Malaysia Sewerage Industry Guideline Volume 1

First Edition
Volume I
Sewerage
Policy for New Developments
Published by :
Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan
Air Negara (SPAN)
Ministry of
Energy, Water
and Communication
Malaysia
Foreword by the
CEO of SPAN
M
unicipal wastewater treatment technology in Malaysia has evolved through several eras. In the
past, only basic facilities were used, e.g. overhang latrines, pit privy, bucket systems and pour
flush systems. Some improvement were observed when more modern system like septic tank and
Imhoff tank systems were introduced into the country some 40 years ago. The municipal
wastewater treatment in Malaysia sees a significant improvement in the last three decades since the introduction
of new technologies in the form of oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons, activated sludge system, package systems
and a variety of mechanical plants into the country. However, sewage still remains as one of the major pollutants
of our inland waterways. In the 1900s, the emergent of new treatment technologies were mainly driven by the
basic need to treat the sewage so as to control waterborne diseases. Today, the environmental regulations are
becoming stringent with the increasing awareness toward sustainable environmental management. Allowable
effluent discharge limits are becoming lower globally. Public are also more educated and more alert on the needs
to preserve the environment. Hence the evolution of municipal wastewater treatment technologies now are even
more revolutionary and more rapid in order to meet the stricter regulators’ requirements and to compete in the
increasing competitive market.
While the nation moves towards achieving the status of a developed country, sustainability of our environment,
in particularly the Malaysian rivers and streams must be strengthened. With this vision in mind, the Sewerage
Services Department published its first edition of the guidelines for sewerage industry titled “Design and
Installation of Sewerage Systems” in January 1995. The main purpose of these guidelines is to assist the
developer and his designer to plan and design systems acceptable to the regulatory authorities which, in
turn speeds up the approval processes. The Guidelines has clearly guided the nation sewerage industry towards
achieving an improved sewerage system in the country. Subsequently, the Department further improvised the
Guidelines in its second edition titled “Guidelines for Developers” which comprise five volumes covering
specific topics.
As a continuation to the efforts by the Sewerage Services Department, the National Water Services Commission
(SPAN) undertake to revise and improvement the Guidelines for Developers. The product of the revision is
“Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines” which also comprise five volumes. These new revisions incorporated
valuable knowledge gained by various stakeholders over a decade since the implementation of the first
Guidelines for Developers and upkeep with the aim towards sustainable environmental management.
Volume 1 - Sewerage Policy for New Developments

Volume 2 - Sewerage Works Procedures
Volume 3 - Sewer Networks and Pump Stations
Volume 4 - Sewage Treatment Plants
Volume 5 - Septic Tanks
Volume I is specifically designed to provide a clear understanding of policies in the development of new
sewerage infrastructure. Volume I comes in three (3) parts as follows:
Part A - Policy on Sewerage Capital Contribution

Part B - Catchment Strategy Report
Part C - Sewerage Catchment Planning Manual
Part A of Volume I sets out the policies of the Sewerage Services Department for the provision of sewerage
on infrastructure to new developments. It provides a clear direction and understanding of sewerage policies
to all those engaged in the planning, design and/or construction of sewerage works that will serve new
developments. These policies shall be used as the basis for all decision made regarding sewerage works.
By following these policies, Malaysia’s sewerage system will achieved the desired quality standards and
will satisfy the twin objectives of maintaining public health and protecting the environment from the
destructive impact of human wastes.
The Sewerage Services Concessionaires have been requested to implement these policies with immediate
effect, and to advice the Sewerage Services Department accordingly on sewerage works for new
developments. To assists in the management of sewerage services in this country, planning for long term
goals need to be addressed in accordance with these policies. Planning Manual documents as presented in
Part B & Part C of this Volume I sets out to instill a standardised approach & methodology for undertaking
sewerage planning studies in order to formulate catchment strategy which shall service various type of land
uses and physical development within the catchment. It is hoped that the provisions in this Volume I will
further improve the sewerage infrastructure in this country.
Dato’ Teo Yen Hua

Chief Executive Officer
SPAN
© Copyright National Water Services Commission, Ministry of Energy, Water and
Communications, 2008
All rights reserved.
This publication is protected by copyright.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, stored in a

retrieval system, or reduced to any electronic medium without the written authority of
the Commissioner, National Water Services Commission, Ministry of Energy, Water
and Communications,.
National Water Services Commission and Registered Certifying Agencies employees

are permitted to copy and use the information in this publication, for internal purposes
only.
Changes may be made periodically to the information herein.

Part A
Policy on Sewerage Capital
Contribution
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Section 1 Introduction 1
Section 2 Definitions 3
Section 3 Role of Catchment Strategies 5
Section 4 Planning Considerations 9
4.1 Legislation 9
4.2 References 10
4.3 Planning Context 10
4.4 Siting and sizing 10
4.5 EIA / EA 13
4.6 Industrial wastewater 13
Section 5 Sewerage Capital Contribution Policy 15
5.1 Provisions in the WSIA 15

5.2 Interim arrangements 15
5.3 Responsibilities of Service Licensee 15
5.4 Responsibilities of Developers 15
5.5 Cabinet’s Approval Contribution Rate 16
5.6 Review of Sewerage Capital Contribution 16
5.7 Procedure for Appeal on Contribution 16
Section 6 Sewerage Capital Contribution Principles 17
Section 7 Sewerage Capital Contribution Rate Details 19

7.1 New Sewerage Capital Contribution Rate 19
7.2 Discount Provisions 19
7.3 Exemption Provisions 19
7.4 Determining Property Value 19
Appendix A Contribution Rate Details 21
A.1 Community Service Obligation Discounts 21
A.2 Offsite Connecting Sewer Discounts 22
A.3 Small Developments Exemptions 23
A.4 Staged Development Exemptions 24
A.5 Additional Work Reimbursements 25
Appendix B Contribution Summary 27
Appendix C Appeals 29
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1 Introduction
This document presents the Government’s Sewerage Planning Guidelines as

provided for in the Water Services Industry Act (WSIA) and as practiced at
present. The policy, as described, is to be applied to all developments as for now,
pending the development of appropriate rules under the Water Services Industry
Act (WSIA).
This document explains the provisions under the Water Services Industry Act
(WSIA) relating to planning of sewerage infrastructure for new developments, in
the context of integrating these facilities with the overall plan and direction of
sewerage development. It also covers the provisions for payment of Sewerage
Capital Contribution (SCC), and describes the current application of the SCC
contribution, which is to be an interim arrangement in continuance of the practices
prior to the coming into force of the Water Services Industry Act (WSIA).
Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 1

Introduction
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Industry Guidelines
SECTION 2
DEFINITIONS
Definitions
2 Definitions
Property constructed/developed and sold to the

Advertised Property
public.
A catchment plan approved by SPAN, which

incorporates Permanent Works for all existing,
Approved Catchment
current and future development of sewerage needs
Strategy
with its whole life cost kept to a minimum by
minimisation of capital and operational costs.
Charitable Properties constructed by charitable organisations

Development for their own use for charitable purposes only.
Community Properties constructed by communities for

Development community benefit.
Schools constructed by Government Funding.

Government Schools These are limited to Primary and Secondary
Schools.
Property constructed/developed for

private/personal use that include institutional
Individual Property
buildings and Places of Worship that are not
advertised for sale.
Properties defined as Low Cost Housing with a

Low Cost Housing
fixed selling price approved by the Government.
The value of property, including land, as valued by

Market Value a registered Chartered Valuer at the point of
building completion.
Offsite Connecting Connection of sewerline which is outside the

Sewer development area.
Works classified as permanent, which are installed
Permanent Works as part of a sewerage catchment strategy and are
considered to be utilised for the long term.
Places of Worship Properties constructed as places of worship.
The equivalent in terms of a fixed population of a

Population varying or transient population or other activity, for
Equivalent (PE) example, industrial, commercial contributing flow to
the sewerage system.
An approval obtained from the Ministry of Housing
Sale Permit Approval and Local Government to advertise the sale of
housing development.

Introduction
For residential properties, the price of property as

stated in the approved sale permit, and for
Selling Price
commercial and industrial properties as advertised
or as in the Sale & Purchase Agreement.
A person licensed under the WSIA Act to provide
water supply services or sewerage services or any
Service Licensee
part of the water supply services or sewerage
services.
Small Development Total development of less than or equal to 150 PE.
Regulator for the supervision and regulation of

Suruhanjaya
water supply services and sewerage services and
Perkhidmatan Air
for the enforcement of water supply and sewerage
Negara (SPAN)
services laws and related matters.
A development built in more than one stage with

each stage being discrete and separately approved
Staged Development
(Sometimes also referred to as a phased
development).
State Land Land owned and reserved by the State.
Water Services An Act to provide for and regulate water supply

Industry Act , 2006 services and sewerage services and for matters
(WSIA – Act 655) incidental thereto.
4 Volume 1 Malaysian Sewerage

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 3
ROLE OF CATCHMENT
STRATEGIES
Role of Catchment Strategies
3 Role of Catchment Strategies
Catchment strategies are an important tool to ensure the wise economic investment
of available capital funds and the minimisation of long term capital and operational
costs of sewerage systems.
Catchment strategies are required for all developing areas and as a means of
preparing and implementing them, the following shall apply.
The following conditions shall be placed on all developments:
i) All works must in general be installed in accordance with the approved

catchment strategy.
ii) A developer must install the scope and size of works specified in the
approved catchment strategy.
iii) Where a developer is in disagreement with an approved catchment strategy,
the developer may seek an amendment to the approved catchment strategy.
♦ In these cases, the developer must substantiate the suggested
amendment.
♦ If the amendment is approved by SPAN, the amended plan

becomes the approved catchment plan and the developer may
proceed accordingly.
iv) A developer will be reimbursed for the increased in cost of providing the
sewerage capacity above that which is required to serve their complete
development as specified in the approved catchment plan.
v) The cost of the works shall be taken to be the cost of the constructed works
plus the acquisition cost of the land, including any holding cost.
vi) The cost of the constructed works shall be calculated using the standard
unit rates adopted by SPAN.
vii) Where the land has been purchased by the developer the value of the land
shall be taken to be the purchase cost of the land plus the holding cost,
where the holding cost is determined by bank interest rates.
viii) Where the land is State land already reserved for sewerage purpose, the
value of the land shall be taken as the current market value of the land
where the land is considered zoned for sewerage purposes.
ix) A developer is to provide an independent valuation of the value of the land
at their own cost.
x) SPAN reserves the right to make its own valuation, which shall become the
valuation that will be used and shall reflect the current market value of the
land, where the land is considered zoned for sewerage purposes.
xi) If the developer is not in agreement with the value of the land used to
determine the contribution payable, the developer may proceed to have the
valuation tested in a court of law.

xii) All land for sewage treatment plants and pump stations shall be handed
over to the Federal Government.
xiii) The cost of temporary works shall be fully borne by the developer.
Catchment Strategies
With regard to the preparation of a catchment strategy a developer has several

options to choose from. They can choose the most suitable option for their
development subject to the approval of the Sewerage Services Department, as
follows:
where an approved catchment plan does not exist, a developer may choose to:
i) prepare a catchment strategy and seek the approval of the catchment

strategy by SPAN.
ii) wait until a catchment strategy is prepared by SPAN.
iii) subject to the approval of SPAN proceed to install a temporary system in
lieu of preparing a catchment strategy or waiting for the preparation of the
catchment strategy.
where an approved catchment strategy exists, a developer may choose to:
i) install works in accordance with the approved catchment strategy to serve

at least their development, plus any additional capacity, as specified in the
approved catchment strategy.
ii) wait until the works are installed by the Government as specified in the
approved catchment strategy. These works are required to serve at least
their development, plus any additional capacity required for the works as
specified in the approved catchment strategy.
iii) immediately proceed to install a temporary system in lieu of installing the
works as specified in the catchment strategy, subject to the approval of
SPAN.
In preparing a catchment strategy, consideration needs to be given to the optimum

size of sewage treatment plants. The factors which need to be considered include:
i) the natural drainage catchment.

ii) the topography of the surrounding areas.
iii) the existing development in the surrounding areas.
iv) the rate at which a sewerage catchment can expect to be developed or
further developed/redeveloped.
v) the location, type and size of existing sewage treatment plants in the area.
vi) the likelihood of any rationalisation scheme proceeding.
vii) the need for backlog schemes to remove septic tanks in nearby areas.
viii) the distance over which sewage must be conveyed.

Industry Guidelines
ix) the amount of pumping required to reach a sewage treatment plant.

x) any artificial obstructions to pipeline such as major highways or other
strategic pipelines.
The optimum size of a sewage treatment plant will always depend upon local
conditions.
In general, catchment strategies should follow the requirements set out in the
catchment planning manual and guideline published by SPAN.


Industry Guidelines
SECTION 4
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Planning Considerations
4 Planning Considerations
In Planning sewerage works for new developments, it is necessary to consider

various important factors so that the planning results in the most suitable sewerage
system to serve current and future needs. The overall sewerage planning of the
area, current and future needs, operational efficiency and long term goals shall be
considered.
4.1. Legislation
Sewerage infrastructure planning is governed by several Acts and regulations. This
is due to the fact that sewerage infrastructure development involves land use, type
and sitting of the treatment facility, effluent quality, safety, health and welfare of
workers and the community.
The Acts and regulations the planning of sewerage infrastructure are:
a) The Water Service Industry Act, 2006 (Act 655) & Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara Act 2006 (Act 654). The above Acts assign
responsibility to the Commissioner of the National Water Services
Commission (SPAN) for the planning and regulation of sewerage systems
and services.
b) The Environmental Quality Act, 1974 : This Act assigns responsibility for
the regulation and enforcement of the Act to the Department of
Environment.
c) The Town and Country Planning Act, 1976 : This Act assign responsibility
to the local planning authority, which may be the Local Authority- or State
Government, for the regulation, control, development planning and land
use within the state. The department responsible for regulating and
enforcing the Act is the Department of Town and Country Planning.
d) The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994 : The department

responsible for regulating and enforcing the act is the Department of
Occupational safety and Health. This Act places the responsibility for
ensuring safety and health of workers on those who create the risk and
those who work with the risk.
e) The National Land Code 1965 and National land Council (55th Meeting ) :
The National Land Code and the council ensure all land designated for
sewerage use is transferred and surrendered to the Federal Government.
All approvals and other decisions made in accordance with the Sewerage Services
Act or its subsidiary legislation prior to the coming into force of the WSIA and
SPAN Acts will continue to be valid.

4.2. References
In carrying out Sewerage Planning, reference must be done to the context of

various other documents and plans including:
i) The Structure and Local plans for the area

ii) Land use zoning plans
iii) Sewerage Catchment Plans
iv) Business Plan of the Sewerage Service Licensee
4.3. Planning Context
The Sewerage Planning for new developments must take into consideration the
surrounding areas, both in terms of existing sewerage infrastructure as well as
planned new works. Wherever possible, the proposed sewerage system shall be
planned to integrate into these existing or proposed works. This may include the
following options, which are to be considered in sequence and exhausted :
Connection to a suitable existing sewer and if necessary upgrading the system in

whole or in part. Connection where possible must be considered the most preferred
option.
Combined development schemes with adjacent and neighbouring developers, with

arrangements for sharing of costs, and possible provision of additional capacity in
the sewer network and treatment systems to cater other existing or future flows
Incorporation of adjacent sewerage systems into the proposed new system for
overall improvement of sewerage management
If the options stated above are not possible after due consideration of all
circumstances, only then are the following options to be considered:
Provision of stand alone sewerage system consisting of a separate sewage
treatment facility and associated network for the development
Provision of Individual Septic Tanks for the development (permitted for
developments with PE less than 150 only)
4.4. Siting and sizing
In line with the general policy direction of minimising the number of self contained
sewerage systems, and move towards consolidation, each self contained
development shall have the minimum number of sewage treatment plants,
preferably a single treatment plant. Pumping of sewage shall be minimised , and
for this purpose the natural topography of the development area shall be considered
and the siting of the sewage treatment plant and routing of sewer network shall be
carefully chosen to achieve this objective.

Industry Guidelines
4.4.1 Location of STPs

The location of any sewage treatment plant and sludge treatment site, shall
preferably, be in an industrial area and down stream of drinking water supply
intakes, if any. However, if the most suitable location, after considering all factors,
is outside the industrial area and close to residential areas, schools, playgrounds or
places of worship, an adequate buffer zone, together with security fencing, shall be
provided. Treatment plants, pump stations, sewers and manholes, shall all be sited
in areas where they will have minimum impact on the environment, with regard to
noise and odour, water and air quality. They shall also be sited for easy vehicular
access. Where utilities cross sewer lines, proper concrete encasement shall be
provided to separate them from the sewers.
The following criteria shall be adhered to, when sitting sewage treatment plants,
pumping stations, sludge treatment facilities and sludge disposal sites.
i) Plants shall be located as far as possible, at the lowest point of a sewerage

catchment basin, so that sewage can gravitate to the plant.
ii) Plants shall be located near a suitable watercourse, which is able to receive
and accept treated effluent from the plant, without losing its possible
beneficial uses downstream. Where possible, treated effluent shall not
discharge into storm water drains, especially those fronting properties.
iii) A relatively flat, well-drained area shall be selected to accommodate the
plant. Natural topography shall be used to best advantage, but steep slopes
in or adjacent to the plant shall be avoided on stability considerations.
Where unavoidable, the slopes shall be adequately protected
iv) The shape of the area selected shall be regular for maximum utility.
v) Plants shall not be located in an area that will result in future operational
problems or rapid deterioration of the assets.
vi) Plants shall be located near public roads that allow ready vehicular access
for maintenance.
vii) Plants shall not be located adjacent to existing cemeteries and gazetted
reserves for cemeteries.
viii) Plants shall be sited away from religious and food centres.
ix) Plants shall be located, such that sewers may be easily laid to the proposed
site.
x) If temporary treatment plants are to be provided, they shall be located as
near as possible to future public trunk sewers.
xi) For safety reasons, plants shall be located away from children’s
playgrounds.
xii) Consideration shall be given to tanker movements for sludge treatment
facilities.
xiii) The platform level for the plant shall be above 100 year flood levels to
minimize health hazards and damage to plant equipment.

4.4.2 Buffer zones

In planning for the location of a sewage treatment plant, network pump station or
sludge facility, suitable buffer zones shall be provided, to separate it from
surrounding areas. Non-regional plants of the open type shall be sited at least 30
meters from dwellings and 20m from industrial units, while a minimum distance of
10 meter shall be maintained, for enclosed plants. The distance shall be measured
from the perimeter fence of the treatment plant, to the property line of the nearest
building, within the development. Regional plants shall comply with standards
established by the DOE.
The buffer zone can be used as a utility reserve, such as, reserves for drainage,
roads or highways, transmissions and other uses. It shall not used for habitation or
recreation.
Sewerage systems shall be adequately protected and secured against unauthorized

entry, to prevent accidents and vandalism. In this connection, the fencing of
treatment plants and pump stations shall be done in such a way as to minimise risk.
In specific circumstances, such as locations close to schools and areas frequented
by children, brick-wall fencing may be provided.
4.4.3 Location of sewers

The routing of sewers shall consider safety and operability risks. The laying of
sewers in poor soils, sites with high water table, deep excavations, roads with high
traffic volumes, in areas where there are many other utilities present is likely to
result in safety and operability issues and should be avoided wherever possible.
Water reticulation shall be separated from sewer line by a distance of at least 3.5
meters.
4.4.4 Sizing of STPs

An accurate assessment of land use and population growth within the catchment
area is essential, in determining sewage flows in the sewerage system.
The sources of information for estimating the contributing population equivalent

are
a) Population census, and/or

b) Structure Plans and Land-Use Plans of Local Authorities
c) Developer’s long term overall plan
d) Phasing of developments
e) Plans by Government or other agencies relating to the sewerage system in
the area
The Population Equivalent conversion factors shall be obtained from Table B1.
These usually form the basis for estimating the contributing population equivalent
to the sewerage system, for the determination of sewage flow, for the sizing of
sewers, pump stations, treatment plants and land area required for the plant. This
shall include changes in land use and economic development trends.

Industry Guidelines
Modular construction of sewage treatment plants is an important consideration, in

the overall planning of a development. Module size and design of the sewage
treatment plant, is governed to a large extent, by the time table of the development,
size of head works intended, soil conditions and maximum size of mechanical
equipment available, among other factors.
It is crucial that this is done correctly, or efficient operation and performance of

unit processes will be affected, together with increased equipment and operating
costs. Modularisation may be selectively adopted, at the discretion of the designers,
even for specific unit processes, and this shall be justified based on an evaluation
of cost (capital costs, operating costs and NPV) and non-cost considerations.
The land area required for siting of sewage treatment facilities shall be guided by
Table C1, C2 and C3.
4.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and

Environmental Assessment (EA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Assessment (EA)

studies shall be carried out when necessary and as per DOE requirements.
4.6 Industrial wastewater
The Water Service Industry Act 2006, categorises industrial effluent as Prohibited
Effluent, and stipulates that no prohibited effluent can be discharged into any sewer
without the approval of the Commission.


Industry Guidelines
SECTION 5
SEWERAGE CAPITAL
CONTRIBUTION POLICY
Sewerage Capital Contribution Policy
5 Sewerage Capital Contribution (SCC) Policy
5.1. Provisions in the Water Services Industry Act

The Water Services Industry Act in Sec 172 provides for the establishment of the
Sewerage Capital Contribution Fund, to be controlled and operated by the National
Water Services Commission (SPAN). The fund shall consist of any sums
contributed by any developer or person who constructs:-
a) A building and connects the building to a public sewer;

b) A sewage treatment works without a sludge processing facility or
standby power generator or both; and
c) A septic tank or communal septic tank that requires an off-site
sludge processing facility, in accordance with the rates as may be
prescribed.
5.2. Interim arrangements

In the interim period, to allow for smooth transition, the current procedures and
practices formulated under the Sewerage Services Act or other
regulations/guidelines by the Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembetungan in relation to
collection of Sewerage Capital Contribution will be continued until Rules under the
Water Services Industry Act are formulated in line with the above provisions. This
document describes these interim arrangements.
5.3. Responsibilities of Service Licensee

In the formulation of the Business Plan for the Service Licensee (SL), as approved
by the Government, the SL is responsible for the:
Operation and maintenance of all public sewerage systems, including those that
will be built by developers and handed over to the SL for operation and
maintenance as public systems.
5.4. Responsibilities of Developers

Implicit in the same Business Plan model, developers (including government
agencies) will continue to be responsible for bearing the cost of sewerage
infrastructure for new developments, which include:
i) Internal sewer reticulation, including local pumping stations within the

proposed development.
ii) A share of the cost of trunk sewers and pumping stations linking their
developments to existing centralised sewage treatment plants.
iii) A share of the cost of centralised sewage treatment plants to cater for the
sewage treatment and sludge treatment and disposal needs of their
developments.

While the first (1) item is left to the developers to implement in order to ensure
completion of local sewerage infrastructure to meet developers’ timetables, the
second (2) and third (3) items are to be contributed by developers as Sewerage
Capital Contribution (SCC).
5.5. Cabinet’s Approval on Contribution Rate

The Cabinet, during its meeting on 15 September 1999, approved a sewerage
capital contribution rate of 1.00 % of the property value to be levied on all
properties which are connected to existing sewerage systems, except low cost
houses.
This sewerage capital contribution shall be a condition for the approval of all such
development projects. The contribution will be for the purpose of reimbursing the
Government for the costs incurred in providing and upgrading existing sewerage
infrastructure to serve new development areas and shall be paid into an account set
up for this purpose.
5.6. Review of Sewerage Capital Contribution

This policy shall in due course be reviewed and brought in line with
the provisions of the Water Services Industry Act and relevant rules
made under the said Act.
5.7. Procedure for Appeal on Contribution

A developer, who is not satisfied with the contribution levied on their development
arising from a belief that the Sewerage Capital Contribution Policy has not been
correctly applied, may submit an appeal in writing to the Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN).
SPAN reserves the right to verify the statement in the appeal and request
supporting evidence. If such an appeal appears valid, the appeal shall be forwarded
to the Appeals Committee, chaired by the Commissioner, Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara, for consideration and decision.
Appendix C contains more details on the appeal procedure.

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 6
SEWERAGE CAPITAL
CONTRIBUTION PRINCIPLES
6 Sewerage Capital Contribution Principles
In developing the sewerage capital contribution policy, specific principles have

been applied to ensure fairness and equity in the policy.
These principles are:
All developments connecting to existing sewerage systems shall pay a sewerage

capital contribution unless otherwise exempted.
Exemption shall only be granted in accordance with this policy and where there is
sufficient evidence that the exemptions are warranted.
For developments with provisions for discounts, in accordance with this policy,
shall be permitted a maximum discount that is less than or equal to the amount of
sewerage capital contributions payable.
All sewerage capital contributions must be paid prior to the issue of the
recommendation for a certificate of fitness or as specified in the sewerage works
design approval.

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Industry Guidelines
SECTION 7
SEWERAGE CAPITAL
CONTRIBUTION RATE DETAILS
7 Sewerage Capital Contribution Rate Details
7.1 Current Sewerage Capital Contribution Rate

The current contribution rate as derived from development shall be:
Individual property:SCC = 1.00% of Market Value

Advertised property:SCC = 1.00% of Selling Price
The new sewerage capital contribution rate shall apply to all developments
connecting to existing sewerage systems.
7.2 Discount Provisions

For offsite connecting sewers, the discount on trunk sewers/pumping
stations allowed is 50% of the estimated cost of such facilities.
7.3 Exemption Provisions

Under the current SCC provisions, the following categories of
buildings/developments shall be exempt from paying contribution:
low cost houses, community developments, government schools,
charitable developments and places of worship.
Developments of less than or equal to 150 PE shall be exempt from

paying a contribution. This exemption only applies to total
developments and not to individual stages of development. This
provision will however be reviewed in due course by SPAN, to
bring the provisions in line with the content of the WSIA and
SPAN Acts.
7.4 Determining Property Value

All contributions for the particular stage under construction shall be made payable
before the issuance for recommendation of CCC for that stage.
All advertised properties that are not sold at the point of recommendation of
Certificate of Fitness shall be deemed sold for the purpose of calculating the
sewerage capital contribution.
Any change in Selling Price for residential properties shall be as approved by the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government.
The Selling Price for commercial and industrial development for public
consumption shall be as advertised. For developments sold without advertising,
the Selling Price shall be as stated in the Sales & Purchase Agreement and for the
unsold properties shall be the Selling Price of similar sold units.
The Selling Price for properties sold to Bumiputras shall be based on the
discounted price.

