Elasticity

ELASTICITY Prof.
Patil Umesh Prabhakar
Que 1) Define 1) Elasticity.

2) Plasticity.
3) Rigidity.
4) Deforming force.
5) Restoring force.
Answer:
1) Elasticity
The property on account of which a body regains its original size and shape on removal of
external deforming force is called as elasticity.
For example, Steel, Brass, Rubber, Copper, Quartz.

___________________________________________________________________________
2) Plasticity
The property on account of which a body does not regains its original size and shape on
removal of external deforming force is called as plasticity.
For example, Mud, Clay, Wax, Dough, Putty, Plasticine, Chalk, etc.
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Rigidity
The property on account of which a body does not change its original size and shape on the
application of large amount of external deforming force is called as rigidity.
For example, Stone, Hard Steel, Rock etc.

___________________________________________________________________________
4) Deforming force
The external force applied on elastic body which is responsible to change size and shape of
the original body is called as deforming force.
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Restoring force
The internal force set up in the body which is responsible to restore original size and shape
of deformed body is called as restoring force.
. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

1
ELASTICITY Prof. Patil Umesh Prabhakar
Que 2) Define Stress and State its S.I. units.

Answer:
Stress: The ratio of internal restoring force per unit cross sectional area of a body is called
as stress.
Internal restoring force
Stress =
Cross sectional area
This formula cannot be used for calculation because; it is impossible find the internal
restoring force. Therefore at equilibrium, the magnitude of
Internal restoring force = Applied deforming force.
Applied force
Stress =
Area
F
Stress =
A
S.I. unit of stress is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.
C.G.S. unit of stress is dyne/cm2.
The dimension of stress is [L-1M1T-2]
Que 3) Define Strain.

Answer:
Strain: The ratio of change in dimension to unit original dimension of body is called as
strain.
Change in dimension
Stress =
Original dimension
Since strain is the ratio of two similar quantities,

So it has no unit and no dimension.
So strain is pure number.
Que 4) Why do players in a cricket match ask for change of ball?

Answer: Because,
a) The ball regains its original shape and size upto a certain hits by the bat. This is due
to elastic property of ball.
b) After playing certain over’s ball looses its elastic property and the original shape of
ball gets deformed.
c) Hence the players in a cricket match ask for change of ball after certain overs.

2
Que 5) Explain the types of Stress.
Answer:
Types of Stress:
1) Tensile stress or longitudinal stress.

2) Compressive stress or volume stress or volumetric stress.
3) Shearing stress or shear stress.
1) Tensile stress or longitudinal stress
Definition: When the deforming force produces change in length of elongated body, then
the ratio of normal force per unit cross sectional area is called as tensile stress
If a wire is suspended from a fixed rigid support & a mass (M) is

attached to its free end. A force (F=mg) acts on the wire. If (r) is
the radius of wire. Its area of cross-section is (A= πr2)
Applied Force
Tensil Stress =
F
Tensil Stress =
A
mg
Tensil Stress =
𝜋𝑟 2
S.I. unit of tensile stress is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.
C.G.S. unit is dyne/cm2.
The dimension is [L-1M1T-2]
For example; Rope climbing, bicycle chain, cables of lift elevator.
2) Compressive stress or Volumetric stress
Definition: When the deforming force produces change in volume of body, then the ratio of
normal force per unit cross sectional area is called as volumetric stress.
Or
Definition: When the deformation consists of stress, which compresses the given body then
the stress is called as compressive stress.

3
The change in volume (dv) is produced by decreasing or

increasing the pressure (dp) on the body
Applied Force
Volume Stress =
F
Volume Stress =
A
Volume Stress = Change in Pressure
Volume Stress = dP
S.I. unit of volume stress is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

For example; Piston, shock absorbers, concrete is best strong in compression but it is weak
while pulling
3) Shearing stress or Shear stress
Definition: When the deforming force produces change in shape of body then the ratio of
tangential force per unit cross sectional area is called as shearing stress.
To produce change in shape a force (F) is apply

tangentially to some area (A) of the body.
Applied Force
Shearing Stress =
Tangential Force
Shearing Stress =
Area
F
Shearing Stress =
A
S.I. unit of shearing stress is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.
For example; torsional pendulum, metal sheet cutter, shaft connecting fly wheel, bone
fracture because of bending.

