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Manila
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Maynila" and "Maynilad" redirect here. For the TV series, see Maynila (TV series).
For related water companies, see Maynilad Water Services and Manila Water.
This article is about the capital city of the Philippines. For the region, see
Metro Manila. For other uses, see Manila (disambiguation).
Manila
Maynil�
Capital / Highly Urbanized City
City of Manila
Lungsod ng Maynil�
From top, left to right: The Manila skyline, Rizal Monument, Fort Santiago,
Malaca�ang Palace, University of Santo Tomas, Manila City Hall, Quiapo Church
From top, left to right: The Manila skyline, Rizal Monument, Fort Santiago,
Malaca�ang Palace, University of Santo Tomas, Manila City Hall, Quiapo Church
Flag of Manila
Flag Official seal of Manila
Seal
Nickname(s): Pearl of the Orient
Queen City of The Pacific
Paris of Asia[1]
The City of Our Affections
Distinguished and Ever Loyal City
Motto(s): Forward Ever, Backward Never
Location within Metro Manila
Location within Metro Manila
Manila is located in Philippines ManilaManila
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14�35'N 121�00'ECoordinates: 14�35'N 121�00'E
Country Philippines
Region National Capital Region
District 1st to 6th districts of Manila
Established c.?1258 (legendary)
Bruneian Empire (Rajahnate of Maynila) 1500s
Spanish Manila June 24, 1571
City Charter July 31, 1901
Highly Urbanized City December 22, 1979
Barangays 897
Government[2]
� Type Mayor�council
� Mayor Joseph Estrada (PMP)
� Vice Mayor Honey Lacu�a Pangan (Asenso Manile�o)
� City Representatives
List[show]
� City Council
Councilors[show]
Area[3][4]
� City 42.88 km2 (16.56 sq mi)
� Urban 1,474.82 km2 (569.43 sq mi)
� Metro 619.57 km2 (239.22 sq mi)
Elevation 5 m (16 ft)
Population (2015 census)[6][7]
� City 1,780,148
 � Density 71,263/km2 (184,570/sq mi)
� Urban 22,710,000[5]
� Metro 12,877,253
� Metro density 20,785/km2 (53,830/sq mi)
Demonym(s) English: Manile�o, Manilan;
Spanish: manilense,[8] manile�o(-a)
Filipino: Manile�o(-a), Manilenyo(-a), Taga-Maynila
Time zone PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code +900 � 1-096
IDD?:?area code? +63?(0)2
Website manila.gov.ph
Manila (/m?'n?l?/; Filipino: Maynil�, pronounced [maj'nila?] or [majni'la]),
officially the City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Maynil� [lu?'sod n??
maj'nila?]), is the capital of the Philippines and the most densely populated city
proper in the world.[3] It was the first chartered City by virtue of the Philippine
Commission Act 183 on July 31, 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of
Republic Act No. 409 or the "Revised Charter of the City of Manila" on June 18,
1949.[9] It is home to many of the Philippines' firsts, including the first
university (1590),[10] water system (1878), hotel (1889), electricity (1895),
oceanarium (1913),[11] stock exchange (1927), flyover (1930s), zoo (1959),
pedestrian underpass (1960),[12] science high school (1963),[13] city-run
university (1965), city-run hospital (1969), and rapid transit system (1984; also
considered as the first rapid transit system in Southeast Asia).[14]

The Spanish city of Manila was founded on June 24, 1571, by Spanish conquistador
Miguel L�pez de Legazpi. The date is regarded as the city's official founding date.
Manila was also the seat of power for most of the country's colonial rulers. It is
the home to many historic sites, some of which were built during the 16th century.
In 2016, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as an
alpha- global city.[15] The city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015[6], and
is the historic core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative
limits. The term "Manila" is commonly used to refer to the whole metropolitan area,
the greater metropolitan area or the city proper. The officially defined
metropolitan area called Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines,
includes the much larger Quezon City and the Makati Central Business District. It
is the most populous region of the country, one of the most populous urban areas in
the world,[16] and is one of the wealthiest regions in Southeast Asia.[17][18] With
about 71,000 people per square kilometer, Manila is also the most densely populated
city proper in the world. [6][7]

The city is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay. The Pasig River flows
through the middle of the city, dividing it into the north and south sections.
Manila is made up of 16 administrative districts: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros,
Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San
Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo, while it is divided into six
districts for its representation in Congress and the election of the city council
members.

Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Precolonial history
2.2 Spanish period
2.3 American period
2.4 Japanese occupation and World War II
2.5 Contemporary period
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
3.2 Natural hazards
3.3 Pollution
4 Cityscape
4.1 Architecture
5 Demographics
5.1 Crime
5.2 Religion
5.2.1 Christianity
5.2.2 Other faiths
6 Economy
6.1 Tourism
6.2 Shopping
7 Culture
7.1 Museums
7.2 Sports
7.3 Festivities and holidays
8 Law and government
8.1 Finance
8.2 Barangays and Districts
9 Infrastructure
9.1 Transportation
9.2 Utilities
9.2.1 Water and electricity
10 Healthcare
11 Education
12 Sister cities
12.1 Asia Pacific
12.2 Europe
12.3 Americas
13 International relations
13.1 Consulates
14 Pending transboundary nominations
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
18 Sources
19 External links
Etymology
Maynil�, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nil�, referring
to a flowering mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River and the
shores of Manila Bay. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to
folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches.[19] As nil�
products were distributed in other places, people came to refer to the area as Sa
may Nil�, Tagalog for "the place where there are nil�s". The word nil� itself is
probably from the Sanskrit nila (???), meaning "indigo tree".[20]

History
Main articles: History of Manila and Timeline of Manila
Precolonial history

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the oldest historical record in the

Philippines. It has the first historical reference to Tondo and dates back to Saka
822 (c. 900).

Rajah Sulayman
The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby Angono
Petroglyphs, dated to around 3000 BC. Negritos, an Australoid people who became the
aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of Luzon, where
Manila is located, before the Malayo-Polynesians migrated in and assimilated them.
[21]
The polity of Tondo flourished during the latter half of the Ming dynasty as a
result of direct trade relations with China. The Tondo district was the traditional
capital of the empire, and its rulers were sovereign kings, not mere chieftains.
They were addressed variously as panginuan in Maranao or pangino�n in Tagalog
("lords"); an�k banwa ("son of heaven"); or lakandula ("lord of the palace"). The
Emperor of China considered the Lakans�the rulers of ancient Manila�"?", or kings.
[22]

In the 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter
on the shore of the Pasig River. It was then settled by the Indianized empire of
Majapahit, as recorded in the epic eulogy poem "Nagarakretagama", which described
the area's conquest by Maharaja Hayam Wuruk.[22] Selurong (????????), a historical
name for Manila, is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot, which is now Sulu, and
Kalka.[22]

During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah from 1485 to 1521, the Sultanate of Brunei
invaded, wanting to take advantage of Tondo's trade with China by attacking its
environs and establishing the Muslim Rajahnate of Maynil� (???? ??????; Kota
Seludong). The rajahnate was ruled under and gave yearly tribute to the Sultanate
of Brunei as a satellite state.[23] It established a new dynasty under the local
leader, who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I. He established
a trading challenge to the already rich House of Lakan Dula in Tondo. Islam was
further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the Middle East and
Southeast Asia.[24] In 1574, Manila was temporarily besieged by the Chinese pirate
Lim Hong, who was ultimately thwarted by the local inhabitants. The city then
became the seat of the Spanish colonial government.