The Market Value for an individual commercial/residential property shall be the

current market value with a maximum validity grace period of 3 months from the
date of application. SPAN reserves the right to review the valuation using its own
valuer and its determination shall be final.
For developments having sales of individual plots of land without buildings, shall
for the purpose of applying the sewerage capital contribution, have the Selling
Price adjusted as a sum total of the land cost in the Sales & Purchase Agreement
and the average cost for building taken at equal to the value of land cost as above.
For an individual property of type factory, manufacturing plant and industrial plant
whereby the built-up area provided constitutes mainly for machinery and storage,
shall for the purpose of applying sewerage capital contribution shall have the
Market Value adjusted as a sum total of the land cost and building cost excluding
for machinery cost and industrial process storage facilities area.

Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX A
CONTRIBUTION RATE
DETAILS
Contribution Rate Details
Appendix A.1
Community Service Obligation Discounts
Policy
As part of its commitment to providing community services and to support

Government initiatives, the following discounts will apply:
Low Cost Housing 100% exemption

Community Developments 100% exemption
Government Schools 100% exemption
Charitable Development/Places of Worship 100% exemption
There are no other community service obligations discounts.
Rationale
The Developer contribution policy has been structured to support Government

initiatives to provide low cost housing. The developer contribution policy also
provides assistance to developments, largely financed from donations and grants.
Example
A mixed development connecting to a public sewer comprising:
500 units of normal residential units with a Selling Price of RM 150,000 per unit.
100 units of low cost housing with a Selling Price of RM 25,000 per unit.
Place of Worship with assessed Market Value of RM 300,000 is proposed.
The applicable contribution may be calculated as follows:-
Contribution for Residential Units

RM 150,000 x 500 x 1.00% = RM 750,000
Contribution for Low Cost Housing

Full exemption = RM 0
Contribution for Place of Worship

Full exemption = RM 0
Applicable Contribution = RM 750,000

Appendix A.2
Offsite Connecting Sewer Discounts
Policy
An offsite connecting sewer is required to connect a new development to the

nearest suitable point in a public sewerage system. The nearest suitable point is the
location where the public sewerage system is deemed to be able to adequately
accept the flow from the new development.
The cost of an offsite connecting sewer is additional to the cost of providing the
public sewerage network and is only of benefit to the developer. Therefore, the
developer is expected to contribute towards its cost.
The developer will receive a 50% discount from the cost of constructing the offsite
connecting sewer. The construction cost of the sewer shall be calculated based on
standard rates produced by SPAN.
The total discount shall not be greater than the amount of contribution payable.
Rationale
The developer is required to connect their development to a public sewerage

network so that the sewage from the development may be conveyed to and treated
in a public sewage treatment plant, in a manner most efficient to the community.
The developer is the sole beneficiary of this connecting sewer and is, therefore,
required to contribute towards its cost. However, in recognition of the future
public use and ownership of the connecting sewer, the owner is not required to pay
its full cost.
Example
A residential development of 200 units with selling price of RM 150,000 per

unit is required to be connected to an existing sewerage system by an
offsite sewer costing RM 250,000.
The contribution may be calculated as follows:
New Contribution
RM 150,000 x 200 x 1.00% = RM 300,000
Discount on offsite connecting sewer
RM 250,000 x 50% = RM 125,000

Industry Guidelines
Appendix A.3
Small Developments Exemptions
Policy for Residential Developments
All residential developments of a size less than or equal to 150 PE will be

exempted from any contributions. This exemption only applies to total
developments and not to individual stages of a development.
Rationale
The rationale for exempting developments less than 150 PE is to reduce the
burden to small local developers.
Policy for All Other Developments
All other developments, including commercial, industrial, institutional or mixed, of

a size less than or equal to 150 PE will be exempted from any contributions.
These exemptions only apply to total developments and not to individual
stages of a development.
Rationale
The rationale for this is to bring these developments into line with residential
developments.

Appendix A.4
Staged Development Exemptions
Policy
A developer is entitled to an exemption from the Sewerage Capital Contribution

under the following circumstances:
The developer has previously constructed a sewage treatment plant to serve his
total development
The developer has previously handed over this sewage treatment plant to Service
Licensee for Operations & Maintenance
The developer has made a submission to connect a subsequent stage of his
development to the sewage treatment plant
The capacity of the sewage treatment plant can manage the load and flow from the
stage to be connected
The developer is the same company in all of the above
If these circumstances apply the developer receives a complete exemption from

contribution.
Rationale
The rationale for this exemption is that the developer has historically already
provided a sewage treatment plant for his purposes and therefore should not be
required to pay twice.
Example
A developer has previously constructed a sewage treatment plant of capacity

15,000 PE and has connected the first two stages of his development to this plant
utilising 10,000 PE. The developer has now made application to connect a third
stage of 100 units of shophouses at RM 700,000 per unit, 400 units of residential at
RM 200,000 per unit and 200 units of low cost housing, totaling 5,000 PE. He is
totally exempted from contribution.

Industry Guidelines
Appendix A.5
Additional Works Reimbursements
Policy
Developments that are required to construct a Network or STP with provisions

exceeding their development’s requirements shall be reimbursed for the cost of
additional provisions.
The cost of the additional provision shall be based on standard rates produced by
SPAN.
Rationale
A developer is required to provide additional works to that required for his

development. The additional works are required to service other future
developments. As the developer receives no benefit for these additional works it is
reasonable that he be reimbursed for their costs.
Example
A development of 300 residential units with Selling Price of RM 173,000 per unit
is required to connect to an existing STP with spare capacity. The network to be
laid was required to be increased from 300 mmφ to 450 mmφ diameter for future
additional capacity. The difference in cost for upgrading the network diameter is
RM 100,000.
The contribution may be calculated as follows:
New Contribution
RM 173,000 x 300 x 1.00% = RM 519,000
Trunk Sewer Reimbursement = RM 100,000


Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX B
CONTRIBUTION
SUMMARY
Contribution Summary
Appendix B Contribution Summary
Discount/Exemption Application Calculation

Low Cost Housing Residential low cost housing Full exemption
only.
Charitable Recognised community service. Full exemption
Development
Community
Development
Places of Worship
Government Schools Public schools constructed by Full exemption
Government Funding.
Offsite Connecting Development required to Reduce contribution by 50%
Sewer connect to existing sewerage of connecting sewer cost
system.
Small Developments Developments of less than or No contribution required
equal to 150 PE.
Staged Developments which have No contributions required
Developments previously constructed an STP
to provide for subsequent stages
of their developments and which
have handed over the stps.


Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX C
APPEALS
Appeals
Appendix C Appeals
The attached proforma must be used for all appeals which are to be forwarded to
the Commissioner, SPAN.
The material which must accompany an appeal is as follows:
An application letter for exemption from developer.
The photo copy for the application of Advertising and Sales Permit
The certified photo copy of Advertising and Sales Permit.
A list of Buyers stating the date of Sale and Purchase Agreement, cost of each unit,
the Plot Number. The list to be certified by the company’s solicitor or auditors
A copy of approval letter on the approved planning layout.
A copy of approval letter on building plans.
The appeal evaluation form.

Appeals
Rayuan Untuk Menyemak Semula Sumbangan Kapital Yang Dikenakan

Oleh Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)
1. Nama dan Alamat Pemaju: Bil. Kes Rayuan:
Bil Mesyuarat:
2. Nama Projek:
3. Sumbangan Wang Kapital Pembentungan Yang Dikenakan:

No. Fasa Bil. Unit Penduduk Jumlah Bayaran Telah/Belum
Setara Dikenakan Dibuat
4. Latar Belakang:
a.Lokasi Projek (Bandar / Mukim / Daerah / Negeri):
b.Maklumat Projek:
Fasa Rumah Komersial Industri Tarikh Dijangka Siap
(Bil. Unit) (Kaki per.) (Kaki per.)
c.Kelulusan Projek Yang Di Perolehi:

Diskripsi Tarikh Nombor Pihak Berkuasa
Kelulusan Rujukan Yang Meluluskan
(i) Pelan Teratur
(ii) Pelan Pembangunan
(iii) Sistem pembentungan
(iv) Memohon Permit Iklan oleh pemaju
(v) Permit Iklan Dikeluarkan oleh KPKT
d. Jumlah Unit / Kaki Persegi Yang Telah Di Jual:

Jenis Sebelum Antara Selepas Baki
1.4.96 1.4.96 – 1.12.97 1.12.97 Belum Dijual
(i) Rumah (Bil. Unit)
(ii) Komersial (kaki per.)
(iii) Industri (kaki per.)
(iv) Lain-lain

Industry Guidelines
Appeals
e. Jenis Sistem Pembentungan:

Proses Rawatan:
Bilangan Logi:
Fasiliti rawatan enapcemar:
Taraf logi rawatan:
Lain-lain:
5. Pengakuan: Saya _______________________________________ dengan ini
mengisytiharkan bahawa semua maklumat yang diberi adalah
tepat dan betul.
_________________________
Tandatangan Pemohon dan Tarikh:_____________
Cop Syarikat:
UNTUK KEGUNAAN PEJABAT SAHAJA
6. Ulasan-ulasan:
a.Cawangan SPAN:
b.Ibu Pejabat SPAN:
7. Keputusan Jawatankuasa Rayuan:

i)Lulus *
ii)Tidak Lulus *
iii) Lulus dengan syarat *:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________
(Pengerusi J/Kuasa Rayuan)* Potong mana tidak berkenaan

Appeals

Industry Guidelines
Part B
Catchment Strategy
Report
Section 1 Overview 33
1.1 An Outline of this Guideline 33
1.2 How to use this Guideline 34
Section 2 A Summary Checklist 35

2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Format of Information 35
Section 3 The Structure of a Catchment Strategy Report 39

3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Catchment Strategy Report Components 39
3.2.1 Introduction and Catchment Description 39
3.2.2 Catchment Details on Maps 40
3.2.3 Issues 41
3.2.4 Existing Conditions 41
3.2.5 Future Conditions 42
3.2.6 Options 42
3.2.7 Recommended Option 43
3.2.8 Description of the Recommended Strategy 43
3.2.9 Summary of the Recommended Strategy 43
Section 4 Typical Tables 51

4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Tables 51
4.2.1 Existing Conditions 51
4.2.2 Future Conditions 53
4.2.3 Cash Flows 54
Section 5 Preparation and Approval 55

5.1 Presentation 55
5.2 Data 55
5.3 Consultation 55
5.4 Approval 56
SECTION 1
Overview
Overview
1.1 An Outline of this Guideline

This document provides guidance for planners on the preparation of Catchment
strategy reports. The scope of this manual is for all areas in Malaysia, which come
under the National Water Services Commission.
The structure of this document provides a reminder for experienced planners of the
issues involved in preparing Catchment strategy reports. A more detailed
explanation is also provided for those with less experience in the preparation of
catchment strategies and plans.
This document describes the major stages required to develop a Catchment strategy
report, which are:
♦ Introduction
♦ Existing Conditions
♦ Future Conditions
♦ Options
♦ Recommended Strategy
Section 1 Provides an overview of the Manual.
Section 2 Provides a summarised checklist of the components of a

Catchment Strategy Report (a summary).
Section 3 Describes the component parts of a Catchment Strategy Report.
Section 4 Presents some typical examples of tables from a Catchment

Strategy Report, produced by a combination of desktop and field
appraisal of available information.
Section 5 Describes the preparation and approval of a Catchment strategy

report.

Overview
1.2 How to use this Guideline

This guideline is intended to be used primarily by consultants engaged in the
planning of sewerage infrastructure for communities in Malaysia.
Users of this guideline may need access to the companion volume, the Sewerage
Catchment Planning Manual Volume 1 Part C for a detailed catchment strategy
analysis.
The use of the procedure described in this document ensures that the majority of
relevant information, interpretations and assumptions are recorded in a consistent
format. This will allow future planning to have access to the basis of current
planning and the issues involved in developing recommended strategies.
This guideline is not intended to limit the content of a Catchment Strategy Report.
It is intended to provide a format for recording the outputs of this phase of the
planning process. Since each catchment may have some site specific issues, this
document should be regarded as a guideline only.

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 2
A Summary Checklist
A Summary Checklist
2.1 Introduction
This section is intended to provide a quick access checklist for experienced
planners. The checklist as a reminder of the contents, intent and interpretation of
the components of the report. More detailed descriptions of the components are
given in Section 3.
2.2 Format of Information

Catchment Description
i) Local area description

ii) Boundaries
iii) Local government area(s)
iv) Topography overview
v) Historical landuse summary
vi) Current landuse status
vii) Externalities
viii) Geology
ix) Water Intake Points
Catchment Details and Maps
i) Topography
ii) Boundaries
iii) Natural subcatchment breakup
iv) Landuse zones
Issues
i) A description of those issues that are the major causes for the need to
upgrade system components or build new ones

A Summary Checklist
Existing conditions
i) Description of the existing sewerage system by subcatchment

ii) Table of sewage pump stations and sewage treatment plants with a
capacity and condition report
iii) Table of non-public sewage treatment plants -number and connected PE
iv) Table of ISTs and other systems -number and connected PE
v) Map of sewerage system showing trunk main routes, sewage pump station
and sewage treatment plant locations
vi) Sewage treatment plant description
vii) List data on system capability and comment on implications
viii) Note record of public complaints, if any
ix) Water Intake Points
x) List of present domestic sewage loading for different treatment systems
and pollution load per area for each sub-catchment
Future conditions
i) General description of predicted situations

ii) History of sources of data used as a basis for predictions of future
situations such as, changes to population or land use, etc.
iii) Develop a table (spreadsheet) or projected growth (or decline) in PE by
subcatchment for at least 15 years
iv) Table to include flow and load change predictions
v) Describe implications of changes in flow and load on system sewage
treatment plant
vi) List all assumptions made in bullet point format
vii) Water Intake Points
viii) Table of different treatment systems - number and pollution load for each
treatment system for each sub-catchment
Options
i) On the basis of an analysis of the above details, describe the available

options. For each option include:
♦ Brief description & scope of option
♦ Map showing layout of option
♦ List of advantages and disadvantages in bullet point format
♦ Estimated cost
♦ Layout of each STP

Industry Guidelines
A Summary Checklist
♦ Reduction of pollution load

♦ Reduction in number of localised STPs, ISTs, other systems
Recommended Option
i) Summary of reasons for selection of preferred options
Description of Recommended Strategy
i) Layout of recommended strategy shown on a map superimposed onto a

topographic layout of the catchment
ii) Description of the essential elements, components and functions, on a
subcatchment basis in bullet point format
iii) Layout of STPs
iv) Schedule of activities table and graphical, including staging of works
v) List of pollution load per area for each sub-catchment
vi) Schedule showing reduction of pollution load
vii) List comparing present and future number of STPs, ISTs and other
systems and pollution load
viii) Description of future sewerage status - with and without strategy
ix) Reduction in number of localised STPs, ISTs, other systems
x) NPV analysis, if applicable
xi) Projected Sewerage Capital Contributions
xii) Capital Works funding

A Summary Checklist

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 3
The Structure of a
Catchment Strategy Report
The Structure of a Catchment Strategy Report
3.1 Introduction
This section expands on the description of the components of the Strategy Report,
which were listed in Section 2.
The descriptions in this section are not intended to be complete, but to act as an
initial guide for those planners and support staff who need assistance.
The format described below is not assumed to be the only one viable for
preparation of reports but is presented to allow consistency for record keeping and
ease of future access by enhancing readability.
3.2 Catchment Strategy Report Components

3.2.1. Introduction and Catchment Description
This part of the report is intended to provide a brief background to enable future
readers to understand what the extent of the catchment is at a strategic level.
Therefore, the amount of detail for each of the subheadings should be kept to a
minimum to provide a general understanding of the development history and
current status (at the time of writing the report).
i) Local area description

♦ Should be only a travel guide type of overview
ii) Boundaries
♦ These should be broadly described without the need to ensure that all detail
is precise
iii) Local government areas
♦ all instrumentalities with a relevant stake in the catchment, in regard to
sewerage and related services, should be listed
iv) Topographic overview
♦ This should be a summary description only. It should note any divergences
in topography between subcatchments, if they exist. Drainage lines need to
be shown.
v) Historical landuse summary
♦ The level of detail presented here should give the reader a feel for the trend
in development that is occurring. Differences in subcatchments should be
noted.

vi) Current landuse status

♦ This should be a summary statement that follows from the previous
historical description
vii) Present Population
♦ This should be a summary statement on present population and growth
trends for the last ten years as well as growth projections
viii) Externalities
♦ Describe any issues that relate to adjacent catchments and that may have an
impact on the study catchment. The construction of an airport, major
development or transport link in the vicinity may have future impact on the
sewerage infrastructure options described later in the report.
3.2.2 Catchment Details on Maps
This part of the report must provide the best detail available to the planner. This
should be the basis for further calculations and decision making within the report.
Specific details and descriptions of the following points must be included in a
format that is easily read and interpreted. The details must include:
i) Topography
♦ Showing, in particular, main drainage lines and obstructions, such as, major
roads, pipelines and railways
ii) Boundaries
Showing, in particular, major developments, backlog areas, rationalisation
areas and local government boundaries
♦ Natural subcatchment breakup
If arbitrary choices are needed, these should be identified and comments on
the rationale should be included
♦ Landuse zones
If these are derived from planning documents of others, the sources and
level of certainty should be noted
♦ Population
Showing population trend for each sub-catchment for the last ten years as
well as growth projections
♦ Water Intake Points
Showing in particular if any existing and proposed future water intake
points upstream or downstream of development

Industry Guidelines
3.2.3 Issues
This part of the report should contain a description and discussion of the issues that
are leading to or have led to the need to upgrade the capacity of (or ability to
deliver higher quality) system components. This may incorporate discussion of
previously raised issues and/or may be separate issues such as public complaints,
government programme initiation or regulation change. Issues that are driving
system improvements could include:
♦ Rezoning of land
♦ Changed government policy
♦ New government programme
♦ Public complaints
♦ Change to previous planning assumptions (for example, growth rates)
♦ Change to standards of service
♦ Specific developer requests
3.2.4 Existing Conditions
This part of the Catchment Strategy Report should provide a detailed description of
the condition, capacity, capability, pollution loading and sludge production volume
of the sewerage scheme at the time of writing.
The report should describe the existing conditions by subcatchment, and isolate
various sections of trunk main or specific pump stations and the STP for separate
description. This information should be presented in tabular (spreadsheet) form at
supported by a system plan showing capacities. For small catchments, this will be
a trivial task, but it ensures easy access for future readers.
All information noted in the spreadsheet will need an annotation indicating the
latest update (revision) of the specific piece of information. If the data is old, with
an unknown revision date, a note “unknown” should be affixed beside the data. If
there is no field data, but an assumed or engineering estimate available, then the
quality of the estimate should be noted.
Any relevant comments from other agencies regarding recent historical

performance should be noted.

3.2.5 Future Conditions
This part of the report can be a key to the successful planning for the provision of
sewerage services to the catchment.
This section should be written in a style which allows the reader to capture the
essence of the planner’s view about the future need of the catchment (with regard
to sewerage services). Thus, a general description is required of the predicted
changes in the catchment for at least 15 years. In special cases, mention may also
be required of a longer time period, up to 30 years.
In catchments where industrial, commercial or residential growth is predicted as a

major driver, it is essential to list the sources of information.
Any projections of growth should be presented in a Tabular form while ensuring

that over simplifications are avoided. Consideration should be given to reductions
in growth rate as saturation is approached. Also, the future pollution loading should
be mentioned to highlight the necessity for a public sewerage system in the
catchment.
If changes in government policy are likely which would alter the predicted flow or
load per PE, then separate flow and load trends should be produced and included.
This may be relevant for subcatchments dominated by industry where flow and
load per factory area, or employee are used to generate future conditions.
All assumptions must be clearly stated.
3.2.6 Options
This part of the Catchment Strategy report is important because it must show all
possible options, even those that are obviously not viable. Clearly, minor trivial
variations should not be listed, for example, some minor route changes would not
be classified as different options.
The do-nothing option is a valid option to include in a set of options. The purpose
of this is simply to indicate to future planners or to other readers that the do-
nothing approach has been considered, even if rejected. However, when the do-
nothing option is trivial and obviously not viable (say because of new growth) then
it can be safely ignored.
For each option, the report should show a map, a brief description of the option, the
number of STPs, ISTs and other systems, the river flow estimation for each option,
the reduction of pollution load and a bullet point list of advantages and
disadvantages.
If cost is a major factor in the selection of the recommended option then a table of
cost estimates should be included. This cost estimation should include capital and
O&M costs. This may only be necessary for 2 or 3 of the options when other
possible options have been excluded on other grounds (access, topography,
political, technical, etc).

Industry Guidelines
Option comparison for some schemes may be sensitive to operating costs. If this is
the case then an NPV comparison would be important for selecting option. On
small catchments, where the type of sewage treatment plant is obvious (due to
policy or land constraints, etc.) then an NPV analysis may not be important.
3.2.7 Recommended Option
This part of the report many readers will turn to immediately to find the answer or
solution that is proposed. Thus this section should be written with some
information repeated that had been previously. The description and map from
Section 3.2.6. (Options), should be used first with a discussion following which
explains the reasons for the selection of the recommended (preferred) option.
If there are any uncertainties or sensitivities in the assumptions that have lead to the
recommendation they should be highlighted.
3.2.8 Description of the Recommended Strategy
This part of the Catchment Strategy Report will be read in conjunction with
Section 3.2.7. The descriptions here should be of greater detail, with maps
showing routes shown superimposed on topography and subcatchment boundaries
with asset numbers shown. The map should be accompanied by a table indicating
trunk main sections and all assets with all technical details, sizes, etc., shown in
full and referenced back to the map.
The table should be clearly set out on a subcatchment basis. The descriptions
should also include an activities table. The NPV of the recommended strategy
should be included showing capital investment dates and operating costs.
Projected contributions should also be included.
3.2.9 Summary of the Recommended Strategy
Summary of the Recommended Strategy should be attached on the first page of the
Catchment Strategy Report. This summary not only describes the sewerage
strategy concisely, but also gives information for the prioritization of the sewerage
projects. Example of Summary Sheet is presented in Table 3.2. To show the impact
of the recommended strategy on water quality, the “no action” impacts on water
quality is also presented on the summary sheet.

Table 3.2 Example of Summary Sheet

Summary Sheet for Sewerage Strategy (1/3)
(1) Catchment Name
(2) Catchment Area, km2
(3) Water Pollution Status
(4) Water Use Situation
Water Use, m3/d
Drinking Water
Factory
Agriculture
Total
(5) Population
Present and Future 10 years
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

Industry Guidelines
(6) Incident Situation of Waterborne diseases, no
(7) PE Projection
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
(8) Connected PE
Connected PE
Present
Future
w/o Strategy
(9) No of Water Intake Points
(10) No of Complaints from the Public

Table 3.2 Example of Summary Sheet (Cont’d)

(11) Number of STP
Public STP
Private STP
IST
Pourflush
Total
Present
Future
w/o Strategy
(12) First Works for Sewerage Provision

Land Acquisition Status
(Reliability of Project Implements)
(13)

Industry Guidelines
(14)
No of STP constructed before 1991 (Condition of Existing STP)
CST
IT
OP
AL
Std.A
Std.B
Present
(15) No of Upstream STP
Public STP
Private STP
IST
Pourflush
Total
Present
Future
w/o Strategy

(16) Pollution Production
Public STP
Present
Future
(17) Discharged Pollution Load, kg/d
Public STP
Private STP
IST
Pourflush
Total
Present
Future
w/o Strategy

Industry Guidelines
Table 3.2 Example of Summary Sheet (Cont’d)

(18) Discharge Pollution Load per Area
Pollution Load / Area, kg as BOD/ d/ km2
Present
Future
w/o Strategy
(19) Received Water Quality
Water Quality, mg as BOD/ L
Present
Future
w/o Strategy
(20) Reduced Pollution Load
Reduced Pollution Load, kg as BOD/ d
Present
Future
w/o Strategy

(21) Promotion of Sludge Treatment
(22) Capital Cost
Capital Cost, million RM
1st Stage
Total
(23) Total O$M Cost, million RM/year
(24) Project Net Present Value, RM
(25) B/C Value
(26) Consideration for National Projects

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 4
Typical Tables
Typical Tables
4.1 Introduction
This part of the report presents some hypothetical tables, as an example layout of
information, required for the development of the Catchment Strategy Report.
These tables should be used as a guide only. For larger catchments, it may be
appropriate to present the network and pumps station data as separate tables.
The tables given below are examples and should only be used as a guideline in
preparing tables for Catchment Strategy Reports. The amount of information given
in the tables should be sufficient to give an understanding as to why a particular
catchment strategy is recommended based upon a preferred option.
The extent of a catchment strategy study will depend upon the size of the
catchment and the complexity of the existing development within the catchment.
4.2 Tables
4.2.1 Existing Conditions
The following tables should be included and supported by maps and plans.
Table 1: Sewerage Subcatchment
♦ Subcatchment number
♦ Land use
♦ Population growth trend for last ten years
♦ Population equivalent and composition
♦ Flow at outlet
♦ Load at outlet
Table 2: Sewage Pumping Stations
♦ Sewage pumping station number

♦ Sewage pumping station location
♦ Design capacity and population equivalent
♦ Sewage pumping station owner and operator
♦ Connected flow and population equivalent
♦ Condition
Table 3: Sewage Treatment Plant
♦ All Sewage treatment plant number including septic tank

Typical Table
♦ Sewage treatment plant location

♦ Sewage treatment plant type
♦ Sewage pumping station owner and operator
♦ Connected flow and population equivalent
♦ Pollution load for each sewage treatment plant
♦ Condition
Table 4: Sludge Treatment Facility
♦ Sludge treatment facility number

♦ Sludge treatment facility location
♦ Sludge treatment facility type
♦ Sludge Volume for each sewage treatment plant
♦ Sludge treatment facility owner and operator
♦ Connected usage and population equivalent
Table 5: Sewerage Areas
♦ Growth Areas
♦ Backlog areas
♦ Rationalisation areas
♦ New development areas
♦ Redevelopment areas
♦ Present Pollution load per area for sub-catchment

Industry Guidelines
Typical Tables
4.2.2 Future Condition
The following tables should be included and supported by maps and plans for the
recommended options only.
Table 6: Growth Forecasts
♦ Over 15 year (or 30 year) time horizon

♦ Annual increase in residential PE
♦ Annual increase in commercial PE
♦ Annual increase in industrial PE
♦ Annual increase in flow and pollution load
♦ Annual increase of pollution load and sludge volume for each sewage
treatment plant
♦ Annual increase of pollution load per area for sub-catchment
Table 7: Capital Works
♦ Capital works project number

♦ Capital works project category
♦ Capital works project name
♦ Size of site area for STP
♦ Reduced area of STP centralised and rationalized
♦ Capital works project location
♦ Capital works project estimate
♦ Capital works project description
♦ Capital works project staging
♦ Capital works project timing
♦ Capital works project cash flow
♦ Capital works project funding

Typical Table
4.2.3 Cash Flow
Cash flows are given annually from the present year for 15 years or 30 years for the
recommended option only.
Table 7: Cash Flows
♦ Project capital costs listed for each project separately

♦ Operations and maintenance costs listed for each network, network pump
station, sewage treatment plant and sludge treatment separately
♦ Present values calculated using discount rates of 8% and 12%

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 5
Preparation and Approval
5.1 Presentation
Catchment Strategy Reports should be self-contained, bound documents of A4
size.
Maps and plans should preferably be A4 or A3 size and bound within the
document. For larger catchments, A2 or A1 size maps or plans may be required.
In these cases, the maps or plans may be included in the report or presented
separately.
The front cover of the report should clearly identify the name of the Catchment
Strategy Report, the names of the developers (if any), the names of the
developments (if any), the name of the consultant whom prepared the Catchment
Strategy Report and the date of the report.
The first page in the report shall contain an approvals page, as shown in Appendix
A.
All text and tables are to be presented in clear, legible, typewritten format. Type
face size used should be 11 point or larger.
5.2 Data
The developer, preparing a Catchment Strategy Report, is required to collect all
relevant data to enable a Catchment Strategy Report to be evaluated and approved.
Sources of data include, Local Authorities and State Government Planning

Departments for land use and growth forecast data and Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Air Negara and Sewerage Service Licensee for existing sewerage infrastructure.
Where necessary, field studies may need to be undertaken to substantiate

population equivalents from which flows and loads are determined.
All existing and proposed sewerage infrastructure within a catchment must be

included in a Catchment Strategy Report.
5.3 Consultation
Developers are advised to discuss their proposed Catchment Strategy Reports with
the relevant Planning Departments, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara and
Sewerage Service Licensee when it is still in a draft form. This will ensure all
planned works have been considered and data properly assessed.