4
Que 6) Explain the types of Strain.
Que 6) Explain the Tensile Strain, Volume Strain, Shearing Strain
Answer:
Types of Strain:
1) Tensile strain or longitudinal strain or linear strain

2) Volume strain or volumetric strain or compressive strain
3) Shearing strain.
1) Tensile strain or longitudinal strain or linear strain
Definition: The ratio of change in length to unit original length of a body is called as tensile
strain.
Here cylindrical wire or rod of original length (L) undergoes
a change in length (l) as shown in figure, then
Change in length
Tensil Strain =
Original length
𝑙
Tensil Stress =
L
Since tensile strain is the ratio of two similar quantities.
So tensile strain is pure number.
For example; Rope climbing, bicycle chain, cables of lift elevator
2) Volume strain or Compressive strain or Volumetric strain
Definition: The ratio of change in volume to unit original volume of a body is called as
volume strain.
Here cylindrical wire or rod of original volume (V)

undergoes a change in volume (dv) as shown in figure, then

5
Change in volume
Volume Strain =
Original volume
dv
Volume Strain =
V
Since volume strain is the ratio of two similar quantities,
So volume strain is pure number.
For example; Piston, shock absorbers, concrete is best strong in compression but it is weak
while pulling
3) Shearing strain or shear strain
Definition: The ratio of lateral displacement of any layer to its distance from a fixed layer of
a body is called as Shearing strain.
Consider a cube of solid whose base DHCG is kept fixed,

while a tangential force is applied to its upper face ABEF as
shown in figure, then shape of body changes
Shearing Strain
Lateral displacement of any layer
=
Its distance from fixed layer
AA′
Shearing Strain =
AC
Shearing Strain = tanθ
(If θ is very small tanθ = θ)
Shearing Strain = θ
Since shearing strain is the ratio of two similar quantities,

So shearing strain is pure number.
For example; Torsional pendulum, metal sheet cutter, shaft connecting fly wheel, bone
fracture because of bending.

6
Que 7) State and explain Hooke’s Law of elasticity. Hence define elastic limit.
Answer:
Elastic limit
Definition: The maximum stress applied on the body without any permanent deformation is
called as elastic limit
Or
Definition: The stress corresponding to the limiting value of the load, which when applied
and subsequently released, does not produce any permanent deformation is called as
elastic limit.
Within the elastic limit, the every body acts as perfectly elastic body.
Hooke’s Law
Statement: “Within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain”
Stress ∝ Strain
Stress = Constant X Strain
Stress
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Strain
The constant of proportionality is called as modulus of elasticity.
Stress
Modulus of elasticity =
Strain
S.I. unit of Modulus of elasticity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

C.G.S. unit of is dyne/cm2.

7
Que 8) Explain the types of Modulus of elasticity
Que 8) Explain Young’s Modulus, Bulk Modulus and Modulus of rigidity.
Answer:
Types of Modulus of Elasticity.
Young’s Modulus of elasticity (Y)
Definition: Within the elastic limit, the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain is called as
Young’s modulus of elasticity (Y)
Tensile Stress
Young’s Modulus (Y) =
Tensile Strain
F⁄A
Young’s Modulus (Y) = ⁄
𝑙 L
FL
Young’s Modulus (Y) =
A𝑙
mgL
Where, M = Load attached Young’s Modulus (Y) = 2
𝜋𝑟 𝑙
r = Radius of wire
L = Original length of wire
l = Change in length of wire
S.I. unit of Young’s modulus of elasticity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

Young’s modulus is a property of solids only.
Bulk Modulus of elasticity (K)
Definition: Within the elastic limit, the ratio of volume stress to volume strain is called as
Bulk modulus of elasticity (K)
Volume Stress
Bulk Modulus (K) =
Volume Strain
F⁄ A
Bulk Modulus (K) =
dv⁄V
dP
Bulk Modulus (K) =
dv⁄V
dP
Bulk Modulus (K) = − V
dv

8
Where, V = Original volume

dv = Change in volume
dp = Change in pressure.
S.I. unit of Bulk modulus of elasticity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

Bulk modulus is a property possessed by solids, liquids and gases.
Modulus of rigidity (𝜂)
Definition: Within the elastic limit, the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain is called as
modulus of rigidity (𝜂)
Shear Stress
Modulus of rigidity (𝜂) =
Shear Strain
F/A
Modulus of rigidity (𝜂 ) =
Lateral displacement of any layer
Its distance from fixed layer
F/A
AA′ /AD
F
A tanθ
(If θ is very small tanθ = θ)

F
Aθ
Where, F = Tangential force
A = Cross-sectional area
tanθ = Shearing strain
S.I. unit of modulus of rigidity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

Modulus of rigidity is a property of solids only.

