European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol.49 No.2 (2011), pp.234-248

© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at

Microwave Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide

Moulay Driss Belrhiti

Spectrometry Laboratory of Materials and Archeomaterials (LASMAR) Faculty of Sciences
Moulay Ismail University, Meknès – Morocco
E-mail: belrhitimy@yahoo.fr
Tel: (212) 66 73 48 374; Fax: (212) 53 54 6 7 083

Seddik Bri
Spectrometry Laboratory of Materials and Archeomaterials (LASMAR) Faculty of Sciences
Moulay Ismail University, Meknès – Morocco
E-mail: briseddik@gmail.com

Abdelrhani Nakheli
Spectrometry Laboratory of Materials and Archeomaterials (LASMAR) Faculty of Sciences
Moulay Ismail University, Meknès – Morocco

Mustapha Haddad
Spectrometry Laboratory of Materials and Archeomaterials (LASMAR) Faculty of Sciences
Moulay Ismail University, Meknès – Morocco

Ahmed Mamouni
CSAM Group, Institute of Electronics, Micro-electronics and Nanotechnology, UMR CNRS 8520
IEMN-DHS, Cité scientifique, Avenue Poincaré- B.P 60069 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex France
E-mail: ahmed.mamouni@iemn.univ-lille1.fr
Tel: (33) 3 20 19 79 39; Fax: (33) 3 20 19 78 80

Abstract

This paper presents the measurement results of dielectric complex permittivity for
dielectric materials based on measuring the Sij scattering parameters on the transmission
line using Rectangular Wave Guide (RWG) measurements. After measuring the Sij
scattering parameters of each Material Under Test (MUT) loaded in the transmission line of
(RWG) with Vector Network Analyser (VNA); the Sij coefficients were equally calculated
with the transmission line theory. The calculated and measured values were then matched
using the Newton-Raphson method to estimate the value of relative complex permittivity;
this cancels the error between the calculated and measured values of Sij parameters. The
estimated values were compared with the numerical determination of complex permittivity
obtained from the Nicholson-Ross formula.

Keywords: Complex Permittivity, Dielectric Materials, Measurement, Rectangular

Waveguide, Newton-Raphson, Ku Band
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 235

1. Introduction
In recent years, the dielectric properties (complex permittivity) of materials have received increasing
attention along with the use of electromagnetic (EM) waves (radar/microwave) in the investigations of
material and structural assessment. Dielectric properties of a material correlate with other material
characteristics and may be used to determine properties such as moisture content, bulk density, bio-
content, chemical concentration, and stress–strain relationship [1-2]. Generally, the integration of
material in an application system requires the exact knowledge of its dielectric parameters (permittivity
and permeability). In the literature, several techniques have been proposed on extracting permittivity
and permeability of materials [3-6]. The rectangular waveguide technique is one of class of two ports
measurement (Transmission/ Reflection). It has been extensively employed as an easy way for
studying the dielectric proprieties of materials in the microwave frequency [2-6]. The aim of this work
is to present the measurement results of relative complex permittivity of solid materials at the Ku band
using a (RWG) measurement basing on measuring Sij parameters with a (VNA). The Newton–Raphson
method is used to estimate the value of the complex permittivity with high accuracy [4, 7, 8]. The
permittivity of dielectric materials: Teflon, dry area concrete, plaster and wood obtained at the Ku band
using the Newton–Raphson procedure are compared with the values obtained by Nicholson-Ross
formula.

2. Theory
2.1. Direct Problem
This section presents computation of the Transmission Reflection (T/R) method of rectangular wave
guide loaded with a dielectric sample, which subjected to an incident electromagnetic field, presented
in figure 1.

Figure 1: The Rectangular Wave Guide loaded with a dielectric sample in Transmission Reflection line, the
region I, II, and III are the distribution regions of the electric field.

z d
y S21
S11 I II III
I II III
x
d1 d2
(MUT)
Port1 Port2

The Sij parameters are obtained from an analysis of the electric field at the sample interfaces.
When we assume only the TE10 dominant mode in the (RWG), the spatial distribution of the electric
field in the regions I, II, and III can be written as [3-5]:

Ε I = exp(−γ 0 .x) + α 1 . exp(γ .x)

(1)
Ε I I = α 2 . exp(−γ .x) + α 3 . exp(γ .x) (2)
Ε ΙΙΙ = α 4 . exp(−γ 0 .x) (3)
Where:
236 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.