5.4 Approval
Catchment Strategy Reports are to be submitted to the Branch Offices of the
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara.
Four copies of the report must be submitted.
Developers shall be required to provide briefing of the catchment strategy, if

required, before approval.
Developers should allow at least 22 working days to obtain approval for a

Catchment Strategy Report.
One copy of an approved report will be returned to the developer for retention.

Industry Guidelines
Part C
Sewerage Catchment
Planning Manual
Section 1 Introduction to the Manual 57
1.1 Purpose 57
1.2 Objectives 57
1.3 Governing Principles 58
1.4 Content 60
1.5 Structure 60
Section 2 Basic Principles Governing the Conduct of Sewerage 63

Catchment Planning
2.1 Introduction 63
2.2 Basic Objectives and Needs 64
2.3 Community Wide Approach 66
2.4 General Policies Governing Sewerage Management 67
2.5 General Procedures for Evolving Sewerage Catchment Plans69
2.6 Manpower Requirements 75
2.7 Reporting 76
Section 3 Catchment Profiling 77
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Factors Defining Catchment Limits 77
3.3 Catchment Profiling 80
Section 4 Inventory and Assessment of Existing Sewerage Facilities83
4.1 Preamble 83
4.2 Overview of Sewerage Service Areas 83
4.3 Sewers 85
4.4 Pump Stations 88
4.5 Sewage Treatment Plants 88
4.6 Sludge Processing 95
4.7 Disposal Trends 95
Section 5 Estimation of Sewage Flows, Pollutant Loads and Sludge 99
Generation Rates
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Sewage Flows 99
5.3 Sewage Pollutants 100
5.4 Estimation of Sewage Flows 101
5.5 Pollutant Load Projections 108
5.6 Sewage Sludge Quantifications 111
Section 6 Issues And Constraints 117
6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Rating of Existing Sewerage Systems 117
6.3 Issues and Constraints Relevant to Identifying Appropriate 122
Sewerage Service Strategies
6.4 Issues Pertinent to Developers 126
Section 7 Identification and Assessment of Optional Sewerage 127

Management Strategies

7.2 Initial Screening of Options 127
7.3 Sewerage Management Alternatives 128
7.4 Identification of Options for Analysis 141
7.5 Listing of Favourable Options 146
7.6 Post Script 146
Section 8 Financial Analysis Of Options 147

8.2 Costing Basis 147
8.3 Life of Assets and Residual Value 148
8.4 Running (Operating and Maintenance) Costs 149
8.5 Net Present Value and B/C 150
8.6 Other Financial Tools 158
Section 9 Selection of Preferred Option 159

9.2 Collation of Pertinent Information 159
9.3 Evaluation Based on Financial Considerations 162
9.4 Evaluation Based on Technical Considerations 164
9.5 Evaluation Based on Environmental Considerations 164
9.6 Overall Assessment and Selection of Preferred Option 165
9.7 Optimisation of Preferred Option 168
Appendix A Sources of Information 171
A1 Potential Services of Basic Information 171
Appendix B Qualification And Quantification Of Sewage Flow 173

and Pollutant Load Characteristics
B1 Introduction 173
B2 Sewage Flows 173
B3 Pollutant Loads 177
B4 Sludge Characteristics 179
B5 Factors Considered in Predicting Population Growth 180
Appendix C Estimation Of Sewage Treatment Plant Plot Areas 181
C1 Empirical Estimates of Area Requirements for 181

Different Types of Sewage Treatment Plants
Appendix D Methods For Population Forecast 185
D1 Population Forecast 185

D2 Demographic Method of Population Projection 185
D3 Arithmethical Increase Method 185
D4 Incremental Increase Method 186
D5 Geometrical Increase Method 186
D6 Decreasing Rate of Growth 186
D7 Graphical Method 186
D8 Logistic Method 187
D9 Method of Density 187
D10 Final Forecast 187
Appendix E Basic Approaches for making Alternative 189

E1 Introduction 189
E2 Example of Analysis Approaches 189
E3 Conclusion 192
Appendix F Typical Capital and O&M Costs 193
F1 Typical Capital and O&M 193
Appendix G Glossary of Abbreviations 199

Glossary of Abbreviations 199
SECTION 1
Introduction To
The Manual
Introduction To The Manual
1.1 Purpose
General
The primary intent of this Manual is to provide guidance for formulating sewerage
strategies for defined Catchment Areas; irrespective of whether they are urbanised
or rural in character, or whether centralised sewerage systems are existing or
absent. This Manual should be read in conjunction with the Catchment Strategy
Report Volume 1 Part B issued by the Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN). The latter document spells out the basic ingredients for preparation of
catchment strategy report.
Definition of a Catchment
A Catchment is broadly defined as a composite area with well demarcated

boundaries within which independent self contained sewerage services can be
instituted and managed in an appropriate manner and on an economic footing
whilst meeting regulatory standards on treated effluent discharges.
The planning scope addressed in this Manual covers both broad base (large)
catchments (such as the entire City of Kuala Lumpur or Pulau Pinang or an entire
Local Authority Area), as well as individual or collective catchments of a smaller
areal size (e.g. covering only major housing estates or discrete areas within Local
Authority boundaries).
Caters to Developers Seeking Sewerage Approvals
Developers may also depend or refer to this Manual when preparing sewerage
catchment plans, as required by the Director General of Sewerage Services when
applying for Sewerage Planning Approval.
1.2 Objectives
Standardised Approach and Methodology
The primary objective of this Manual is to promote and instill a Standardised

Approach and Methodology for undertaking Sewerage Planing Studies on a
Catchment level basis; and for presenting the findings in a systematic and logical
manner so that it can be expeditiously reviewed, practically implemented, and
thereafter used as a basis to update on sewerage strategies on a long term basis.
The Approach presented in this Manual is for preparing comprehensive Sewerage

Service Plans which are regionally biased where appropriate; and which are
focused on promoting sewerage schemes to serve various types of land uses and
physical developments located within a Catchment. It also emphasises on the need
to view sewerage provisions for a single development as being an integrated
component of an optimised, synergistic, sewerage scheme covering the entire
Catchment in which the development is located. The same principle also applies
for new or expanding developments occurring within a Catchment. In this manner

sewerage strategies for a particular catchment can be progressively updated each

time a new or expanding development is proposed.
Non-Restrictive Methodologies
The methodologies described in this document are not meant to be restrictive,

rather they are to be considered as basic, fundamental procedures that have been
successfully applied in the past to formulate Sewerage Service Plans on a regional
or local scale, i.e. covering single or multiple Catchments. Their content can be
expanded, modified and refined as required, so long as the objectives and basic
requirements for sewerage catchment planning, as identified in this Manual, are not
deviated from, or compromised.
1.3 Governing Principles

This Sewerage Catchment Planning Manual is governed by the following
principles, viz:
Caters for Domestic Sewage
Sewerage Catchment Planning shall specifically relate to the management of

‘domestic’ sewage flows. Domestic sewage flows are defined as wastewaters that
are discharged from a residential dwelling, from public toilets, from laundries,
from toilets, kitchens and canteens that are located in commercial, institutional and
industrial buildings, and from hospitals and restaurants. Manufacturing related
process wastewaters that are suitably pretreated so that its pollutant characteristics
are similar to that of untreated sewage may also be considered to be covered by this
definition. Excluded are untreated process waters from industrial establishments,
cooling tower effluent discharges and steam blowdowns.
Sewerage System
This Planning Manual focuses on the development of sewerage systems. They are
a basic infrastructural component of built-up areas that support relatively high
population densities. They include all physical facilities involved with the
collection of sewage at source, conveyance to a treatment facility, its treatment to
conform to effluent discharge standards, and finally either its disposal to the
environment, or its reuse as irrigation waters or for other accepted purposes. The
physical assets associated with a sewage system would include:
i) Property Connection which channel sewage from individual building(s) to

the nearest public reticulation sewer, or directly to an on-site treatment
plant (minimum 150mm in diameter).
ii) Reticulation sewers of relatively small diameters (225mm to 300mm
diameter) which channel sewage collected from groups of individual
properties to branch sewers (300mm to 450mm diameter).
iii) Branch sewers (300mm to 450mm diameter) which receive sewage from
reticulation sewers and thereafter transfers the flow to small sewage
treatment plants, or to main sewers (450mm to 900mm diameter).

Industry Guidelines
iv) Main sewers (450mm to 900mm diameter) which receive sewers from
branch sewers and thereafter transfer flows to small sewage treatment plant
or to trunk sewers (greater than 900mm diameter).
v) Trunk sewers (greater than 900mm diameter) form the spine of a large
catchment and transfers sewage to a large sewage treatment plant.
vi) Sewage treatment plants (STP) which converts the sewage into a form
which can be safely discharged to the environment, or reused for various
compatible purposes.
vii) Sludge treatment and disposal facilities which cater for low solids content
sludge that are generated by STPs. Sewage sludge management facilities
can be part of an overall STP, or installed as a separate entity at centralised
sludge processing centres. Facilities are provided to:
♦ thicken the sludge in order to reduce its volume so that it can be more
economically processed thereafter.
♦ stabilise sludge by reducing its degradable organic content and pathogenic
properties.
♦ dewater the stabilised sludge to further increase its solids content (>25%)
such that it becomes “spadeable”, and more easily handled and transported
to approved disposal centres.
viii) Systems to dispose or reuse the processed sludge.
Exclusion
A building’s internal plumbing (or soil pipes) within the buildings lot boundary
which handles sewage flows at generation points are excluded from consideration.
Separate Sewer Systems
Sewerage Catchment Planning shall focus only on implementation of separate

sewer systems that cater for raw sewage discharges exclusively. They shall not be
planned to accommodate storm water runoffs (e.g. rain water collected from
building roofs, courtyards and street pavements). However allowances should be
incorporated in sewerage planning to accommodate storm waters that may
unintentionally or inadvertently be introduced into the sewerage system (e.g.
through uncovered manholes, leaking pipe joints and manhole structures, and
illegal roof drainage connections).
Cater for Growth Areas
In sewerage catchment planning special emphasis shall be made to cater for

Growth Areas. Growth Areas are defined as new developments occurring within a
Catchment which need to be considered in order that central sewerage services can
be planned and adequately provided to cater for their sewage discharges.
Environmental Implications
Sewerage Planning shall take due cognizance of protecting the aesthetic,

recreational and biological values of water courses. In addition, sewerage planning

for catchments which contribute to the water resource potential of public water
supply systems should be prioritised to ensure adequate protection of raw water
intakes.
1.4 Content
The Planning Manual identifies the basic factors and criteria which have to be
considered when formulating Sewerage Catchment Plans, and describes a
systematic approach to achieve this goal. It outlines the scope of baseline data that
needs to be garnered, and discusses procedures for interpreting and analysing the
data with a view towards deriving useful information that can be applied to
formulate a rationalised, integrated Plan which is cost effective and affordable, and
which can cater for the short, medium and long term sewerage needs of a
Catchment. It also discusses the basis for identifying a staged affordable sewerage
facility implementation programme which can alleviate existing sewerage service
deficiencies, cater for projected growth areas (i.e. increasing sewage flow
generation in the foreseeable long term), and ensure compliance with established
effluent quality discharge standards and other legislative requirements.
In line with the above approach, this Manual relates the methodologies that can be
applied to (a) establish or define Catchment boundaries, (b) estimate sewage flow
and sewage sludge generation rates within the Catchment at specific intervals
throughout a selected planning period, (c) assess existing sewerage service
deficiencies within the Catchment, (d) identify appropriate sewage and sludge
collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal concepts which can redress the
catchment’s existing sewerage deficiencies and cater for its future needs, (e)
compare and evaluate the technical, financial, economic and environmental impact
characteristics of concepts identified so that they can be ranked in terms of overall
suitability, with a view to justify selection of a preferred Sewerage Catchment Plan,
(f) specify short, medium and long term implementation schemes for sewerage and
sludge collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal facilities that can fulfill the
goals of the preferred Sewerage Catchment Plan, (g) estimate staged and
cumulative Capital, and Operation and Maintenance costs over the Planning
Period, and (h) identify funding schemes to support the selected Sewerage
Catchment Plan.
1.5 Structure
The content of this Planning Manual has been structured to present a systematic
discussion on how a Sewerage Catchment Planning exercise should be conducted
and reported.
The next chapter presents a summarised account of the basic principals associated
with sewerage catchment planning; and the manpower requirements needed to
conduct such a Study.
Chapter Three identifies the factors to be taken into account in delineating
sewerage catchment boundaries and in defining the Study Area as a whole.

Industry Guidelines
Chapter Four explains the necessary scope and detail involved in identifying,
assessing and evaluating the status of existing sewerage facilities within a
demarcated catchment area.
Chapter Five describes the flow and pollutant load characteristics of sewage and
sewage sludges; and identifies suitable criteria for estimating sewage flow
discharges from different types of premises, and sludge generation by different
types of sewage treatment plants (STPs). Methodologies for estimating current,
and predicting future, sewage flow quantities, pollutant loads and sludge quantities
are discussed; with emphasis placed on identifying factors that are to be considered
when predicting future flow generation rates on a realistic basis.
Chapter Six relates the issues and constraints that need to be considered when
identifying strategies for upgrading and consolidating existing sewerage systems,
and for introducing new systems to cater for growth areas within a defined
Catchment Area. This step is a necessary precursor for identifying optional
upgrading and expanding sewerage strategies for in-depth comprehensive analyses.
Chapter Seven describes the bases for choosing a number of suitable alternative
sewerage service strategies to address identified issues and constraints. It further
discusses the manner by which the alternative strategies can be screened so that a
limited number are finally selected for detailed analyses, with a view towards
ranking them in order of overall suitability.
Chapter Eight the financial aspects of sewerage catchment planning are described
and explained; especially in relation to its importance and influence in dictating
first of all the elimination of unfavourable strategies, and subsequently in selecting
a preferred Sewerage Catchment Plan.
Chapter Nine deliberates on the basic approach and methodologies that can be
applied for selecting a preferred Sewerage Catchment Plan amongst short listed
options. In addition the derivation of a staged programme to implement the
preferred Plan over a selected tenure is explained. The important aspect of funding
staged programmes are also discussed.


Industry Guidelines
SECTION 2
Basic Principles Governing
the Conduct of Sewerage
Catchment Planning
Basic Principles Governing the Conduct of
Sewerage Catchment Planning
2.1 Introduction
The objectives and need for Sewerage Catchment Planning are explained in this
Chapter. Fundamentals involved in formulating a Sewerage Catchment Plan are
explained.
Sewerage catchment planning, which represents one facet of overall Infrastructural

Catchment Planning, is specifically concerned with identifying structural as well as
non-structural measures that will ensure the safe management and disposal of
sewage generated within a defined area, so that desired public health, aesthetic and
environmental quality standards within its boundaries, or its neighbouring or
conjugative areas, are not compromised or degraded. Sewerage Catchment
Planning encompasses the management of both the liquid and solids fraction of
sewage.
Holistic Approach
A holistic approach is needed when undertaking sewerage catchment planing

studies; as in the case for all other infrastructural planning studies. This would
involve making a concerted effort to garner reliable baseline information on
existing development patterns and sewerage provisions, and to predict as
accurately as possible future development patterns and corresponding need for
enhanced updated sewerage services.
Techno-Economic Issues
Techno-economic issues are important factors in charting a workable, flexible,

Sewerage Catchment Plan (SCP). Sufficient foresight is needed to predict service
requirements fifteen to twenty years in the future. A SCP which cannot be funded,
adequately managed (i.e. availability of trained manpower resources), or which is
constrained in its ability to generate sufficient revenue is practically worthless.
Equal Importance on Sludge Management
In Sewerage Catchment Planning studies equal importance has to be placed on the

collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of liquid sewage as well as sewage
sludge. In the past very little attention has been placed on sewage sludge
management, with the result that, currently, residual sludge disposal is a major
problem faced by the Sewerage Service Operator.
Specific Ingredients and Perspectives of a Catchment Plan
A catchment plan is essential for the efficient development and management of

sewerage systems to serve current and future developments and to meet
environmental quality and public health goals of a region. It should provide an
optimised return on investments to meet capital and operating costs. In addition
the plan should account for other relevant factors including impacts on the
environment, socio-political considerations, level of technology, skills required,
availability of equipment and personnel. Catchment plans are usually developed to

serve a community for the short, medium and long terms. Planning information
such as population projections are rarely considered to be reliable beyond 20 years.
The catchment plan is generally developed to fit within this planning horizon, but
should be valid for longer. This necessity to meet future developments which
cannot be accurately predicted, means that the catchment plan must be flexible.
Catchment plans are often developed using time periods matching the economic
life of sewerage assets which average approximately 20 to 25 years.
2.2 Basic Objectives and Needs

Objectives
Safeguard Environmental Values and Public Health
The primary aim or objective of Sewerage Catchment Planning is to ensure that

sewage flows generated within Catchment Areas, together with its inherent
pollutant forms, are safely managed, without causing detrimental impacts on the
local and regional environments.
Other Aims
In conforming to this primary goal, other objectives to be attained include:
i) The appropriate definition of boundaries for a Catchment that will not only
optimise the management of sewerage services within its area of influence,
but one which could also support and enhance sewerage services in
adjoining catchments if required.
ii) Estimating with adequate accuracy the generation of current and future
sewage flows and pollutant loads within a specified Catchment.
iii) Outlining broad sewerage facility implementation strategies for the
catchment that are in conformance with the objectives of the National
Sewerage Policy.
iv) Maximising the use of existing sewerage facilities within a Catchment to
serve a particular Development; and/or to cater for future sewage flow
generation by anticipated development schemes.
v) Ensuring a staged implementation of identified sewerage facilities which
are affordable, which can be adequately managed and maintained, and
which can be effectively administered to cater for existing and future
sewage flows and inherent pollutant loads.
vi) Integration of private developer investment with Government funding to
enable sewerage infrastructure to meet National needs via:
♦ coordinated sewerage development through collaborative development
schemes
♦ upgrading existing infrastructure or incorporating existing infrastructure or
backlog areas into new development schemes

Industry Guidelines
♦ sewerage contribution policies adopting the incentives/disincentive

approach
Need for Sewerage Catchment Planning
Sewage in its generated form harbours a variety of pollutants which can impact
adversely on the physical, biological and human value components of the
environment.
Concern Over Pollutants Present in Sewage
The cause for concern over pollutants present in raw sewage flows is best
summarised in Table 2.1 below:
Table 2.1 : Contaminants in Sewage and Reasons for Health or

Environmental Concern
Contaminants Reason for Importance
Suspended Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and
solids anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic
environment.
Biodegradable Composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, biodegradable
organics organics are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (biochemical
oxygen demand). If discharged untreated to the environment, their biological
stabilisation can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and to the
development of septic conditions.
Pathogens Communicable diseases can be transmitted by the pathogenic organisms in
wastewater.
Nutrients Both nitrogen and phosphorus, along with carbon, are essential nutrients for
growth. When discharged to the aquatic environment, these nutrients can
lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive
amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.
Refractory These organics tend to resist conventional methods of wastewater treatment.
Organics Typical examples include surfactants, phenols and agriculture pesticides.
Heavy Metals Heavy metals are usually added to wastewater from commercial and
industrial activities and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be
reused.
Dissolved Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium and sulphate are added to the
Inorganic original domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be
Solids removed if wastewater is to be reused.
Oil and Grease Substances that are capable of depleting the oxygen reserves of water
courses, and as a consequence causing adverse impacts on the longevity of
aquatic flora and fauna, and benthic organisms, and on the aesthetics and
resource value of water courses.

In consequence of the above, raw sewage has to be adequately treated prior to its
release to the environment. Treatment reduces the potency of pollutants present in
raw sewage to a level where they can be readily assimilated or accommodated by
the environment without harming the health and welfare status of communities, the
well being of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the desired aesthetic value of
an environment.
Particular Concerns of a Sewerage Catchment Plan
As such Sewerage Catchment Planning is concerned with identifying strategies and

implementing facilities to collect and convey sewage flows released at source to a
treatment plant, or plants, without exposing it to the environment; and thereafter to
treat it adequately so that the liquid and solids fraction of the raw sewage can be
safely released to the environment associated with the defined Catchment, and/or
its neighbouring areas.
Varying Needs
The specific needs of a Catchment can vary over its confined area, depending
significantly on the form, density and rate of development and population levels
over the planning period. Low population and physical development patterns may
warrant treatment of sewage at source (on-site treatment); on the other hand high
density urban environments are best served by treatment plants located at a central
point away from the sources of sewage generation.
2.3 Community Wide Approach

Planning for whole community
A sewerage management system is one component of an urban environment’s total

infrastructure system. This form of infrastructure represents a long term asset; for
example sewers are expected to have a viable life up to 100 years, and even
mechanical and electrical equipment is expected to last as long as 20 years. Hence
once a sewerage system is constructed it will be part of the urban structure for the
foreseeable future.
Once implemented the sewerage system is an interconnected entity, so it is not

feasible to rearrange or redirect components of the system without major physical
disruption and significant capital expenditure. As such a sewerage system
represents a major investment by the community.
Running costs are as important as capital costs
The investment is not restricted to initial capital expenditures but includes all of the
operation and maintenance costs. These running costs will be incurred for many
decades and as such will be more substantial than the effective capital sum
expended. Recurrent costs will include both obvious items such as chemical and
power usage, hiring of personnel, and less obvious items such as management and
overhead costs (e.g. monitoring costs).

Industry Guidelines
It will also effectively commit part of the available land, and services, for the life
of the asset.
Cater for Community Interests
The sewerage system therefore is a series of inter-connected assets which needs to

be planned, designed, constructed and operated for maximum community benefit.
Hence at the planning stage the system should be selected based upon the best
interests of the total community and not specifically optimised to benefit a
particular beneficiary or group of beneficiaries.
Current Management and Administration
Under the Water Services Industry Act, public sewerage systems in Malaysia are
expected to be managed and operated by Service Licensee. The system is
subjected to external effects including economic viability and social policy, and
regulation by the Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN). The Service
Licensee who is responsible for the management and operation of the sewerage
system will draw up a Business Plan, with particular assumptions, conditions and
constraints on the required plan. It is important that this is recognised and that
close liaison be maintained with the Service Licensee and SPAN during Sewerage
Catchment Planning Studies.
2.4 General Policies Governing Sewerage Management

General policies have been evolved to guide sewerage catchment planning within
Malaysia. They take into consideration the need to operate existing systems and to
build and operate new Works. The basic policies are as follows:
National basis
♦ Policies and procedures will be applied on a national basis with the aim to
ultimately provide all customers with the same level of service. However,
the issue of appropriate level of service taking into consideration impact
and affordability will be considered in deciding the timing of
implementation.
Cost recovery
♦ Cost associated with the provision of sewerage services shall be recovered

from the polluters as well as from sectors benefitting from sewerage
services, directly and indirectly.
♦ A system of incentives and disincentives including Sewerage Contributions,
rebates and Government funding support shall be used to guide sewerage
infrastructure development in line with National Goals
Responsibility of Developers

♦ Developers will be encouraged to act together and coordinate their

developments with existing sewerage works as well as those proposed by
the Service Licensees, Facility Licensees and the Government with the
objective of providing a more efficient and effective sewerage system.
The following general policies have been developed specifically for the purpose of
planning sewerage systems. These policies will tend to be favoured for all systems
unless specific local conditions provide reasons to favour alternative policies:
Synergistic Development
♦ Land will be identified and set aside for sewage collection, sewage
treatment and sludge management at the earliest possible date. The land
must be sufficient and suitable for the use intended. They must be
sufficient to meet the needs of the existing and ultimate development in the
area; and to cater for the most stringent effluent quality discharge standards
anticipated.
Rationalisation of Sewage Treatment Plants
♦ Sewerage infrastructure will move towards realising a more rationalised

system that advocates fewer number of treatment plants and on-site
systems. In this respect provision of a single large sewage treatment plant
(STP) or Sludge Treatment Facility (STF) is preferred to the provision of
multiple sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities (and
associated sewerage infrastructure) to serve various stages of development
within a Catchment.
♦ The use of individual and communal septic tanks is not considered suitable.
If septic tanks (or equivalent) are installed as part of an early stage of a
development they will only be considered as temporary works.
♦ Developments should connect to existing sewage treatment plants rather
than construct new smaller systems if the existing sewage treatment plants
can be upgraded or augmented.
Sludge Management Required
♦ All sewage treatment plants other than septic tanks, Imhoff Tanks and small
package plants must be able to demonstrate that methods available for
sludge management; which in turn must comply with SPAN guidelines and
standards concerning their treatment and disposal. Suitable access must be
provided for sludge removal at all STPs.
♦ Sludge from Imhoff tanks, small package plants and septic tanks shall be
treated at a regional facility wherever possible which may be located at the
same site as a permanent sewage treatment plant or at an independent site.
♦ Where appropriate, developments shall be required to contribute Sludge
Contributions rather than build sludge treatment facilities as part of their
developments.