9
Que 9) Why Steel is more elastic than rubber?
Answer: Because,
a) Elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain means it depends restoring force and
extension produced.
b) In case of Rubber, restoring force is less and extension produced is more means
elasticity is less (Y = 1.25 X 107 N/m2)
c) In case of Steel, restoring force is more and extension produced is less means
elasticity is more (Y = 2 X 1011 N/m2)
d) Therefore, for the same deformation (elongation) Steel offers more restoring force
as compare to rubber hence Steel is more elastic than rubber.
Que 10) Define Compressibility.

Answer:
Definition : The reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity is called Compressibility.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 dv
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = = =
𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝑲 V dP V. dP
dv
Compressibility represents Strain per unit Stress.
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
S.I. unit of Compressibility is m2/N.
C.G.S. unit of stress is cm2/ dyne
The dimension of stress is [L1M-1T2]
Que 11) State relation between Y, K, and η. Give meaning of each symbols used in it.
Answer: Relation as follows:
9𝛈𝐊
𝐘 =
3𝐊 + 𝛈
Or
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝐘 𝟑𝛈 𝟗𝑲
Where, Y = Young’s Modulus, K = Bulk Modulus, η = Modulus of Rigidity

10
Que. 12) Explain the behavior of the wire under the continuously increasing load.
Answer: A graph of stress against strain is shown which can be explained as follows.
1) The portion ‘OE’ is straight line which indicates that stress is directly proportional to
strain. Therefore wire obeys Hooke’s Law up to point E.
2) The stress corresponding to point E is maximum stress to which wire can be loaded
without any permanent elongation; this is called as elastic limit of wire.
3) The portion EE’ is curved towards strain axis, which indicates that stress is not
proportional to strain. Therefore wire does not obeys Hooke’s Law.
4) At any point between E & E’ when all the load is removed then some permanent
elongation is occurs in wire and wire becomes set to new length is called set point.
5) When wire is again subjected to a load, a new straight dotted line SE’ obtained which
obeys Hooke’s law, means at this portion stress is directly proportional to strain.
6) Some portion after point ‘Y’ strain increases without increase in stress just like
plastic flow & the point at which plastic flow starts is called yield point.
7) With this plastic flow wire becomes thin & thin. So there are some weakest points
are formed in the wire. At this weakest point wire breaks. This point is called as
breaking point.
8) The point ‘D’ in a graph have maximum capacity of system to withstand is called
ultimate stress.

11
Que 13) Define 1) Breaking Stress.

2) Ultimate Stress.
3) Working Stress.
4) Factor of Safety.
Answer:
1) Breaking Stress: The maximum stress at which wire breaks is called as Breaking
Stress.
2) Ultimate Stress: The ratio of maximum load that the system is capable of withstanding
to its original cross-sectional area is called as Ultimate Stress.
Maximum load the system can withstand

Ultimate Stress =
Original cross sectional area
3) Working Stress: The ratio of actual load on the system to the original cross-sectional
area is called as Working Stress.
Actual load on the system

Working Stress =
Original cross sectional area
4) Factor of Safety: The ratio of Ultimate Stress to Working Stress is called as Factor of
Safety.
Ultimate Stress
Factor of Safety =
Working Stress
For the safety of structure, the working stress should be less than elastic limit of the
material.

12
Que 14) Explain Poisson’s ratio.
Que 14) Define 1) Longitudinal Strain.

2) Lateral Strain.
3) Poisson’s ratio.
Answer: Strain is ratio of change in dimension to original dimension.

1) Longitudinal Strain: The ratio of increase in length to original length of the wire is called
Longitudinal Strain.
Let L – Original length of the wire
𝑙 – Increase in length of the wire
Increase in Length
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
Original Length
𝑙
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
L
2) Lateral Strain : The ratio of decrease in diameter to original diameter of the wire is
called Lateral Strain.
Let D – Original diameter of the wire
d – Decrease in diameter of the wire
decrease in diameter
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
Original diameter
d
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
D
Thus for a given material within elastic limit, the lateral strain is directly proportional to
longitudinal strain.
Lateral Strain ∝ Longitudinal Strain.

13
Lateral Strain = Constant X Longitudinal Strain.

Lateral Strain
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝜎
Longitudinal Strain
That constant of proportionality is called as Poisson’s ratio denoted by symbol 𝝈
3) Poisson’s ratio: The ratio of Lateral strain to Longitudinal strain is called as Poisson’s
ratio.
Lateral Strain
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
Longitudinal Strain
d/D
𝜎=
𝑙/𝐿
dXL
𝜎=
𝑙𝑋𝐷
Poisson’s ratio has no unit and no dimension.

