Pumps  Stuffing box- this is a means of

throttling the leakage which would

Pumps- A machine which is used to add energy otherwise occur at the point of entry of
to a liquid in order to transfer the liquid from one the shaft into the casing.
point to another point of higher energy level.
 Packing- this is the most common means
Basic types of Pumps of throttling the leakage between the
1. Centrifugal Pump inside and outside of the casing.

2. Reciprocating Pump  Shaft- transmit power from the driver to

the impeller .
3. Rotary Pump
 Shaft Sleeve- protects the shaft where it
Centrifugal Pump - a pump in which the passes through the stuffing box.
pressure is developed principally by the action of
centrifugal force.  Casing- gives direction to the flow from
the impeller and converts this velocity
-high discharge, low head, high speed, not self- energy into pressure energy which is
priming usually measured in feet of head.

It has two main components:  Impeller- it is the heart of centrifugal

pumps. Imparts velocity to the liquid,
- a rotating component compromised of an
resulting from centrifugal forces as the
impeller and shaft
impeller is rotated.
-a stationary component compromised of
Classified in many ways:
casing, casing cover and bearings
 Based on major direction

-axial flow
Basic Parts of Centrifugal Pump
-radial flow

-mixed flow

 Based on Suction type

-single suction

-double suction

 Based on mechanical construction

-Enclosed Impeller

-Semi-open Impeller
-Open Impeller
 Wearing Rings- keeps internal
recirculation down to a minimum.
 Gland- to position and adjust the
packing pressure
 Seal Gage- (also called water-seal of
lantern ring), provides passage to
distribute the sealing medium uniformly
around the portion of the shaft that
passes through the stuffing box.
 Mechanical Seal- provides a mechanical
sealing arrangement that takes the place
of the packing.
 Wearing Plates- with open type
impellers or end clearance wearing fits,
this perform the same purpose as
wearing rings do with radial clearance.
 Bearings- accurately locate shaft and
carry radial and trust loads.
 Frame- to mount unit rigidly and support
bearings.
Operation of Centrifugal Pump
Fluid enters the impeller axially near
the shaft and has energy, kinetic and
potential, imparted to it by the vanes. As
the fluid leaves the impeller at a
relatively high velocity, it is collected in a
volute or series of diffusing passages
which transforms the kinetic energy into
pressure. This is, of course, accompanied
by a decrease in the velocity. After the
conversion is accomplished, the fluid is
discharge from the machine.
Features of Centrifugal Pump
1. Simple
2. Low cost
3. Ability to operate under a wide variety of
conditions
4. Adapted to operate under practically any head
up to several thousand feet, will handle liquids at
most any temperature up to 1000F
5. Adapted to operate at speeds that are
standard for electric motors and turbines
6. The flow from the pump is continuous and
that its discharge can be throttled without the
pump’s building up an excessive pressure or
overloading its driving unit.
Types of Centrifugal Pumps
i.Volute Type Centrifugal Pumps- one of the
most commonly used, the impeller discharges
into a progressively expanding spiral casing.
A. Single Stage pumps
1.0 Single- Suction Single-Stage
- This is of the closed type, which are the vanes
are supported between two disks or shrouds so
as to form closed passages between them
2.0 Double-Suction Impellers
- This pump is practically the same as the single
suction except that its impeller is like two single-
suction impellers placed back to back.
B. Multistage Pumps
- When sufficient head cannot be developed
efficiently in one stage, multistage pumps are
used.
C. Other Volute Type Centrifugal Pumps
1. Condensate Pumps- Removal of condensate
from a condenser hot well imposes severe
operating conditions on a pump.
2. Closed-Coupled Pumps- A trend with pumps
of the smaller size is to combine the pump and
the driving motor into a single unit.
3. Nonclogging Pumps- generally built with the
suction pipe coming directly into the eye of the
impeller. The eye of the impeller and the
passages between its vanes are made large to
permit free flows of solids.
4. Paper Stock Pumps- This pump has a semi-
enclosed impeller. This impeller has a combined
screw and radial streamlined vanes for handling
paper stock of high consistency.
5. Pumps for handling abrasive materials-
Pumps to handle material such as sand and ashes
mixed with water must be of special
construction to resist abrasive action of the
material handled and to provide for easy repair
of the parts subject to wear.
6. Packingless Pump- The vertical-type sand
pump is one of those designs and is used in mill
circuits for handling sand, floatation, and similar
frothy materials.
7. Chemical Pumps- In the chemical industry,
centrifugal pumps are used to handle all kinds of
acids, alkalis and other corrosive solutions.
8. Glass Pumps- A primary purpose of the Pyrex-
glass pump is for use in the process industries for
pumping acids, milk, fruit juices and other acid
solutions without attack on the pump parts and
without contaminating the liquid being handled,
by decomposition of the pump material.
9. Hot oil and High Pressure Pumps- For
handling hot volatile liquids, such oil in refineries
and other places, a wide variety of pumps is
required, designed to stand the corrosive action
of the liquids handled, high temperatures, high
pressure, and, in some applications, a
combination of all three.
10. Rannet Pump- It is a special combination of
volute-type centrifugal pump and motor for
operation on gasoline pipe rather than a special
design of a pump.
11. Pneumatic Sponges and Sump pumps- in
mines, foundation excavations, and similar
places there is frequently need for air-operated
centrifugal pumps.
ii. Diffuser-Type Centrifugal Pump
- surrounded by gradually expanding passages
formed by stationary guide vanes. Sometimes
referred to as a turbine pump since its
construction is similar to that of a hydraulic
turbine, but it operates reverse.
Some of the Diffuser-Type Centrifugal Pumps
1. Hydraucone Pumps- The hydraucone
pump is of two-stage design with
opposed impellers to give axial
hydraulic balance.
2. Hot Oil Pump- Used for charging oil-refinery
cracking oils.
iii. Turbine Pumps
 For handling clear liquids, turbine
pumps fill a need between centrifugal
and rotary designs. They combine the
high discharge pressure of the rotary
types with the flexible operation of the
centrifugal.
 They are a low-capacity high head
type used in single-stage designs on
heads up to 500ft and in capacities of 1
to 200gpm and in as many as five stages
for heads up to 2,500 ft.
 Turbine pumps are known by several
names, such as “vortex”. “periphery”,
and “regenerative”. None of these give a
true description of the pump but
“regenerative” turbine is the nearest.
Applications of Turbine Pumps
1. Boiler feed service
2. Condensate returns
3. Air Conditioning
4. Shallow wells
5. Used for handling liquefied petroleum gases
such as propane and butane
6. Built in stainless steel for chemical and food-
processing plants
iv. Propeller Pumps
- For heads under 40ft and capacities above
300gpm as found in drainage, sewage and storm-
water disposal; irrigation; condenser circulating
water; and similar services; pumps have been
developed that are marketed under such names
as propeller, axial flow, straight flow, screw type
and spiral type. All these designs have open
impellers that are resemble the propeller of a 3. Excessive pump speed
ship or some similar form.
4. High liquid temperature
Overcoming the problem of Cavitation
Bad effects of Cavitation
If pressure at the suction side of impeller
goes below vapor pressure of the water, a 1. Drop in capacity and efficiency
dangerous phenomenon could happen. Water 2. Noise and Vibration
will start to boil forming vapor bubbles. These
bubbles will move along with the flow and will 3. Corrosion and pitting
break in a high pressure region. Upon breaking
Preventing Cavitation
the bubbles will send high impulsive shock waves
and spoil impeller material overtime. This 1. Increasing the height of the fluid
phenomenon is known as cavitation. More the source
suction head, lesser should be the pressure at
suction side to lift the water. This fact puts a limit 2. Reducing friction and minor losses by
to the maximum suction head a pump can have. shortening the suction line using larger pipe size