Industry Guidelines
Siting of Sewage Treatment Plants
♦ Sewage treatment plants should not be constructed inside or underneath

buildings. Such construction will require stringent health and safety
conditions plus additional costs for operation and maintenance and where
such siting is deemed unavoidable, operability, safety and security
considerations shall be incorporate in the design.
Buffer Zones
♦ All sewage treatment plants and sludge facilities must be provided with a
buffer zone in compliance with guidelines established by SPAN. The
buffer zone must be suitable for both existing and ultimate loads. The
plants must not be located adjacent to food outlets, religious centres and
shall or preferably be away from residences.
♦
Disposal Standards to be Attained
♦ All sewage treatment plants must be designed to produce an effluent that

conforms to current legislated discharge standards established by the
Department of Environment Malaysia, and be capable of meeting any
reasonably anticipated effluent quality in the future.
♦ All sludge to be disposed of must confirm to statutory requirements
established by the Department of Environment, Malaysia on sludge quality
and disposal practices.
2.5 General Procedures for Evolving Sewerage Catchment

Plans
New Developments, or existing Developments seeking expansion, together with
regional planning efforts, shall include Sewerage Planning to be conducted over a
related area of influence. An overall systematic procedure for evolving a Sewerage
Catchment Plan is depicted in Figure 2.1.
A step wise approach is recommended, with analyses of alternative sewerage

management schemes integrated into the overall procedure.

Sewage Treatment the Main Focus of Sewerage Catchment

Planning
Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) are the most important component of a sewerage
system, as they are responsible for producing an acceptable effluent which can be
released to the environment. The process of identifying and evaluating alternative
sewerage management schemes should therefore focus on where, and how, sewage
generated within a Catchment must be treated. The guiding principal being the
acceptable quality of effluent which can be released to the environment.
IDENTIFY PLANNING AREA
DEFINE CATCHMENT
BOUNDARIES
IDENTIFY SEWERAGE
DEVELOPMENT
IDENTIFY THE LAND USE AND

DEVELOPMENT PROFILES
ESTIMATE THE PROJECTIONS

ON PE
IDENTIFY ALTERNATE
SEWERAGE STRATEGIES
ON- SITE MULTI- POINT CENTRAL INTEGRATE ADJOINING

SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
TECHNICAL/ FINANCIAL/
ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION
SELECT AND OPTIMIZE A

PREFERRED SEWERAGE SYSTEM
STAGED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME
Figure 2.1 Analytical Approach for Identification of

Appropriate Sewerage and Sludge Management
Schemes

Industry Guidelines
Identifying the Planning Area
The initial step in Sewerage Catchment Planning is the identification of the

planning area for which the location, topography, natural drainage systems and
geology are described. The location and total area covered of the planning area are
described. Topography and natural drainage system are described to show the
image of the array of sewers in gravity. For geology, the conditions of the soil
structure and surface are described to provide basis for discussing the construction
requirements of sewers and STPs.
Defining Catchment Boundaries
When defining Catchment Boundaries, the topography, administrative borders and

artificial barriers such as railroads are taken into account. The boundaries of a
Catchment will not only encompass identified growth areas but will assist in efforts
to interpret sewerage provisions around them.
Identifying Sewerage Development
The outline of sewerage development and the condition of existing facilities

conditions are described herein. In the outline, the location and number and
connected PE of all public and privately operated sewage treatment plants,
individual septic tanks and pourflush are described. For the existing facility
conditions, the inventories of sewers, pump stations, sewage treatment plants,
sludge treatment facilities are described. Treatment capacities are examined by
looking at design factors such as hydraulic retention time, loading rate, contact
time and so on. Based on the condition of the sewage treatment facilities the
present pollution load is estimated for expressing domestic sewage pollution status.
Identifying Land Use and Development Profiles
Land use and development data are important to estimate the future population
used for the estimation the future sewage flow. These data quantitatively and
spatially describe the present land use and developments during the sewerage
planning period. The data should show the existing population dispersion in the
catchment, the future population levels, the future housing estates and the future
industrial and commercial areas in certain areas.
Estimation of the Projections on the Sewage Flow
Once a Catchment is defined, the extent of the Planning Period is determined.

Consequently estimation of current sewage flows and those predicted to be
generated in the future can be ascertained based on existing and future population
levels and current and future land use and economic development trends spatially
distributed over the Catchment Area. Such information is then employed to
ascertain the capability of existing sewerage facilities to cater for current and future
sewage flows and pollutant loadings. Information so obtained shall provide insight
on the scope of rehabilitation, upgrading, or new Works that need to be
implemented during various time intervals over the selected Planning Period.

Identifying Alternate Sewerage Strategies
Having reviewed the issues and implications associated with upgrading and
extending sewerage services a concerted effort should first of all be made to
examine alternative sewage treatment concepts that can ensure a safe disposal of
treated effluent. This would include:
i) Eradicating the use of septic and imhoff tank systems which have a
tendency not to be maintained properly. Instead, households shall be
served via a multipoint system or a centralised sewage treatment facility.
ii) Ensuring that all raw sewage is directed to sewerage and sewage treatment
facilities and the environmental safeguards should be put into place in order
to protect public health and the local water quality.
iii) Eliminating STPs which are incapable of reliably meeting effluent
discharge standards, and rerouting sewage flows to existing and planned
treatment plants which are tailored to meet current and projected effluent
discharge standards.
iv) Determining the type of new STPs which should be implemented so that an
acceptable quality of effluent discharge can be maintained for the
foreseeable future.
v) Ascertaining the possibility of upgrading existing STPs to serve a higher
rate of sewage flows, and yet maintain an acceptable quality of effluent
discharge.
vi) Future sludge generation are also estimated based on the future sewage
flows for each alternative.
vii) The sewage conveyance system are developed based on identified treatment
concepts with special attention being focused on requirements to implement
intermediate pump stations and determining the availability of land for
these.
viii) Rationalising current STPs by reducing the number of small, limited
capacity and inefficient plants, and instead implementing a single or a
limited number of central STPs (say possibly within the confines of a
proposed Development).
ix) Determining availability of land to implement permanent STP (including
that available within a proposed development; such as in a new housing
estate).
Figure 2.2 shows examples of alternative strategies, while

Appendix E shows the basic approach for making alternatives.
Technical/Financial/Environmental Evaluation
Before conducting technical/financial/environmental evaluation, an initial

screening exercise is performed in order to limit the number of alternative sewage
treat
After an initial screening, alternatives are evaluated on costs, environmental
impacts, operability and so on. These criteria are then systematically scored to test

Industry Guidelines
the overall viability of the short listed alternative schemes and to rank them in
order of preference.
ment schemes to as few a number as possible (say three at the most) in order that
more detailed analyses of their comparative attributes and limitations can be
ascertained. Generally critical analysis is made and qualitative criteria such as
available land area and environmentally sensitive area are used for the initial
screening of options.
Selection and Optimization of Preferred Sewerage System
The most preferred alternative sewerage scheme is then subjected to further

refinement with the basic aim of defining a staged programme for refurbishing and
upgrading existing facilities and to install new sewerage facilities, and to estimate
the staged costs for implementing the defined programmes. The economic viability
associated with the staged implementation of facilities is then evaluated. This
requires an evaluation of the potential revenues which can be generated to pay for
capital expenditures.

On-Site System Multi-Point System
River
Catchment Boundary
River
Sub- Catchment Boundar Catchment Boundary
Individual Septic Tank
Sub- Catchment Boundary
Individual Septic Tank
Sewers
Regional STP
Central System Integrate Adjoining Sewerage Catchment
River
Catchment Boundary
River Sub- Catchment Boundary
Catchment Boundary Individual Septic Tank
Sub- Catchment Boundar Sewers
Individual Septic Tank Integrate Adjoining STP
Sewers
Central STP
Figure 2.2 Example of Alternative Strategy

Industry Guidelines
No Two Similar Catchment Plans
For each sewerage catchment plan there will be different issues to be contended
with. Hence a highly prescriptive format cannot be provided. However the general
approach and content will be similar. The approach relies upon developing a
thorough understanding of the existing system, proposed development and relevant
issues, then making a valid comparison of the available alternatives. The selected
preferred option can then be defined in sufficient detail to permit the plan to form
the basis for the design of the individual components of the system.
Referral Base
In developing Sewerage Plans for Catchments it is advisable that reference be

made to publications such as SPAN’s series of publications entitled Guidelines for
Developers and Sirim’s Malaysian Standard MS 1228 : 1991 (Code of Practice for
Design and Installation of Sewerage Services). These reference documents provide
relevant design criteria and guidelines to assist in the estimation of sewage flows
and pollutant loads, to conduct preliminary sizing of sewerage facilities and to
estimate land area requirements for establishing new sewage treatment plants and
sludge processing facilities. Where specific information cannot be obtained from
these two principal publications, recourse may be made to review other reference
material covering internationally accepted sewerage facility design criteria, and
sewerage management practices.
In addition discussions should be held with the system beneficiaries and with
relevant Government and Private Agencies to obtain specific information on the
subject Catchment. A list of potential contacts are summarised in Appendix A.
2.6 Manpower Requirements

An integrated team of specialists, backed-up by sub-professional and
administrative staff, are needed to carry out sewerage catchment planning studies.
The Team Leader should be an experienced sewerage or environmental engineer.

He should be supported by a Civil Engineer. The Study Team should preferably
include an engineering economist and a town planner, the former to carry out
economic/financial analyses of alternative schemes; and the latter to undertake
current and future land use and development profiling, estimation of current
population levels and to predict future population levels within the defined
catchment area.

A sewerage catchment planning exercise requires extensive reconnaissance surveys

of existing land use and developments and existing sewerage facilities such as
pump stations and STPs. In addition extensive reviews of sewerage planning and
design submissions have to be made. A team of technical assistants and
technicians can assist the professional staff in conducting such essential tasks.
Finally a team of draftspersons and typists are required to, respectively, produce a
large number of descriptive and informative figures and to type the catchment
reports.
2.7 Reporting
The salient findings of a sewerage catchment planning study are required to be
reported in a concise and systematic manner. All pertinent and substantiative
information should be included in the Report. In this context basic criteria,
premises and sources of information need must be documented. The principal
deductions, conclusions and recommendations should be summarised and
presented in an Executive Summary.
A suitable Report Content is presented in Volume 1, Part B Catchment Strategy

Report.

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 3
Catchment Profiling
Catchment Profiling
3.1 Introduction
Defining Area Limits of a Catchment
Defining the area limits of a Catchment for which sewerage planning is to be

carried out is a primary goal to be achieved at the very outset of a Sewerage
Catchment Planning study. This procedure establishes the areal limits within
which a cost effective integrated plan for sewerage service upgrading and
enhancement can be formulated.
A Sewerage Catchment can be viewed as an area over which raw sewage can be
conveniently conveyed, predominantly by gravity, and at reasonable cost, to a
treatment plant located within its confines.
A demarcated sewerage catchment area is usually segregated into a number of

drainage cells or individual sub-catchments dictated mainly by physiographic
profiles. Nonetheless existence of natural and artificial barriers which impede
sewage flows by gravity can also influence the number of sub-catchment cells.
There are specific factors and issues that need to be considered and assessed in
defining the spatial extent of a Catchment. These are elaborated herewith.
3.2 Factors Defining Catchment Limits

Topography
Theoretically a sewerage catchment would encompass a single or multiple number

of natural drainage basins which permits sewage to flow entirely by gravity to a
lowest point where it can be suitably treated and disposed. Topographical
characteristics generally influence the size of a catchment area.
Administrative Borders
Administrative borders and availability of a vast land bank to site a large

permanent STP can influence the shape and size of a Catchment Area (refer to
Figures 3.1 and 3.2).

Catchment Profiling
JERAM
Sg.Buluh
KEPONG
W I L A Y A H
P E R S E K U T U A N
MAJLIS KUALA LUMPUR

PERBANDARAN
PETALING
JAYA
MAJLIS PERBANDARAN
SHAH ALAM
PUDU
PETALING JAYA
LEBUHRAYA
LEMBAH GLENMARIE
KLANG UTARA
SHAH ALAM A
PERSEKUTUAN
HRAY
LEBU
ARA
G UT
KLAN
TIN MINES
AT
S EL
AN
PELABUHAN NG
CO
KLANG UTARALEN
BANDAR
LENCONGAN SELAT
KLANG
)
AN
INA
MAJLIS PERBANDARAN SERDANG
MB
PE
SUBANG JAYA
AM
AL
PORT
KELANG
(D
KLA
GOLF RESORT
BUKIT
NG
KEMUNING
PELABUHAN KLANG AM
S
AL
ELA
AH
TAN
SH
A
AY
HR
BU
LE
CADANGAN
Figure 3.1 Sub-Catchment Boundaries Based on Administrative Jurisdiction

Industry Guidelines
Catchment Profiling
17A
LEGEND :
16 - SG. PENCHALA SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
- M P S J SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
17 - D B K L SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
- DRAIN
19
12 - RIVER
SS2 13
- POND
11
21 14 52
52
SS1
22
51A
A
SS9
☺
SS9
0
SS1
5
PJS 2
6 PJS
PJS
4
PJS
☺
☺
☺
SG. PENCHALA
SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
☺
PUCHONG DBKL
STP SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
KINRARA
SEWERAGE CATCHMENT
Figure 3.2 Sewerage Catchment Boundaries Influenced by Size of Sewage Treatment Plant

Catchment Profiling
However there are other factors which could optimise the spatial extent and
configuration of a sewerage catchment. These would include:
Natural and Artificial Barriers
i) Natural and artificial (man-made) obstacles which impede the convenient

flow of sewage by gravity to a central point for treatment by imposing
technical barriers, or by raising the cost of conveyance to unrealistic levels,
include rivers, major highways, railways, etc.
ii) Lack of suitable land banks to site STP within a natural drainage basin;
thereby necessitating expanding the limits to cover two or more natural
drainage basins.
iii) Availability of large tracks of land area to site high capacity STPs. This
would include considering a large composite Catchment especially if
adjoining areas do not have suitable land areas to site STP.
iv) Requirement to limit the number of intermediate pump stations within a
conveyance network, that could reduce the area of a Catchment.
v) Avoiding deep gravity sewers; a factor which could reduce the size of
Catchments especially in relatively flat terrain.
vi) Selecting a suitable effluent discharge point that is located close to an STP
where treated sewage can be conveniently disposed without exerting
adverse water quality and/or environmental impacts.
vii) Complying with a policy of rationalising the extent of STPs by reducing
their numbers to a minimum.
viii) The type and density of developments along peripheral areas lying adjacent
to the catchment divides; which may extend the area of a sewerage
catchment to include areas in an adjacent drainage catchment.
All of the above factors need to be reviewed in an interactive manner as they would
have some form of implication on catchment sizing. A judgmental decision should
be made after weighing all of the advantages and disadvantages which each factor
may raise.
It is to be noted that administrative boundaries need not influence the establishment

of sewerage catchment boundaries, nor should population levels and densities
dictate the extent of a sewerage catchment.
3.3 Catchment Profiling

Once the overall boundaries of a sewerage catchment are defined, it is necessary to
delineate the spatial distribution of sub-catchment boundaries or cells. This
provides an opportunity to gauge the number of pump stations that will be
required, as well as to plan out the number of permanent STPs that will lead to an
optimum sewerage catchment plan (Refer to Figure 3.3).

Industry Guidelines
Catchment Profiling
LEGEND :
- RIVER
-DRAINS
- SEWERAGE CATCHMENT ZONE BOUNDARY
- PLANNING UNIT BOUNDARY

- SUB-CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
DESA
PAHLAWAN
TAMAN PUTRA
SULAIMAN
AM 000
TAMAN SRI TAMAN

ANGSANA HILIR DAGANG
PEKAN
AMPANG
AMA 023
AMA 021
AMA 022
TAMAN
KG. PANDAN
NIRWANA BANDAR BARU
DALAM
AMPANG
HOLD AMA 024
TAMAN TAMAN (IWO FACILITY

BUT NO REFERENCE NO.)
AMA 025 CAHAYA AMPANG MEWAH
AMA 026 AM 028
AM 041 (old)
TAMAN
CAHAYA INDAH KG. BARU
AMPANG
TAMAN
CEMPAKA TAMAN
TAMAN AMA 066
BAKTI SRI RAMPAI
KLR 099 AMA 031
TAMAN PANDAN
JAYA
KG. BARU
AMPANG KG. AMPANG
TAMAN CAMPURAN
AM 030 PANDAN INDAH
AM 032
AM 033
G
ON
AY PANDAN
ER
.K MEWAH
SG TAMAN
MAJU JAYA
AMA 035
TAMAN KG. TASIK
TAMAN PERMAI
CHERAS INDAH
SHAMELIN AM 052 (OLD)
PERKASA TAMAN LEMBAH

TAMAN MAJU KG. TASIK
TAMBAHAN
MAJU JAYA TAMAN
SERI BAYU
TAMAN PUTRA
AMA 053 (OLD)
TAMAN AMA 036 TAMAN TAMAN MUDA TAMAN MELUR

PANDAN PERDANA ENCHANA AMA 039
AMA 041
AMA 038
TAMAN AMA 048

TAMAN SERAYA TAMAN SAGA
AMA 040
MAWAR
TAMAN
TAMAN BT. TERATAI
KG. CHERAS MASTIKA
BARU
AMA 072
AMA 070
TAMAN
TAMAN MEGA JAYA
KG.
BT. PERMAI
CHERAS BARU
TAMBAHAN
AMA 070
TAMAN
BUKIT MEWAH
KLR 080
KLR 079
KLR 078
TAMAN KLR 081
BUKIT MEWAH
KLR 101
KLR 126 KLR 121
KLR 120
TAMAN
RAJAWAL
TAMAN
KLR 120
TAMAN SUPREME
KLR 121
DESA AMAN
TAMAN
MUTIARA TIMUR
KLR 127
TAMAN
SEGAR
(IWK NO
REF. No.)
Figure 3.3 Overall and Sub-Catchment Boundaries for Upper Kerayong

Sewerage Zone

Catchment Profiling

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 4
Inventory and
Assessment of Existing
Sewerage Facilities
Inventory And Assessment Of
Existing Sewerage Facilities
4.1 Preamble
Appraisal of Existing Sewerage Systems
An essential task to be carried out in any Sewerage Catchment Planning exercise is

an assessment of the different forms of sewerage systems existing within the
demarcated catchment area. A consequential task is to carry out a comprehensive
inventory of existing sewerage assets within the catchment’s boundaries, and an
assessment of their structural state, hydraulic capacity, functional capability and
performance efficiency. Assets under construction, or to be constructed in the near
future, need also to be inventorised.
The assessment should generate information which can be utilised to evaluate their
further usefulness, i.e. whether they can be rehabilitated and upgraded, and whether
there is a need to improve their effectiveness and performance efficiencies to cater
for additional loads and to conform to stricter effluent discharge standards.
The data bank so achieved, and the deductions arising from this review, shall assist
in identifying and evaluating alternative sewerage upgrading and expansion
strategies.
4.2 Overview of Sewerage Service Areas

Definition of Sewerage Service Sectors
A review of the different forms of sewerage services prevailing within a

Catchment, and their spatial distribution, is useful. Sewerage service is defined in
accordance with the type of sewage treatment afforded; i.e. either by Individual and
Communal Septic Tanks, Imhoff Tanks, Waste Stabilisation Ponds or High Rate
Mechanised Biological STPs (encompassing both small package forms and
medium and large scale systems).
The information so garnered should be pictorially displayed over the Catchment as

independent Sewerage Service sectors. A typical example is depicted in Figure
4.1.
The demarcation of sewerage service sectors provides an indication of the extent of

priority upgrading needs of the Catchment under review. Furthermore it also
defines the spatial distribution of different forms of sewage sludges that are being
produced; pertinent information that will assist in deciding on an optimum location
of a centralised sludge treatment facility to cater for the needs of the Catchment.

FEDERAL HIGHWAY 2
TO PANTAI
STP PANTAI SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT
A
LAM
G M
NG
N
KLA
H I J
AN
LOWER KERAYONG
J AL
L SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
0 200 400 600 800 1000 SEWERAGE SECTOR G SEWERAGE SECTOR K
METRE TOTAL TOTAL
K NAME OF DEVELOPMENT AREA NAME OF DEVELOPMENT AREA
25 TAMAN LIAN HOE 11.57 57 TAMAN TECHNOLOGY 195.20
26 TAMAN INDRANAHA 6.80 58 NATIONAL SPORTS COMPLEX 25.60
25 JALAN KUCHAI LAMA 27 TAMAN GOODWOOD 9.80 59 NATIONAL SPORTS INSTITUTE 63.20
26 28 PAGAR RUYONG/KUCHAI JAYA 8.10 60 VISTA JAYA 40.70
29 MBF DEVELOPMENT 1.54 61 BERJAYA GOLF RESORT 168.40
KEY PLAN 30 TAMAN LEE YAN LIAN/SKYLINE 4.50 62 B3 MIXED DEVELOPMENT 120.40
LEGEND : 27 28 31 MEADOWS PARK 4.50 63 SERI KELADI 39.30
29
40 32 TAMAN UNITED 27.70 64 BUKIT JALIL DEVELOPMENT A@B 42.50
27 33 BANDAR PARK 5.80 65 BUKIT JALIL DEVELOPMENT C 42.50
39 84
CK
REGIONAL SEWERS TO PUCHONG STW 34 YOAHAN 2.80 66 BUKIT JALIL DEVELOPMENT D 42.50
30 82
LO
35 TAMAN YARL-LOCAL/SEPTIS TANK 28.98 67 BUKIT JALIL DEVELOPMENT E 42.50
HIL
SEPTIC TANK AREAS 41 37 83 36 TAMAN OUG-LOCAL/SEPTIC TANK 22.58 68 BUKIT JALIL DEVELOPMENT F 39.13
87
37 PEARL POINT 2.33 69 BUKIT JALIL DEVELOPMENT G 42.50
31
LOCAL SYSTEMS 33 38 TAMAN UNITED -COMMERCIAL AREA 5.98 70 BOHOL INDUSTRIAL AREA 31.60
42 34 32 83 39 KAMPONG PASIR PANJANG AREA 44.56
40 OLD KLANG ROAD AREA 22.82
87
MODIFIED CATCHMENT LIMITS 35 82 41 KL INDUSTRIES 8.82 SEWERAGE SECTOR L
88 42 OLD KLANG ROAD DEVELOPMENT 2.91
85 NAME OF DEVELOPMENT
TOTAL
36 AREA
85 85 71 KINRARA SECTION 1 31.20

36 72 KINRARA SECTION 2 17.60
SEWERAGE SECTOR H
40 35
43 82 86 TOTAL 73 KINRARA SECTION 3 37.84
NAME OF DEVELOPMENT AREA 74 KINRARA SECTION 4 25.28
45 43 TAMAN SENTOSA 56.62 75 KINRARA SECTION 5 73.68
47 44 T.PANDIAN/ANGKASA/T.INDAH 13.83 76 BANDAR PUCHONG JAYA 204.12
46 77 TAMAN BUKIT KUCHAI 22.24
40 52 78 TAMAN BUKIT KUCHAI 54.80
PANTAI SEWAGE 49 36 SEWERAGE SECTOR I 79 BANDAR KINRARA 268.0

48
TREATMENT PLANT 52 NAME OF DEVELOPMENT
TOTAL 80 TUDM/HOSPITAL KINRARA 64.0
AREA TAMAN PAK SIONG
81 18.0
35 52
SG.KLANG 44 45 AWAN SARI CONDO 2.77
50 46 BUKIT TINGGI 3.71
44 47 PURE LIFE SOCIETY 2.0 SEWERAGE SECTOR M
51 48 TAMAN TAN YEW LAI 41.20 TOTAL
75 56 55 54 NAME OF DEVELOPMENT AREA
76 SG . KU 53 49 LUCKY GARDEN 4.36
72 71 YOH 50 OG INDUSTRIAL PARK 19.84 82 TAMAN GEMBIRA 103.74
74
51 PUCHONG JALAN 6.75 MILE 9.37 83 TAMAN GEMBIRA-CONDOS 17.84
PROPOSED 51A OLD KLANG ROAD 17.88 84 BREM PARK 8.04
SG.BESI SEWAGE
75 15 63 TREATMENT PLANT
85 TAMAN BUKIT INDAH 41.37
75 60 SEWERAGE SECTOR J 86 TAMAN BUKIT AMAN 12.50
81 64 60
76 TOTAL
NAME OF DEVELOPMENT AREA
74 35 TAMAN YARL-SEWERED AREAS 88.49
70 36 TAMAN OUG-SEWERED AREAS 91.20 SEWERAGE SECTOR N
1
52 TAMAN SRI PETALING 286.40 TOTAL
58 53 TAMAN SRI ENDAH 41.20 NAME OF DEVELOPMENT AREA
76 80 87 SALAK SELATAN 58.30
54 SECURI SERVICES CONDO DEV. 2.79
65 57
78 55 O.G HEIGHTS 6.30 88 TAMAN NAGA MAS 11.77
56 FORTUNA COURT 6.20
68 62 61
59
77
79
N HIGHWAY
66 57
69
KL SEREMBA
18D
DBKL : DEWAN BANDARAYA KUALA LUMPUR

MPPJ : MAJLIS PERBANDARAN PETALING JAYA
Figure 4.1 Sewerage Management Within the DBKL and MPPJ Sewerage Catchment Areas

Industry Guidelines
4.3 Sewers
Sewer Inventories
The location, alignment and gradient of gravity sewers existing within a Catchment
area requires inventorising. For purposes of Sewerage Catchment Planning, if data
is made available, existing sewers with diameters equal to and greater than 450mm
should be reviewed comprehensively and their location demarcated on eight (8)
chain revenue sheets covering the Catchment area. A typical profile is depicted in
Figure 4.2.
Information (if available) on the length, gradient and diameter of sewers that are
equal to or greater than 450mm should be tabulated separately as shown in Table
4.1.
Physical Condition
The physical condition of buried sewers may be difficult to ascertain as CCTV

surveillance cannot be carried out during the tenure of a Sewerage Catchment
Planning exercise. However discussions with the Sewerage Operator should be
attempted to gain some insight on problematic areas which have undergone
rehabilitation and maintenance in the past. Evidence of blockages should be noted
for inclusion in the Sewerage Catchment Plan’s rehabilitation programme for
existing assets.