Spanish period

The newly rebuilt Manila Cathedral in 1880 before the earthquake of July 20, 1880,
which knocked down the over-a-century old bell tower.
On June 24, 1571, the conquistador Miguel L�pez de Legazpi arrived in Manila and
declared it a territory of New Spain (Mexico), establishing a city council in what
is now the district of Intramuros.[25] L�pez de Legazpi had the local royalty
executed or exiled after the failure of the Tondo Conspiracy, a plot wherein an
alliance between datus, rajahs, Japanese merchants and the Sultanate of Brunei
would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their Latin American
recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila, the capital of
the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines, which their empire would control
for the next three centuries.

Manila became famous during the Manila�Acapulco galleon trade, which lasted for
three centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa and Hispanic America across
the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia (which was already an entrep�t for goods
coming from India, Indonesia and China), and vice versa. Silver that was mined in
Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems and the spices of
Southeast Asia. Likewise, wines and olives grown in Europe and North Africa were
shipped via Mexico to Manila.[26] The city was captured by Great Britain in 1762 as
part of the European Seven Years' War between Spain, France and Great Britain.[27]
The city was then occpuied by the British for almost two years from 1762 to 1764
and remained the capital of the Philippines.[28] Eventually, the British withdrew
in accordance with the 1763 Treaty of Paris. An unknown number of Indian soldiers
known as sepoys, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby Cainta,
Rizal, which explains the uniquely Indian features of generations of Cainta
residents.[29][30]

The Chinese were then punished for supporting the British invasion, and the
fortress city of Intramuros, initially populated by 1200 Spanish families and
garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops,[31] kept its cannons pointed at Binondo, the
world's oldest Chinatown.[32] The Mexican population was concentrated at the south
part of Manila,[33][34] and also at Cavite, where ships from Spain's American
colonies docked, and at Ermita, an area so named because of a Mexican hermit that
lived there.[35]

After Mexico gained independence in 1821, Spain began to govern Manila directly.
[36] Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry and education flourished more
than they had in the previous two centuries.[37] The opening of the Suez Canal in
1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing
wealth and education attracted indigenous people, Chinese, Indians, Latinos, and
Europeans from the surrounding provinces[38] and facilitated the rise of an
ilustrado class that espoused liberal ideas: the ideological foundations of the
Philippine Revolution, which sought independence from Spain.

American period

Tram running along Manila during the American period.

After the 1898 Battle of Manila, Spain ceded Manila to the United States. The First
Philippine Republic, based in nearby Bulacan, fought against the Americans for
control of the city.[39] The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and
captured President Emilio Aguinaldo, who declared allegiance to the United States
on April 1, 1901.

Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the Americans made official
what had long been tacit: that the city of Manila consisted not of Intramuros alone
but also of the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed that Manila was
composed of eleven municipal districts: presumably Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros,
Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Sampaloc, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz and Tondo. In
addition, the Catholic Church recognized five parishes�Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-
Balic, Santa Mesa and Singalong�as part of Manila. Later, two more would be added:
Balut and San Andres.[40]

The Burnham Plan of Manila.

Under American control, a new, civilian-oriented Insular Government headed by
Governor-General William Howard Taft invited city planner Daniel Burnham to adapt
Manila to modern needs.[41] The Burnham Plan included the development of a road
system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila
with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways and buildings.[42]
[43]

The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field,
which extends from Rizal Park to the present Taft Avenue. The Philippine Capitol
was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing toward the sea. Along with
buildings for various government bureaus and departments, it would form a
quadrangle with a lagoon in the center and a monument to Jos� Rizal at the other
end of the field. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units�the
Legislative Building and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural
Departments�were completed when World War II erupted.

Japanese occupation and World War II

The destruction brought about by the Battle of Manila in 1945

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, American soldiers were ordered
to withdraw from Manila, and all military installations were removed on December
24, 1941. General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city to prevent further
death and destruction, but Japanese warplanes continued to bomb it. Manila was
occupied by Japanese forces on January 2, 1942.
From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of the bloodiest battle in
the Pacific theater of World War II. Some 100,000 civilians were killed in
February.[44] At the end of the battle, Manila was recaptured by joint American and
Philippine troops. It was the second most devastated city in the world, after
Warsaw, during the Second World War. Almost all of the structures in the city,
particularly in Intramuros, were destroyed.

Contemporary period

Rizal Avenue in the 1970s before the construction of LRT Line 1

In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government of the Philippines
to Quezon City, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila,
created in 1939 during the administration of President Manuel L. Quezon.[45] The
move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government
centre to be at Luneta.

With the Visayan-born Arsenio Lacson as its first elected mayor in 1952 (all mayors
were appointed before this), Manila underwent The Golden Age,[46] once again
earning its status as the "Pearl of the Orient", a moniker it earned before the
Second World War. After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by Antonio
Villegas for most of the 1960s. Ramon Bagatsing (an Indian-Filipino) was mayor for
nearly the entire 1970s until the 1986 People Power Revolution. Mayors Lacson,
Villegas, and Bagatsing are collectively known as the "Big Three of Manila" for
their contribution to the development of the city and their lasting legacy in
improving the quality of life and welfare of the people of Manila.

During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, the region of Metro Manila was
created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on
November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns, as
a separate regional unit of government.[47] On the 405th anniversary of the city's
foundation on June 24, 1976, Manila was reinstated by Marcos as the capital of the
Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the
Spanish Period. Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has always been to
the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the
Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture.[48]

During the martial law era, Manila became a hot-bed of resistance activity as youth
and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military which
were subservient to the Marcos regime. After decades of resistance, the non-violent
People Power Revolution (predecessor to the peaceful-revolutions that toppled the
iron-curtain in Europe), ousted the authoritarian Marcos from power.[49]

In 1992, Alfredo Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the
office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by Lito
Atienza, who served as his vice mayor. Atienza was known for his campaign (and city
slogan) "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of
several parks and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating
facilities. He was the city's mayor for 3 terms (9 years) before being termed out
of office.

Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city
election and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects[50] claiming Atienza's
projects made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship
of both parties turned bitter, with the two pitting again during the 2010 city
elections in which Lim won against Atienza.

Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over human rights,[51] charged
with graft over the rehabilitation of public schools,[52] and was heavily
criticized for his haphazard resolution of the Rizal Park hostage taking incident,
one of the deadliest hostage crisis in the Philippines. Later on, Vice Mayor Isko
Moreno and 28 city councilors filed another case against Lim in 2012, stating that
Lim's statement in a meeting were "life-threatening" to them.[53]

The 119th commemoration of Rizal Day at the Rizal Park with the controversial Torre
de Manila in the background.
In 2012, DMCI Homes began constructing Torre de Manila, which became controversial
for ruining the sight line of Rizal Park.[54] The tower is infamously known as
"Terror de Manila" or the "national photobomber".[55] The Torre de Manila
controversy is regarded as one of the most sensationalized heritage issues of the
country. In 2017, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines erected a
'comfort woman' statue along Roxas Boulevard, which made Japan expressed regret
that such statue was erected in the city despite the healthy relationship between
Japan and the Philippines.[56][57]

In the 2013 elections, former President Joseph Estrada defeated Lim in the mayoral
race. During his term, Estrada has paid more than ?5 billion in city debts and
increased the city's revenues from ?6.2 billion in 2012 to ?14.6 billion by 2016,
resulting in increased infrastructure spending and the betterment of the welfare of
the people of Manila.