Causes of cavitation 3. Reducing the temperature of the fluid

at the pump entrance
1. Discharge head far below the pump
head at peak efficiency 4. Pressuring the fluid supply tank

2. High suction lift or low suction head 5. Reducing the flow rate or velocity

RECIPROCATING PUMP
 Pumps are used to increase the energy level of water by virtue of which it can be raised to a higher
level.

 Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pump, i.e. initially, a small quantity of liquid is
taken into a chamber and is physically displaced and forced out with pressure by a moving
mechanical elements.

 The use of reciprocating pumps is being limited these days and being replaced by centrifugal
pumps.

 For industrial purposes, they have become obsolete due to their high initial and maintenance
costs as compared to centrifugal pumps.

 Small hand operated pumps are still in use that include well pumps, etc.

 These are also useful where high heads are required with small discharge, as oil drilling
operations.

 A reciprocation pumps consists of a plunger or a piston that moves forward and backward inside
a cylinder with the help of a connecting rod and a crank. The crank is rotated by an external source
of power.

 The cylinder is connected to the sump by a suction pipe and to the delivery tank by a delivery
pipe.

 At the cylinder ends of these pipes, non-return valves are provided. A non-return valve allows the
liquid to pass in only one direction.

 Through suction valve, liquid can only be admitted into the cylinder and through the delivery
valve, liquid can only be discharged into the delivery pipe.
DIAGRAM:

TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

A. PISTON PUMP

 A Piston Pump is very similar in construction to a Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine. The
basic pumping action is obtained by reciprocation of a piston in a cylinder. The cylinder has two
valves, one inlet and one outlet valve. And they allow for only inwards and outwards movement
of the liquid respectively. These valves are situated in inlet and outlet manifold respectively. The
piston is connected to a crankshaft through a connecting rod. The Piston Pump has a liner made
of leather or any other synthetic material to provide proper sealing between the moving surfaces
of the piston and the cylinder.