LEGEND :
- STP
- RIVERS/DRAINS/POND
- SEWERAGE CATCHMENT ZONE BOUNDARY
- PLANNING UNIT BOUNDARY

- SUB-CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
- TRUNK SEWER LINE
- OXIDATION POND/LAGOON SYSTEM
- IMHOFF TANK
- EXTENDED AERATION
- AERATED LAGOON
DESA - BIO-SOIL
PAHLAWAN
- BIO-FILTER
TAMAN PUTRA
SULAIMAN
AM 000
TAMAN SRI TAMAN

ANGSANA HILIR DAGANG
PEKAN
AMPANG
AMA 023
AMA 021
AMA 022
TAMAN
KG. PANDAN
NIRWANA BANDAR BARU
DALAM
AMPANG
HOLD AMA 024
TAMAN TAMAN (IWO FACILITY

BUT NO REFERENCE NO.)
AMA 025 CAHAYA AMPANG MEWAH
AMA 026 AM 028
AM 041 (old)
TAMAN
CAHAYA INDAH KG. BARU
AMPANG
TAMAN
CEMPAKA TAMAN
TAMAN AMA 066
BAKTI SRI RAMPAI
KLR 099 AMA 031
TAMAN PANDAN
JAYA
KG. BARU
AMPANG KG. AMPANG
TAMAN CAMPURAN
AM 030 PANDAN INDAH
AM 032
AM 033
NG
YO PANDAN
RA
. KE MEWAH
SG TAMAN
MAJU JAYA
AMA 035
TAMAN KG. TASIK
TAMAN PERMAI
CHERAS INDAH
SHAMELIN AM 052 (OLD)
PERKASA TAMAN LEMBAH

TAMAN MAJU KG. TASIK
TAMBAHAN
MAJU JAYA TAMAN
SERI BAYU
TAMAN PUTRA
AMA 053 (OLD)
TAMAN AMA 036 TAMAN TAMAN MUDA TAMAN MELUR

PANDAN PERDANA ENCHANA AMA 039
AMA 041
AMA 038
TAMAN AMA 048

TAMAN SERAYA TAMAN SAGA
AMA 040
MAWAR
TAMAN
TAMAN BT. TERATAI
KG. CHERAS MASTIKA
BARU
AMA 072
AMA 070
TAMAN
TAMAN MEGA JAYA
KG.
BT. PERMAI
CHERAS BARU
TAMBAHAN
AMA 070
TAMAN
BUKIT MEWAH
KLR 080
KLR 079
KLR 078
TAMAN KLR 081
BUKIT MEWAH
KLR 101
KLR 126 KLR 121
KLR 120
TAMAN
RAJAWAL
TAMAN
KLR 120
TAMAN SUPREME
KLR 121
DESA AMAN
TAMAN
MUTIARA TIMUR
KLR 127
TAMAN
SEGAR
(IWK NO
REF. No.)
Figure 4.2 Spatial Demarcation of Sewerage Facilities Per Sub-

Catchment

Industry Guidelines
Table 4.1: Physical Profile of Trunk Sewers
MH.NO GR.ELEV. INV.IN INV.OUT DEPTH SLOPE LENGTH DIA

(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (mm)
2C-2-7 14.11 9.20 4.91
0.0224 96.83 450
2C-2-6 11.35 7.03 4.32
0.0163 49.76 450
2C-2-5 9.88 6.22 3.66
0.0141 96.08 450
2C-2-4 8.12 4.86 3.26
0.0039 93.19 450
2C-2-3 8.05 4.50 3.56
0.0038 99.43 450
2C-2-2 8.16 4.12 4.05
0.0043 50.37 450
2C-2-1A 7.92 3.90 4.02
0.0040 91.26 450
2C-2-1 6.95 3.54 3.41
0.0339 46.04 450
1-2-9A 6.45 1.98 4.47
1-2-10 7.12 2.09 5.03

0.0016 69.64 675
1-2-9A 6.45 1.98 4.47
0.0016 38.67 675
1-2-9 7.26 1.92 5.34
0.0017 60.37 675
1-2-8 6.42 1.82 4.60
0.0014 50.00 675
1-2-7A 6.48 1.75 4.73
0.0008 50.00 675
1-2-7C 6.95 1.71 5.24
0.0007 60.06 675
1-2-7 7.41 1.67 5.74
0.0016 67.99 750
1-2-6 8.01 1.56 6.45
0.0017 46.95 750
1-2-5A 8.55 1.48 7.07
0.0008 97.16 750
1-2-5 8.18 1.40 6.78
0.0009 65.68 750
1-2-4A 7.74 1.34 6.40
0.0009 90.24 750
1-2-4 7.16 1.26 5.90

4.4 Pump Stations

Inventory of Existing Systems
The existence of intermediate pump stations which form part of an existing

sewerage conveyance system should be recorded, and their positions located in the
same eight chain revenue sheets employed for delineating sewer alignments.
If available information on plot shape and size, and on the foot print details of each
and every intermediate pump station, should be recorded. Similarly the existence
of an associated electrical substation and its rated capacity should also be recorded.
In the absence of recorded information, an attempt should be made to garner such
data by employing simple, convenient methods.
Physical and Functional Status
The physical and functional status of concrete structures and mechanical equipment
associated with each pump station should be assessed and reported. Particular
attention should be placed on ascertaining the capacity and efficiency of pump sets
and screening devices. Any system malfunctions and incapability to handle
sewage inflows should be ascertained and noted.
4.5 Sewage Treatment Plants

Plant Inventorisation
The type and distribution of various sewage treatment plants (STP) such as Imhoff
Tanks, Waste Stabilisation Ponds, Package Plants and High Rate Mechanised
Biological Treatment Systems (HRMB) should be inventorised and their locations
demarcated on the same eight chain revenue sheets containing information on
sewers and pump stations (Figure 4.3).
The design capacity of each type of STP should be tabulated, and their
corresponding service areas should preferably be demarcated on eight chain
revenue sheets, if such information can be deduced within the time frame of a
Sewerage Catchment Planning study.

Industry Guidelines
G M N
H I J
KEY PLAN
IMHOFF TANK
PUMP STATION
BIOSOIL SYSTEM
OXIDATION POND/AERATED LAGOON/OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM
EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDE SYSTEM
EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEM
ROTARY BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
HIGHWAY
KL SEREMBAN
Figure 4.3 Spatial Demarcation of Existing STP’s within Sg. Kelang and Sg. Kuyoh Sewerage Catchment Areas

Site Records
Wherever possible each STP should be visited to record information on
i) Physical appearance and structural state

ii) Area size and shape of the Plot in which it is located
iii) Process Units which are existing
iv) The functional state of mechanical and electrical equipment and their
individual ratings
v) Surrounding land use and development pattern (0.5 km radius from site)
vi) Any negative impacts on surrounding areas.
Process flow and layout for plants
Wherever possible a process flow diagram (Figure 4.4) and a layout (Figure 4.5)
should be prepared for STPs other than Septic and Imhoff Tanks. The extent that
an STP requires upgrading, or is to be upgraded, and the status and capacity of its
unit processes should be assessed. This is usually carried out by evaluating the
design capacity of the STP process units employing criteria published in the
SPAN’s Guidelines for Developers, and then comparing such values with the
respective process unit’s current loading or use. The capacity of each plant’s unit
process as a function of the population equivalent it can cater for is then compared
with the actual PE served in Table 4.2. Again this simplified approach has to be
adopted to account for unit processes which will achieve less than the anticipated
performance due to:
i) poor operational practices

ii) poor design
iii) poor mechanical/electrical equipment, often due to lack of maintenance
iv) particular circumstances

Industry Guidelines
A IR
FROM L IQ U ID E F F L U E N T
P U M P S T A T IO N S L U D G E / S O L ID S
TREATED EFFLU ENT
M E C H A N IC A L D E W A T E R IN G T O L A N D F IL L
SCREEN S C R E E N IN G S
G R IT C H A M B E R
P R E A E R A T IO N
P R IM A R Y R AW / W AS SLU D G E
S E D IM E N T A T IO N
SETTLED
SEWAGE
A IR
A E R A T IO N P R IM A R Y
BLO W ERS
TANK D IG E S T I O N T A N K
LIQUOR
SUPERNATANT
MIXED
RAS
SECONDARY W AS
SECONDARY
S E D IM E N T A T IO N D IG E S T I O N T A N K
SECONDARY
EFFLUENT
PUMP SLU D G E
S T A T IO N D E W A T E R IN G
F A C IL IT Y
S LU D G E FO R
TREATED SEW AG E TO O F F S IT E
NEAR EST W ATER CO URSE D IS P O S A L
R A S : R E T U R N A C T IV A T E D S L U D G E
W A S : W A S T E A C T IV A T E D S L U D G E
Figure 4.4 Process Flow Diagram

GAS HOLDER
ANAEROBIC SECONDARY
DIGESTER CLARIFIER
ANOXIC ZONE
PRIMARY
CLARIFIER
AERATION TANK
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTER
S.L.T SECONDARY
ANOXIC ZONE
CLARIFIER
PRIMARY
CLARIFIER
AERATION TANK
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTER S.L.T
ANOXIC ZONE
SECONDARY PRIMARY
PEST CLARIFIER CLARIFIER
ANAEROBIC AERATION TANK

DIGESTER
PEST
CHLORINE CONTRACT
PROPOSED
BRIDGE
DRAIN RESERVE
Figure 4.5 Layout of New Mechanised CSTP for Shah Alam Sewerage System

Industry Guidelines
Table 4.2: Capacities of Current Unit Processes
Existing Design Current PE

Unit Process PE Capacity Served Comments
(thousands) (a) (thousands)
Screenings1 15 8 Capacity available

1
Grit Removal 15 8 Capacity available
Primary Sedimentation1 15 8 Capacity available
Trickling Filters 18 8 Capacity available
1
Humus Tanks 7 8 Capacity available
Screenings2 50 38 Capacity available
2
Grit Removal 80 38 Capacity available
2
Primary Sedimentation 36 38 Capacity exceeded
Aeration2 504 38 Capacity available
2
Secondary Sedimentation 30 38 Capacity exceeded
Secondary Sedimentation3 40 - In construction stage
Oxidation Pond 150 47 Capacity available
Sludge Digestion 46 47 Near capacity
Notes:
1. A works - Trickling filter process

2. B works - Activated sludge process
3. New clarifiers being constructed presently
4. Capacity needs to be reassessed since aeration system has been upgraded
(a) Assessed employing unit process design criteria published in the SPAN
Developer Guidelines Volume 4
Characterise capacity of unit processes
For large plants or more advanced processes, specific analysis of its design and
operational status will need to be assessed.
It is preferable if the plant can be described in terms of the actual size of unit
processes it is made up of, for example as presented in Table 4.3. The treatment
capacities can then be computed based on the design criteria actually employed
(Refer Table 4.4). These derived capacities should be compared with capacities
determined by employing equivalent criteria published by the SPAN (Guidelines
for Developer), and modified to account for the known condition of the plant.

Table 4.3: Details of Unit Processes Pertaining to a STP
Process Unit Dimensions Capacity

Imhoff Tank 2 compartments each 2.44m x 8.53m 41.6 m²
Primary Old - 2 tanks each 7.62m x 7.62m 1160 m²
Sedimentation New - 1 tank 12.8m diameter 128.7 m²
Trickling Filters Old - 2 @ 24.4m diameter, 2.0m depth (estimate) 933.6 m²
1,870.0 m³
New - 1 @ 25.9m diameter, 2.44m depth 526.8 m²
1,290.0 m³
Humus Tanks Old - 1 tank 6.48m x 6.48 42.0 m²
New - 1 tank 11.0m diameter. 95.0m²
Chlorination Depth 1.5m, Area 44.1m² 44.1m²
66.1m³
Digesters Primary - 1 tank 9.14m diameter, 5.87 m SWD 385.5m³
Secondary - 2 tanks 7.92m diameter, 4.74m SWD 467.0m³
Drying Beds Old - 6 @ 62.0m² each 372.0m²
New - 12 @ 81.5m² each 978.0m²
Table 4.4: Existing Capacities of Unit Processes Pertaining to a STP
Unit Design Basis Loading

Imhoff Tank (m³/m²/day at ADWF) 10 36.0
Primary Sedimentation (m³/m²/day at ADWF) 10 13.0
Trickling Filters (g BOD/m³/day at ADWF) 200 126a
Humus Tanks (m³/m²/day at ADWF) 20 26.8
Chlorination Tank (min. detention at ADWF) 30 32
Sludge Digesters (days detention)
Primary 15 13.8b
Secondary 15 16.7b
Sludge Drying Beds (PE/m³)
Old Works 10 7.4
New Works 10
Notes:
a. Assumes 30 per cent BOD5 removal in primary treatment
b. Manual sludge withdrawal
Unit processes which are not able to cope with the current influent sewage flow rates and
pollutant load should be noted for future upgrading or augmentation, if it is decided that the
treatment plant remains in operation.

Industry Guidelines
4.6 Sludge Processing

Both on-site and off-site STPs, the former represented by Septic Tanks and small
package treatment plants, produce sludges which need separate processing to
render them suitable for discharge to the environment.
It is therefore necessary to review the management of sewage sludges generated by

the Catchment; encompassing their collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal.
From such a review an assessment should be made on the suitability and
environmental compatibility of current management measures being adopted.
If there is in existence any sludge treatment facilities (STFs) which are independent
of an STP, their unit processes should be inventorised in the same manner as that
described for a Sewage Treatment Plant.
4.7 Disposal Trends

The quality of effluent discharged by existing STPs should be reviewed in terms of
complying with discharge standards established by the Department of
Environment, Malaysia (DOE). This would provide an indication of their
reliability and operating efficiency. The performance of existing STPs are to be
considered when evolving a sewerage catchment plan; i.e. whether they can be
retained, upgraded or should be replaced or abandoned.
Effluent standards established by the DOE for treated sewage discharges from
STPs are presented under two categories, i.e. Standard A and Standard B. In
general conformance to Standard A is required if treated effluents are discharged to
receiving waters which will be used for public water supply purposes, otherwise
Standard B criteria shall prevail. It is important to notice that Standards A and B
are both absolute standards. The 50 percentile, or average, pollutant
concentrations released by STPs will need to be at least half of the values presented
in Table 4.5 below:

Table 4.5: Effluent Discharge Standards to Malaysia Inland Waters
Parameter Maximum Permitted Value1

(mg/L unless otherwise stated) Standard A Standard B
Temperature (°C) 40 40
pH (units) 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
BOD5 at 20°C 20 50
COD 50 100
Suspended solids 50 100
Mercury 0.005 0.05
Cadmium 0.01 0.02
Chromium, hexavalent 0.05 0.05
Arsenic 0.05 0.10
Cyanide 0.05 0.10
Lead 0.10 0.5
Chromium, trivalent 0.20² 1.0³
Copper 0.20² 1.0³
Manganese 0.20² 1.0³
Nickel 0.20² 1.0³
Tin 0.20² 1.0³
Zinc 1.0 1.0
Iron (Fe) 1 4.0
Phenol 0.001 1.04
Free Chlorine 1.0 2.04
Sulphide 0.5 0.5
Oil and Grease Not detectable 10.0
Source: Department of Environment (1979)

1. The legislation does not specify any tolerance percentiles for these permitted values.
They are absolute standards.
2. Where two or more of these metals are present in the effluent, the concentration of these
metals shall not be greater than 3.0 mg/l in total or 1.0 mg/l in total for soluble forms.
3. Where two or more metals are present in the effluent, the concentration of these metals
shall not be greater than 3.0 mg/l in total or 1.0 mg/l in total for soluble forms.
4. When both phenol and free chlorine are present, the concentration of phenol shall not be
greater than 0.2 mg/l nor the concentration of free chlorine greater than 1.0 mg/l.

Industry Guidelines
Processes for sludge management needed
Similarly processed sludge will have to be disposed to the environment. Currently

there are no uniform sludge disposal guidelines in Malaysia although these are
being developed. The regulation can be expected to follow US and European
guidelines regulating toxins, pathogens and degree of stabilisation. SPAN and
Sewerage Service Licensee should be consulted on the preferred manner by which
processed sludges should be ultimately disposed; with emphasis being placed on
reutilisation (i.e. for agricultural, horticultural and soil reclamation purposes).


Industry Guidelines
SECTION 5
Estimation of Sewage
Flows, Pollutant Loads and
Sludge Generation Rates
Estimation Of Sewage Flows, Pollutant
Loads And Sludge Generation Rates
5.1 Introduction
This Chapter describes methodologies for estimating sewage flow rates, mass
pollutant conveyance rates, and sludge generation rates over a selected planning
period.
Influence of Sewage Flows in Catchment Planning
Estimations of sewage flow and associated pollutant loading and sludge generation
rates are an important facet of Sewerage Catchment Planning, as they dictate the
sizing of collection and conveyance systems, and the determination of treatment
plant capacities and their spatial requirements.
This Chapter focuses on defining the different forms of sewage flows which have
to be considered, and the manner by which they are to be quantified at different
time intervals over a selected planning period. Quantification of pollutant mass
rates conveyed in sewage flows, and resulting sludge generation rates at treatment
plants, at different time intervals over a planning period, are also described.
5.2 Sewage Flows

Three Forms
There are three main forms of sewage flows that require consideration in Sewerage
Catchment Planning; these are the Average Dry Weather Flows (ADWF), the
Average Wet Weather Flows (AWWF) and the Peak Wet Weather Flows (PWWF).
Their methods of estimation are summarily described herewith, and further
elaborated in Appendix B.
Average Dry Weather Flows
Sewage flows, generated at source, and discharged directly into sewers without
admixture with any other form of liquid flow (e.g. groundwater, or storm waters),
are termed as Average Dry Weather Flows (ADWF). This form of sewage flow is
computed by multiplying the total contributing Population Equivalent estimate by
the per capita sewage flow generation rate (i.e. 225 litres/day) [Refer to Appendix B
for clarification on terminologies].
Average Wet Weather Flow (AWWF)
When an amount of extraneous flows are added to the estimated ADWF, the
resulting flow volume is termed the Average Wet Weather Flow (AWWF). AWWFs
are important in the sizing of certain treatment plant process units (e.g. activated
sludge process units). Methods for computing extraneous flows are described in
Appendix B.

Peak Wet Weather Flow (PWWF)
Peak Wet Weather Flow (PWWF) rates at any point within a sewer network system
are determined by multiplying the computed ADWFs that are associated with an
estimated total Population Equivalent Count connected to the system upstream of
the point of flow estimation, by a derived Peak Flow Factor (PFF). The latter is a
function of the estimated connected Population Equivalent served at the point of
flow contention (Refer to Appendix B for background information on PWWF’s and
the PFF). It is to be noted that the value of PWWFs can vary throughout a sewer
network system, being dependent basically on the magnitude of the contributing
Population Equivalents being served. Estimates of PWWFs are required not only
for the sizing of sewer pipelines, but also for sizing of intermediate pump stations
and for certain treatment plant process units (e.g. sedimentation tanks).
5.3 Sewage Pollutants

Sewage in its original form contains a number of undesirable substances, or what is
termed as pollutants. The common forms of pollutants present in sewage flows are
summarised in Appendix B (Table B.2).
For sewerage catchment planning purposes the important pollutants of interest

include the Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand Index, or BOD5; and the Total
Suspended Solids Index, or TSS. Other pollutant indices such as the Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Nitrogen Content may also be considered in
sizing particular treatment processes.
Sizing of certain treatment plant process units is dependent on the amount of BOD5
and TSS matter that has to be handled. Furthermore the BOD5 and TSS parameters
are the main referral pollutants employed in determining the treatment efficiency of
STPs, and their capability in meeting effluent discharge standards.
The amount of BOD5 and TSS matter discharged by a single person living in a
dwelling unit connected to a sewerage system has been evaluated. The per capita
unit rates of generation of these two pollutants are described in Appendix B.
Therefore, based on predictions of the total amount of sewage flows that have to be
handled by a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) [which is generally expressed in terms
of contributing PEs], an estimate can then be made on the amount of BOD5 and
TSS matter that has to be catered for by the treatment system. This is performed
by multiplying the estimated PE count to be served by the plant by the
corresponding unit rates of generation of BOD5 and TSS as recommended by the
Malaysian Standard MS 1228 Code of Practice for Design and Installation of
Sewerage Systems (Refer to Appendix B).

Industry Guidelines
5.4 Estimation of Sewage Flows

Factors Contributing to Estimation of Sewage Flow
Estimations of Average Dry Weather (sewage) Flows generated by a specific

contributing area within a Catchment, or by the Catchment as a whole, at different
time intervals over a planning period are governed by predictions of current and
potential future Population Equivalent (PE) counts associated with such areas. In
most cases populations resident permanently within a Catchment contribute to a
major portion of the total PE count. On the other hand commercial, institutional,
industrial and other establishments, cumulatively, do not generally contribute as
much. Hence it is important to estimate as accurately as possible population levels
that are resident within a catchment area at particular time intervals over a planning
period; especially within the foreseeable future.
Estimates of total Population Equivalent (PE) counts associated with a specific area
at a selected time interval are derived by first of all carrying out an in-depth
inventory of (a) the total resident population level (or number of individual
residential dwelling units occupied); (b) the amount of useable floor space area
associated with commercial offices, low rise shop houses and institutional
buildings; (c) the number of workers employed in industrial establishments; (d) the
number of schools and associated pupil population; (e) the number of hospital
beds; and (f) the type and number of miscellaneous establishments (e.g. petrol
stations, religious institutions, etc.) located within a targetted area.
Estimating Baseline or Existing PE Counts
It is not an insurmountable task to estimate the number of existing residential

dwellings and other establishments which release sewage flows, since most, if not
all, Local Authorities would maintain a comprehensive inventory of each type of
establishment, and their respective locations. In addition land use profiles over
local authority areas are also available and can be obtained from the District
Office/Municipal Office, or from the Town and Country Planning Departments.
Land use profiles provide valuable information on population density distributions,
and on the spatial distribution of residential, commercial, industrial and
institutional developments. Such information is helpful in deducing probable
spatial distribution and intensity of sewage flow generation over a targetted
Catchment Area.
Specific layout details of housing estates, industrial areas and commercial areas are
also available in the form of scaled drawings from which specific information such
as the number of individual dwellings, industrial lots and commercial and shop
house plots can be enumerated. Certain Local Authorities also maintain
comprehensive listing on existing number of residential and commercial buildings.
It is possible that other Public Agencies such as Waterworks Department, TNB,
Postal Department and Ministry of Health (MOH) will have records of existing
buildings within a local area. The MOH would have comprehensive listing of
kampong dwellings. Such information should nevertheless be verified by
conducting site reconnaissance visits.

Population Statistics
The residential population level of a Catchment Area may also be estimated based
on published statistical population estimates pertaining to a locality which
coincides with, or encompasses boundaries of the Catchment Area. National
Census based population counts, displayed in terms of Enumeration Blocks
covering the Catchment Area, can also be used as a basis to predict current
population levels. The Planner needs to further distribute and refine these gross
population estimates to suit smaller unit areas representing service areas of specific
stretches of a sewer pipe line or a STP.
Information Portrayal
The information so garnered should be documented preferably on revenue sheets of

a suitable scale where individual lots are clearly demarcated. The ultimate goal of
this exercise would be to display the derived information as spatial profiles of land
use development, building types and sewage generation rates (in terms of PE
counts).
Estimation of Future PE Counts
The basic aim of any planning exercise is to attempt to anticipate likely trends in
population and physical development changes within a Catchment Area; such as
residential and transient (visitor) population level increases or decreases over a
Planning Period, and landuse changes and growth patterns of commercial,
industrial and institutional establishments within the same time frame. Any form
of projection should be based on reliable, concrete, evidence or supporting data.
Wherever possible recourse should be made to employ population, commercial and
industrial growth projections that are employed by Local Authorities to plan out
infrastructural works within their area of jurisdiction.
Potential Sources of Information
An approach that can be adopted in predicting future PE counts would involve

carrying out the following tasks:
i) Reviewing population projections that have been carried out by

Government or private agencies for State, Municipal or Local Authority
areas, and translating such information to suit a targetted Catchment Area.
ii) Sourcing data from Local Authorities and State Planning Authority that
have inventorised establishments into categories such as those under
construction, approved with Development Order or with planning approval,
and those submitted for planning approval. In most cases the information
provided specifies the particular lot on which an existing or proposed
development is located.
iii) Building units under construction, or those approved with Development
Order/Building Plan may be considered to be fully occupied within a ten
year period. Others submitted for planning approval may be considered to
be implemented and occupied within a twenty year period.

Industry Guidelines
iv) Sourcing information from Local Authorities, State Economic Development

Corporations, State Economic Planning Units and from the Sewerage
Service Licensee on comprehensive forms of development that are being
constructed or are in the planning stage (e.g. housing estates, commercial
and institutional centres, industrial estates, etc.); including particulars
concerning the number of various types of buildings to be erected and the
staging of their implementation.
v) Liaising with Contractors and Developers to gain up-dated information on
establishments that are being built or expected to be implemented in the
foreseeable future.
Population Growth Assessment
It is important that the Planner assesses the reliability of published population

projections for an area, especially if they were carried out more than five years ago.
Predicted population growth rates for previous years should be verified against
latest population census figures, and/or with observed physical development trends
that have occurred since the projections were made. Predicted growth rates
documented for future years should be assessed for their accuracy by reviewing
probable development trends and anticipated land use changes that could occur
based on updated development policies, and committed plans for development in
an area. For example if future population growth within a Catchment Area is
expected to be slow, and if no new planned or redevelopment plans are expected to
materialise that will generate new job opportunities and implementation of housing
schemes, future population growth can be estimated from simple extrapolation of
historical trends. For example population trends of a small catchment with a
population of 9,000 PE are summarised in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Population Growth, No Development
Year Population % Increase over 5 Predicted

years Population
1971 8475
1976 8632 1.9
1981 8919 3.3
1986 9144 2.5
1991 9363 2.4
1996 2.5 9597
2001 2.5 9837
Over the period 1971 to 1991, the average growth rate was approximately 2.5%.
Hence, one option is to assume a similar growth rate for the rest of the decade.