In 2015, the city became the most competitive city in the Philippines, making the
city the best place for doing business and for living in. However, despite these
achievements, Estrada only narrowly won over Lim in their electoral rematch in
2016.[58] Recently, the City Government is planning to revise existing curfew
ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional on August 2017. Out
of the three cities reviewed by the Supreme Court, namely: the City of Manila,
Navotas and Quezon City; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved.[59]
[60]

Geography
Main article: Geography of Manila

The iconic Manila Bay sunset

ISS photo of Manila (just left of center) and surrounding cities

The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay, on the western
edge of Luzon, 1300 km from mainland Asia.[61] One of Manila's greatest natural
resources is the protected harbor upon which it sits, regarded as the finest in all
of Asia.[62] The Pasig River flows through the middle of city, dividing it into the
north and south.[3][4] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, is
relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography,
generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. Almost all of Manila
sits on top of centuries of prehistoric alluvial deposits built by the waters of
the Pasig River and on some land reclaimed from Manila Bay. Manila's land has been
altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation
along the waterfronts since the American colonial times. Some of the city's natural
variations in topography have been evened out. As of 2013, Manila had a total area
of 42.88 square kilometers.[3][4]

In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects: the New Manila
Bay�City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares), Solar
City (148 hectares), the Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares), Manila
Waterfront City (318 hectares)[63] and Horizon Manila (419 hectares). Once
completed, it will increase the city's total area from 42.88 km2 (4,288 ha) to 58.3
km2 (5,830 ha). Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will
contain the in-city housing relocation projects.[64] Reclamation projects have been
criticized by environmental activists and the Philippine Catholic Church, claiming
that these are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding.[65]
[66] In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the Philippines and the
Netherlands forged a cooperation to craft the ?250 million Manila Bay Sustainable
Development Master Plan to guide future decisions on programs and projects on
Manila Bay.[67]

Climate
Manila, Philippines
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
14 3022
7.3 3022
21 3224
19 3325
139 3326
284 3225
364 3125
476 3024
334 3125
201 3124
111 3124
56 3023
Average max. and min. temperatures in �C
Precipitation totals in mm
[show]Imperial conversion
Under the K�ppen climate classification system, Manila has a tropical savanna
climate (K�ppen climate classification Aw). Together with the rest of the
Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator
means that temperatures are hot year-round, rarely going below 21�C or above 39�C.
Temperature extremes have ranged from 17.5�C on January 11, 1914,[68] to 39.6�C on
May 7, 1915.[69]

Humidity levels are usually very high all year round. Manila has a distinct dry
season from December through May, and a relatively lengthy wet season that covers
the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures. In the wet season, it
rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods. Typhoons
usually occur from June to September.[70]

[hide]Climate data for Port Area, Manila

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high �C (�F) 29.5
(85.1) 30.2
(86.4) 31.9
(89.4) 33.3
(91.9) 33.4
(92.1) 32.1
(89.8) 31.2
(88.2) 30.4
(86.7) 30.6
(87.1) 30.9
(87.6) 30.5
(86.9) 29.6
(85.3) 31.13
(88.04)
Daily mean �C (�F) 25.9
(78.6) 26.3
(79.3) 27.7
(81.9) 29.1
(84.4) 29.5
(85.1) 28.7
(83.7) 28.0
(82.4) 27.4
(81.3) 27.5
(81.5) 27.6
(81.7) 27.1
(80.8) 26.2
(79.2) 27.58
(81.66)
Average low �C (�F) 22.3
(72.1) 22.4
(72.3) 23.6
(74.5) 25.0
(77) 25.7
(78.3) 25.3
(77.5) 24.8
(76.6) 24.4
(75.9) 24.5
(76.1) 24.3
(75.7) 23.8
(74.8) 22.9
(73.2) 24.08
(75.33)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.5
(0.531) 7.3
(0.287) 21.4
(0.843) 18.7
(0.736) 138.6
(5.457) 283.8
(11.173) 364.1
(14.335) 476.3
(18.752) 334.1
(13.154) 200.5
(7.894) 111.4
(4.386) 56.0
(2.205) 2,025.7
(79.753)
Average rainy days (= 0.10 mm) 4 2 3 3 10 16 22 22
20 18 14 9 143
Average relative humidity (%) 72 73 66 64 68 76 80 83 81
78 76 75 74.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.7 197.8 225.8 258.0 222.7 162.0 132.8 132.8 132.0
157.6 153.0 151.9 2,103.1
Percent possible sunshine 51 61 61 70 57 42 34 34 36
44 45 44 48
Source #1: PAGASA[71]
Source #2: Climatemps.com (sunshine)[72]
Natural hazards
See also: List of earthquakes in the Philippines
Swiss Re ranked Manila as the second riskiest capital city to live in, citing its
exposure to natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and floods.[73]
The seismically active Marikina Valley Fault System poses a threat of a large-scale
earthquake with an estimated magnitude between 6�7 and as high as 7.6[74] to Metro
Manila and nearby provinces.[75] Manila has endured several deadly earthquakes,
notably in 1645 and in 1677 which destroyed the stone and brick medieval city.[76]
The Earthquake Baroque style was used by architects during the Spanish colonial
period in order to adapt to the frequent earthquakes.[77]
Manila is hit with five to seven typhoons yearly.[78] In 2009, Typhoon Ketsana
(Ondoy) struck the Philippines. It led to one of the worst floodings in Metro
Manila and several provinces in Luzon with an estimated damages worth ?11 billion
($237 million).[79][80] The floodings caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone.
Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and
improve its drainage network.

Pollution

Pollution in Manila Bay

Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from air pollution,[81][82]
affecting 98% of the population.[83] Air pollution alone causes more than 4,000
deaths yearly.[84] On a 1995 report, Ermita is regarded as Manila's most air
polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste.[85] According to a
report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world
with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.[86]
The city is the second biggest waste producer in the country with 1,151.79 tons
(7,500.07 cubic meters) per day, after Quezon City which yields 1,386.84 tons or
12,730.59 cubic meters per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in
garbage collection and disposal.[87]

The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission is in charge of cleaning up the Pasig

River and tributaries for transportation, recreation and tourism purposes.[88]
Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside,
along with stricter pollution controls.[89][90]

Cityscape

The bay skyline of Manila as seen from Harbour Square.

Manila is a planned city. In 1905, American Architect and Urban Planner Daniel
Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital. His design for the city was
based on the City Beautiful movement, which features broad streets and avenues
radiating out from rectangles. The city is made up of fourteen city districts,
according to Republic Act No. 409�the Revised Charter of the City of Manila�the
basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city.[91] Two
districts were later created, which are Santa Mesa (partitioned off from Sampaloc)
and San Andres (partitioned off from Santa Ana).

Manila's mix of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and
country. During the Second World War, Manila was razed to the ground by the
Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces. After the liberation,
rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly
reconstructed. However, some of the historic buildings from the 19th century that
had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated
or otherwise left to deteriorate. Manila's current urban landscape is one of modern
and contemporary architecture.

Architecture

The Luneta Hotel, an example of French Renaissance architecture with Filipino

stylized beaux art

The fa�ade of the Manila Metropolitan Theater, designed by Juan M. Arellano

Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat

Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that shows a wide range of
styles spanning different historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles
reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences.[92] Prominent Filipino
architects such as Antonio Toledo, Felipe Roxas, Juan M. Arellano and Tom�s Map�a
have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches, government offices,
theaters, mansions, schools and universities.

