1.

The waste acid from a nitrating process contains 23% HNO 3, 57%H2SO4 and 20% water by
weight. This acid is to be concentrated to contain 27% HNO3 and 60% H 2SO4 by the addition
of concentrated sulfuric acid containing 93% H2SO4 and concentrated nitric acid containing
90% HNO3. Calculate the weight of waste acid acid that must be combined to obtain 1000
lb of desired mixture .
a.) b.) 390 c)192 d.) no answer

Given:
Waste Acid : WA (23% HNO3, 57%H2SO4 and 20% water)
Concentrated Acid : 100lb (27% HNO3, 60% H2SO4 and 3% water)
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid : CSA (93% H2SO4 and 7% water)
Concentrated Nitric Acid : CAN (90% HNO3 and 10 % water)

Required: Weight of waste acid

Solution :

Total Material Balance :

WA + CSA + CNA = CA
WA + CSA + CNA = 1000 (eq. 1)
Component Material Balance (HNO3)
0.23WA + 0.90 CNA= 0.27 (1000) (eq.2)
Component Material Balance (H2SO4)
0.57WA + 0.93 CSA= 0.60 (1000) (eq.3)
WA = 417 lb
CSA= 390 lb
CNA= 193 lb

2.) A solution of Sodium chloride in water is saturate at temperature 15 °C. Calculate the weight
of sodium that can be dissolved by 100 lb of this solution if it is heated to a temperature of 65 °C.
a.) 110lb b.) 17lb c.) 4.2lb

Given :
T1 = 15°C
100 lb solution @65 °C
Required: Amount Dissolve
Solution:
From handbook solubity:
15°C = 35.805lb salt/100lb water
65°C = 37.25lb salt/100lb water
10𝑙𝑏𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Amount of water = 100𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × = 73.625 lb water; 26.365 lb salt
10𝑙𝑏𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+35.805𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
37.25𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
Amount of salt at 65°C = 73.635𝑙𝑏𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × =27.429 lb salt
100𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Amount dissolve = 27.429-26.265=1.164 lb

3.) A solution of sodium nitrate in water at a temperature of 40°C contains 49% sodium nitrate by
weight. Calculate the weight of sodium nitrate that may be crystallized from 1000lb of this

19
solution by reducing the temperature to 10 °C. Solubility of sodium nitrate at 10 °C is 44.5% by
weight.

b.) 36lb c.) 103lb d.) 55lb

Given:
T1=40°C
49%
1000lb solution
T2 = 10°C with solubility at 44.5%
Required: amount sodium nitrate
Solution:
M+C= 100
0.445M + C = 0.49*100
M=18.9189lb
C=81.0811lb

4.) Humid air at at temperature 600°F and a total pressure of 1 atm passed through a humidifier
at a rate of 1000 ft3 / min. If the partial pressure of water vapor air is reduced from 45 mmHg to
10 mmHg. How many Pounds of water is removed per hour?
a.) 1.09 b.) 82.6 c.) 76.3

Given:
Temperature : 600°F
Pressure : 1atm
Rate : 1000 ft3 / min
P1: 45 mmHg
P2: 10 mmHg
Required: Weight of water Removed
Solution:
45 18
𝐻1 = × = 0.0391lb DA/ lb water
760−45 29
10 18
𝐻2 = × = 0.0083 lb DA/ lb water
760−10 29
𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑥𝑓𝑡 3
1 . 0391lbDA/lb water 0.7302 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑅 × 1060𝑅
𝜐=( + ) = 28.3714𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑙𝑏
29 18 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
1 + 0.0391lb DA/ lb water
𝜌= = 0.0366𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
28.3714𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑙𝑏
𝜖 = 0.0366 ∗ 1000 ∗ (0.0396 − 0.0084) ∗ 60 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒍𝒃/𝒉𝒓

5.) A solution of potassium dichromate in water contains 13% potassium dichromate by weight.
640 lb of water from 1000 lb of this solution. If the remaining solution is cooled to 20 °C, calculate
the amount of potassium dichromate(in lb) crystals produced.
a.) 97.4 c.) 127.5 d.)360

Given:

20
13% by weight
640 lb of water/1000lb solution
T=20°C
Required: amount of crystals
Solution:
Dissolved= (1000*0.87)-640= 230*(12/100) = 27.6
Crystals = 130-27.6 =102.4 lb