ω 2 µ * R ε *R 2π
γ=j −( )2 (4)
c 2
λc
ω2 2π
γ0 = j −( )2 (5)
c 2
λc
ε R * = ε ' R − j.ε "R and µ R * = µ ' R − j.µ" R (6)
λc is the cut off wave guide, γo and γ are the propagation constants in vacuum and in material. µ R * and
ε R * are respectively the complex permeability and permittivity relative of material.
ω is the angular frequency and c is the speed of light in vacuum. The constants α i are
determined from the boundary conditions. The tangential component of the electric field is continuous
at sample interfaces:
E I ( x = d1 ) = E II ( x = d1 ) (7)
E I I ( x = d 1 + d ) = E III ( x = d 1 + d ) (8)
Tangential component of the magnetic field is continuous at sample interfaces:
1 ∂E I ( x = d1 ) 1 ∂ E II ( x = d 1 ) (9)
=
µ0 ∂x µ ∂x
1 ∂E II ( x = d1 + d ) 1 ∂E III ( x = d1 + d )
= (10)
µ ∂x µ0 ∂x
By solving equations (7), (8), and (9), we can obtain the following explicit expression for
scattering parameters, with assuming S12=S21:
2  Γ(1 − T ) 
2
S11 = R1  2 2 
(11)
 (1 − Γ T ) 
 Γ(1 − T 2 ) 
S 22 = R22  2 2 
(12)
 (1 − Γ T ) 
 T (1 − Γ 2 ) 
S 21 = R2 .R1  2 2 
(13)
 (1 − Γ T ) 
Where:
R1 = exp(−γ 0 .d1 ) (14)
R 2 = exp(−γ 0 .d 2 ) (15)
d1 and d2 are the distance from the calibration reference planes to the sample ends. R1 and R2 are the
respective reference plane transformation expressions.
T = exp( −γ .d ) (16)
For no magnetic materials ( µ R = 1 ) we can define the reflection coefficient by the following
expression:
γ −γ
Γ= 0 (17)
γ0 +γ

2.2. Inverse Problem: Newton-Raphson Method

This section presents computation of the complex dielectric constant in a given sample using two ports
of measurement; the Transmission and the Reflection method to determinate numerically the complex
permittivity of dielectric and non magnetic material; Baker-Jarvis and al proposed a various linier
combination of Sij scattering parameters [3-5]. A useful equation is:
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 237

2 2
1
[( S12 + S 21 ) + β (S 22 + S11 )] = T .(1 − Γ ) + β2 .Γ2 (1 − T ) (18)
2 (1 − T Γ )
According to the equation, β varies as function of the sample length, uncertainty in scattering
parameters, and loss characteristics of material [3]. After replacing T and Γ by the expressions (16)
and (17) and introducing the effective dielectric permittivity, the equation to solve can be written as
follows:
1 2 ε * eff
[( S 12 + S 21 ) + β ( S 22 + S11 ) ] =
2 2π .d ε * eff 2π .d ε * eff
j.(1 + ε * eff ) sin( ) + 2 ε * eff cos( )
λ0 g λ0 g
* 2π ε * eff
j.(1 − ε eff ) sin( )
λ0 g
+β (19)
* 2π .d ε * eff 2π .d ε * eff
j.(1 + ε eff ) sin( ) + 2 ε * eff cos( )
λ0 g λ0 g
*
λ0 g is the wave length in the holder in empty cell, ε eff is the effective complex permittivity of
material. λ 0 and λc are respectively the free space wave length and the cut off (RWG). λ 0 g has the
following expression:
1
λ0 g = (20)
1 1
−
λ 0 2 λc 2
The equation (19) can be written as follows:
1
F (ε * eff ) = F1 (ε * eff ) + F2 (ε * eff ) − (21)
S
Where:
* 2π ε * eff
j.(1 + ε eff ) sin( )
λ 0 g
F1 (ε * eff ) = (22)
* 2π .d ε * eff
j.β .(1 − ε eff ) sin( ) + 2 ε * eff
λ0 g
2π ε * eff
2. ε * eff cos( )
λ0 g
F2 (ε * eff ) = (23)
* 2π .d ε * eff
j.β .(ε eff . sin( ) + 2 ε * eff
λ0 g
1
S= [(S12 + S 21 ) + β (S 22 + S11 )] (24)
2
Solving equation (21) is performed using the iterative method of Newton-Raphson [8-9]. To
start the process of iterations, the initial guess of relative dielectric permittivity ε * eff 0 was estimated by
the Nicholson - Ross method. The second iteration of this process can now be performed using the new
value of effective dielectric permittivity which can be written as follows:
ε *eff ( new) = ε *eff 0 + ∆ε *eff 0 (25)
The variation ∆ε * eff 0 between two iterations can be written as:
238 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.