Manila is also famed for its Art Deco theaters. Some of these were designed by
National Artists for Architecture such as Juan Nakpil and Pablo Antonio.
Unfortunately most of these theaters were neglected, and some of it have been
demolished. The historic Escolta Street in Binondo features many buildings of
Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts architectural style, many of which were designed by
prominent Filipino architects during the American Rule in the 1920s to the late
1930s. Many architects, artists, historians and heritage advocacy groups are
pushing for the rehabilitation of Escolta Street, which was once the premier street
of the Philippines.[93]

Almost all of Manila's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture were destroyed
during its battle for liberation by the intensive bombardment of the United States
Air Force during World War II. Reconstruction took place afterwards, replacing the
destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the
city's character. Some buildings destroyed by the war have been reconstructed, such
as the Old Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts),
Ayuntamiento de Manila (now the Bureau of the Treasury) and the currently under
construction San Ignacio Church and Convent (as the Museo de Intramuros). There are
plans to rehabilitate and/or restore several neglected historic buildings and
places such as Plaza Del Carmen, San Sebastian Church and the Manila Metropolitan
Theater. Spanish-era shops and houses in the districts of Binondo, Quiapo, and San
Nicolas are also planned to be restored, as a part of a movement to restore the
city to its former glory and its beautiful prewar state.[94][95]

Since Manila is prone to earthquakes, the Spanish colonial architects invented the
style called Earthquake Baroque which the churches and government buildings during
the Spanish colonial period adopted.[77] As a result, succeeding earthquakes of the
18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although it did periodically level
the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have
been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance to the country's
building code.[96]

Demographics
Population Census of Manila
Year Pop. �% p.a.
1903 219,928 �
1918 283,613 +1.71%
1939 623,492 +3.82%
1948 983,906 +5.20%
1960 1,138,611 +1.22%
1970 1,330,788 +1.57%
1975 1,479,116 +2.14%
1980 1,630,485 +1.97%
1990 1,601,234 -0.18%
1995 1,654,761 +0.62%
2000 1,581,082 -0.97%
2007 1,660,714 +0.68%
2010 1,652,171 -0.19%
2015 1,780,148 +1.43%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[97][98][99][100]

Binondo, established in 1594, is the world's oldest Chinatown.

People flocking the street market at Plaza Miranda.

According to the 2015 census, the population of the city was 1,780,148, making it
the second most populous city in the Philippines.[6] Manila is the most densely
populated city in the world, with 71,263 inhabitants per km2 in 2015.[7] District 6
is listed as being the most dense with 68,266 inhabitants per km2, followed by
District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710, respectively. District 5 is the
least densely populated area with 19,235.[101] In the 2016 electoral roll, it had
974,479 registered voters.[102]

Manila's population density dwarfs that of Kolkata (24,252 inhabitants per km2),
[103] Mumbai (20,482 inhabitants per km2), Paris (20,164 inhabitants per km2),
Dhaka (29,069 inhabitants per km2), Shanghai (16,364 inhabitants per km2, with its
most dense district, Nanshi, having a density of 56,785 inhabitants per km2), and
Tokyo (10,087 inhabitants per km2).[101]

Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the
establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement with the city eventually becoming
the political, commercial and ecclesiastical capital of the country.[104] Its
population increased dramatically since the 1903 census as the population tended to
move from rural areas to towns and cities. In the 1960 census, Manila became the
first Philippine city to breach the one million mark (more than 5 times of its 1903
population). The city continued to grow until the population somehow "stabilized"
at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increase and decrease starting the 1990
census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experience by
suburbs and the already very high population density of city. As such, Manila
exhibited a decreasing percentage share to the metropolitan population[105] from as
high as 63% in the 1950s to 27.5%[106] in 1980 and then to 13.8% in 2015. The much
larger Quezon City marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the
2015 census already has 1.1 million people more. Nationally, the population of
Manila is expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such as
Caloocan and Davao City by 2020.[107]

The vernacular language is Filipino, based mostly on the Tagalog language of

surrounding areas, and this Manila form of spoken Tagalog has essentially become
the lingua franca of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago
through mass media and entertainment. English is the language most widely used in
education, business, and heavily in everyday usage throughout Metro Manila and the
Philippines itself.

A number of older residents can still speak basic Spanish, which used to be a
mandatory subject in the curriculum of Philippine universities and colleges, and
many children of Japanese Filipino, Korean Filipino, Indian Filipino, and other
migrants or expatriates also speak their parents' languages at home, aside from
English and/or Filipino for everyday use. A variant of Southern Min, Hokkien
(locally known as Lan'nang-oe) is mainly spoken by the city's Chinese-Filipino
community.

Crime

A Toyota Vios of the Manila Police District

Crime in Manila is concentrated in areas associated with poverty, drug abuse, and
gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to the city's changing
demographics and unique criminal justice system. Illegal drug trade is a major
problem in the city. In Metro Manila alone, 92% of the barangays are affected by
illegal drugs.[108]

From 2010 to 2015, the city had the second highest index crime rates in the
Philippines, with 54,689 cases.[109] By October 2017, the Manila Police District
(MPD) reported a 38.7% decrease in index crimes, from as a high of 5,474 cases in
2016 to only 3,393 in 2017. MPD's crime solution efficiency also improved, wherein
six to seven out of 10 crimes have been solved by the city police force.[110] MPD
was cited was the Best Police District in Metro Manila in 2017 for registering the
highest crime solution efficiency.[111]

Religion
Christianity

Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide celebrating its anniversary in Quirino Grandstand,

Burnham Green, Rizal Park
As a result of Spanish cultural influence, Manila is a predominantly Christian
city. As of 2010, Roman Catholics were 93.5% of the population, followed by
adherents of the Philippine Independent Church (2.4%); Iglesia ni Cristo (1.9%);
various Protestant churches (1.8%); and Buddhists (1.1%). Members of Islam and
other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of the city's population.[112]

Manila is the site of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are 113
Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 are considered as major shrines,
basilicas, or a cathedral.[113] The Manila Cathedral is the seat of the Roman
Catholic Archdiocese of Manila and the oldest established church in the country.
[114] Aside from the Manila Cathedral, there are also three other basilicas in the
city: Quiapo Church, Binondo Church, and the Minor Basilica of San Sebasti�n. The
San Agust�n Church in Intramuros is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the
two fully air-conditioned Catholic churches in the city. Manila also has other
parishes located throughout the city, with some of them dating back to the Spanish
Colonial Period when the city serves as the base for numerous Catholic missions
both within the Philippines and to Asia beyond.

Several Mainline Protestant denominations are headquartered in the city. St.

Stephen's Parish pro-cathedral in the Sta. Cruz district is the see of the
Episcopal Church in the Philippines' Diocese of Central Philippines, while align
Taft Avenue are the main cathedral and central offices of the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente (also called the Aglipayan Church, a national church that was a
product of the Philippine Revolution). Other faiths like The Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) has several churches in the city.

The indigenous Iglesia ni Cristo has several locales (akin to parishes) in the
city, including its very first chapel (now a museum) in Punta, Sta. Ana.
Evangelical, Pentecostal and Seventh-day Adventist denominations also thrive within
the city. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila. Also, the
main campus of the Cathedral of Praise is located along Taft Avenue. Jesus Is Lord
Church Worldwide also has several branches and campuses in Manila, and celebrates
its anniversary yearly at the Burnham Green and Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park.

Manila Cathedral is the seat of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila

The Minor Basilica of San Sebasti�n is the only all-steel church in Asia.[115]

San Agust�n Church in Intramuros, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Binondo Church serves the Roman Catholic Chinese community

Quiapo Church is the home to the iconic Black Nazarene which celebrates its feasts
every January 9

Other faiths
There are many Buddhist and Taoist temples in the city serving the Chinese Filipino
community. Quiapo is home to a sizable Muslim population which worships at Masjid
Al-Dahab. Members of the Indian expatriate population have the option of worshiping
at the large Hindu temple in the city, or at the Sikh gurdwara along United Nations
Avenue. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bah�'�s of the Philippines, the
governing body of the Filipino Bah�'� community, is headquartered near Manila's
eastern border with Makati.