6.) One hundred moles per hour of butane and 5000 moles per hour air are fed into a
combustion reactor. Calculate the percent excess air.
a.) 42.6 % b.) 55.4% d.) 73.8%

Given:
Moles/hr(butane)= 100
Moles/hr (air)=5000
Required: % excess air
Solution:
C4H10 + (13/2)02 -> 4CO2 + 5H2O
Theoretical O2= 100*(13/2/1)= 650 moles
Supplied O2=5000*(21/100)= 1050 moles
%excess= (1050-650)/650=61.54%

7. A single effect evaporator is used to concentrate 7 kg/s of solution from 10% to 50% of solids.
The feed enters the evaporator at 294 K and its specific heat 3.76 kJ/kg-K. Steam is available at
205 kN/m2 and evaporation takes place at 13.5 kN/m 2. The specific heat of the thick liquor is 3.14
kJ/kg-K. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 3kW/m2-K. The condensate leaves the heating
space at 352.7 K. Calculate the amount of steam used in kg/s.
a.) 3.9 b.) 4.7 c.) 5.2

Given:
Mass liquid = 7 kg/s
Cp liquid = 3.76
T1 = 294
T2= 357.2
Required: mass of steam
Solution
352.7−294
ms=7𝑘𝑔/𝑠 × 3.76kJ/kg − K × =6.5 kg/s
2185.5kJ/kg

8. Based from the preceding problem, estimate the heating surface required in m2
a.) 38 b.) 52 c.) 60

Given: the same as number 7

Solution:
6.5𝑘𝑔
𝑥2185.56 kJ/kg
A=3kW𝑠 = 69
−Kx ∗(352.7−294)
m2

21
9. The ideal, reversible Carnot cycle involves four basic processes. What type of processes are
they?
a.) 2 adiabatic, 2 isobaric

c.) 2 isentropic, 2 isobaric

d.) 2 isentropic, 2 isothermal

Explanation: Carnot cycle is compose of reversible Isothermal expansion (1-2), reversible

Adiabatic expansion (2-3), reversible Isothermal compression (3-4), reversible Adiabatic
compression (4-1)
Thermodynamics 2 Handout (Reversible and Irreversible)

10. A natural gas contains 85% methane and 15% ethane by volume. Calculate the higher
heating value of this fuel in kJ/g from the standard heats of combustion of methane and ethane
given below:
Methane: ΔH°C= -802kJ/mol
Ethane: ΔH°C= -1428kJ/mol
Water: ΔH°C= -44.013kJ/mol

a.) 74.3kJ b.) 54.7 kJ c d.) 34.6 kJ

Given:
85% methane and 15% ethane
Required: HHV
Solution:
Mass of methane per 1 mole of fuel = .85 *18 = 13.6g
Mass of ethane per 1 mole of fuel= .15*30= 4.5g
Total mass of fuel = 18.1g
13.6 802𝑥2𝑥 44.013 4.5 1428+3𝑥44.013
HHV = ( + )+( + )= 54.7 kJ/g
18.1 16 18.1 30

11. Hydraulis radius of a 4 ft equilateral triangle channel below is

4ft

22
a.) b.) 0.54 ft c.) 0.31 ft d.) no answer
Given: 4 ft equilateral
Required: Hydraulic Radius (Rh)
Solution:
1
𝑥(1+4)𝑥√9−1.52
Rh= area/perimeter=2 = 0.59 ft
1+3+3+4

12. A wooden cube that is 15 centimeter on each side with a specific weight of 6300N/m 3 is
floating in fresh water (γ= 9810 N/m3). What is the fepth of the cube below the surface?

a.) 8.75cm b.) 9.12 cm d.) 1012cm

Given:
γwater = 9810 N/m3
γcube = 6300 N/m3
side= 15 cm
Required: Depth of the cube
Solution:
Depth= (6300 N/m3/9810 N/m3)* 15cm= 9.63cm

13.)A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m 3 /s having top diameter 0.08m,
bottom diameter 0.04m and height 1.5m. Find the pressure between the top and bottom of the
pipe.

a. 94 Kpa c. 124 Kpa d. 134 Kpa

Given:
Q= 0.02 m3 /s
Db= 0.08m
Dt= 0.04m
Height= 1.5m
Required: Pressure at the bottom
Solution:
(101325-Pb)/1000+ ((2*-1.5)/1) *9.81)+(0.02/(At-Ab)/2)=0; Pb = 101 kpa