Examine Factors Dictating Population Growth
For catchments which anticipate significant changes in land use, or major

redevelopment or development trends, more detailed analysis will be required.
Potential changes can usually be verified by holding discussions with relevant
Government and Private Agencies. An example of factors considered in
ascertaining future population growth within an urbanised area is presented in
Appendix B.
There are a number of empirical approaches which can be adopted to predict future
population levels and these are summarised in Appendix D. The choice of an
appropriate approach should be based on an assessment of the potential physical
growth of the area, its physical size, its future land use profile and capacity to
sustain higher levels of population (i.e. sustainable maximum population density).
Commercial Floor Space Contribution to Total PE Counts
In the core areas of heavily built-up urban areas, commercial establishments can
contribute towards a significant portion of the total PE count (as for example in the
central commercial areas of Kuala Lumpur). Hence in such circumstances a
concerted effort should be made to assess future growth of commercial floor space
area and their corresponding PE contribution. Future commercial floor space area
can be ascertained by
♦ Reviewing documented commercial floor space growth rates experienced in

the past (refer to Table 5.2), and making a judgmental decision on future
growth rates based on known and assumed economic growth scenarios and
changes in the form of commercial floor space that shall be built in the
future. For example future floor space area for Shop House Developments
(SHD) could remain stagnant, as old two storey SHD are replaced with new
four storey SHD.
Table 5.2: Commercial Floor Space, Pantai Sewerage Catchment
Floor Space, Million Square Metres

Year Comprehensive Development Shop House Development
Business Residential Hotel Business Residential Hotel
1983 2.25 0.13 0.31 1.33 0.83 0.06
1993 2.49 0.16 0.38 1.33 0.83 0.06
1994 4.77 0.31 0.52 1.50 0.70 0.04
1995 5.35 0.35 0.55 1.55 0.65 0.03

Industry Guidelines
♦ Reviewing records maintained by the Local Authorities on commercial

floor space areas under construction, those approved with Development
Order, those given planning approvals, and those awaiting planning
approvals.
Other Contributing PE Sources
Similar principles can be applied to determine appropriate growth rates for other
types of sewage generating establishments, such as Industrial and Institutional
establishments (including schools, Universities and Colleges), and Hotels.
Total Predicted PE Counts and Conversion to ADWFs
The total PE count contributed by residential, commercial, institutional, industrial

and recreational developments located throughout the Catchment at specific
milestone years throughout a planning period can then be ascertained by summing
up the individual contributing PE counts. The corresponding ADWF rates are
calculated by multiplying the total PE count for a bench mark year by the per
capita sewage flow rate of 225 litres/day. The resulting distribution in ADWFs
generated by an entire Catchment over the Planning Period can then be summarised
as follows:
Table 5.3: Cumulative ADWFs at Various Bench Mark Years

(Pantai Sewerage Catchment)
Land Use 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Contributio cu.m/day (x 1000)
n
Residential 71.25 113.63 140.15 175.00 194.70
Commercial 45.20 76.60 107.75 123.55 136.00
Institutional 16.60 19.80 21.30 25.60 29.10
Hotels 4.10 10.75 14.00 18.50 19.90
Totals 137.15 220.80 283.20 342.65 379.70
The same methodology is also applied in estimating temporal estimates of ADWFs

that are generated by specific sub-zones within a catchment whose boundaries are
defined either by the service areas of individual STPs (existing or future), areas
served by different forms of on-site treatment systems (Refer to Figure 4.1), areas
served by a particular reach of a sewer network system, or by topographical
divides, drainage obstacles, or major thoroughfares.

Develop High and Low Projections
For many catchments it is appropriate to consider a range of scenarios to estimate

future Population Equivalent Counts and hence ADWFs. The most convenient
method is to estimate high and low PE trends. The actual planning figure is
selected within this envelope but providing sufficient flexibility within the selected
sewerage system to manage the anticipated range. The need to carry out such an
analysis is more important for larger catchments which are expected to have
significant developments or variations in land use. Other types of catchments
which tend to require more detailed analysis are those where the capacity of the
existing sewerage system is expected to be exceeded. For example, where there is
little land area available at the existing sewage treatment plant for future
expansion, or the size of existing collector and trunk sewers precludes connection
of additional average dry weather sewage flows.
To develop such an envelope of PE Counts a detailed understanding of the factors

which influence the level of catchment populations and economic growth
(encompassing commercial and industrial growth) is required. Each catchment will
have different sets of factors, however they can be grouped and each group will
need to be examined for its impacts on the catchment.
For each catchment a range of relevant assumptions can then be made to set the
upper and lower total population equivalent count bands. The actual figures
selected will probably be in the middle of these two bands, but with some
knowledge of the potential to increase or decrease the size and capacity of the
sewerage system to serve various land uses.
Focus on Short and Medium Term Projections
Sewerage Catchment Planning extends over a considerable time frame (at least 20
years). Hence the reliability of PE Counts projected for the later years of a
Planning Period become questionable, as the underlying assumptions used in
projecting PE counts may also be subject to uncertainties.
In any case one essential goal of a Sewerage Catchment Plan is to ascertain

existing sewerage system deficiencies, and to plan for sewerage system
extensions/upgrading to meet the short and medium term needs of a Catchment;
say within the next ten years. For this first priority action plan, reliable PE counts
can be projected based on an inventory of existing, and under construction,
establishments, and those which have obtained a development order. It can be
safely assumed that such establishments shall be present in the next 10 years or so.
It is therefore justifiable to focus intently on estimating PE counts likely to be
generated in the short to medium terms and to present the findings in the following
manner.

Industry Guidelines
Table 5.4: Projects from Existing and New Developments up to Year

2000 Within Pulau Meranti Catchment
Development Expected
Development Status PE
Completion Comments
Type Count
E UC PA Date
Green Delight Factory 10
Hydrophonic, Pulau
Meranti
Bandar Bukit Puchong Mixed 1999 14033
(Phase 1)
Taman Inai Perkasa Mixed 1999 8500 Extended
(Phase 1) Aeration
Taman Mas Sepang Mixed 1998 6180 Extended
(Phase 1) Aeration
Taman Meranti Jaya Mixed 1999 10520 Extended
(Phase 1) Aeration
Taman Putra Perdana Mixed 1999 22500 Oxidation
(Phase 1) Ditch
Public Toilet, Bandar Public Toilet 32
Baru Salak Tinggi
Taman Desa Air Hitam Residential 2315
Pulau Meranti National School 68
School, Puchong
Pulau Meranti National School 46
School
Kg. Pulau Mernati Residential 1070
Tenaga Pencawang, Air Factory 20
Hitam
Cumulative Total PE for 1997 = 8121 8121
Existing
Cumulative Total PE for
Development Under 1997 = - 1998 = 6180 1999 = 28460 34640
Construction
1997 = - 1998 = - 1999 - 22533 22533
Planning Approved
Existing and New
65294
Development up to Year
2000
Note: E = Existing
UC = Under Construction
PA = Planning Approved

Actual Sewage Flows Channelled to Sewer Systems
It is usually assumed that all sewage flows generated within an establishment are
channelled to a sewer system. This may not be the case especially for older
establishments, say constructed prior to 1980’s, where sullage waters (i.e. from
wash basins located in toilets and kitchen areas) are discharged to surface drains.
Hence in Catchments housing older establishments some alternation of PE counts
may be necessary to reflect a true rate of sewage discharge to the sewer system,
especially during the initial periods of the Catchment Plan. Allowances should
nevertheless be made in the overall Planning Period for discharge of all forms of
sewage as older building units are replaced by new units and as replumbing
exercises are carried out to ensure that all sewage discharges from building units
are directed to the nearest sewer.
Projections of Other Forms of Sewage Flows
Once the Average Dry Weather Flows (ADWFs) have been predicted
corresponding estimates of Average Wet Weather Flows and Peak Wet Weather
Flows can be computed for the same milestone years throughout a Planning Period.
Average Wet Weather Flows (AWWF) are estimated by adding computed

extraneous flow contributions to the ADWF.
Peak Wet Weather Flows can be computed at any point along a sewer line by first
of all demarcating the contributing catchment area and then estimating the
contributing total PE count. This is followed by estimating the ADWF and PFF
and multiplying these two factors to arrive at the PWWF.
5.5 Pollutant Load Projections

Population Equivalent (PE) counts can be translated to pollutant mass loads using
standard conversion factors as described in Appendix B. Conversion factors may
change with time dictated by upliftment of social standards (Refer Appendix B).
The sewerage catchment planner may employ different conversion factors over a
20 year planning period if there is a justification to do so.
The PE count forecasts for specific catchment areas together with per capita mass
pollutant release rates can be combined to provide a breakdown of the generation
of pollutant loads from the entire Catchment or from Sub-Catchment Areas
(specifically associated with the individual service area of an STP), For example
Table 5.5 summarises computed contributions of BOD5 to the Pantai sewerage
catchment system.

Industry Guidelines
Table 5.5: Sectoral Contributions to BOD5 for the Pantai

Sewage Treatment Plant
BOD kg/d
Sector
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
1. Residential Population 10,395 20,725 27,200 35,300 39,130
2. Commercial Premises 11,180 19,070 27,075 31,715 34,190
3. Hospitals 465 605 765 940 1,105
4. Schools 120 265 350 475 530
5. Government Premises 690 590 435 500 555
6. Hotels 440 1,130 1,475 1,950 2,065
7. University of Malaya 490 550 605 670 730
The pollution load from effluent discharged by public STPs and septic tanks are
based on the following assumptions.
.
i) Mechanised STPs discharge Standard A effluent.
ii) Private STPs discharge Standard A effluent.
iii) Non-mechanised STPs, imhoff tanks and septic tanks discharge standard B
effluent.
iv) Each imhoff tank and septic tank have 5 PE.
Table 5.6 is an example of breakdown of discharged pollution load for a given

sewerage system.
Table 5.6 Sewerage System Status: Pollution Load

BOD kg/d
Present Future
2007 2027
Public STPs 200 250
Private STPs 5 5
Septic Tank 100 0
Pourflush 20 0
Assuming that the difference between the downstream water quality and the
upstream water quality is the pollution load produced in the river basin, pollution
load from non-domestic sources can be evaluated. In this case when non-domestic
pollution load is assessed to be more than the domestic pollution load, it is clear
that pollution from non-domestic sources has a bigger impact on water quality than

domestic sources, and this should be given due consideration in the planning
exercise.
Table 5.7 shows the example of calculation on non-domestic pollution loads.
Table 5.7 Example of Calculating Non-Domestic Pollution Load
Contents
Downstream Water Quality 8.25 mg/L as BOD
Downstream Water flow 100,000 m3/d
Down stream Pollution Load 825 kg/d = Water Quality × Flow
Upstream Water Quality 1 mg/L as BOD
Upstream Water flow 200,000 M3/d
Upstream Pollution Load 200 kg/d = Water Quality × Flow
Difference in Pollution Load 625 kg/d = Downstream-Upstream
Domestic Load 325 kg/d
Public STP 200 kg/d
Private STP 5 kg/d
IST 100 kg/d
Pourflush 20 kg/d
Non-Domestic Pollution load 300 kg/d = Downstream-Upstream
- Domestic
Figure 5.1 Example of Present Pollution Status
Private
Public STP,5
O thers, D om estic STP,200
300 Sew age, IST,100
325
Pourflush
,20
Unit:kg/d

Industry Guidelines
5.6 Sewage Sludge Quantifications

Sludge Variations
The quantity and quality of sludge produced by different types of sewage treatment
plant can vary appreciably. Hence sludge releases from STPs should be assessed
separately in terms of their generation, need for further processing and mode of
final disposal (Refer to Appendix B).
There can be variations in the sludge mass produced, the quality of sludge
produced (in terms of its organic stability), and in the moisture content of sludges
that requires final disposal.
Mass Generation Rates
The sludge generation rate depends on the sewage treatment process. Table 5.8
shows the sludge generation rate for the different treatment systems.
Based on this sludge generation rate, Table 5.9 and 5.10 show the typical sludge
production per PE. In Table 5.9 (up to 2000 PE), it is assumed that an Imhoff
system is in place, raw sludge has 1.0% solid contents, and dewatered sludge has
20% solid contents. In Table 5.10 (2000 PE and more), a conventional activated
sludge plant is assumed. For this system, raw sludge is assumed to have 1.0% solid
contents, and for dewatered sludge, 20% solid contents.
Table 5.8Sludge Generation Rate
Treatment System Unit Generation Rates Comments

Primary Sludge
Primary Clarifier 0.5 kg sludge/kg solids input Based on continuous
sludge withdrawal
Imhoff Tank 0.15 kg sludge/kg SS input Based on average 6
month desludging period
Secondary Sludge
Conventional Activated 0.8 to 1.0 kg sludge/kg BOD5 Standard A/B
Sludge System removed
Extended Aeration or 0.4 to 0.6 kg sludge/kg BOD5 Standard A/B
Oxidation Ditch removed
RBC/SBC/High Rate 0.8* kg sludge/kg BOD5 removed Standard A/B
Trickling Filter System
Hybrid System 0.4 kg sludge/kg BOD5 removed Standard A/B
Refer to Guidelines Vol.4 (under revision)

Table 5.9 Sludge Production

Produced
PE Dewatered Sludge
Sludge
(m3/day) (m3/day)
150 0.1 0.01
200 0.1 0.01
250 0.1 0.01
300 0.1 0.01
350 0.1 0.01
400 0.2 0.01
450 0.2 0.02
500 0.2 0.02
550 0.2 0.02
600 0.2 0.02
650 0.3 0.02
700 0.3 0.02
750 0.3 0.03
800 0.3 0.03
850 0.3 0.03
900 0.4 0.03
950 0.4 0.03
1,000 0.4 0.03
1,100 0.4 0.04
1,200 0.5 0.04
1,300 0.5 0.04
1,400 0.6 0.05
1,500 0.6 0.05
1,600 0.6 0.05
1,700 0.7 0.06
1,800 0.7 0.06
1,900 0.8 0.06
2,000 0.8 0.07
Note: sewage treatment using Imhoff Tank

Industry Guidelines
Table 5.10 Sludge Production

Produced Dewatered Produced Dewatered
PE PE
Sludge Sludge Sludge Sludge
(m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)
2,000 8.1 0.41 31,000 125.6 6.28
2,500 10.1 0.51 32,000 129.6 6.48
3,000 12.2 0.61 33,000 133.7 6.68
3,500 14.2 0.71 34,000 137.7 6.89
4,000 16.2 0.81 35,000 141.8 7.09
4,500 18.2 0.91 36,000 145.8 7.29
5,000 20.3 1.01 37,000 149.9 7.49
5,500 22.3 1.11 38,000 153.9 7.70
6,000 24.3 1.22 39,000 158.0 7.90
6,500 26.3 1.32 40,000 162.0 8.10
7,000 28.4 1.42 41,000 166.1 8.30
7,500 30.4 1.52 42,000 170.1 8.51
8,000 32.4 1.62 43,000 174.2 8.71
9,000 36.5 1.82 44,000 178.2 8.91
9,500 38.5 1.92 45,000 182.3 9.11
10,000 40.5 2.03 46,000 186.3 9.32
11,000 44.6 2.23 47,000 190.4 9.52
12,000 48.6 2.43 48,000 194.4 9.72
13,000 52.7 2.63 49,000 198.5 9.92
14,000 56.7 2.84 50,000 202.5 10.13
15,000 60.8 3.04 Note: sewage treatment using conventional
16,000 64.8 3.24 activated sludge system
17,000 68.9 3.44
18,000 72.9 3.65
19,000 77.0 3.85
20,000 81.0 4.05
21,000 85.1 4.25
22,000 89.1 4.46
23,000 93.2 4.66
Table 5.10 Sludge Production (cont.)

Produced Dewatered Produced Dewatered
PE PE
Sludge Sludge Sludge Sludge
(m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)
24,000 97.2 4.86
25,000 101.3 5.06
26,000 105.3 5.27
27,000 109.4 5.47

28,000 113.4 5.67

29,000 117.5 5.87
30,000 121.5 6.08
Future Sludge Quantities
When predicting future sludge quantities released by STPs, due consideration

should be given to potential changes in the form of sludge production. For
example, it is quite probable that Septic Tank and Imhoff Tank Sludge types shall
remain constant or reduce in quantity due to their eradication and/or replacement
with other types of treatment plant; especially in the case of Imhoff Tanks.
Similarly sludges produced by small package plants are likely to reduce due to
their progressive elimination. With the potential elimination of these inefficient
STPs within a Catchment, sludges produced by relatively large high rate biological
STPs will increase, as the sewage flows shall be diverted to these centralised more
efficient STPs.
Categorisation of Sludge Quantities
Sludge quantities need be categorised under different groups depending on the

different management practices that require to be adopted. The manner by which
sludge quantities should be categorised is presented in Table 5.11.

Industry Guidelines
Table 5.11 Temporal Sludge Generation Rates Among Various Sectors Of The Project Area
1995 2000
Sewage Treatment System
1 2 3 4 5 Total 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Septic tank 4,550 1,170 11,420 - - 17,140 2,600 780 11,420 - - 14,800
Imhoff tank 6,000 1,780 11,120 - - 18,900 5,280 1,270 11,120 - - 17,670
Rotating Biological Contactor - - 18,300 - - 18,300 - - 40,350 - - 40,350
Extended Aeration 800 - 10,900 42,480 24,480 78,660 800 - 35,110 62,000 51,525 149,435
Bio Soil - 7,650(a) 33,010 - 1,275 41,935 - 10,200(a) 55,600 - 1,530 66,790
Sats/Hi-Kleen 2,000 - 6,635 - - 8,635 2,000 - 19,865 - - 21,865
Biofilter - - - - 26,520 26,520 - - - - 37,230 37,230
Anaerobic Digestor (Pantai) 30,500 - - - - 30,500 360,060 - - - - 360,060
Oxidation Pond/
Aerated Lagoon 121,380 13,600 10,600 - 3,555 149,135 121,380 20,620 10,600 - 4,390 156,990
2005 2010
1 2 3 4 5 Total 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Septic tank 1,950 390 11,420 - - 13,760 1,300 130 11,420 - - 12,850
Imhoff tank 4,740 790 11,120 - - 16,650 4,740 320 11,120 - - 16,180
Rotating Biological Contactor - - 55,920 - - 55,920 - - 63,420 - - 63,420
Extended Aeration 800 - 52,205 62,000 73,040 188,045 800 - 60,440 62,000 82,360 205,600
Bio Soil - 10,200 70,630 - 8,220 89,050 - 10,200 78,130 - 10,080 98,410
Sats/Hi-Kleen 2,000 - 29,205 - - 31,205 2,000 - 33,705 - - 35,705
Biofilter - - - - 42,360 42,360 - - - - 42,360 42,360
Anaerobic Digestor (Pantai) 634,310 - - - - 634,310 783,770 - - - - 783,770
Oxidation Pond/
Aeration Lagoon 610 24,580 10,600 - 6,390 42,180 610 27,790 10,600 - 6,390 45,390

Table 5.11 Temporal Sludge Generation Rates Among Various Sectors Of The Project Area (continued)
2015
1 2 3 4 5 Total
Septic tank 650 65 11,420 - - 12,135
Imhoff tank 4,740 160 11,120 - - 16,020
Rotating Biological Contactor - - 68,955 - - 68,955
Extended Aeration 800 - 66,515 62,000 106,940 236,255
Bio Soil - 10,200 83,665 - 10,080 103,945
Sats/Hi-Kleen 2,000 - 37,025 - - 39,025
Biofilter - - - - 42,360 42,360
Anaerobic Digestor (Pantai) 859,790 - - - - 859,790
Oxidation Pond/
Aeration Lagoon 610 28,700 10,600 - 6,390 46,300
Notes: 1. Pantai Sewerage Zone
2. Lower Kerayong Sewerage Zone
3. Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya
4. Bandar Sime UEP
5. North Western Sector/Sri Hartamas/Mount Kiara
- Units are in cu.m\year
- Sludge Production Factors employed are summarised in Table 5.6
- Source: Consultant’s Derived Estimates

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 6
Issues and Constraints
Issues And Constraints
6.1 Introduction
Concensus on Scope of Sewerage Deficiencies
Having defined the type, capacity and status of existing sewerage systems
(facilities) within a Catchment, and having estimated the current and future rates of
sewage flow, pollutant loads and sludge generation that have to be catered for
throughout a defined Planning Period, a consensus can be reached on the scope of
sewerage system deficiencies currently prevailing, and on the extent of upgrading
and extension works that are required to be effected in the short, medium and long
term periods encompassed by a defined Planning Horizon.
Precursor to Identifying Alternative Sewerage Services
Prior to identifying alternative strategies which are able to ameliorate existing

deficiencies and to cater for future needs, a concerted effort must be made to
identify particular issues and constraints that may either influence the upgrading
and extension exercise, and/or limit its effectiveness.
This chapter discusses the basic issues and constraints that need to be addressed
prior to identifying alternative sludge and sewage collection, conveyance,
treatment and disposal concepts either for a Catchment as a whole, or for specific
developments that are to be implemented within a particular Catchment.
6.2 Rating of Existing Sewerage Systems

Pollution Load Conditions
The pollution load from the sewerage system depends mainly on the type of
sewage treatment plants provided. It is important to know the volume of pollution
loads on sewerage system. By summarizing the status of pollution loads on
sewerage system, the volume and area/source of pollution loads are identified. This
information is very useful to develop the sewerage strategy for areas highly in need
of sewerage and for the determination of the phasing plan. Also, by determining
the difference between the downstream and upstream water quality, the total
pollution loads produced in the river basin is estimated. The status of domestic
sewerage can be confirmed by the comparison of the domestic sewage pollution
load and total pollution load. In this step each pollution load in Catchment Area is
summarized in table and the estimation of total pollution in the river basin are
conducted to confirm present domestic sewerage pollution status.
Determine Capability to Handle Predicted Flows and Loading

Conditions
The sewage flow and pollutant load predictions that have been previously carried
out are employed to, first of all, assess the capability of existing sewerage systems
to handle current and projected future hydraulic and mass pollutant loadings; and
to determine at which time frame they shall become unable to cope with the
imposed loading. This procedure is particularly applicable to a situation where a

proposed development intends to discharge its sewage flows to an existing

centralised sewerage system serving the catchment in which the developments is to
be situated.
Sewer Line Investigations
With respect to sewer lines, the assessment is carried out by comparing the
predicted hydraulic loads at particular junctions (e.g. manholes) along the sewer
network system with the inherent conveying capacity of the installed sewer
pipeline. Sewer segments which could be overloaded are specifically highlighted
on a sewer network plan as shown in Figure 6.1.