Economy

The Port of Manila, the chief port of the Philippines.

Aerial view of Binondo, the city's Chinatown and business district.

Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing,
transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media,
advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts
in the Philippines. Around 60,000 establishments operates in the city.[116]

The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes

the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities,
municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism,
government efficiency and infrastructure. According to the 2016 CMCI, Manila was
the second most competitive city in the Philippines.[117] Manila placed third in
the Highly Urbanized City (HUC) category.[118] Manila held the title country's most
competitive city in 2015, and since then has been making it to the top 3, assuring
that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business.
[119] Lars Wittig, the country manager of Regus Philippines, hailed Manila as the
third best city in the country to launch a start-up business.[120]

The Port of Manila is the largest seaport in the Philippines, making it the premier
international shipping gateway to the country. The Philippine Ports Authority is
the government agency responsible to oversee the operation and management of the
ports. The International Container Terminal Services Inc. cited by the Asian
Development Bank as one of the top five major maritime terminal operators in the
world[121][122] has its headquarters and main operations on the ports of Manila.
Another port operator, the Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its corporate office
and main operations in the Manila South Harbor and its container depository located
in Santa Mesa.

Binondo, the oldest and one of the largest Chinatowns in the world, was the center
of commerce and business activities in the city. Numerous residential and office
skyscrapers are found within its medieval streets. Plans to make the Chinatown area
into a business process outsourcing (BPO) hub progresses and is aggressively
pursued by the city government of Manila. 30 buildings are already identified to be
converted into BPO offices. These buildings are mostly located along the Escolta
Street of Binondo, which are all unoccupied and can be converted into offices.[123]

Divisoria in Tondo is known as the "shopping mecca of the Philippines". Numerous

shopping malls are located in this place, which sells products and goods at bargain
price. Small vendors occupy several roads that causes pedestrian and vehicular
traffic. A famous landmark in Divisoria is the Tutuban Center, a large shopping
mall that is a part of the Philippine National Railways' Main Station. It attracts
1 million people every month, but is expected to add another 400,000 people when
the LRT Line 2 West Extension is constructed, which is set to make it as Manila's
busiest transfer station.[124]
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the central bank of the Philippines
Diverse manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as
chemicals, textiles, clothing, and electronic goods. Food and beverages and tobacco
products also produced. Local entrepreneurs continue to process primary commodities
for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar, copra, and coconut oil. The
food-processing industry is one of the most stable major manufacturing sector in
the city.

The Pandacan Oil Depot houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of
the three major players in the country's petroleum industry, namely Caltex
Philippines, Pilipinas Shell and Petron Corporation. The oil depot has been a
subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact to the
residents of Manila. The Supreme Court has ordered that the oil depot to be
relocated outside the city by July 2015,[125][126] but it failed to meet this
deadline. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33 hectare compound have been
demolished, and plans are put into place to transform it into a transport hub or
even a food park.

Manila is a major publishing center in the Philippines.[127] Manila Bulletin, the

Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is headquartered in
Intramuros.[128] Other major publishing companies in the country like The Manila
Times, The Philippine Star and Manila Standard Today are headquartered in the Port
Area. The Chinese Commercial News, the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-
language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest existing newspaper[129] is
headquartered in Binondo.

Manila serves as the headquarters of the Central Bank of the Philippines which is
located along Roxas Boulevard.[130] Some universal banks in the Philippines that
has its headquarters in the city are the Landbank of the Philippines and Philippine
Trust Company. Unilever Philippines has its corporate office along United Nations
Avenue in Paco.[131] Toyota, a company listed in the Forbes Global 2000, also has
its regional office along UN Avenue.

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Manila

The historic Fort Santiago in Intramuros.

Manila welcomes over 1 million tourists each year.[127] Major tourist destinations
include the historic Walled City of Intramuros, the Cultural Center of the
Philippines Complex,[note 1] Manila Ocean Park, Binondo (Chinatown), Ermita,
Malate, Manila Zoo, the National Museum Complex and Rizal Park. Both the historic
Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations
and as a tourism enterprise zones in the Tourism Act of 2009.[132]

Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is the national park and the largest urban
park in Asia[133] with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres),[134] The park was
constructed as an honor and dedication to the country's national hero Jos� Rizal,
who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of
the Rizal Monument is the Kilometer Zero marker for distances to the rest of the
country. The park was managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.

The 0.67 square kilometers (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of Intramuros is the historic
center of Manila. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration, an attached
agency of the Department of Tourism. It contains the famed Manila Cathedral and the
18th Century San Agustin Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kalesa is a popular
mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including
Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park.[135] Known as the oldest chinatown in the world,
Binondo was established on 1521 and it was already a hub of Chinese commerce even
before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions are Binondo
Church, Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist temple and authentic
Chinese restaurants.

Manila is designated as the country's pioneer of medical tourism, expecting it to

generate $1 billion in revenue annually.[136] However, lack of progressive health
system, inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen
as hindrances for its growth.[137]

Shopping

Divisoria is a popular flea market for locals and tourists.

Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia.[138][139]
Major shopping malls, department stores, markets, supermarkets and bazaars thrives
within the city.

One of the city's famous shopping destinations is Divisoria, home to numerous

shopping malls in the city, including the famed Tutuban Center and the Lucky
Chinatown Mall. It is also dubbed as the shopping mecca of the Philippines where
everything is sold at bargain price. There are almost 1 million shoppers in
Divisoria according to the Manila Police District.[140] Binondo, the oldest
Chinatown in the world,[32] is the city's center of commerce and trade for all
types of businesses run by Filipino-Chinese merchants with a wide variety of
Chinese and Filipino shops and restaurants. Quiapo is referred to as the "Old
Downtown", where tiangges, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores
are common. C.M. Recto Avenue is where lots of department stores are located.

Robinsons Place Manila is the largest shopping mall in the city.[141] The mall was
the second and the largest Robinsons Malls built. SM Supermall operates two
shopping malls in the city which are the SM City Manila and SM City San Lazaro. SM
City Manila is located on the former grounds of YMCA Manila beside the Manila City
Hall in Ermita, while SM City San Lazaro is built on the site of the former San
Lazaro Hippodrome in Sta. Cruz. The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in
Quiapo, which is famed for its revolving restaurant atop, is now the SM Clearance
Center that was established in 1972.[142] The site of the first SM Store is located
at Carlos Palanca Sr. (formerly Echague) Street in San Miguel.

Culture
Museums

The National Museum of Fine Arts.

As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila is the home to a number of
museums. The National Museum Complex of the National Museum of the Philippines,
located in Rizal Park, is composed of the National Museum of Fine Arts, the
National Museum of Anthropology and the National Museum of Natural History. The
famous painting of Juan Luna, the Spoliarium, can be found in the complex. The city
also hosts the repository of the country's printed and recorded cultural heritage
and other literary and information resources, the National Library. Museums
established or run by educational institutions are the Mabini Shrine, the DLS-CSB
Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, UST Museum of Arts and Sciences, and the UP
Museum of a History of Ideas.

The National Museum of Natural History at Agrifina Circle, Rizal Park.

Bahay Tsinoy, one of Manila's most prominent museums, documents the Chinese lives
and contributions in the history of the Philippines. The Intramuros Light and Sound
Museum chronicles the Filipinos desire for freedom during the revolution under
Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The Metropolitan Museum of
Manila is a museum of modern and contemporary visual arts exhibits the Filipino
arts and culture.