14. A pressure tank contains a fluid with weight density 81.5 lbf/ft3 . The pressure in the air space
is 100 psia. Fluid exits to the atmosphere from the bottom of the tank. What is the exit velocity?
The distance from the surfaceof the fluid to the exit point is 10 feet.
b.) 106.6 ft/s c.) 25.4 ft/s d.) 98.5 ft/s

Given:
weight density 81.5 lbf/ft3
P= 100psia
L= 10feet
Required: Exit Velocity
Solution:

23
V= (2*32,174*(100-14.7)*144/(81.5)+10)1/2= 101.7 ft/sec

15. A 60-cm water pipe carries a flow of 0.1m3/s. At point A the elevation is 50 meters and the
pressure is 200 kPa. At point b, 1200 meters downstream of a, the eleveation is 40 meters and the
pressure is 230 kPa. The head loss, in feet, between A and B is

a.) 6.94 b.) 15.10 d.) 100.2

16 A Hose shoots water straight up for a distance of 2.5m. The end opening on the hose has an
area of .75cm2. How much water comes out in 1 minute?
a.) 13.5 L c.) 41.5 L d.) 130.5L

Given:
L= 2.5m
Area= 0.75cm 2
Required: Amount of water removed
Solution:
𝑉𝑖 2 1 𝑉𝑖 2
2.5 = − 𝑥 9.81𝑥 ; Vi= 700cm/s
9.81 2 9.81
Q= (700* 0.75)= 525 cm3/s
Volume of water = 525 * 60= 31.5 cm3 = 31.5 L

17.) Water flows through a horizontal coil heated by steam condensing on the outside. If the inlet
pressure and temperature are 2 atm and 160 °F and at the exit 1 atm and 220 °F, calculate the
heat added (Btu) to the coil per pound mass of water. The entering velocity is 5 ft/s and the
leaving is 500 ft/s. Data: H!=127.9 Btu/lb and H2=1154.4 Btu/lb
a.) 1277 b.01042 d.) 1022

18. The air supplied at the rate of 1200 cfm to refrigerated coil, has a relative humidity of 20%
and dry bulb temperature of 150°F. The mass flow rate of dry air entering per minute is
a.)74 c.)250 d.)260

Given:
Flowrate of wet air: 1200cfm
RH: 20%
Tempdry = 150°F (65.56°C)
Required: Mass flowrate of dry air
Solution:
1730.630
VP =108.07131−233.426+65.56 =191.86*.2=38.37mmhg
38.37 18
H= 𝑥 =0.0330 lbDA/lb water
760−38.37 29
. 0331lbDA 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑥𝑓𝑡 3
1 water 0.7302 × 610𝑅
𝜐=( + lb ) 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑅 = 16.18𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑙𝑏
29 18 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
1+0.0331lb DA/ lb water
𝜌= 3 = 0.0638 lb/ ft3
16.18𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏
m= 1200*0.0638=76.56 lb/min

24
19. the total capital investment for a chemical plant is USD 1.5 million. Working capital is USD
180000. The plant can produce 28205 lb of a product per day during a 360 days/yr operating.
The selling price ($/ton) of te product required to give turn over ratio 1 is
a.)275 b.)245 c.) 250
Given:
TCI= $1.5 Million
WC= $180000
Capacity = 28205 lb/day
Operating days :360d/yr
TOR= 1
Required: Selling Price
Solution:
1= (28205*360*X*1/2000)/(1500000-180000)
X= $260/ton

20. A reactor wit a negligible scrap value costs P 1.1 million and will have useful life of 6 years.
Another reactor B wit equivalent capacity is priced at P1.8 million but wit a useful life of 10 years
and a scrap value of P200000. Assuming an effective compound interest rate of 6 percent per
year and that the replacement cost of each reactor is the same as that of the original reactor.
Which reactor will you choose ?
b.) B c.) reactors are equivalent d.) no answer
Given:
Reactor A
Cost= P1.1 Million
N=6 years
Reactor B
Cost = P 1.8 Million
Salvage Value = 200000
N=10 Years
Interest = 6
Cost = Cost of replacement
Required: Which is better?
Solution:
CCA= 1.1 +(1.1/((1+.06)6-1))= P 3.72 Million
CCB= 1.8+ ((1.8-.2)/((1.06)10-1))= P3.82 Million
CCA<CCB therefore choose A

21. 700kg/h of Halibut livers containing 35% oil is extracted wit 570 kg/h of pure ether. The
extracted livers are analyzed and is found to contain 1.22% oil, 32.76% ether and 66.02% oil-free
livers. Determine the composition of the extract.