Industry Guidelines
3-1-32A
3-1-32
3-1-26
3-41A-5
2-1-13C 2-1-13B SENTUL

2-7-1
2-1-13A 3-3A-7
2-1-13 3-1-22A
3-3A-2
1-1-31B 76
1-1-21A EA5
HOSPITAL
68-9 KUALA LUMPUR
1-1-10 73
1-1-31A 1-1-28 3-1-2
1-1-21
EA8-6
EA8-4
1-3B-10A EA14 KG.BAHARU
68 EA9
E3
EA8-C
67 Q=
V=
BKT.KENNY RAJA LAUT EA13 FA48-25

FA48-7-1
EA17-A-1
52-5 FA48-23
52 FA48-17
FA48-7
FA-8 FA8-1
FA50
DA-12 EA30-4 FA48 FA48-24-1
EA22
FA49
ng
F4 Jln
.Su
pa
EA30
lta FI-4
m
46 nI F1-7
.A
sm
Jln
A18 ail
43 F12-1-5
RAJA CHULAN
41A
GA25 BKT.BINTANG
41
F12-1-5A
ROYAL SELANGOR Q=
V=
HA20
CLUB
KA13 HA32A
35 HA30A HA33
HA32A JA12-19
Cheng Lock/Pudu
BKT.
DAMANSARA JA12-13A
33 JK7
11-7A 11-1A
R1A
JK11
11-1 JA9 JA4
D1 32 -2
N37
31 JA16 JA16
JA12-1
BRICKFIELDS
11-7B
R1A-1
D7
N155-1-6
NA15-1 JA16-1
11-7 N155-1-3A MA14
N155-1
BKT. MA15 D15
BANDARAYA B2
11-19 MA20 18A
PA6-1 14
11-28 B1
UNIV.
11-31
MALAYAPA3 11
LEGEND: PERCENTAGE OF OVERLOADING
PA6
PA3-1 10
PA11
PA12
KG.KERINCHI Q2-15B 1 TO 20 %
PA6-2
21 TO 40 %
Q2-15A
41 TO 60 %
BKT.SEPUTEH
2-1 61 TO 80 %
PANTAI STW
81 TO 100 %
Q2-15
EXCEEDING 100 %
TAMAN DESA
Q2-23
Q3-11
Figure 6.1 Status of Pantai Sewerage Zone Network System (Flow

Conditions for Year 2000)

The “over-loading” rate, expressed as a percentage of the hydraulic capacity of the

sewer line (determined by its diameter and slope), is also documented at specific
time intervals over the Planning Period. Hence those sewer segments with
relatively low residual capacity are likely to require augmentation as the flows
increase during the tenure of the Planning Period. The analysis should also
consider the condition of the sewer system. If there is a high rate of inflow and
infiltration (extraneous flows) to the sewers this will need to be identified
separately and the impacts of wet weather flows assessed.
Sewage Treatment Plant Capabilities
A similar analysis is carried out for existing sewage treatment plants, and for areas
set aside for sewage treatment, to assess their capability to handle existing and
future hydraulic and pollutant loads. Such assessments are dictated by specific
assumptions made; such as the effluent standards that have to be conformed with,
and the range of applicable unit process design criteria to test the system.
The assessment of a treatment plant should rightly be carried out on a unit process
level, as summarised in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1: Comparative Assessment of a STP
Design Loading
Unit
Basis 1996 2010
Imhoff Tank (m³/m²/day at ADWF) 10 36.0 42.0
Primary Sedimentation (m³/m²/day at ADWF)
Old Works 10 13.0 15.0
New Works 12.5 11.6 13.6
Trickling Filters (g BOD/m³/day at ADWF)
Old Works 200 126a 148
New Works 200 183 214
Humus Tanks (m³/m²/day at ADWF)
Old Works 20 26.8 31.2
New Works 25 19.7 23.0
Chlorination Tank (min. detention at ADWF) 30 32 27
Sludge Digesters (days detention)
Primary 15 13.8b 17.7c
Secondary 15 16.7b 21.4c
Sludge Dry Beds (PE/m³)
Old Works 10 7.4 8.6
New Works 10
Notes:
a. Assumes 30 per cent BOD5 removal in primary treatment
b. Manual sludge withdrawal
c. Programmed sludge withdrawal

Industry Guidelines
The assessment must also address whether the mode of conditioning and disposal
of sludge produced at existing sewage treatment plants, and at off-site dedicated
sludge processing plants, are satisfactory.
Based on this method of evaluation, the capability of existing plants to cater for
current and future sewage flows should be ascertained. In addition the capability
of available treatment plant reserve areas to handle existing sewage flows can also
be ascertained and compared with flows likely to be channelled to it in the future.
This exercise shall indicate whether the land area is sufficient to cater for its
Service Area as a whole, or only a part of its Service Area, or whether the land area
can in addition handle flows originating from the entire Catchment under Study or
from an adjacent Catchment.
Capital Works Implications
Based on information garnered from the assessment exercise described above, the
Scope of Works required to augment and expand on current sewerage systems,
including sludge processing and disposal plants, can be ascertained.
There is a need to classify these Works into a number of discrete categories as

defined by SPAN. These are as follows:
Growth Providing new sewerage infrastructure to greenfield

developments, or areas undergoing redevelopment.
Concession serving high priority projects as specified by the
Government
Backlog providing new centralised sewerage infra-structure to
septic tank areas
Compliance upgrading of old sewage treatment plants to improve
system efficiency
Rationalisation reducing the number of old sewage treatment plants
to improve system efficiency
Refurbishment refurbishing old sewerage infrastructure to bring it to
its design intent
Replacement replacing old sewerage infrastructure which has
exceeded its useful life
Sludge providing new sludge treatment and disposal
infrastructure
Minor Works capitalised maintenance and/or works which are
small in size
This form of categorisation assists in determining implementation priorities, and

those projects which revenues can be generated to finance its implementation.
It should also be noted that the above classification encompasses Works for
improving the long term performance of sewerage system (categorised as
“Rationalisation, Refurbishment and Backlog”); others are to meet “Compliance,

Sludge and Replacement”, while “Growth” Category is for new development or

redevelopment.
6.3 Issues and Constraints Relevant to Identifying

Appropriate Sewerage Service Strategies
The principal issues that should be considered, reviewed and understood when
assessing alternative sewerage management strategies for a specific Catchment
include : (a) Barriers to Sewage Conveyance, (b) Site Availability to locate sewers,
pump stations and STPs, (c) Sludge Management and (d) Environmental Factors.
Barriers to Sewage Conveyance
i) Existing physical infrastructure: Highways, railway tracks, corridors

already congested with a large number of buried utilities, are potential
barriers to convenient conveyance of sewage by gravity. The introduction
of intermediate pump stations and/or Inverted Systems may be necessary.
ii) Existing natural systems: The general topography and substrata soil
properties may tend to limit the extension of gravity flow sewerage
systems. Some pumping is required in all large systems, hence, a
preliminary assessment of the “natural” size and layout of subcatchments
and their inherent subsoil characteristics, which permit gravity flow of
sewage at reasonable depths below ground surface, has to be made. This
will influence the viability of rationalising the subcatchments into larger
catchments. The presence of natural barriers such as large rivers will tend
to separate catchments (unless inverted siphons are tolerable).
iii) Existing sewerage infrastructure: The size, extent and condition of the
sewage collection and conveyance systems and sewage treatment works
will have an influence on ascertaining the value of retaining existing
structures. If a sewerage system includes sewers that are too small, e.g. that
which only serves a portion of sewage flows emanating from a building, or
which have deteriorated, then the residual value is low and abandoning the
existing system for a good quality system shall be more feasible.
Site availability
iv) Availability of sites: Within a developed catchment there are only limited
sites available for construction of treatment plants, and only limited routes
for major sewers. The greatest constraint usually is the availability of sites
for treatment plants that are:
♦ of sufficient size
♦ have adequate buffer zones
♦ are correctly located
♦ have acceptable construction conditions (i.e. reasonable soil conditions, and
relatively flat land)
♦ are compatible with anticipated sewerage schemes

Industry Guidelines
♦ are available for use or acquisition

♦ has local and planning acceptance
♦ near to a fairly large water course that is able to assimilate effluent
discharges from STPs.
A critical part of any catchment plan is to identify available sewage treatment plant
and sludge treatment facility sites, and to ensure the availability of these sites.
Discharge of Treated Effluent
i) Effluent disposal: The treated effluent needs to be released back into the
environment. This usually means discharge to surface waters, to estuarine
regimes, or to foreshore and offshore marine waters. If a suitable receiving
water is not available in close vicinity of an STP, the effluent will need to
be pumped to an acceptable discharge point that may be far off
necessitating prohibitive costs to be expended.
Particular attention has to be focused on determining whether the discharge point is

located above a public water supply abstraction point, and if so how far upstream it
is to be located. Advanced, stringent, sewage treatment shall be required if the
discharge point is located ‘near’ to a public water supply raw water abstraction
point. In such cases it may be more feasible and economic to discharge the treated
effluent to another water course which is not employed for public water supplies,
or to channel the treated effluent downstream of a public raw water abstraction
point.
Sludge Management
ii) Sludge disposal: All sewage treatment plants generate waste sludges that
have to be safely managed in an environmentally acceptable manner. The
cost of managing sewage sludges is significant, usually representing more
than 25% of the total cost of sewage treatment costs. All treatment plants
need to provide facilities to stabilise and dewater sludge. If this is not
possible at an STP, the sludge will have to be transported to a centralised
sludge management facility for separate treatment and disposal.

The principal issue to be addressed would be to ascertain whether existing STPs

within the Catchment of study can treat sludges recovered from septic and Imhoff
tanks and from small package STPs; or whether a greenfield centralised sludge
processing centre has to be identified and implemented.
iii) Local issues: In many catchments there are specific local issues that
influence the overall planning of sewerage services. For example sites of
cultural, historical or religious significance, dominant position of a
particular industry, areas of administrative responsibility, etc. are factors
which may dictate or influence sewerage strategies.
Environmental Factors
i) A particularly important impact which sewerage systems can impose on the

environment, is the water quality changes that can materialise from sewage
discharges (treated, partially treated or in its raw form). Hence, the degree
of sewage treatment needed for a particular discharge condition needs to be
assessed. The overall cost of a sewerage plan can be influenced by the
degree of treatment required. Other environmental factors such as
nuisance, traffic, impact on flora and fauna are usually considered as “non
cost” factors. However, in certain specific cases a particular non water
quality issue becomes important and influences the plan. For example if a
potential site is located within a high value amenity area (e.g. pristine
recreational area, bathing beaches, high class residential areas) it may not
be available for a treatment plant.
ii) Change of the river flow also is considered as environmental factor. When
the sewage treatment plans are rationalized and centralised, the effluent
discharge points and effluent discharge volume are changed. These changes
may dry up a river where river flow relies on the domestic sewage
discharge. To prevent dry-up and maintain the minimum flow of river
necessary for ecological reasons, this issue should be considered in the
management plan. (See Figure 6.2)
Sewerage provisions for catchments located upstream of raw water intake points
for public water supplies needs to be particularly addressed, in terms of preventing
contamination of raw water systems and inducing corresponding adverse public
health impacts. In this context the location of an STP and its effluent discharge
point, in relation to the raw water abstraction point, must be particularly studied (as
discussed earlier).
iii) Nature of development: There are basically three types of development:

♦ infill, i.e. adding new buildings on vacant blocks within a developed area
♦ redevelopment, i.e. replacing a building with a new building
♦ perimeter or greenfield, i.e. developing a new area.

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The impacts of the different types of development will result in different flows and
load patterns. Infill will increase loads on existing systems, redevelopment also
increases existing loads, and if the redevelopment is of a different type to that
replaced it will change the characteristics of sewage discharge. Greenfield
developments can be expected to be similar to that planned, but are more difficult
to predict actual flows and loads because it requires a new system and not the
addition of an increment to an existing system.
Figure 6.2 Example of Local Water Conservation
Multi-Point Discharge System Centralised Discharge System

Multi-point discharge system favors a river Centralised discharge system favors a river
where the major flow is composed of where there major flow does not rely on
domestic sewage effluent. domestic sewage effluent.
River River
Catchment Boundary Catchment Boundary
Sub- Catchment Boundary Sub- Catchment Boundary
Sewers Sewers
Regional STP Central STP
Overall Effects
Based on the above deliberations it is clear that the following important factors
shall require investigating into as a pre-requisite for identifying potential
alternative strategies, viz:
i) availability of greenfield sites for new treatment plants; availability of land

around existing plants that can be procured to extend the capacity of the
system.
ii) capacity of sites to provide sewage treatment and sludge management
iii) routes for major sewers to transfer sewage (a) within existing catchments,
(b) for new catchments and (c) between catchments.
iv) disposal points for effluents and required effluent standards
v) quality and quantity of sludges to be generated and their respective disposal
routes.

6.4 Issues Pertinent to Developers

Developers carrying out Sewerage Catchment Planning studies for individual or
collaborative projects should factor into their selection of alternative sewerage
management strategies the following considerations, viz:
Enhance Overall Effectiveness of Sewerage Management
i) Whether their proposed development can provide the means to enhance the
overall effectiveness of sewage and sludge treatment within the Catchment
in which they are located by providing sufficient land area to accommodate
sizable sewage and sludge treatment plants. In this manner the Developer
could assist in rationalising the number of sewage treatment plants located
within the Catchment through eradication of small inefficient non-
conforming systems. An analysis of options is warranted to determine the
optimum land area to be set aside within the Development to adequately
serve the sewerage needs of the Catchment in which it is located.
Reliance on Existing STPs
i) Whether the Developer can rely on external STPs to handle sewage flows
to be generated by the proposed development without compromising on the
effectiveness of sewage treatment for the entire catchment. In this manner
the Developer can maximise the productive use of land within their
proposed development. A Sewerage Catchment Planning study
encompassing the entire Catchment has to be carried out by the Developer
to prove the viability of this alternative strategy.
The above deliberations shall constitute the main impetus for Developers to plan
out an optimum sewerage service for the locality in which they are situated.

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 7
Identification And Assessment
Of Optional Sewerage
Management Strategies
Identification And Assessment Of Optional Sewerage Management Strategies
7.1 Introduction
The data gathering phase of the sewerage catchment planning process provides the
required background material or information to identify potential optional
sewerage management strategies that can be considered for a particular Catchment;
including the optional roles which a new development can play in enhancing or
complementing a permanent sewerage management concept. Knowledge of the
following important factors provides the basis for identifying and evaluating
sewerage management options, viz:
i) the existing sewerage system,

ii) anticipated changes in sewage flows to be catered for,
iii) issues and constraints pertaining to sewerage management, and
iv) viable STP sites, sewer routes and catchment physiography
A detailed techno-economic evaluation can only be applied to a limited number of

options, hence skill and judgment is needed to screen through a host of potential
options with the aim of eliminating non viable options usually because they fail to
meet a critical constraint for the catchment. As such a short list of viable options is
prepared for detailed scrutiny.
This Chapter discusses the issues and criteria which can be employed to carry out a
thorough assessment and evaluation of the technical merits of sewerage
management options. The next chapter, i.e. Chapter 8, discusses the financial
criteria and procedures for conducting an economic comparison of the short listed
options.
7.2 Initial Screening of Options

Many Options are Theoretically Possible
The actual number of different sewerage strategy options available for any
catchment is very large. For example, if there are four possible sites for sewage
treatment plants within a catchment (i.e. Sites A, B, C and D), and the sewage can
be transported to any or all of these sites for treatment, there are several
possibilities as to which of the sites will be used, viz:
i) Four options using a single site, A, B C and D.

ii) Six options using two sites, A and B; B and C; C and D; D and A; A and C;
B and D. However for each of these options there are four alternatives for
example with A and B - the C and D area drains to A; and C and D area
drains to B; D area drains to A; and C area drains to B; D area drains to B;
and C area drains to A. Hence, a total of 24 options.

iii) Four options using three sites, A, B and C; B, C and D; C, D and A; D, A

and B; again for each of these options there are three alternatives for
example with sites A, B and C the flows from area D could go to any of the
three sites. Hence a total of 12 options.
iv) There is only one option using all four sites.
Hence, even for this simple example just considering the number of sites and the
relevant loads there would be 41 option to analyse. In practice, it is necessary to
reduce the number of options for analysis in order to make the analysis feasible and
understandable. The alternative is to set up a computer based analytical system
which could manage the financial analysis of a range of options as described
above; but this option will not be able to analyse non cost related functions.
Eliminate Unsuitable Options
The most effective method to simplify the analysis is to eliminate some options
based on a qualitative or semiquantitative analysis. For example, if Site A were
theoretically possible as a sewage treatment plant site, but had severe limitations
such as limited available area, poor site conditions, situated in an environmentally
sensitive area, close to sensitive residences or has high operating costs, it may be
possible to eliminate Site A prior to more detailed analysis and only consider three
potential sites.
In order to eliminate the relatively impractical and cost prohibitive options it is

necessary to:
i) Identify issues and constraints that will apply.

ii) Identify available options.
iii) Assess the impact of the issues and constraints on the options.
7.3 Sewerage Management Alternatives

Several alternatives are available to provide a viable sewerage management
scheme. They will be based upon upgrading and augmentation of the existing
system, provision of new works or some combination of these. In all cases the
plans will have to consider treating the sewage and managing the generated sludge
to set criteria. Certain options that can be considered are described herewith.
System Upgrade, Replacement and Refurbishment
For areas that are not expected to have significant increases in flow and load, it is
feasible simply to upgrade the existing system. This will require improvements to
the treatment plants to achieve the required effluent standard; for example
provision of additional clarifiers to prevent suspended solids carry over.

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Similarly, if a treatment plant contains processes or equipment that are inefficient

or unsuitable to maintain a required performance, a replacement programme could
be carried out; for example replacing an Imhoff/biological filter system with an
activated sludge treatment system or equivalent high rate mechanised treatment
system.
Certain portions of an existing sewerage system may be capable of providing the

required performance if it is in good condition. However due to poor maintenance,
or if the system has deteriorated due to old age, the performance may become
unacceptable. In this case a refurbishment programme could be carried out to
replace or reinstate parts of the sewage transport system (e.g. broken sewers, pump
stations) and treatment plant (equipment such as pumps, scrapper, aerators and
structures).
New Sewerage Works
The most common cases where new sewerage works may be required are for new
development areas (greenfield), and for areas which have been served by treatment
systems that currently are considered to be inadequate (e.g. septic tanks).
For a new development area the sewerage system is usually provided by the
Developer; nevertheless some systems may be implemented by the Government.
In planning terms the net result is the same, however the costs to the Sewerage
Operator and to the Developer will depend upon the details of the system and its
operation.
An area that is served by septic tanks will require the provision of a system to
provide a higher degree of treatment. In this case the existing septic tanks would
be systematically taken out of service and the sewage channelled into a sewer
network system that discharges into a new modern sewage treatment plant which is
capable of meeting established effluent discharge standards.
Plant Rationalisation and Economics of Scale
In Malaysia there are thousands of sewage treatment plants, the vast majority of
which treat sewage flows generated by a PE Count of less than 1,500. In a
particular Catchment such small treatment plants may be separated by only a few
hundred metres. There are economies of scale associated with the construction and
operation of treatment plants. Hence a single large plant may be more economical
than several small plants totalling to the same capacity. It is also often difficult to
obtain high quality effluents and manage sludge disposals from small plants. By
combining independent sewerage systems served by small treatment plants, and
draining the sewage for treatment at a smaller number of larger centralised plants,
overall benefits can materialise. The rationalisation of smaller plants or of plants
which are no longer viable or require major reinvestment, is expected to be an
important factor to consider in evaluating alternative sewerage management
options.

Sludge Management
The treatment of sewage to produce an improved quality of effluent means that the
solids are separated out as a sludge. The sludges as generated usually contain low
amounts of solids (0.5-4%) and high amounts of water (96-99.5%), in addition the
sludges will tend to be malodorous and contain high concentrations of pathogens.
Hence they require stabilising or conditioning before they are suitable for disposal
to the environment. Sewage sludges are usually processed by:
i) Thickening to increase the solids content to 4-10%, and thereby to

significantly reduce the sludge volume (to approximately one tenth of the
original volume).
ii) Stabilisation to reduce the organic content and/or to kill pathogens, this is
achieved by aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion or lime treatment.
iii) Dewatering to produce a “dry” sludge which can be easily handled and
transported (more than 20% solids content).
Sludges generated from basic sewage treatment processes will need to be processed
by one or several of these methods prior to disposal. If a sludge management
facility is not provided at a STP site, the sludge will need to be transported (usually
by road) to dedicated centralised processing plants.
The basic sludge management concepts are shown in Figure 7.1. The onsite
strategy and centralised strategy should be considered and compared on technical,
economical and environmental grounds.
For an onsite strategy, each STP has its own sludge treatment facility. Capital cost,
O&M, and disposal costs for each sludge facility are considered.
For a centralised strategy, one or some of STPs will have sludge treatment plants to
which sludge produced from the other STPs is transferred. Capital cost for the
centralised plants, sludge transportation/conveyance cost, O&M and disposal costs
are considered.
With respect to the treatment process, all sludge should be thickened and
dewatered before the disposal to reduce the volume of sludge.

Industry Guidelines
Onsite Strategy
Capital Costs of A sludge treatment Plants

+
A STP Capital Costs of B sludge treatment Plants
+
O&M Costs of A sludge treatment Plants
Raw Sludge Dewatered Sludge Disposal Site
+
O&M Costs of B sludge treatment Plants
+
Transportation Cost for A STP sludge
B STP
ToDisposal Site
+
Transportation Cost for B STP sludge
Raw Sludge Dewatered Sludge Disposal Site to Disposal Site
+
Disposal Cost on A Sludge
+
Disposal Cost on B Sludge
Centralised Stratogy
A STP
Capital Costs of A sludge treatment Plants
+
Raw Sludge Dewatered Sludge Disposal Site O&M Costs of A sludge treatment Plants
+
Transportation Cost for Centralised
Sludge to Disposal Site
B STP +
Transportation Cost from B to A
Sludge treatment Plant
Raw Sludge +
Disposal Cost on A Sludge
Figure 7.1 Example of Sludge Management Alternatives
Combinations
Any of the above options can be combined with one and another to form a viable
sewerage management strategy. The potential combinations are presented
schematically in Figures 7.2 to 7.7. The concept of providing additional capacity
at an existing STP to provide sewerage services for a new development is
respectively depicted in Figures 7.2 and 7.4. On the other hand a new
development could provide sewerage services to external areas that do not have
proper treatment facilities. The general layout of the existing and proposed new
developments would suggest that such schemes would be cost effective due to the:
i) efficiencies in operating a single larger plant

ii) low capital costs because of the space capacity in the existing system
iii) short sewer connection to an existing or proposed system
However additional capital shall be required to uprate the existing STP if it can be
accomplished.
A similar scenario to that depicted in Figure 7.2 is portrayed in Figure 7.3. The
latter schematic indicates that new trunk sewers to be laid in a septic tank area may
be sized to convey sewage releases from upstream proposed developments and
adjacent sub-catchments to a new central STP.
The case where two or three developers collaborate to build a single STP to serve
their respective developments is depicted in Figure 7.5. In this case land area
within one of the developments will need to be alienated for sewage treatment.
Alternatively a greenfield site located external to all three developments shall be
jointly purchased This scenario would be feasible if the developments were to
occur simultaneously or soon after one another.
A similar rationale would also apply to a large development that will be

implemented in stages over a specific time period (Refer to Figure 7.6). In this
case modular treatment plants can be implemented in phase with the Project’s
staged development. A suitable land area should be set aside from the beginning to
cater for all phased modular STP units.
Rationalisation of Small STPs
A particular Option that needs to be addressed is the potential to rationalise

existing and proposed treatment plants (STPs). The principal aim is to reduce the
total number of individual STPs serving a Catchment, and to eliminate those that
are of limited capacity to serve future PEs, and those that are inefficient (e.g. Septic
Tanks, Imhoff Tanks). There are several approaches that can be considered they
being:
i) Identify a greenfield site to accommodate a large enough STP that can take
the place of several small STPs existing and those contemplated in the
future. A proposed development may have the capability to assist in this
manner by providing land space. Otherwise the Government would need to
purchase suitable land area within the Catchment as identified by a
Sewerage Catchment study.
ii) Convert existing STPs into uprated systems to treat a larger sewage flow,
thus enabling sewage flows that are treated by small STPs to be routed to
this plant instead. Existing and planned Oxidation Ponds/Aerated Lagoons
are prime candidates for upgrading into higher capacity STPs since their
land areas are relatively large.
The Catchment Study should focus on ascertaining how many central STPs can be
provided to replace small systems. One uprated or new STP may not be
economical or practical. It may be more prudent to provide two central STPs to
serve different parts of a Catchment. Only a techno-economic appraisal of the
alternatives can throw light on the latter option. Availability of land areas to

Industry Guidelines
accommodate new plants or to upgrade existing plants, and the scope of new trunk
sewers, or extensions to existing sewers, may constitute the deciding factor. In
deciding on a preferred option, managing sludge should also be given due
consideration.
Combination of any or all of the above highlighted alternatives need to be

considered and evaluated. The actual catchment plan will include a mixture of any
or all of these approaches (Refer to Figure 7.8). What is required is to analyse the
different approaches with respect to cost implications, practicality and technical
adequacy.

EXISTING
DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSED NEW
DEVELOPMENT
LINK
PUBL
I C TR
UN K S
EWER
EXISTING CENTRAL
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Figure 7.2 Link to Existing Public Sewer and Central Sewage Treatment
Plant

Industry Guidelines
PROPOSED NEW PRIVATE

DEVELOPMENT
LINK
EXISTING SEPTIC
TANK AREAS
BACKLOG PROJECT
BY INDAH WATER
PROPOSED NEW PRIVATE

DEVELOPMENT
LINK
PROPOSED MULTIPOINT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
( TO BE SIZED TO CATER FOR
FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT ) NOTE :
TEMPORARY SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANTS MAY BE REQUIRED UNTIL
INDAH WATER KONSORTIUM WORKS
ARE COMPLETED
Figure 7.3 Link-up to Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant Proposed to be

Constructed

EXISTING DEVELOPMENT
WITH OWN SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT
PROPOSED NEW
PRIVATE
DEVELOPMENT
EXISTING
PLANT TO BE
LINK
UPGRADED
Figure 7.4 Upgrade Existing Connecting Sewer Network and Sewage

Treatment Plant

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NEW PRIVATE
DEVELOPMENT NO.1
NEW PRIVATE
DEVELOPMENT NO.2
( PROPOSED TO BE
COMPLETED IN 1997 )
NEW PRIVATE
( PROPOSED TO BE DEVELOPMENT NO.3
COMPLETED IN 1996 )
( PROPOSED TO BE
COMPLETED IN 1998 )
A SINGLE NEW PLANT TO CATER

FOR THREE DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTS
NOTE :
TIMING AND THE PROVISION OF
SUFFICIENT NETWORK CAPACITY
ARE IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
Figure 7.5 Collaborative Effort between Two or More Private Developers

to Jointly Build a Single Large Centralised Sewage Treatment Plant

PHASE 7
PHASE 6
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 2
PHASE 1
PHASE 3
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
OF TREATMENT PLANT NOTE :
SUFFICIENT LAND MUST BE
PUT ASIDE TO CATER FOR ALL
THE STAGES
Figure 7.6 Staged Modular Construction of Treatment Plants at a Single

Location for Large Greenfield Developments being Developed in Stages

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SECTION 10
PROPOSED
NEW DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSED
NEW DEVELOPMENT
SECTION 9
SECTION 5
SECTION 4
SECTION 2 SECTION 8
SECTION 3
PROPOSED REDEVELOPMENT
( EXAMPLE OF RATIONALISATION PROGRAMME FOR TOWNS LIKE PETALING JAYA

WHERE THERE ARE MULTITUDE OF CHEAP LOW TECH / POORLY OPERATING PLANTS
TO TWO MODERN PLANTS PLUS A REFURBISHED PLANT )
Figure 7.7 Rationalisation of Existing Small Low Tech Plants to New

High Tech Plants

REFURBISHMENT REPLACEMENT
WORKS WORKS
CONCESSION
AND COMPLIANCE
BACKLOG WORKS
WORKS
FULLY
INTEGERATED
CENTERALISED
SEWERAGE
SYSTEM
SLUDGE PRIVATELY
TREATMENT MAINTAINED
WORKS PLANTS
INDAH
DEVELOPER'S WATER
NEW PLANTS MAINTAINED
PLANTS
( A LONG TERM SEWAGE CATCHMENT STRATEGY )
Figure 7.8 Fully Integrated Centralised Sewerage System

Industry Guidelines
7.4 Identification of Options for Analysis

Brainstorm or Multicriteria Analysis
The type of alternative options illustrated in Figures 7.2 to 7.7 should be

established for the catchment. For most catchments this will result in a long list of
options, even accounting for the simplifications provided by screening out options
by considering Issues and Constraints as discussed earlier. In order to simplify the
number of options two basic methods are available, brainstorming and multicriteria
analysis. In brainstorming a group of informed persons consider each option and
argue out the advantages and disadvantages of each option, until a consensus is
reached on which options should be retained and which discarded. The arguments
are subsequently documented to justify the selection.
Multicriteria analysis requires the “scoring” of options against the critical issues for
that catchment. Issues or constraints that are overriding (for example available
land area or effluent quality) should have been used to eliminate some options prior
to the analysis. The actual criteria are set either by the client, informed personnel
or the Planner. Typical criteria could incorporate:
i) Costs - capital, operation, maintenance

ii) Environmental impacts induced by the systems
iii) Ease of construction
iv) Operability
v) Flexibility
vi) Health and safety
vii) Complexity
viii) Impact on public
Select and Weight Criteria
The criteria then needs to be weighted to reflect relative importance. A typical

score card representing a Multi-criteria Analysis is depicted in Table 7.1 below:

