and subjected to
refining in a PFI mill, following the TAPPI 248 sp-08
standard1. After refining, the mass was disaggregated at
10000 rpm, in a laboratory hydrapulper. The amount of
revolutions in PFI (0, 500, 1500 and 3000) were selected
with the objective of obtaining maximum values of
Schopper-Riegler, near 55 °SR. The energy consumption
for each refining intensity was obtained in the PFI mill.
Papers weighing 60 g.m.-2 were formed, following the
TAPPI 205 sp-95 standard1. Before the tests, the paper
sheets were conditioned in an air-conditioned
environment with a temperature of 23 ± 1°C and relative
humidity of 50 ± 2%. The physical-mechanical tests
performed were resistance to drainage (TAPPI T248 sp-
08)1, apparent density (TAPPI T220 sp-06)1, apparent
specific volume (TAPPI 220 sp-01)1, resistance to air
passage (TAPPI T460 om-02)1, Klemm capillary (TAPPI
T414 om-04)1, tear index (TAPPI T414 om-04)1,
overflow rate (TAPPI T403 om-02)1, specific modulus of
elasticity (TAPPI T494 om-06)1, tensile energy
absorption – TEA (TAPPI T494 om-06)1, stretching
(TAPPI T494 om-06), tensile index (TAPPI T494 om-
06)1. Interfibrillary bond testing was made with
adaptations of the standard TAPPI T 541 om-051, with
double-sided tape and universal test device Instron -
model 4204.
The optical properties were obtained with the same
sheets of paper as used in the physical-mechanical tests:
brightness (TAPPI T452 om-08)1, whiteness (TAPPI 560
pm-96)1, opacity and light scattering coefficient (TAPPI
T1214 sp-07)1.
1TAPPI 2000
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The results regarding the chemical composition and
viscosity of the pulps were statistically evaluated by
means of analysis of variance and, according to the result
of the F test, the averages obtained were compared by the
Tukey test at 5% probability. The data obtained from the
physical-mechanical and optical tests of the normal and
reaction pulps treated at different refining intensities (0,
500, 1500 and 3000 revolutions) were analyzed
statistically by means of regression analysis. The adjusted
equations were compared by the F test, using the model
identity test and adopting a significance level of up to 5%
probability, according to the Regazzi (1993) methodology
for linear models and Regazzi and Silva (2004) for
nonlinear models.
Results and Discussion
Chemical composition and physical properties of
pulp
The chemical composition and viscosity of the pulps,
after bleaching, were differentiated according to Table 1.
It was observed that although the pulp had a higher
cellulose content, it had lower viscosity compared to the
normal pulp.
The adjusted curves for the physical properties of the
pulp as a function of the energy consumption during
refining are presented in Fig 1. Based on the F test, the
equation of curves hypothesis was rejected for all
physical properties analyzed (p > 0.05). It is observed
that the reaction pulp presented a greater resistance to
drainage (Schopper-Riegler), and from a determined
energy consumption, it could provide a denser paper,
with lower specific volume, higher resistance to air
passage, and lower water absorption.
It is observed that the refinability of the reaction pulp
was better, which is probably related to the physical
structure of the composition of the fiber layers that favors
the refining action, because it has less impact resistance
in the refiner blades, resulting in fibers with less
resistance to the collapse of the refining forces and
formation, pressing and drying of the sheets of papers,
combined with the difference of the lower viscosity. This
can also be observed by the results of higher apparent
specific weight and lower volume for the sheets from the
reaction pulp, confirming its collapsibility potential in
paper production.
Table 1 - Characteristics of bleached pulps.
Pulp
Normal wood Reaction wood
Cellulose, % 82.2b 84.0a
Hemicelluloses, % 12.6a 11.6b
Galactans, % 0.1a 0.1a
Xylans, % 12.2a 11.3b
Mannans, % 0.3a 0.3a
Viscosity, cP 16.3a 13.7b
Means followed by lower-case letters different horizontally, differed
statistically by the Tukey test (p ≥ 0.05).
 CHEMICAL PULPING
Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal Vol 32 no 3, 2017 --- DOI 10.3183/NPPRJ-2017-32-03-p428-435
(a)
(c)
(e)
Fig 1 - Adjusted curves for the physical properties of the normal and reaction Kraft pulp as a function of the energy consumption
during refining.
Refinability is an important parameter in papermaking
because it takes into account the amount of energy spent
(Wh) to achieve a certain degree of pulp resistance to
drainage (ºSR) (Andrade et al 2014). Based on the
drainage resistance curves, it can be seen that the reaction
pulp has a higher refinability than the normal pulp, which
is considered a positive aspect for papermaking, since it
requires less energy for its production (Fig 1a).
The resistance to air passage is inversely related to the
paper porosity. It can be observed in the adjusted curves
that the reaction pulp provided a less porous paper and,
the higher the energy consumption in the pulp refining,
the higher the paper air passage resistance. This behavior
is justified by the greater number of interfiber bonds, a
consequence of the higher fiber flexibility acquired by the
refining process, which promotes a greater closure of the
paper structure (Fig 2).
In the paper from the reaction pulp there are normal
fibers, opposing fibers, and to a greater extent the tension
fibers. The tension fibers are characterized by the
presence of a gelatinous layer with high crystalline
cellulose content and traces of lignin (Hughes, 1965;
Timell, 1969), which gives this layer the peculiar
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(b)
(d)
characteristic of its detachment from the cell wall that
precedes it (Clair and Thibault, 2001), mostly being
eliminated in the pulping and in the bleaching stages.
However, some traces of this detachment were found in
the fibers of the paper (Fig 2b), thus, even without
refining action on the tension fibers, there is a tendency
for the fibers to interact more closely in the fibrous
network (Fig 2a).
In the cellular wall of the gelatinous fibers, the
gelatinous layer has a crystalline structure due to the
higher organization of cellulose microfibrils (Norberg;
Meier, 1966; Côté Jr et al 1969) and a smaller
microfibrillary angle (Furuya et al 1970). In this sense,
the logic would be to expect greater rigidity on the part of
these fibers, and consequently, greater difficulty in the
rupture of the internal and external connections in these
fibers during the refining action. However, Yamamoto et
al (2005) explains that the gelatinous layer in contact with
water is highly swollen, decreasing with respect to its
crystallinity, which may explain the better refinability of
the reaction pulp and greater flexibility of the tension
fiber (Fig 2c, 2d). In addition, the lower viscosity of the
reaction pulp at the end of bleaching, which may have
 CHEMICAL PULPING
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been another factor for a greater ease of defibrillation of
the reaction pulp, should also be taken into account.
On the other hand, in the paper originating from the
normal pulp, the integrity of the fibers was maintained
without the refining action (Fig 3a, 3b). Furthermore,
with refining, a paper with a greater number of
connections in the fibrous network (Fig 3c) was
observed, mainly due to external defibrillation (Fig 3d),
occurring between disc friction, fibers and water during
the refining process.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig 2 - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the bleached paper of the E. grandis x E. urophylla reaction pulp. a and b) without
refining. c and d) with 1500 revolutions in the PFI.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig 3 - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the bleached paper from the normal E. grandis x E. urophylla pulp. a and b) without
refining. c and c) with 1500 revolutions in the PFI refiner.