a.) 34% oi., 66% ether

c.) 1.22% oil,32.7 eter,66% oil-free livers

d.) 14.7 % oil, 85.3% ether

25
 Given:
Mass of Halibut Livers = 700 kg/h (35% oil)
Mass of Solvent = 570 kg/h ( pure ether)
Extract = 1.22% oil; 32.76% ether; 66.02% oil-free liver
Required: Composition of extract
Solution:
Mass of solid extract = (700 *.65)/.6602= 689.19 kg
Mass of oil in solid extract = 689.19* .0122= 8.41 kg
Mass of solvent in solid extract= 689.19* .3276=225.28
Mass of oil in extract = (700*.35)-8.41 = 236.59kg
Mass of solvent in extract = 510 – 225.28=284.72 kg
Mass Percentage
Oil 236.59 45
Ether 284.72 55
Total 521.31 100

22. Based from the preceding problem, determine the percentage recovery of the oil.
a.) 92% b.) 94% d.)98%
Given: Same as 21
Required: % Recovery
Solution:
% recovery= (236.59/(700*.35))*100= 96%
23. The compression ratio of an ideal air Otto cycle is 6:1. P1 is 14.7 psia, T1 is 68ᵒF. Find the
pressure and temperature at state 2
a.) 180.6 psia,139ᵒF

c.) 180.6 psig, 139ᵒF

d.) 180.6 psig, 1081ᵒR

Given:
r = 6/1
P= 14.7 psia
T1 = 68ᵒF
Required: T and P for state 2
Solution:
T2 = (68+460)/(1/6)1.4-1=1081.12 R
(1081.12/(68+460))= (P2/14.7)(1.4-1)/1.4 ; P2 = 180.6 psia

24. In rankine cycle, state 3 is saturated steam at 200 psia. Assuming that the turbine is isentropic
and the pressure at State 4 is 14.7 psia, find the enthalphy (Btu/lb) at state 4 .
a.) 1199.3 b.) 1150.5 c.) 1008.8

Given:
State 3:
P= 200psia

26
Saturated
State 4
P= 14.7 psia
Required: Enthalpy at 4
Solution:
Entropy at state 3 (table 2-305)= 2.2830 kJ.kg*K= Entropy at state 4
Entropy of liquid state4 = 1.3043 kJ/kg*K
Entropy of vapor state4 = 7.3648 kJ/kg*K
2.2830= XV*7.3648 + (1-XV) * 1.3043; XV= 0.1615
Enthalpy of liquid state4 = 418.1244 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of vapor state4 = 2677.2453 kJ/kg

Enthalpy at state 4 = 0.1615*2677.2453 +(1-0.1615)*418.1244= 782.9724

25. An engine burns a liter fuel each 12 minutes. The fuel as a specific gravity of 0.8 and heating
value of 45 MJ/kg. The engine has an efficiency of 25%. What is the break horsepower of the
engine?
a.) 12.5 hp c.)20.9hp d.)50hp

Given :
Capacity = 1 L/ 12 min
SG = 0.8
HV = 45 MJ/kg
Η= 25 %
Required : BHP
Solution:
45𝑥106 𝑥800𝑥0.25
BHP= =16.8hP
12𝑥1000𝑥745.7

26. The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4ᵒC by removing heat from it at a
rate of 360 kJ/min. If te required power input to the refrigerator is 2kW, determine the
performance of the refrigerator.
a.) 0.25 c.) 3 d.) 4

Given:
Tref= 4ᵒC
Qc = 360 kJ/min
Work = 2Kw
Required: COP
Solution:
COP =(2kW/ (360/60))= 0.33

27.) Base from the preceding problem, determine the rate of heat discharge (in kJ/min) to the
room that houses the refrigerator
a.) 160 b.) 240 c.) 360

27
Given:
Same as number 26
Required: Qh
Solution:
Qh = ( 2+(360/6))= 8kW* 60= 480 kJ/min

28.) A 100 m3 tank cost $3040 in 1992. Estimate the 2004 cost of a tank 300m3 tank, if the
exponent for a 300m3 tank is 0.9
a.)$1350 c.) $7009 d.) $9745

Given:
Tank A(1992)
Volume = 100 m3
Cost= $ 3040
Tank B (2004)
Volume = 300 m3
N = 0.9
Required: Cost 2004
Solution :
Cost = (300/100)0.6 * (943.1/1102.5)-0.9* 3040 = $6764