Other museums in the city are the Museum of Manila, the city-owned museum that
exhibits the city's culture and history, Museo Pambata, a children's museum and a
place of hands-on discovery and fun learning, the Museum of Philippine Political
History, which exhibits notable political events in the country, and Plaza San
Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that contains a collection of nine Spanish
Bahay na Bat� houses. Ecclesiastical museums in the located in the city are the
Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana, the San Agustin Church Museum
and the upcoming Museo de Intramuros which was housed in the reconstructed San
Ignacio Church and Convent.

Sports

Children playing basketball at the ruins of San Ignacio Church in Intramuros

The Intramuros Golf Club

Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general
the country's main sport is basketball, and most barangays have a basketball court
or at least a makeshift basketball court, with court markings drawn on the streets.
Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every
summer (April to May). Manila has many sports venues, such as the Rizal Memorial
Sports Complex and San Andres Gym, the home of the now defunct Manila Metrostars.
[143] The Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses the Rizal Memorial Track and
Football Stadium, the Baseball Stadium, Tennis Courts, Memorial Coliseum and the
Ninoy Aquino Stadium (the latter two are indoor arenas). The Rizal complex had
hosted several multi-sport events, such as the 1954 Asian Games and the 1934 Far
Eastern Games. Whenever the country hosts the Southeast Asian Games, most of the
events are held at the complex, but in the 2005 Games, most events were held
elsewhere. The 1960 ABC Championship and the 1973 ABC Championship, forerunners of
the FIBA Asia Championship, was hosted by the complex, with the national basketball
team winning on both tournaments. The 1978 FIBA World Championship was held at the
complex although the latter stages were held in the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon
City, Southeast Asia's largest indoor arena at that time.

Manila also hosts several well-known sports facilities such as the Enrique M. Razon
Sports Center and the University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex, both of which are
private venues owned by a university; collegiate sports are also held, with the
University Athletic Association of the Philippines and the National Collegiate
Athletic Association basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy
Aquino Stadium, although basketball events had transferred to San Juan's Filoil
Flying V Arena and the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Other collegiate sports are
still held at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball also used
to play at the city, but the Philippine Basketball Association now holds their
games at Araneta Coliseum and Cuneta Astrodome at Pasay; the now defunct Philippine
Basketball League played some of their games at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.

The Manila Storm are the city's rugby league team training at Rizal Park (Luneta
Park) and playing their matches at Southern Plains Field, Calamba, Laguna.
Previously a widely played sport in the city, Manila is now the home of the only
sizable baseball stadium in the country, at the Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium.
The stadium hosts games of Baseball Philippines; Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth were the
first players to score a home run at the stadium at their tour of the country on
December 2, 1934.[144] Another popular sport in the city are cue sports, and
billiard halls are a feature in most barangays. The 2010 World Cup of Pool was held
at Robinsons Place Manila.[145]

The Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium hosted the first FIFA World Cup
qualifier in decades when the Philippines hosted Sri Lanka in July 2011. The
stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches, had undergone a
major renovation program before the match.[146] The Football Stadium now regularly
hosts matches of the United Football League. The stadium also hosted its first
rugby test when it hosted the 2012 Asian Five Nations Division I tournaments.[147]

Festivities and holidays

Further information: Public holidays in the Philippines

Catholic devotees during the Feast of the Black Nazarene (Traslac�on)

Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Since most of the city's citizens
are Roman Catholics as a result of the Spanish colonization,[148] most of the
festivities are religious in nature. Manila Day, which celebrates the city's
founding on June 24, 1571 by Spanish conquistador Miguel L�pez de Legazpi, was
first proclaimed by Herminio A. Astorga (then Vice Mayor of Manila) on June 24,
1962. It has been annually commemorated under the patronage of John the Baptist,
and has always been declared by the national government as a special non-working
holiday through Presidential Proclamations. Each of the city's 897 barangays also
have their own festivities guided by their own patron saint.

The city is also the host to the Procession of the Feast of the Black Nazarene
(Traslac�on), held every January 9, which draws millions of Catholic devotees.
Other religious festivities held in Manila are the Feast of Santo Ni�o in Tondo and
Pandacan held on the third Sunday of January, the Feast of the Nuestra Se�ora de
los Desamparados de Manila (Our Lady of the Abandoned), the patron saint of Santa
Ana which was held every May 12, and the Flores de Mayo. Non-religious holidays
include the New Year's Day, National Heroes' Day, Bonifacio Day and Rizal Day.

Law and government

Manila City Hall, the seat of city government.

The Malaca�ang Palace is the official residence and office of the President of the
Philippines.

Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros is home to the Philippine Commission on

Elections and Intramuros Administration.

The Supreme Court of the Philippines.

Manila�officially known as the City of Manila�is the national capital of the
Philippines and is classified as a Special City (according to its income)[149][150]
and a Highly Urbanized City (HUC). The mayor is the chief executive, and is
assisted by the vice mayor, the 36-member City Council, six Congressmen, the
President of the Association of Barangay Captains, and the President of the
Sangguniang Kabataan. The members of the City Council are elected as
representatives of specific congressional districts within the city. The city,
however, have no control over Intramuros and the Manila North Harbor. The historic
Walled City is administered by the Intramuros Administration, while the Manila
North Harbor is managed by the Philippine Ports Authority. Both are national
government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places only
oversee the welfare of the city's constituents and cannot exercise their executive
powers.

The current mayor is Joseph Estrada, who served as the President of the Philippines
from 1998 to 2001. He is currently on his second term in serving as the city mayor.
The current vice mayor is Dr. Maria Shielah "Honey" Lacuna-Pangan, daughter of
former Manila Vice Mayor Danny Lacuna. The mayor and the vice mayor are term-
limited by up to 3 terms, with each term lasting for 3 years.

Manila, being the seat of political power of the Philippines, has several national
government offices headquartered at the city. Planning for the development for
being the center of government started during the early years of American
colonization when they envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls of
Intramuros. The strategic location chosen was Bagumbayan, a former town which is
now the Rizal Park to become the center of government and a design commission was
given to Daniel Burnham to create a master plan for the city patterned after
Washington, D.C. These improvements were eventually abandoned under the
Commonwealth Government of Manuel L. Quezon.

A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, or what
is now Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in
Quezon City but several key government offices still reside in Manila. However,
many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during
World War II and by subsequent administrations.

The city, as the capital, still hosts the Office of the President, as well as the
president's official residence. Aside from these, important government agencies and
institutions such as the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas, the Departments of Budget and Management, Finance, Health, Justice,
Labor and Employment and Public Works and Highways still call the city home. Manila
also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library, National
Archives, National Museum and the Philippine General Hospital.

Congress previously held office at the Old Congress Building. In 1972, due to
declaration of martial law, Congress was dissolved; its successor, the unicameral
Batasang Pambansa, held office at the new Batasang Pambansa Complex. When a new
constitution restored the bicameral Congress, the House of Representatives stayed
at the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate remained at the Old Congress
Building. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building it shares with the
Government Service Insurance System at reclaimed land at Pasay. The Supreme Court
will also transfer to its new campus at Bonifacio Global City, Taguig in 2019.[151]

Finance
In the 2016 Annual Financial Report for Local Government published by the
Commission on Audit, it is stated that the City of Manila's total income was ?12.8
billion.[152] It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal
revenue allotment.[153] Tax collection alone accounts for ?8.6 billion out of the
total ?12.8 billion city income in 2016, while the city's total Internal Revenue
Allotment from the National Treasury amounts to ?2.086 billion. Its total asset was
worth ?36.1 billion in 2016.[152] The City of Manila has the highest budget
allocation to healthcare among all the cities and municipalities in the
Philippines. Manila has a total of 14,586 personnel complement by the end of 2015.
[154]

Barangays and Districts

Unofficial Barangay Map of the City of Manila produced by the City Planning and
Development Office

Map of Manila produced by the City Planning and Development Office.