F ( ε * eff 0 ) (26)
∆ ε * eff 0 = −
 ∂F 
 
 ∂ ε * eff  ε * eff 0
∂F ∂ F1 ∂F
= + 2 (27)
∂ε * ∂ε * ∂ε *
eff eff eff
The flow chart used to estimate the values of relative dielectric permittivity of material under
test using Newton-Raphson method is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Flow chart used to estimate the values of relative dielectric permittivity.

According to figure 2, Sij moy denotes the average value of Sij scattering parameter, ∆ is a small
quantity near to zero, and the vertical bar denotes the magnitude of the complex expression. The
algorithm terminates once a value of ε *eff is reached such that Re s ( F (ε *eff )) is sufficiently close to
zero.
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 239

3. Experimental Procedure
In order to operate in the Ku band the measurement (RWG) were made using the dimensions
(15,97×7,89) mm2. The sample holder with a width of 6,3 mm, was equally produced with the same
(RWG) cross-section. Figure 3 presents the integration of the (RWG) and the sample holder in the. The
(RWG) and sample holder were produced in the Institute of Electronics, Micro-electronics and Nano-
technology (IEMN), Lille - France

Figure 3: The schema illustrates the integration of the (RWG) and the sample holder in the Experimental
bench.

To measure the magnitude and the phase of the Sij scattering parameters (S11, S22, S12, and S21)
of each (MUT), an HP 8520 C (VNA) were used and connected to both ports of (RWG) using two
coax-to-waveguide adapters as indicated in figure 2. The measurement system is automated using a
computer supported Lab VIEW Software data acquisition. The measurement system is calibrated by
Thru–Reflect–Line (TRL) calibration. The TRL calibration technique is used in this measurement
system to provide the ultimate accuracy by minimizing the measurement residual errors [10,11]. As
shown in figure 4 the samples have been machined carefully to the same sample holder cross-section to
reduce the effect of gap, between the conducting walls of sample holder and the (MUT). Figure 4.a and
figure 4.b present respectively the sample holder loaded with dry area concrete sample, and wood
sample.

Figure 4: Photo of the sample holder which loaded a material under test (MUT).

(a)Dry area concrete sample (b)Wood sample

240 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.

The figure 5 presents the measurement system available in the Laboratory of Micro-technology
and Instrumentation for the Thermal and Electromagnetic Characterization (MITEC) group in (IEMN)
institute.

Figure 5: Photo of the measurement system available in the Laboratory (MITEC) Group.

4. Results and Discussion

The procedure previously described on the flow chart (Figure 2) section 2.2, was used with the
following criterion ∆ = 10 −8 . The relative complex permittivity of a Teflon sample, which is known to
be low-loss dielectric solid material is calculated in the Ku band [12, 5 – 18] GHz and presented as a
real part and an imaginary part in figure 6. For the same Teflon sample, the relative complex
permittivity is also calculated using Nicholson-Ross method and presented in figures 6.

Figure 6.a: Real part of complex permittivity of a Teflon sample over the Ku band obtained using two methods.
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 241

Figure 6.b: Imaginary part of complex permittivity of a Teflon sample over the Ku band obtained using two
methods.