29.) A steam turbine wit a rated capacity of 56000kW operates wit steam at inlet conditions of
8600kPa and 500ᵒC and discharges into a condenser at a pressure of 10kPa. Assuming turbine
efficiency of 0.75, wat is the quality of the steam at the discharge?
a. ) 0.75 c.) 0.85 d.) 0.90

Given:
State 1: P=8600 kPa: T= 500ᵒC
State 2 : P = 10kPa
η= 0.75
W = 56000kW
Required: Quality of steam at discharge
Solution:
H1=3,391.6 kJ kg-1
S1=6.6858 kJ kg-1K-1
S’1=S2=6.6858
6.6858 = 0.6493 + x’2 (8.1511-0.6493); x’2=0.8047

30. Based from the preceeding problem, deter,mine the mass flowrate of the steam in kg/s.
a.) 20 b.) 45 d.) 78

Given: Same as number 30

Required: Mass flowrate
Solution:

28
H’2 = 191.8 + (0.8047)(2,584.8-191.8) = 2,117.4 kJ kg-1
(ΔH)S = H’2 - H1 = 2,117.4 – 3,391.6 = -1,274.2 kJ kg-1
ΔH = η (ΔH)S = (0.75)(-1,274.2) = -955.6 kJ kg-1
H2 = H1 + ΔH = 3,391.6 – 955.6 = 2,436.0 kJ kg-1
2,436.0 = 191.8 + x2(2,584.8-191.8)
WS = -56,400 = m (2,436.0 – 3,391.6)
m = 59.02 kg s-1

31. For the reaction, H2(g) + Br2(g) -> 2HBr(g), the reaction , rate=k[H2][Br2]1/2, which statement is
true?

b.) Molecularity of the reaction is3/2

c.) The unit of k is sec-1
d.) Molecularity of reaction is 2

Explanation: The order or an elementary reaction is equal to the coefficients of the reactants
(Kinetics handout)

32. A liquid passed reaction A+ B -> P at 20 ᵒC , suppose 40% conversion of A is is desired in

steady state operation. The pseudo-first order wit respect to A wit ka= 0.0257/h at 20ᵒC. The total
volumetric flowrate is 1.8 m3h/. Determine the CSTR vessel volume required if for safety, it can be
filled to 75% capacity.
a.)25.1 m3 b.) 47.5 m3 d.) 74.8 m3

Given:
T= 20 ᵒC
Xa=40%
Ka= 0.0257/h
F=1.8 m3/h
Capacity 75%
Required: Volume
Solution:
1.8 m3/h 0.4
Volume = 0.0257 𝑥 = 62.3 m3
0.75 1−0.4
hx

33.Fogging is a result of a condition where by the gas becomes

a.) saturated wit vapor
b.) Liquid due to cooling
c.) Unsaturated with vapor

Explanation: fog is made up of condensed water droplets which are the result of the air being
cooled to the point (actually, the dewpoint) where it can no longer hold all of the water vapor it
contains. (Environmental Engineering Handout)

29
 34. Given an induced-draft cooling tower wit the following operating data:
Hot water temperature 100ᵒF
Cold water temperature 70ᵒF
Wet bulb temperature 65ᵒF
Water flow rate 1000gpm
What area of tower is required?
a.)476 ft2 b.) 545 ft2 c.) 572 ft2 d.) 650 ft2
35. Based from the preceeding problem, what is the fan horsepower requirement assuming 100%
tower performance?
a.) 15 c.) 30 d.)41

36. Calculate the time taken for the distant face of a brick wall, of thermal diffusivity D h
0.0043cm2/s and thickness = 0.45 m, to rise from 295 to 375 K, if the whole wall is initially at a
constant temperature of 295 K an the near face is suddenly raised to 900K and maintained at
this temperature. Assume that all the flow of heat is perpendicular to the faces of the wall and
tat the distant face is perfectly insulated.
a.) 5.6 h b.) 8.3 h c.) 14.8h

Given:
Dh 0.0043cm2/s
T = 0.45m
T1 = 295K
T2 = 375K
TW= 900 K
Required: time
Solution:
346t-0.5= 1.30;t = 70 840s= 19.7h