Manila is divided into 6 Congressional Districts as shown in the map.

District Map of Manila that shows its 16 districts.

Manila is made up of 897 barangays,[155] which are grouped into 100 Zones for
statistical convenience. Manila has the most number of barangays in the
Philippines.[156] Attempts at reducing its number have not prospered despite local
legislation�Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996�reducing the number from 897
to 150 by merging existing barangays, because of the failure to hold a plebiscite.
[157]
District I (2015 population: 415,906)[158] covers the western part of Tondo and is
the most densely populated Congressional District. It is the home to one of the
biggest urban poor communities. The Smokey Mountain in Balut Island is once known
as the largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lives in the slums.
After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing buildings were built in
place. This district also contains the Manila North Harbour Centre, the Manila
North Harbor, and the Manila International Container Terminal of the Port of
Manila.
District II (2015 population: 215,457)[158] covers the eastern part of Tondo known
as Gagalangin. It contains Divisoria, a popular shopping place in the Philippines
and the site of the Main Terminal Station of the Philippine National Railways.
District III (2015 population: 221,780)[158] covers Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas
and Santa Cruz. It encompasses the so-called "Downtown Manila" or traditional
business district of the city and the oldest Chinatown in the world.
District IV (2015 population: 265,046)[158] covers Sampaloc and some parts of Santa
Mesa. It contains the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in
Asia.
District V (2015 population: 366,714)[158] covers Ermita, Malate, Paco, Port Area,
Intramuros, San Andres Bukid, and a portion of Santa Ana. The historic Walled City
is located here, along with Manila Cathedral and San Agustin Church, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
District VI (2007 population: 295,245)[158] covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana,
Santa Mesa and a portion of Paco. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century
Santa Ana Church and historic ancestral houses. Polytechnic University of the
Philippines is located here, the most populous university in the Philippines.
Name District Area Population
(2015) Density Barangays
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Binondo 3 0.6611 0.2553 18,040 27,000 70,000 10
Ermita 5 1.5891 0.6136 10,523 6,600 17,000 13
Intramuros 5 0.6726 0.2597 5,935 8,800 23,000 5
Malate 5 2.5958 1.0022 86,196 33,000 85,000 57
Paco 5 & 6 2.7869 1.0760 82,466 30,000 78,000 43
Pandacan 6 1.66 0.64 87,405 53,000 140,000 38
Port Area 5 3.1528 1.2173 66,742 21,000 54,000 5
Quiapo 3 0.8469 0.3270 28,478 34,000 88,000 16
Sampaloc 4 5.1371 1.9834 265,046 52,000 130,000 192
San Andr�s 5 1.6802 0.6487 128,499 76,000 200,000 65
San Miguel 6 0.9137 0.3528 17,464 19,000 49,000 12
San Nicolas 3 1.6385 0.6326 43,069 26,000 67,000 15
Santa Ana 6 1.6942 0.6541 66,656 39,000 100,000 34
Santa Cruz 3 3.0901 1.1931 118,903 38,000 98,000 82
Santa Mesa 6 2.6101 1.0078 110,073 42,000 110,000 51
Tondo 1 & 2 8.6513 3.3403 631,363 73,000 190,000 258
Infrastructure
Transportation
Main articles: Transportation in Metro Manila, Public transport in Manila, and
Major roads in Metro Manila

Jeepney is one of the most popular modes of transportation in Manila

Pureza Station of LRT-2 in Santa Mesa

Blumentritt Station of the LRT-1

One of the more famous modes of transportation in Manila is the jeepney. Patterned
after U.S. Army jeeps, these have been in use since the years immediately following
World War II.[159] The Tamaraw FX, the third generation Toyota Kijang, which
competed directly with jeepneys and followed fixed routes for a set price, once
plied the streets of Manila. All types of public road transport plying Manila are
privately owned and operated under government franchise.

On a for-hire basis, the city is served by numerous taxicabs, "tricycles"

(motorcycles with sidecars, the Philippine version of the auto rickshaw), and
"trisikads" or "sikads", which are also known as "kuligligs" (bicycles with a
sidecars, the Philippine version of pedicabs). In some areas, especially in
Divisoria, motorized pedicabs are popular. Spanish-era horse-drawn calesas are
still a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in the streets of
Binondo and Intramuros. Manila will phase out all gasoline-run tricycles and
pedicabs and replace them with electric tricycles (e-trikes), and plans to
distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers from the city.[160][161]
As of January 2018, the city has already distributed e-trikes to a number of
drivers and operators in Binondo, Ermita, Malate and Santa Cruz.[162]

The city is serviced by the LRT Line 1 and Line 2, which form the Manila Light Rail
Transit System. Development of the railway system began in the 1970s under the
presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when Line 1 was built, making it the first light
rail transport in Southeast Asia. These systems are currently undergoing a
multibillion-dollar expansion.[163] Line 1 runs along the length of Taft Avenue
(N170/R-2) and Rizal Avenue (N150/R-9), and Line 2 runs along Claro M. Recto Avenue
(N145/C-1) and Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard (N180/R-6) from Santa Cruz, through Quezon
City, up to Masinag in Antipolo, Rizal.

The main terminal of the Philippine National Railways lies within the city. One
commuter railway within Metro Manila is in operation. The line runs in a general
north-south direction from Tutuban (Tondo) toward the province of Laguna. The Port
of Manila, located at the western section of the city at the vicinity of Manila
Bay, is the chief seaport of the Philippines. The Pasig River Ferry Service which
runs on the Pasig River is another form of transportation. The city is also served
by the Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Clark International Airport.

In 2006, Forbes magazine ranked Manila the world's most congested city. According
to Waze's 2015 "Global Driver Satisfaction Index", Manila is the town with the
worst traffic worldwide.[164] Manila is notorious for its frequent traffic jams and
high densities.[165] The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate
the traffic in the city. Some of the projects include: the proposed construction of
a new viaduct or underpass at the intersection of Espa�a Boulevard and Lacson
Avenue,[166] the construction of the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3, the proposed LRT
Line 2 West Extension Project from Recto Avenue to Pier 4 of the Manila North
Harbor,[167] the proposed construction of the PNR East-West line which will run
through Espa�a Boulevard up to Quezon City, and the expansion and widening of
several national and local roads. However, such projects have yet to make any
meaningful impact, and the traffic jams and congestion continue unabated.[168]

The Metro Manila Dream Plan seeks to address these urban transport problems. It
consists of a list of short term priority projects and medium to long term
infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030.[169][170]

Utilities
Water and electricity
Water services used to be provided by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
System, which served 30% of the city with most other sewage being directly dumped
into storm drains, septic tanks, or open canals.[171] MWSS was privatized in 1997,
which split the water concession into the east and west zones. The Maynilad Water
Services took over the west zone of which Manila is a part. It now provides the
supply and delivery of potable water and sewerage system in Manila,[172] but it
does not provide service to the southeastern part of the city which belongs to the
east zone that is served by Manila Water. Electric services are provided by
Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.