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In the tissue paper segment, one of the important
properties is the Klemm capillarity. For this paper type
segment, the reaction pulp reached values of 1105
mm.min-1 consuming 0.3 wh of energy during refining,
increasing the water absorption capacity by
approximately 10% in relation to the normal pulp, which
reached Klemm capillarity values close to 1005 mm.min-
1,
consuming more energy in refining, 4.7 wh.
However, for high refinery values (Shopper Riegler
35 ºSR), the water absorption capacity in the paper tends
to reduce (Fig 1e), since the refining increases the
interfibrillar connections in the paper, by means of
hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of the
cellulose chains (Schonberg et al 2001), resulting in a less
porous paper, and reducing the rate of liquid absorption
by the paper with increasing refining intensity. In this
sense, the Klemm capillarity was only slightly affected by
the reaction pulp for P&W papers, indicating an increase
of only 5% in the water absorption capacity.
Mechanical Properties of Pulp
Fig 4 shows the effect of the refining degree on the
results of the mechanical properties as a function of
energy consumption. According to the model identity test
(p > 0.05), there was a similar behavior of the pulps in
relation to the tensile and elongation energy absorbed.
However, the equations adjusted for tear strength, burst
index, specific modulus of elasticity (MOE), tensile
index, and inter-fiber bond strength were distinct for the
reaction pulp compared to the normal pulp.
The adjusted curves present a lower tear index in the
reaction pulp, and in addition, the reaction pulp obtained
a maximum tear index point at a lower refining intensity
compared to normal pulp. This result may indicate a
higher pulp degradation by the refining action. Especially
when it comes to a greater defibrillation of the tension
fibers.
The tear index is an important property to qualify rolls
of paper. For tissue paper, the reaction pulp showed a
14% reduction in tear index compared to the same
Schopper Riegler grade (20 ºSR). In P&W papers, there
was an 18% reduction of this index compared to normal
pulp (Fig 4c). The tear index in eucalyptus pulps is
mainly influenced by fiber strength, interfiber bond
strength, fiber length, wall thickness and total number of
fibers involved in sheet rupture. In this sense, the lower
tear resistance of the reaction pulp can be justified by the
lower integrity of the tension fibers, mainly because of
the refining action, reducing resistance of the individual
fibers.
The burst index is the force required to promote
bursting of the sheet of paper when increasing pressure is
applied. The burst index was higher in the reaction pulp,
and as the refining intensity increased, the difference
between the two curves had a higher magnitude, due to
the higher amount of interfiber bonds, and higher
resistance of these bonds (Fig 4d).
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The tensile index is the ratio of the force required to
cause the sample to rupture in relation to its weight.
However, the modulus of elasticity indicates the ability of
the paper to withstand deformations as a function of the
stresses applied (Andrade et al 2014). Both properties
were higher in the paper from the reaction pulp,
especially with the refining action, and when comparing
the same energy consumption (Fig 4e, 4f).
This behavior can be explained by the higher wall
thickness of the gelatinous fibers, and a smaller
microfibrillar angle arrangement in the reaction pulp
(Norberg; Meier, 1966; Fujita et al 1974), compared to
the normal fibers of the normal pulp (Boschetti et al;
2015b). The results obtained in this study are consistent
with the results obtained of tensile strength and modulus
of elasticity in the reaction pulp, since these fiber
properties are inversely proportional to the increase in the
microfibril angles (Chand et al 1988).
In addition, Clair et al (2003) observed that the stiffer of
the tension fibers had a great increase after drying, which
associated to a greater amount of interfiber bonds in the
reaction pulp paper, and bonds with higher resistance
(Fig 4g), resulted in a paper with high modulus of
elasticity and tensile strength.
On the other hand, when pulps are compared in the
same degree of drainage resistance (ºSR), the reaction
pulp shows lower tensile index values , especially in
papers that require a low degree of refining, tending to
stabilize as the refining intensity increases. In this sense,
when comparing both pulps for P&W papers, the tensile
index was similar, close to 65 Nmg-1, in the normal and
reaction pulps, respectively, being a factor of great
relevance, since the tensile index is related to the rupture
stress of the paper in drying and printing machines,
associated with the speed of the machine, and
consequently with the productivity of the industry.
However, in the tissue paper segment, the tensile index in
the reaction pulp decreased by 18%.
The paper's absorption energy may be associated with
its performance when in repetitive use, or when subjected
to stresses causing impact forces. The elongation is the
deformation of the paper when exposed to tensile forces
(Andrade, 2014). These two properties of the reaction
pulp were similar to those of normal pulp. In the adjusted
curves can be observed that these properties increased
105 J.m-² of energy and lengthened by up to 2% with the
refining intensity by the energy consumption during
refining.
The higher resistance of the interfiber bonds of the
reaction pulp compared to normal pulp can be justified by
its better refinability. As such, the refining action in the
reaction pulp provoked an increase in the contact area
between the fibers, as well as the external defibrillation of
the fibers, in a larger proportion, favoring the formation
of interfiber bonds, thus increasing the majority of its
mechanical resistance properties (Manfredi et al 2012).
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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g)