1. PNEUMATIC
 use pressurized gas or air to move media and when found in industrial applications are
commonly powered by compressed inert gases or compressed air. A centrally located
compressor is used to power cylinders, motors, and other pneumatic devices, including
pumps.

2. HYDRAULIC
 Fluid Pump or Hydraulic Pump is a machine which transfers the energy from its moving
parts to the fluid passing through the machine. The energy transferred from the Pump to
the fluid appears as the pressure and velocity of the fluid.
 3. ELECTRIC DRIVE
 BEING DRIVEN BY A CONSTANT-SPEED MOTOR.
 Operates at practically constant capacity up to pullout torque of the motor.
 Should be equipped with a pressure relief valve on the discharge

B. DIAPHRAGM PUMP

 A diaphragm pump (also known as a Membrane pump) is a positive displacement pump that uses
a combination of the reciprocating action of a rubber, thermoplastic or teflon diaphragm and
suitable valves on either side of the diaphragm (check valve, butterfly valves, flap valves, or any
other form of shut-off valves) to pump a fluid.

There are three main types of diaphragm pumps:

 Those in which the diaphragm is sealed with one side in the fluid to be pumped, and the other
in air or hydraulic fluid. The diaphragm is flexed, causing the volume of the pump chamber to
increase and decrease. A pair of non-return check valves prevent reverse flow of the fluid.[1]

 Those employing volumetric positive displacement where the prime mover of the diaphragm is
electro-mechanical, working through a crank or geared motor drive, or purely mechanical, such
as with a lever or handle. This method flexes the diaphragm through simple mechanical action,
and one side of the diaphragm is open to air.[2]

 Those employing one or more unsealed diaphragms with the fluid to be pumped on both sides.
The diaphragm(s) again are flexed, causing the volume to change.

Diaphragm pump characteristics:

 have good suction lift characteristics, some are low pressure pumps with low flow rates; others
are capable of higher flow rates, dependent on the effective working diameter of the diaphragm
and its stroke length. They can handle sludges and slurries with a relatively high amount of grit
and solid content.

 suitable for discharge pressure up to 1,200 bar

  have good dry running characteristics.

 can be used to make artificial hearts.

 are used to make air pumps for the filters on small fish tanks.

 can be up to 97% efficient.

 have good self priming capabilities.

ROTARY PUMPS
• Rotary pumps are capable of pumping more fluid than reciprocating pumps of the same weight.

• Unlike the centrifugal pump, the rotary pump is a positive-displacement pump. This means that
for each revolution of the pump, a fixed volume of fluid is moved regardless of the resistance
against which the pump is pushing. Rotary pumps are also different from centrifugal pumps in
that they are essentially self-priming.

• Rotary pumps are useful for pumping oil and other heavy viscous liquids. In the engine room,
rotary pumps are used for handling lube oil and fuel oil and are suitable for handling liquids over
a wide range of viscosities.

TYPES OF ROTARY PUMPS

1. Internal Gear
Internal gear pumps (Figure 2) carry fluid between the gear teeth from the inlet to outlet
ports. The outer gear (rotor) drives the inner or idler gear on a stationary pin. The gears
create voids as they come out of mesh and liquid flows into the cavities. As the gears come
back into mesh, the volume is reduced and the liquid is forced out of the discharge port. The
crescent prevents liquid from flowing backwards from the outlet to the inlet port.
2. External Gear
External gear pumps also use gears which come in and out of mesh. As the teeth come out
of mesh, liquid flows into the pump and is carried between the teeth and the casing to the
discharge side of the pump. The teeth come back into mesh and the liquid is forced out the
discharge port. External gear pumps rotate two identical gears against each other. Both gears
are on a shaft with bearings on either side of the gears.

3. Vane
The vanes - blades, buckets, rollers, or slippers - work with a cam to draw fluid into and force
it out of the pump chamber. The vanes may be in either the rotor or stator. The vane-in rotor
pumps may be made with constant or variable displacement pumping elements. Figure
shows a sliding vane pump.

4. Flexible Member
This principle is similar to the Vane principle except the vanes flex rather than slide. The fluid
pumping and sealing action depends on the elasticity of the flexible members. The flexible
members may be a tube, a vane, or a liner. Figure shows a flexible vane pump.
5. Lobe
Fluid is carried between the rotor teeth and the pumping chamber. The rotor surfaces create
continuous sealing. Both gears are driven and are synchronized by timing gears. Rotors
include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and multi-lobe configurations.

6. Circumferential Piston
Fluid is carried from inlet to outlet in spaces between piston surfaces. Rotors must be timed
by separate means, and each rotor may have one or more piston elements.

7. Screw
Screw pumps carry fluid in the spaces between the screw threads. The fluid is displaced
axially as the screws mesh.

8. Multiple screw pumps

have multiple external screw threads. These pumps may be timed or untimed.