37. A continuous type of signal

b.) Pneumatic Signal

c.) Digital Signal
d.) Electric Signal

Explanation: In an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies
continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which
the continuous quantity is a representation of a sequence of discrete values which can only
take on one of a finite number of values.( https://www.chegg.com/homework-
help/definitions/continuous-and-discrete-signals-4)

38. What is the average overall coefficient (Btu/h-ft2-ᵒF) of a SS jacketed vessel where steam
flows at the jacket and heavy oil in the vessel?
a.) 20 c.) 40 d.) 50

Solution:

30
Table (11-27) PCEH
(10+50)/2=30

39. Minor disturbance are controlled by the

b.) master controller

c.) sensor
d.) transducer

40. An ideal mixture of A and B is to be distilled continuously. If the relative volatility is constant at
1.75 and feed is saturated liquid with 50 mol% A, feed rate is 200lbmols/h. Distillate composition
of 90% A and bottoms composition of 10% A. Find the minimum number of stages.
a.) 4.5 b.) 5.8 c.) 6.8

Given:
α= 1.75
Rate = 200lbmols/h
Xf= 0.50
Xd= 0.90
Xb= 0.10
Required: Nmin
Solution :
Nmin = log ((0.9*(1-0.1))/(0.1*(1-0.9))/log(1.75)=7.85

41. A plate and frame filter press is used to filter a certain sludge for 2 hours at constan pressure.
Washing is done by using 10% of te filtrate volume collected. The time of washing is
a.) 100min c.) 1.6 min d.) 100 hours

42. Main parameter in discrete settling.

b.) Depth of tank

c.) Overflow rate
d.) Surface area

Explanation : In an ideal rectangular sedimentation tank, in the settling zone, the critical particle
enters at the top of the settling zone, and the settle velocity would be the smallest value to
reach the sludge zone, and at the end of outlet zone, the velocity component of this critical
particle are Vs, the settling velocity in vertical direction and Vh in horizontal direction.( Unit
Operations 2)

43. Very fine suspended and colloidal impurities are removed by

a.) Softening

c.) Disinfection
d.) Sedimentation

31
Explanation : Coagulation and flocculation are well-known techniques within wastewater
treatment. They are typically used for treatment of wastewater containing colloids (suspended
particles) and metal ions.( Industrial waste Handout)

44.) Characterize by particles that flocculate during sedimentation.

a.) Type I settling

c.) Tape III settling

d.) Type IV settling

Explanation : Type 2 sedimentation is characterized by particles that flocculate

during sedimentation and because of this the particle size is constantly changing and therefore
their settling velocity keeps changing. ( Unit op 2 Handout)

45.) An arrangement of physical components connected or regulated in such a manner as to

command, direct or regulate itself or another.

b.) unit process

c.) stimulus
d.) unit operation

Explanation: A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages,

commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire
results. In other words the definition of control system can be rewritten as A control system is
asystem, which controls other system. (https://www.electrical4u.com/control-system-closed-
loop-open-loop-control-system/)

46.) Level meters generally follow what principle?

a.) Dalton’s Law
b.) Clausius Clayperon

d.) Arcimedes principle

Explanation: The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of

energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. PCEH(8-58)

47. The primary objective of a cascade control is

b.) distrivute the process control

c.) multitasking of control
d.) organize process

Explanation: Applications with two or more capacities (such as heated jackets) are inherently
difficult to control with a single control loop due to large overshoots and unacceptable lags. The
solution is a cascade of two or more control loops, each with its own input, in series forming a
single regulating device. PCEH( 8-24)

32
48.) It represents the total mass transferred to mass transferred by molecular diffusion

b.) Schmidt number

c.) Reynolds number
d.) Nusselt number

Explanation: Sherwood number = ( kRTd(*Total mass transfer*)/Dρ (*molecular diffusion*))

PCEH(5-47)

49. The fick’s law of Diffusion gives the rate of diffusion based on _______ driving force.
a.) pressure
b.) concentration
c.) temperature
d.) all of these

Explanation: Fick’s law relates flux of a component to its composition gradient. PCEH(5-45)

50. The first part of falling rate period corresponds to

a.) saturated surface drying

c.) equilibrium moisture drying

d.) critical moisture drying

Explanation : First falling rate represent conditions where the surface is no longer capable of
supplying sufficient free moisture to saturate the air in contact with it. Under these conditions, the
rate of drying depends very much on the mechanism by which the moisture from inside the
material is transferred to the surface.
(http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/uobColeges/ad_downloads/4_13474_558.pdf)

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