The results obtained by both methods are similar to the data published in the literature
[4, 5, 8, 9, 12]. After the validation of the adopted method (Newton-Raphson method described in
figure 2 section 2.2), the relative complex permittivity of dry area concrete and plaster which are
known to be non magnetic materials (µ R=1) were determined in the Ku band. The real part and the
imaginary part of relative complex permittivity of dry area concrete, which is a heterogeneous material
composed of cement powder, water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (rocks), and air (porosity)
[13], are presented in figure 7.

Figure 7.a: Real part of complex permittivity of a dry area concrete sample over the Ku band obtained using
two methods.
242 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.
Figure 7.b: Imaginary part of complex permittivity of a dry area concrete sample over the Ku band obtained
using two methods.

The two methods produced similar results. The complex permittivity of dry area concrete is
*
ε = 1,76 - j.0,06 . In the dry condition, the dielectric constant of concrete does not vary much over the
R
measured frequency range; this explains the low variation of the dielectric permittivity of dry area
concrete as a function of frequency [14]. Figure 8 present the real part and the imaginary part of
complex permittivity of sample plaster.

Figure 8.a: Real part of complex permittivity of a plaster sample over the Ku band obtained using two methods.
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 243

Figure 8.b: Imaginary part of complex permittivity of a plaster sample over the Ku band obtained using two
methods.

The complex permittivity of plaster is ε R* = 3,12 - j.0,025 . So, the estimated results of the
Newton-Raphson procedure and Nicholson-Ross technique are similar.The relative complex
permittivity of the wood sample (which is known to be medium-loss dielectric and no magnetic (µ r=1)
material) were equally calculated in the Ku band. The real part and the imaginary part of relative
complex permittivity are presented in figure 9.

Figure 9.a: Real part of complex permittivity of a wood sample over the Ku band obtained using two methods.
244 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.
Figure 9.b: Imaginary part of complex permittivity of a wood sample over the Ku band obtained using two
methods.

According to the literature, dry wood has a dielectric permittivity of about

'
ε = 1,9 and tg(δ ) = 0,029 as a loss factor. According to our results estimated value of dielectric
R

permittivity of wood sample is ε R* = 2,2 - j.0,3 . The wood moisture is an argument of this slight
difference [5].

5. Sensitivity Analysis
Several factors affect the accuracy of the complex permittivity determination as: the uncertainty in
measured magnitude and phase of Sij parameters; errors in the sample length and the sample holder
length; guides losses; air gaps between the sample and the conductive walls of the sample holder [15].
All these uncertainties are extensively treated in the literature [2-4]. In this work, we focus on the
correction of complex permittivity values due to the machining inaccuracy of the sample material
under test (MUT) which is causing airgap between the conducting walls of sample holder and the
(MUT). Figure 10 shows the presence of the airgap which is the origin of errors in the estimated values
of complex permittivity.

Figure 10: Illustration of material under test in the rectangular sample holder with the airgap.

e is small width of sample and b is small width of sample holder. The corrections on the
complex permittivity of the present procedure as far as the air gap is concerned can be numerically
estimated from the following equations:
 e 
ε 'Rc = ε 'Rm *  '  (28)
 b − ( b − e) * ε Rm 
ε 'Rc and ε 'Rm are respectively the corrected and the measured values of real part of
complex permittivity:
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 245

(29)
' are the corrected and the measured values of imaginary part of complex
ε ' Rc and ε 'Rm
permittivity respectively. The error in the estimated value of real part and imaginary part of complex
permittivity can be defined as indicated in the follow equation.
ε '
−ε '

% Error on ε 'R =  Rc
'
Rm
 * 100 (30)
 ε Rc 
ε " − ε " 
% Error on ε 'R' =  Rc " Rm  * 100 (31)
 ε Rc 
By introducing small changes in the dimensions of the sample as shown in figure 10, the
equations (28), (29), (30) and (31) are used to estimate numerically the values of '
ε Rc , ε "Rc
and the associated percentage error. Figures 11 and 12 present the percentage error on the real part
( ) and imaginary part ( ) of complex permittivity for various values of
% Error on ε 'R % Error on ε 'R'
airgap (airgap = 0.01 cm, airgap = 0.1 cm).