The maximum value of Poisson’s ratio (𝝈) is 0.5 &
The minimum value of Poisson’s ratio (𝝈) is - 1.
Diagram showing increase in length and decrease in diameter.

14
Que 15) State the factors affecting Elasticity.
1) Effect of Change of temperature: If the temperature increases, then elasticity of

material decreases. For examples
a) In the case of rubber, the modulus of elasticity (Y) increase with increase in temperature.
b) In case of INVAR STEEL, elastic properties are unaffected by change in temperature.
c) When lead is cooled in liquid air, lead becomes elastic like steel.
d) A carbon filament is highly elastic at ordinary temperatures but it becomes plastic when
heated by the current flowing through it.
2) Effect of Addition of impurities: Addition of impurity may increase or decrease the

elasticity.
a) If the impurity added is more elastic than the metal, then the elasticity will be increases.
b) If the impurity added is more plastic than the metal, then the elasticity will be decreases.
For example, If few amount of potassium is added in gold and few amount of carbon is
added in molten steel then their elastic properties are strengthened.
3) Effect of Annealing: Annealing is the process of slow cooling after heating.

a) Annealing reduces the stress by heating and after slow cooling smaller crystal grains
oriented to form larger crystal grains.
b) Therefore softening of materials takes place which increases the plasticity and decreases
the elasticity.
For example, After annealing Copper tubes becomes brittle.
4) Effect of hammering or rolling:

a) In case of metal smaller crystal grains are stronger than the larger crystal grains.
b) Due to hammering or rolling of a metal body, the crystal grains break up into smaller
crystal grain which increases the property of elasticity and decreases the plasticity.
5) Effect of recurring stress: Due to application of repeated stress softening of material

takes place which increases the plasticity and decreases the elasticity.

15

Elasticity

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ELASTICITY Prof.

Patil Umesh Prabhakar

Que 1) Define 1) Elasticity.

For example, Steel, Brass, Rubber, Copper, Quartz.

For example, Stone, Hard Steel, Rock etc.

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 2) Define Stress and State its S.I. units.

Que 3) Define Strain.

Since strain is the ratio of two similar quantities,

Que 4) Why do players in a cricket match ask for change of ball?

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 5) Explain the types of Stress.

1) Tensile stress or longitudinal stress.

1) Tensile stress or longitudinal stress

If a wire is suspended from a fixed rigid support & a mass (M) is

2) Compressive stress or Volumetric stress

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

The change in volume (dv) is produced by decreasing or

S.I. unit of volume stress is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

3) Shearing stress or Shear stress

To produce change in shape a force (F) is apply

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 6) Explain the types of Strain.

Que 6) Explain the Tensile Strain, Volume Strain, Shearing Strain

1) Tensile strain or longitudinal strain or linear strain

1) Tensile strain or longitudinal strain or linear strain

For example; Rope climbing, bicycle chain, cables of lift elevator

2) Volume strain or Compressive strain or Volumetric strain

Here cylindrical wire or rod of original volume (V)

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

3) Shearing strain or shear strain

Consider a cube of solid whose base DHCG is kept fixed,

(If θ is very small tanθ = θ)

Since shearing strain is the ratio of two similar quantities,

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Statement: “Within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain”

Stress = Constant X Strain

S.I. unit of Modulus of elasticity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 8) Explain the types of Modulus of elasticity

Que 8) Explain Young’s Modulus, Bulk Modulus and Modulus of rigidity.

S.I. unit of Young’s modulus of elasticity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

Bulk Modulus of elasticity (K)

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Where, V = Original volume

S.I. unit of Bulk modulus of elasticity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

Modulus of rigidity (𝜂)

(If θ is very small tanθ = θ)

S.I. unit of modulus of rigidity is N/m2 or (Pa) Pascal.

Modulus of rigidity is a property of solids only.

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 9) Why Steel is more elastic than rubber?

Que 10) Define Compressibility.

Where, Y = Young’s Modulus, K = Bulk Modulus, η = Modulus of Rigidity

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 13) Define 1) Breaking Stress.

Maximum load the system can withstand

Actual load on the system

. ZEAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S DNYANGANGA POLYTECHNIC, NAHRE .

Que 14) Explain Poisson’s ratio.

Que 14) Define 1) Longitudinal Strain.

Answer: Strain is ratio of change in dimension to original dimension.

Lateral Strain ∝ Longitudinal Strain.