Presented at

FRICTION FDP on
Engineering Mechanics
Organize d by

3 0 D e ce m b e r 2 0 1 7

Dr. M. Puviyarasan
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering ,
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai-600123.
 Mechanics and its classification

30 December 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Presentation Outline
 Friction Force
 Laws of Sliding Friction
 Simple systems with sliding Friction
 Wedge Friction
 Ladder Friction
 Rolling Resistance
 Acknowledgements & References

30 December 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 O b j ect i ves
The Participants will be able to understand
 The influence of the limiting dry friction between
two surfaces in contact
 Introduce the concept of wedge friction
 The required friction at the contact points of the
ladder due to externally applied system of forces
 To present applications of frictional force analysis
on belts
 To investigate the concept of rolling resistance

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 F r i ction
 Force that resists the movement of two contacting
surfaces that slide relative to one another.

 Acts tangent to the surfaces at points of contact

with other body.

 Friction can cause a moving object to slow down

and eventually stop.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 W h en d o es F r i ct ion o ccu r ?
 Friction occurs when two surfaces come in contact
of each other

 Friction can also occur when a liquid or a gas is

pushed out of the way of a moving object

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 W h y d o es F r i ct ion o ccu r ?
 Friction occurs because the hills/ridge and valleys
of a surface are in contact with the hills and valleys
of other surfaces.
 Frictional force is caused due to inter molecular interactions
between the bodies.
 Frictional force always opposes relative motion.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 F a ctors a f f ect i ng F r i ct ional F o r ce
Friction depends on the roughness of surfaces and force
with which objects are being pressed one against the other,
or their weights.
 Frictional force varies in strength according to how
hard the two surfaces are pressed against one another
and how slippery or how rough the surfaces are.
 The harder you press the two surfaces together, the
larger the frictional force they experience.
 Frictional force is more for rough surfaces and less for
smooth surfaces.
 Contact Surface Conditions
13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
 F r i ction: A C o m p licated M ech a n ics! !
 Friction between solid bodies is an extremely
complicated physical phenomenon.
 It encompasses elastic and plastic deformations of the
surface layers of the contacting bodies, interactions with
wear particles, micro fractures and the restoration of the
continuity of materials, excitation of electrons and
phonons, chemical reactions, and the transfer of particles
from one body to the other.
 The first order approximation is sufficient for many
engineering applications:
 The frictional force is proportional to the normal force
and as good as independent from the speed.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 K i n ds o f F r i ct ion
Based on Contact Surface

1. Dry/Coulomb Friction

2. Fluid Friction

Based on Body movement

1. Static Friction

2. Dynamic Friction
a. Sliding Friction
b. Rolling Friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Various Friction with Examples

Sliding
Friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 S t ati c F r i ction
 Static means “not moving”
 When a force is applied to an object but does not cause
the object to move.
 Static friction is gripping friction.
 It is a force that prevents relative motion between
surfaces in contact with each other.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 D y n am ic/ K inetic F r i ct ion
 Kinetic friction occurs when two objects are moving relative
to each other and rub together (like a sled on the ground).
 Example : Slipping on a wet floor
 Two main types:
 Sliding friction
 Rolling friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 S l i ding F r i ct ion
 Sliding friction occurs when solid surfaces slide over
one another.
 It is a force that resists sliding or skidding motion
between two surfaces.
 Force of sliding friction is usually greater than the force
of rolling friction.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Rolling Friction
 Friction that occurs between surfaces in motion in which
one of the surfaces is a wheel, roller, or ball.
 Force that slows down the motion of a rolling object.
 A car will eventually come to a stop if just allowed to roll as the friction
between the road surface and the wheels causes friction that causes the
vehicle to stop.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Sliding Friction vs Rolling Friction

Rolling Friction are

easier to overcome
than Sliding Friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Fluid Friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Fluid Friction
 Fluid friction is the largest source of friction for cars,
boats, and aircraft at speeds above 50 mph.
 There are two main sources of fluid friction:
 the force required to push the fluid out of the way
 the resistance of the fluid due to viscosity
 Viscous friction is complex. It depends on speed, shape,
and fluid properties.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Fluid Friction
 Fluid Frictional Force tries to slow down the objects
when they move through a fluid.
 It's also known as "drag", or "air resistance".
 All gases and liquids are fluids.
 Example: sky diving and swimming in a pool
 A freely falling skydiver feels a drag force due to air
which acts in the upward direction or in a direction
opposite to skydiver’s motion.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Various Friction with Examples

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Friction - Review
 Different types of friction in order of strongest
force to weakest force:
 Static friction is strongest,

 followed by sliding friction,

 and then rolling friction, which is weakest.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 A m o n tons f o u r “ l a w s o f f r i ct ion” ( 1 6 9 9 )
 The resistance caused by friction increases/
decreases in proportion to the pressure.
 The resistance caused by friction is the same for iron,
copper, lead and wood as long as they are lubricated
with a grease.
 The resistance is roughly equal to one-third of
pressure.
 This resistance does not depend on velocity and
other conditions.

Leonardo da Vinci - 1480

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 LAW S O F C O U LO M B F R I C TIO N (1773)

The friction, that exists between two surfaces which are not
lubricated, is known as solid friction. The two surfaces may be at
rest or one of the surface is moving and other surface is at rest.