Healthcare
See also: List of hospitals in Metro Manila

The Philippine General Hospital, the largest medical center and the national
referral center for health in the Philippines.
The Manila Health Department is responsible for the planning and implementation of
the health care programs provided by the city government. It operates 59 health
centers and six city-run hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's
constituents. The six public city-run hospitals are the Ospital ng Maynila Medical
Center, Ospital ng Sampaloc, Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center, Ospital
ng Tondo, Sta. Ana Hospital, and Justice Jose Abad Santos General Hospital.[173]
Manila is also the site of the Philippine General Hospital, the tertiary state-
owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines
Manila. The city is also planning to put up an education, research and hospital
facility for cleft-palate patients.[174][175]

Manila's healthcare is also provided by private corporations. Private hospitals

that operates in the city are the Manila Doctors Hospital, Chinese General Hospital
and Medical Center, Dr. Jos� R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Metropolitan Medical
Center, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, and the University of Santo Tomas Hospital.

The Department of Health has its main office in Manila. The national health
department also operates the San Lazaro Hospital, a special referral tertiary
hospital. Manila is also the home to the headquarters of the World Health
Organization's Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Country Office for the
Philippines.

The city has free immunization programs for children, specifically targeted against
the seven major diseases � smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, whooping
cough, polio, and measles. As of 2016, a total of 31,115 children age one and below
has been �fully immunized�.[176] The Manila Dialysis Center that provides free
services for the poor has been cited by the United Nations Committee on Innovation,
Competitiveness and Public-Private Partnerships as a model for public-private
partnership (PPP) projects.[177][178]

Education
Main articles: List of universities and colleges in Manila and Division of City
Schools�Manila

De La Salle University is a Lasallian educational institution established in 1911.

The campus of the University of the City of Manila and Baluarte de San Diego in
Intramuros.

The University of Santo Tomas is the oldest existing university in Asia,

established in 1611.
The center of education since the colonial period, Manila � particularly Intramuros
� is home to several Philippine universities and colleges as well as its oldest
ones. It served as the home of the University of Santo Tomas (1611), Colegio de San
Juan de Letran (1620), Ateneo de Manila University (1859), Lyceum of the
Philippines University and the Mapua Institute of Technology. Only Colegio de San
Juan de Letran (1620) remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas
transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for
Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in
1952.

The University of the City of Manila (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila) located at

Intramuros, and Universidad de Manila located just outside the walled city, are
both owned and operated by the Manila city government.

The University of the Philippines (1908), the premier state university, was
established in Ermita, Manila. It moved its central administrative offices from
Manila to Diliman in 1949 and eventually made the original campus the University of
the Philippines Manila - the oldest of the constituent universities of the
University of the Philippines System and the center of health sciences education in
the country.[179] The city is also the site of the main campus of the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines, the largest university in the country in terms of
student population.[180]

The University Belt refers to the area where there is a high concentration or a
cluster of colleges and universities in the city and it is commonly understood as
the one where the San Miguel, Quiapo and Sampaloc districts meet. Generally, it
includes the western end of Espa�a Boulevard, Nicanor Reyes St. (formerly Morayta
St.), the eastern end of Claro M. Recto Avenue (formerly Azcarraga), Legarda
Avenue, Mendiola Street, and the different side streets. Each of the colleges and
universities found here are at a short walking distance of each other. Another
cluster of colleges lies along the southern bank of the Pasig River, mostly at the
Intramuros and Ermita districts, and still a smaller cluster is found at the
southernmost part of Malate near the city limits such as the private co-educational
institution of De La Salle University, the largest of all De La Salle University
System of schools.

The Division of the City Schools of Manila, a branch of the Department of

Education, refers to the city's three-tier public education system. It governs the
71 public elementary schools, 32 public high schools.[181] The city also contains
the Manila Science High School, the pilot science high school of the Philippines.

Sister cities
See also: List of sister cities in the Philippines
Asia Pacific
Kazakhstan Astana, Kazakhstan[182]
Philippines Bacoor, Philippines[183]
Thailand Bangkok, Thailand[184]
China Beijing, China[185][186]
East Timor Dili, East Timor[187]
China Guangzhou, China[186]
Israel Haifa, Israel[188]
Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[189]
South Korea Incheon, South Korea[190]
Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia[191]
Japan Nantan, Kyoto, Japan[192]
Japan Osaka, Japan (Business Partner)[193]
Northern Mariana Islands Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands[194]
China Shanghai, China[195]
Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan[196]
Japan Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan[197][198]
Japan Yokohama, Japan[198][199]
Europe
Romania Bucharest, Romania[182]
Spain Madrid, Spain[200]
Spain M�laga, Spain[182]
Russia Moscow, Russia[182]
France Nice, France[201]
Americas
Mexico Acapulco, Mexico[202]
Colombia Cartagena, Colombia[182]
Cuba Havana, Cuba[182]
United States Honolulu, Hawaii, United States[203][204]
Peru Lima, Peru[182]
United States Maui County, Hawaii, United States[204]
Mexico Mexico City, Mexico
Uruguay Montevideo, Uruguay[205]
Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada[206]
United States New York City, New York, United States (Global Partner)[207]
Panama Panama City, Panama[208]
United States Sacramento, California, United States[204]
United States San Francisco, California, United States[204]
Chile Santiago, Chile[182]
Canada Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada[209]
International relations
Consulates
Country Type Ref.
Canada Consular agency [210]
United States Consular agency [211]
The Russian Federation Honorary consul [212]
Finland Honorary consul [213]
France Honorary consul [214]
Philippines Honorary consul [215]
Poland Honorary consul [216]
Spain Honorary consul [217]
United Kingdom Honorary consul [218]
Pending transboundary nominations

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Memorial at Plaza Mexico in Intramuros.

In 2014, the idea to nominate the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Route was initiated
by the Mexican ambassador to UNESCO with the Filipino ambassador to UNESCO. An
Experts' Roundtable Meeting was held at the University of Santo Tomas on April 23,
2015 as part of the preparation of the Philippines for the possible transnational
nomination of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Route to the World Heritage List.
The nomination will be made jointly with Mexico.

The following are the experts and the topics they discussed during the roundtable
meeting: Dr. Celestina Boncan on the Tornaviaje; Dr. Mary Jane A. Bolunia on
Shipyards in the Bicol Region; Mr. Sheldon Clyde Jago-on, Bobby Orillaneda, and
Ligaya Lacsina on Underwater Archaeology; Dr. Leovino Garcia on Maps and
Cartography; Fr. Rene Javellana, S.J. on Fortifications in the Philippines; Felice
Sta. Maria on Food; Dr. Fernando Zialcita on Textile; and Regalado Trota Jose on
Historical Dimension. The papers presented and discussed during the roundtable
meeting will be synthesized into a working document to establish the route's
Outstanding Universal Value.[219]

The Mexican side reiterated that they will also follow suit with the preparations
for the route's nomination. Spain has also backed the nomination of the Manila-
Acapulco Trade Route Route in the UNESCO World Heritage List and has also suggested
the Archives of the Manila-Acapulco Galleons to be nominated as part of a separate
UNESCO list, the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.[220]

Type (criteria) Site Location Description Image Ref

Mixed The Historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Route Philippines and Mexico

White represents the route of the Manila Galleons in the Pacific

[219]
See also
Manila � Wikipedia book
Cities of the Philippines
Greater Manila Area
Imperial Manila
Rajahnate of Maynila
List of cities in the Philippines
Mega Manila
List of people from Manila
SM Mall of Asia
Terra.pngGeography portal Asia (orthographic projection).svgAsia portal Flag of the
Philippines.svgPhilippines portal Ph seal ncr manila.pngManila portal
Notes
The city limits was at Vicente Sotto Street. The rest of the place south of the
street belongs to Pasay. Buildings and structures in CCP that falls under the
jurisdiction of Manila includes the National Theater.
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