Fig 4 - Curves adjusted for the mechanical properties of the normal and reaction Kraft pulp as a function of the energy consumption
during refining.

Optical properties of pulp
The results of the optical properties as a function of the
refining energy consumption showed similar behavior of
pulps in relation to opacity and light scattering coefficient
by the model identity test. However, the brightness and
whiteness of the reaction pulp were significantly higher
than the normal pulp, with greater discrepancy of the
curves as the pulp refining degree increased (Fig 5).
Opacity is defined as the ability of light to pass through
a sheet of paper, and the dispersion coefficient measures
the ability of a sheet to disperse light (Andrade, 2014).
They are important properties in printing and writing
papers. In the adjusted curves it can be observed that the
reaction pulp did not influence these properties (Fig 5a,
5b), in addition, both the opacity and the light scattering
decreased with the increase of refining energy
consumption.
On the other hand, the reaction pulp had higher
lighteness and whiteness compared to the normal pulp
and, in addition, with the increase of refining intensity,

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 CHEMICAL PULPING
Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal Vol 32 no 3, 2017 --- DOI 10.3183/NPPRJ-2017-32-03-p428-435
(a)
(c)
Fig 5 - Curves adjusted for the optical properties of the normal and reaction Kraft pulp as a function of the energy consumption during
refining.
there was a greater discrepancy between curves (Fig 5c
5d). These results can be justified by the lower content of
chromophore substances in the reaction pulp, such as the
lower content of residual lignin, for example, which
could be exposed by defibrillation, gradually reducing
these properties.
Conclusions
The reaction pulp presented higher potential for paper
production than the normal pulp. For tissue paper, the
reaction pulp achieved good water absorption results and
also reduced energy consumption during refining, despite
a slight decrease in the tensile and tear index. For the
production of printing and writing papers, reaction pulp
optical properties and mechanical strength properties,
with the exception of tear resistance, the had better
performance.
Acknowledgements
The Federal University of Viçosa and CAPES (Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior)
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Manuscript received April 18, 2017
Accepted August 8, 2017

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