1. The force of friction acts in the

opposite direction in which
surface is having tendency to
move.
2. The force of friction is equal to the
force applied to the surface, so
long as the surface is at rest.
Charles Augustin Coulomb

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 LAW S O F C O U LO M B F R I C TIO N Cont.
3. When the surface is on the point of motion, the force of
friction is maximum and this maximum frictional force is
called the limiting friction force.
4. The limiting frictional force bears a constant ratio to the
normal reaction between two surfaces.
5. The limiting frictional force does not depend upon the
shape and areas of the surfaces in contact.
6. The ratio between limiting friction and normal reaction is
slightly less when the two surfaces are in motion.
7. The force of friction is independent of the velocity of
sliding.
13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
 LAWS OF COULOMB FRICTION

Coulomb friction occurs between contacting surfaces

of bodies in the absence of a lubricating fluid.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 TH E F I VE L AW S O F F R I C TI ON
 When an object is moving, the friction is proportional
and perpendicular to the normal force (N)
 Friction is independent of the area of contact so long
as there is an area of contact.
 The coefficient of static friction is slightly greater
than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
 Kinetic friction is independent of the velocity of the
body (Within rather large limits).
 Friction depends upon the nature of the surfaces in
contact.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Th eo r y o f D r y F r i ct ion

 Consider the effects caused by pulling

horizontally on a block of uniform weight W
which is resting on a rough horizontal surface.
 Consider the surfaces of contact to be non-rigid
or deformable and other parts of the block to be
rigid.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Theory of Dry Friction: Eq u i l i brium
 N is directed upward to balance W
 N acts a distance x to the right of the line of action of W
 This location coincides with the centroid or the
geometric center of the loading diagram in order to
balance the “tipping effect” caused by P

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Theory of Dry Friction: I m p en ding M o t i on
 As P is slowly increased, F correspondingly increase
until it attains a certain maximum value F, called the
limiting static frictional force
 Limiting static frictional force Fs is directly
proportional to the resultant normal force N
F s = μs N

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Th eo r y o f D r y F r i ct ion
 ‘F’ is a static frictional force if equilibrium is
maintained.
 ‘F’ is a limiting static frictional force when it reaches
a maximum value needed to maintain equilibrium
 ‘F’ is termed a kinetic frictional force when sliding
occurs at the contacting surface

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Static vs Kinetic Friction
 When slipping, the max static frictional force is proportional
to the normal force and kinetic frictional force is
proportional to the normal force

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Static vs Kinetic Friction

µs > µk
The maximum static frictional force is greater
than kinetic frictional force
13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
Simple Contact Friction – Horizontal Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Horizontal Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Friction Angle

Angle between the

Resultant of Frictional force and Normal reaction
and Normal reaction.
13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
 Angle of Repose

The maximum Angle of inclination

of an inclined plane on which a body begins to slide
down due to (the action of the component of) its own
weight acting along the plane.

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Angle of Repose = Angle of Friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

35°

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

Simple Contact Friction – Inclined Plane Problems

1500
1500

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Two Bodies in contact - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Two Bodies in contact - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Two Bodies in contact - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Wedge Friction
 A simple element used to transform an applied force into
much larger forces, directed at approximately right angles to
the applied force
 Used to give small displacements or adjustments to heavy
load
 Consider the wedge used to lift a block of weight W by
applying a force P to the wedge

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Wedge Friction
 FBD of the block and the wedge

 Exclude the weight of the wedge since it is small

compared to weight of the block

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Wedge Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Wedge Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Wedge Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Wedge Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction
 A Ladder placed against a vertical wall and a horizontal
floor experiences friction at two contact points:
 Between the vertical wall and the top end of the ladder and
 Between the floor and the
bottom end of the ladder
 This friction is called Ladder
Friction.
 At the instant when the ladder
begins to slip, it satisfies the
following equilibrium conditions.
ΣFx = 0; ΣFy = 0
ΣMz- axis at any point = 0

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction - P r o b l e m s

7.5

2.5

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Ladder Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Belt Friction

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Belt Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Belt Friction - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Rolling Resistance
 A rigid cylinder of weight W rolls at constant velocity
along a rigid surface, the normal force is at tangent point
of contact
 Hard material cylinder will compresses the soft surface
underneath it

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Rolling Resistance

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Rolling Resistance - P r o b l e m s

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 Rolling Resistance - P r o b l e m s

Quiz

13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.

 References
 Vela Murali, ―Engineering Mechanics, Oxford University Press.
 Rajasekaran S and Sankarasubramanian G., ―Engineering Mechanics
Statics and Dynamics, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. .
 Irving H. Shames and Krishna Mohana Rao. G., ―Engineering Mechanics –
Statics and Dynamics, Pearson Education .
 Presentation on Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, Pearson
Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
Acknowledgements
 Dr. L. Karthikeyan, Professor and Head, Dept. of Mech. Engg., Panimalar
Engineering College, Chennai, for his motivation and support.
 Mr. N. Chandran, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College for
his support in prepration of Quiz Slides.
 Mr. G. Arun, Graduate Student, Panimalar Engineering College for his
effort in making tutorial scripts.
 Web Resources for Pictures, Videos and Representative Examples
13 October 2017 M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai.
THANK YOU !
muthupuvi@gmail.com