Figure 11.a: Percentage error in the estimation of the real part of relative complex permittivity as function of
frequency for an airgap = 0.01 cm.
Percentage Error

Frequency (GHz)

Figure 11.b: Percentage error in the estimation of the imaginary part of relative complex permittivity as
function of frequency for an airgap= 0.01 cm.
246 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.
Figure 12.a: Percentage error in the estimation of the real part of relative complex permittivity as function of
frequency for an airgap = 0.1 cm.

Plaster

2.5

Percentage Error
2

Wood

1.5
Teflon

1 Dry area concrete

12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18

Frequency (GHz)
Frequency (GHz)

Figure 12.b: Percentage error in the estimation of the imaginary part of relative complex permittivity as
function of frequency for an airgap= 0.1 cm.
Percentage Error

Frequency (GHz)

The presence of airgap introduces errors in the estimation value of both real and imaginary
parts of the relative complex permittivity as shown in figures 11 and 12. The error increases with the
size of the airgap. The effect of airgap on the percentage error is more important on the imaginary part
than on the real part of relative complex permittivity. To better understand the effect of airgap on the
accuracy of the complex permittivity determination, the average percentage error on the real and
imaginary part of relative complex permittivity is evaluated for various airgap using the following
formula, such as the number of point of measure is equal to 201.
201

'
∑ i=1
(% Error on ε '
R )
(32)
% Error on ε R =
201

201

"
∑ i=1
(% Error on ε "
R ) (33)
% Error on ε R =
201
'
%Error on ε R is the average percentage error on the real part of complex permittivity
%Error on ε 'R is the average percentage error on the imaginary part of complex permittivity
Complex Permittivity Measurement for Dielectric Materials at Microwave
Frequencies Using Rectangular Waveguide 247

Table 1 presents the average percentage error on the real and imaginary part of relative complex
permittivity as functions of airgap for each sample under test at the Ku band. It is clear that the average
percentage error increases for the same airgap when the value of the relative permittivity is important.
For the same sample, the average percentage error becomes important when the airgap grows.

Table 1: Average percentage error on the relative complex permittivity for different airgap in
the Ku band

Airgap (cm)
Material 0.01 0.1 0.15 0.2
Average percentage error (%)
'
% E rro r ε R 0,127 1,301 1,976 2,670
Teflon "
% E rro r ε R 0,381 3,935 6,008 8,155
'
% E rro r ε R 0,088 0,902 1,369 1,854
Dry area concrete "
% E rro r ε R 0,304 3,120 4,748 6,423
'
% E rro r ε R 0,256 2,655 4,064 5,531
Plaster "
% E rro r ε R 0.641 6,735 10,393 14,265
'
% E rro r ε R 0,157 1,620 2,467 3,340
Wood "
% E rro r ε R 0,443 4,594 7,031 9,561

6. Conclusion
This paper presented the results of complex permittivity measurement for dielectric solid materials at
the Ku band using (RWG), based on measuring Sij scattering parameters. The Sij are measured using
Vector Network Analyzer calibrated by Thru–Reflect–Line (TRL) calibration. The Newton-Raphson
method is used as a numerical tool to estimate the value of relative complex permittivity of (MUT).
The obtained results using the proposed method in this paper are compared with Nicholson-Ross
technique. The two methods are in good agreement.
The average percentage error does not expect 10,4 % on the imaginary part and 4,06 % on the
real part of complex permittivity of Plaster sample for the airgap equal to 0,15 cm. Notice that the
samples were machined in the laboratory with high accuracy that the airgap is very inferior to 0,01 cm.
With this airgap, the average percentage error on the real part is 0.256 % and 0,641 % for the
imaginary part of the relative complex permittivity when we use the plaster sample.
So, the proposed method of characterisation is reliable method to extract the dielectric
permittivity of low loss materials. Concerning the wood sample, the presence of water in the sample
under test is an argument of the slight difference between the results obtained in this work and the
results published in the literature. The moisture and its effect on the complex permittivity of wood will
be studied in the future research work by other numerical methods exploiting other frequency bands.

Acknowledgement
This work has been achieved in the setting of the Franco-Moroccan cooperation VOLUBILIS program
Number: MA/06/153 in scientific research and it done in the IEMN laboratories at USTL - Lille
University - France.
248 Moulay Driss Belrhiti, Seddik Bri, Abdelrhani Nakheli et al.

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