Table 7.1: Multicriteria Analysis for Evaluation of Options

Criteria Max. Score
Importance of City/ area 10
Pollution Load 10
Water Pollution Status 8
Complaints from the Public 8
Water Use Condition 8
Rationalisation Impact (Reduction of STP No.) 8
First Works for sewerage facilities 8
Reliability of Project Implementing 6
Condition of Existing STPs 6
Capital Cost 4
Promotion of Sludge Treatment 4
Consideration for National Projects 4
Pollution Load/Area, kg as BOD/d/Km2 8
Discharged Pollution Load, Kg as BOD/d 6
Discharged Pollution Load/Area, kg as BOD/d/Km2 8
Reduced Pollution Load, Kg as BOD/d 6
Reduced Pollution Load/Capital Cost, kg as BOD/d/RM 6
Reduced pollution Load/ Total Cost, kg as BOD/d/RM 8
Total 126
Each of the identified options should be shown as a simple schematic such as those
represented in Figures 7.1 to 7.6. Then each option is scored by a selected group
of personnel. The simplest method usually is to:
i) Score each option out of 10 for each criteria

ii) multiply each score by the weighting factor to give the required score
iii) identify any score that has significant differences between different
reviewers. If so obtain clarifications from the individuals, and revise the
scores if appropriate
iv) provide a consolidated listing for each option
v) from the totals select the most preferred options for more detailed analysis.
Score, Correlate and Justify Marks

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An example of the scoring for two options, X and Y, against the criteria
summarised in Table 7.1 is presented in Table 7.2. Notice higher marks mean a
better or more acceptable option.
Table 7.2: Comparison of Options X and Y

Option X Option Y
Criteria Weight
Mark Score Mark Score
Importance of City/ area 10 8 8.0 6 6.0
Pollution Load 10 6 6.0 6 6.0
Water Pollution Status 8 8 6.4 6 4.8
Complaints from the Public 8 8 6.4 5 4.0
Water Use Condition 8 7 5.6 7 5.6
Rationalisation Impact 8 8 6.4 5 4.0
(Reduction of STP No.)
First Works for sewerage facilities 8 8 6.4 5 4.0
Reliability of Project Implementing 6 7 4.2 6 3.6
Condition of Existing STPs 6 5 3.0 8 4.8
Capital Cost 4 4 1.6 7 2.8
Promotion of Sludge Treatment 4 6 1.8 4 1.2
Consideration for National Projects 4 5 2.0 6 2.4
Pollution Load/Area, kg as BOD/d/Km2 8 8 6.4 6 4.8
Discharged Pollution Load, Kg as BOD/d 6 5 3.0 6 3.6
Discharged Pollution Load/Area, kg as 8 8 6.4 6 4.8
BOD/d/Km2
Reduced Pollution Load, Kg as BOD/d 6 5 3.0 6 3.6
Reduced Pollution Load/Capital Cost, kg as 6 5 3.0 6 3.6
BOD/d/RM
Reduced pollution Load/ Total Cost, kg as 8 8 6.4 6 4.8
BOD/d/RM
Total 126 86.0 74.4
In this case Option X is better than Option Y mainly due to its simpler operations
and maintenance. However, neither option meets all of the selection criteria and
probably only Option X would be on a short list for further analysis.
Select Preferred Sub Option e.g. Sludge Management

As part of the selection procedure it is often possible to segregate the overall

analysis into specific sub-processes so that a more comprehensive evaluation is
carried out. For example if an option such as that shown in Figure 7.3 were being
considered, there are several alternatives for sludge management per se. For
example alternatives such as each STP is to have its own sludge processing
facilities as against a central dedicated sludge treatment accommodating sludge
transported from different STPs. If there were a critical criteria such as size
limitations, access, or odour generation, it may be possible to eliminate one of the
sites for sludge processing. If there is no real difference between the two sites as
an area for sludge processing, then cost can be used as a method to select the
preferred site option. In this case it would be necessary to compare:
i) For each plant the capital and operating costs for sludge management,
ii) The capital and operating costs of a single sludge facility plus the transport
costs for moving the sludge from each STP to the central sludge facility.
Components of a potential scheme may need to be subjected to separate analysis in

order to establish a preferred treatment system. For example a financial analysis of
different processes required to upgrade a small treatment plant to provide improved
treatment and to provide a sludge treatment system is summarised in Table 7.3.
Notice in this example where additional processes are added (sludge treatment) the
operating and maintenance costs represents a high proportion of the total system
Net Present Value (NPV). Sludge handling for option 2 is always less than sludge
handling for options 1 and 3 and this has the greatest influence on the overall total
cost. The preferred cost option is plant upgrading (C) with chemicals used to
reduce phosphorus concentrations and aerobic digestion of sludges. This can then
be used as a preferred treatment plant choice throughout the analysis.

Industry Guidelines
Table 7.3: Comparison of Treatment Plant/Sludge Facilities

Options
Sludge Net Present Value ($000’s)
Process Effluent
Handling Capital O&M Total
Option Upgrading
Option Cost Cost Cost
A. Extended Biological 1 1418 5060 6479
Aeration 2 1349 3806 5155
3 1156 8894 10049
Chemical 1 1405 5237 6642
2 1344 3899 5244
3 1171 9278 10449
B. Additional Biological 1 1534 5077 6611
Lagoon 2 1465 3863 5328
3 1202 7924 9126
Chemical 1 1381 5060 6442
2 1320 3777 5098
3 1151 8586 9737
C. Plant Biological 1 1502 5062 6564
Upgrading 2 1606 3940 5546
Chemical 1 979 4718 5697
2 1091 3527 4618

7.5 Listing of Favourable Options

The above described procedures shall enable impractical, costly and untenable
alternatives to be eliminated, and facilitate a listing of more favourable schemes to
be subjected to in-depth analysis.
Financial Analysis of Listed Options
A thorough financial analyses of selected favourable schemes needs to be carried

out in order to firm up on a preferred sewerage management strategy. This will
require a description and layout of the options in sufficient detail to permit costing
and analysis. This could include:
i) Layout and specification of the required changes at the treatment plants.

ii) Layout of routes for sewer lines to transport sewage to the identified
treatment plant sites. This should include details of the actual sewers,
particularly if there are specific issues such as construction in built up areas
or crossing major obstacles.
iii) Refurbishment or new works that are common to all options and therefore
can be separated from the analysis.
iv) Discharge or disposal points and criteria for effluents and sludges.
7.6 Post Script

This Chapter has outlined the basic procedures which can be adopted to identify
potential sewerage management concepts for Catchment Areas based on addressing
basic issues associated with sewage treatment and sludge management. The
intention being to address the concept of sewage and sludge treatment first and
then to analyse the appropriate sewerage conveyance strategies that can be
implemented.
The process of screening through the alternatives to short list a few number of
viable options (not more than three) for in-depth techno-economic analysis has also
been discussed. It is apparent that financial analysis of alternative strategies
presents a more quantifiable approach for selection of a preferred option. In this
regard a more comprehensive discussion on the costing of facilities, and the
financial analysis of options, is presented in the next chapter before proceeding on
to relating specific methodologies for undertaking a detailed analysis of options
with a view towards ranking them in order of merit.

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 8
Financial Analysis
of Options
Financial Analysis of Options
8.1 Introduction
This Chapter discusses the principal concepts associated with the costing and
financial analysis of sewerage schemes. The fundamentals described herein shall
provide further guidance in the selection of viable or favourable sewerage
development schemes, and for carrying out detailed evaluation of favoured
schemes in order to identify a preferred scheme.
8.2 Costing Basis

Need for Costing
Comparison of costs is often one of the few criteria on which options can be
quantitatively assessed against each other. Other criteria tend to be at least semi
quantitative and usually require considerable qualitative judgment. A sewerage
system will entail capital expenditures. In addition recurrent operation and
maintenance costs will have to be incurred to maintain or replace equipment, and to
make processes work, e.g. effecting periodical removal of solids from sewers,
providing electric power for pump stations and sewage treatment plants, supplying
chemicals for sewage or sludge processing, etc. The combination of these two
components of the cost needs to be accounted for in the analysis.
The validity of any comparison of costs between options requires reliable pricing
information, and updated information on market prices for specific work items and
plant and equipment. In addition the relative impacts between a one off capital
expenditure and ongoing running costs becomes important and requires a valid
method of comparison (such as employing discount rates, analysis period, etc.).
Establish Basis for Costing
Prior to carrying out a financial analysis of options, unit costs for various work
items and purchase of plant and equipment should be established. This will
require:
i) collection of data on similar recent schemes

ii) information on current construction unit rates
iii) preliminary assessment of costs and complexity of specific works
iv) weighting factors to be applied to unit rates to account for specific
conditions that have to be met such as laying sewers in difficult areas,
conforming to restrictions imposed on laying at night time periods only,
and having to install sewers by non-trenching methods; this will require
research into local conditions
v) data on costs of specialist equipment and processes
vi) information from knowledgeable personnel on operations and maintenance
costs
vii) information from local and overseas costing manuals

8.3 Life of Assets and Residual Value

Identify and Assess Residual Assets Values
The sewerage industry is characterised as having relatively long life assets and this
becomes critical in the business management of the industry. The industry needs to
understand the value of its existing assets, how much longer they are expected to
last and the funds that are required to replace or refurbish the assets.
Different elements of the sewerage system will deteriorate at different rates e.g.
sewers should last a long time while mechanical equipment may require
replacement after only 10 years. In addition some of the assets have little or no
value at the end of their working life, e.g. mechanical and electrical equipment.
Sewers have a greater residual value as they may be rehabilitated in-situ (a less
expensive proposition in comparison to excavation and replacement of pipes).
Rate of Depreciation Affects Budgets
The rate at which an asset deteriorates with time is termed as depreciation; a factor
which is included as a cost item in the accounting process for the owner of the
asset. The owner should be budgeting to “save” the annual rate of depreciation of
the asset such that there are sufficient funds available to eventually replace the
asset. Slower rates of depreciation mean assets last longer and less money has to
be “saved” each year to replace them. Obviously revision of the lives of assets can
have a significant impact on the financial position of the asset owner, e.g.
shortening the lives of assets creates pressure on budgets. Incorrect assessment of
asset lives means an annual budget shall over or under estimates real costs.
As part of the overall assessment of existing sewerage schemes, it is necessary to

evaluate the current status of existing assets. Actual site evaluation is the most
reliable method and can often be undertaken for sewage treatment plants. For
sewers it is more difficult. In the absence of site information, assumed asset lives
and hence asset values have to be made.
Treatment plants are likely to be made redundant due to performance standards

changing over time, causing existing technology to be superseded, rather than the
asset reaching the end of its useful life. Hence it is appropriate to ascribe a zero
residual value to treatment plants. Some components of the asset will tend to
require more frequent replacement e.g. control systems, while large concrete civil
structures can be expected to last for longer. Sewage pumping stations also tend to
have little residual value at the end of their useful life. The mechanical/electrical
equipment tends to be worn out and it is more appropriate to replace civil
structures.
Asset Lives Depend Upon Materials and Use
A range of materials are used for sewer mains, such as vitrified clay, concrete,
HDPE, and ductile iron pipes. The asset lives tend to vary depending upon the
different materials, quality of materials, quality of installations and local conditions
such as ground conditions, temperature, external stress from traffic or ground
movement. In general sewers are known to last for approximately 100 years unless

Industry Guidelines
subject to specific stress such as corrosion for concrete sewers in warm climates.
Technologies for relining sewers have developed in the last 5-10 years such that it
is often more effective to reline the sewers rather than replace them. The life of a
relined sewer is not yet properly documented but can be taken as approximately 50
years. Sewer rising mains or pressure pipelines tend to have shorter asset lives,
perhaps 80 years, at the end of which a zero residual value is recommended.
An estimate of the life of sewerage assets is presented in Table 8.1. In general

mechanical/electrical equipment will have zero residual value. Sewers where the
“right-of-way” is a significant asset have approximately 25% residual value and
civil structures have a small residual value.
Table 8.1: Life of Sewerage Scheme Assets
Asset Years*
Sewers 80 years
Pumping Stations – Civil 50 years
Pumping Stations - Mech/Elec 25 years
Treatment Plants – Civil 50 years
Treatment Plants - Mech/Elec 25 years
Treatment Plants – Control 15 years
Outfalls 80 years
* These are often set by the Government and once final cannot be changed for a
particular asset.
8.4 Running (Operation and Maintenance) Costs

Include All Parts of Running Costs
The costs associated with the continued operation of a sewerage scheme relates to
hiring of labour, maintenance of equipment, and purchase of electricity, water and
chemicals. Again for each element of the scheme annual costs are required. The
components of the annual running cost are as follows:
i) Electrical costs - from power consumption and electrical tariff. A lack of

separate metering of equipment often limits the assessment of power
consumption and the breakdown of the costs.
ii) Labour costs - the total cost of labour used to operate and maintain the
system. This should include the real costs to the organisation, actual wages
and salary plus social costs and overhead costs.
iii) Equipment costs - the costs associated with equipment used - backhoes,
drills, motors, vehicles, etc.
iv) Chemicals used in any process

v) Disposal costs, for example in relation to sludges

vi) Routine maintenance costs
vii) Management costs
viii) Administrative costs often associated with regulation of the system (e.g.
monitoring of plant performance and effluent discharge).
The critical point in determining the running costs is to ensure that all costs are
included and these are checked against actual budgets. The running costs are
incurred for many decades and hence they have a more important impact on the
overall financial viability of a scheme in comparison to one off capital cost
expenditures.
Appendix F presents the typical O&M cost for mechanised plants and oxidation
ponds. Also, sludge removal cost for septic tank and imhoff tank is presented. In
the financial evaluation these O&M costs should be used unless a list of plant
equipment and evaluation of its O&M costs are prepared instead.
8.5 Net Present Value and B/C

Present Value is the Today Costs or Benefits for The Project
The net present value method is most commonly used for comparing the different
Sewerage Management Strategies. This procedure essentially converts future costs
and benefits into equivalent present day costs and benefits. Revenue and
Expenditure Stream Table shall be prepared for expenses, revenues, and the
balance for the project life (refer to Table 8.2). Project life, which is usually set at
30 to 40 years after the start of sewerage services, is the period that constructed
sewerage facilities is considered to bear the revenues without the total renovation.
Expenditures include construction costs, operation and maintenance costs, and
replacement costs. Replacement costs cover the replacement of
mechanical/electrical equipment, such as pumps. Replacement costs shall be
estimated by setting a certain percentage of capital expenditure. Revenues are the
sewerage tariff revenues which shall be raised after the start of the sewerage
services through the facilities planned by the Project.
In the project area where no existing sewerage infrastructure, it is easy to grasp the
revenues and expenditures of the project. Actually, there are usually several
existing sewerage facilities in the catchment area where strategy or plan is
prepared. In such a case, revenues and expenditures of the project to be filled in
the Revenue and Expenditure Stream Table are distinguished as follow;
i) Grasp the Expenditures and Revenues “Without the project case”,

ii) Calculate the Expenditures and Revenues “With the project case”,
iii) Difference between “With the project case” and “Without the project case”
shall be the Expenditures and Revenues of the project.
In other words, additional costs and additional tariff revenues by the project shall
be put into the Revenue and Expenditure Stream Table. For example, when the

Industry Guidelines
expansion of STP is the option to be evaluated, Revenue and Expenditure Stream

Table must include only the additional costs of operation and maintenance as well
as construction costs and revenues from the additional customers served by
expanded STP.
Table 8.2: Revenue and Expenditure Stream of Option X of Sewerage

Catchment Strategy
(Unit: RM in million)
Expenditure Revenue
Year Const- Replace- Non- Balance
O&M Total Domestic Total
ruction ment domestic
-2 2008
-1 2009
0 2010
1 2011
2 2012
3 2013
4 2014
5 2015
6 2016
7 2017
8 2018
9 2019
10 2020
11 2021
12 2022
13 2023
14 2024
15 2025
16 2026
17 2027
18 2028
19 2029
20 2030
21 2031
22 2032
23 2033
24 2034
25 2035
26 2036
27 2037
28 2038
29 2039
30 2040
Note: In this table, construction period is assumed as 3 years from 2008 to 2010,
corresponding to -2 to 0. 30 years project period is counted from 2011 when the
service is planned to start.
To calculate the sewerage tariff revenues, approximate number of customers for

each category (domestic, commercial, government, and industry) must be estimated
for the whole project life. As a reference, the following table shows the average

sewerage tariff revenue per customer for each category for Fiscal Year 2001-2006.
Annual revenue shall be calculated using these data and the estimated customer
number for each category.
Table 8.3: Average Sewerage Tariff per Customer

(RM/month)
Type of Customer
Item
Domestic Commercial Government Industrial
Average Sewerage Tariff 5.4 45.1 322.9 158.9
Note: Based on the actual customer number and tariff collection data. Collection rate is not
reflected on the above number. Relevant collection rate must be set for computing the
revenues
It may be difficult to estimate the number of customer for each category. Trend of
average billed amounts of sewerage charge per Person Equivalent (PE) is shown in
Figure 8.1. The numbers on the figure reflects on the total billed amount and total
PE of not only the domestic but also commercial, government, and industrial
customers. The trend is almost stable with a slower increase. When it is
considered impossible to estimate the category-wise number of customers, these
data may also be used to estimate the annual revenue.

Industry Guidelines
Figure 8.1: Trend of Average Billed Amount of Sewerage

Charge / PE
20.00
18.00
16.73 17.16
16.00 15.87 16.07
15.41
14.00 13.81 14.31
12.00
RM/year
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
-
2000/5- 2001/5- 2002/5- 2003/5- 2004/5- 2005/5- 2006/1-
2001/4 2002/4 2003/4 2004/4 2005/4 2005/12 2006/12
Year
Note: Based on the Total PE and tariff billing data. Collection rate is not reflected
on the above number. Relevant collection rate must be set for computing
the revenues
Net Present Value (NPV) shall be calculated for Balances of Expenditures and
Revenues. Balances are often negative number for sewerage project, since the
tariff revenues are short of necessary annual O&M costs in many cases. Negative
NPV indicates that external money must be put on the project other than tariff
revenues. Sewerage project which has bigger NPV (close to zero, in case of
negative number) shall be given higher priority from the financial viewpoint. NPV
is calculated by following formula, or using Microsoft Excel software;
n
Pi
NPV = Σ (1+r)i-1
i=1
i: Year from the start of the construction of the project. First line of the
Revenue and Expenditure Stream table shall be counted as 1st year.
n: Last year from the start of the construction.
r: Discount rate.
Pi: Balance of expenditures and revenues of the year “i”, often the negative
number for the sewerage project.
The actual value of the interest or discount rate should be set by the asset owner.
As mentioned previously, different rates should be applied to different assets. For
the purposes of planning, a single rate of between 8% shall be used. Selection
criteria of Priority Project by NPV evaluation is as follows;

If, NPV (Option A) > NPV (Option B) ,
Option A has higher priority from financial view point
Benefit Cost ratio (B/C ratio) is also used to compare the different Sewerage
Management Strategies. B/C is to check the relative size of present value of
Revenues comparing to present value of Expenditures. B/C for sewerage projects
is often less than 1. If B/C of a certain project is close to 1, the project is
considered to generate the same Benefit as Expenditure in present value bases.
B/C is useful to compare some projects which differ so much in size of costs, since
Net Present Value of balance tends to show small positive or negative numbers for
the small size project. B/C is calculated by following formula;
n
Bi
Σ
i=1 (1+r)i-1
B/C = n
Ci
Σ
i=1 (1+r)i-1
i: Year from the start of the construction of the project. First line of the
Revenue and Expenditure Stream table shall be counted as 1st year.
n: Last year from the start of the construction.
r: Discount rate.
Bi: Revenues of the year “i”
Ci: Expenditures of the year “i”
For the discount rate (r), same number shall be used as it is for NPV calculation.
Comparing the B/Cs of some options, priority of them will be decided as follows;
If, B/C (Option A) > B/C (Option B) ,
Option A has higher priority from financial view point
♦ Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) is often used to see the feasibility
of the project. FIRR is, briefly speaking, the discount rate which makes the
NPV zero. If the calculated FIRR of a certain project is more than the
opportunity cost of capital (8%), the project is said to be financially
feasible. It shall make positive profit through the project period by
procuring the fund at that opportunity cost of capital. Generally speaking,
in case of sewerage project, it is very difficult to make positive profit
through the project period. In this case, FIRR is not relevant.

Industry Guidelines
Therefore, it is NOT NECESSARY to check the FIRR for the catchment

strategy/plan. For reference, FIRR is calculated using Microsoft Excel.
Selection criteria of projects by FIRR is as follows;
FIRR Evaluation
Option A Option B Option A Option B
Case 1 N.A. N.A. Not feasible without Same as Option A
external budget input
Case 2 0 < FIRR < r N.A. Not feasible without Not feasible without
external budget input, external budget input
but better than Option
B
Case 3 FIRR r 0 < FIRR < r Feasible without Not feasible without
external budget input, external budget input
Option A has higher
priority.
Case 4 FIRR r FIRR r Feasible without Same as Option A
external budget input.
Bigger the FIRR, more
profitable the option.
Note: N.A.; Not available.
r; Discount rate, or in other words, opportunity cost of capital.
The reliability of NPV estimation is dependent on the accuracy of projected costs

and benefits. In practice operation and maintenance costs tend to be poorly
documented and thus can influence on the accuracy of NPV comparisons. Options
which have NPV values closer then 5% among them could be considered
effectively the same. On the other hand if NPVs of Options differ by more than
10% to 20%, it is unlikely that an Option of lower NPV shall be selected.
An example of the application of NPV analysis is discussed herewith. The

objective is to assess the relative financial impact of two different options. Option
A has a higher initial capital cost and moderate operating and replacement costs;
whilst Option B has a lower capital cost with higher operating costs and lower
replacement cost. Revenues are little larger in Option B. The Revenue and
Expenditure Streams for both Options are shown in Table 8.4 and Table 8.5.

Table 8.4: Revenue and Expenditure Stream of Option A of Sewerage

Catchment Strategy
Expenditure Revenue
0 2008 30.00 3.00 33.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -33.00
1 2009 3.00 3.00 0.20 0.20 0.40 -2.60
2 2010 3.00 3.00 0.40 0.40 0.80 -2.20
3 2011 3.00 3.00 0.60 0.60 1.20 -1.80
4 2012 3.00 3.00 0.80 0.80 1.60 -1.40
5 2013 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 -1.00
6 2014 3.00 3.00 1.20 1.20 2.40 -0.60
7 2015 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
8 2016 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
9 2017 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
10 2018 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
11 2019 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
12 2020 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
13 2021 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
14 2022 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
15 2023 3.00 8.00 11.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -8.20
16 2024 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
17 2025 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
18 2026 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
19 2027 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
20 2028 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
21 2029 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
22 2030 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
23 2031 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
24 2032 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
25 2033 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
26 2034 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
27 2035 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
28 2036 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
29 2037 3.00 3.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -0.20
30 2038 3.00 8.00 11.00 1.40 1.40 2.80 -8.20
NPV: -42.09 million Rs. B/C: 0.35 @ Discount Rate 8.00%

Industry Guidelines
Table 8.5: Revenue and Expenditure Stream of Option B of Sewerage

Catchment Strategy
Expenditure Revenue
0 2008 24.00 4.20 28.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 -28.20
1 2009 4.20 4.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 -3.80
2 2010 4.20 4.20 0.40 0.40 0.80 -3.40
3 2011 4.20 4.20 0.60 0.60 1.20 -3.00
4 2012 4.20 4.20 0.80 0.80 1.60 -2.60
5 2013 4.20 4.20 1.00 1.00 2.00 -2.20
6 2014 4.20 4.20 1.20 1.20 2.40 -1.80
7 2015 4.20 4.20 1.40 1.40 2.80 -1.40
8 2016 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
9 2017 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
10 2018 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
11 2019 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
12 2020 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
13 2021 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
14 2022 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
15 2023 4.20 6.00 10.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -7.00
16 2024 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
17 2025 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
18 2026 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
19 2027 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
20 2028 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
21 2029 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
22 2030 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
23 2031 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
24 2032 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
25 2033 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
26 2034 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
27 2035 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
28 2036 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
29 2037 4.20 4.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -1.00
30 2038 4.20 6.00 10.20 1.60 1.60 3.20 -7.00
NPV: -47.14 million Rs. B/C: 0.35 @ Discount Rate 8.00%
NPV of Option A is larger than that of Option B. Option A requires 42.09 million
RM external budget input for project period in present value bases at 8% discount
rate. B/Cs are the same for both Option A and Option B. Present value of
Revenues is 35% of present value of Expenditures for both Option A and Option B.
In this particular example, Option A is a better proposition financially than Option
B. However technical and environmental factors have to be incorporated into the
overall evaluation to arrive at a final decision on which Option is better suited to
the set needs.

8.6 Other Financial Tools

Rate of Return on Capital Investments
The rate of return on capital investments is another tool which can be employed to
gauge the financial merits of Options. For example, up front investment on large
sewers which shall only be completely utilised twenty to twenty-five years in the
future shall represent a poor return on investment as the pay back period is long.
However a modular approach towards increasing utility capacity shall significantly
enhance the rate of return and shorten the pay back period. For example
constructing STP modules to cater for increases in Population Equivalents
anticipated in five years time, rather than fifteen to twenty years time, shall have
substantial positive financial impacts. Hence it may appear that an Option which
reduces the investment on large deep and long trunk sewers in favour of increasing
the number of centralised sewage treatment plants could be a preferred Option;
however the long term operational costs of many individual STPs, and the higher
capital costs of building many smaller STPs in preference to a larger more cost
effective STP (i.e. economies of scale) may reduce the benefits. An NPV analysis
can throw light on which will be the overriding effect.
Average Incremental Cost
The financial acceptability of an Option can also be ascertained by estimating its

Average Incremental Cost or AIC. AIC is the price which user groups should be
charged so that in the long run, the specified internal rate of return will be obtained.
An AIC can also be defined as the price which, for a given interest or discount rate,
equates the discounted cost of services with the discounted revenues, or,
Under a certain discount rate, AIC is the unit price to be charged, which will make
the following formula;
NPV of Revenues = NPV of Costs
The value of an AIC can be expressed in either RM/cu.m of sewage or

RM/household/year.
The calculated AIC for a specific Catchment Study was quoted as follows:
Discount Rate (or Specified AIC AIC

Internal Rate of Return) (RM/cu.m) (RM/household/year
5% 0.78 460
10% 1.52 780
15% 2.34 1050
20% 3.72 1239

Industry Guidelines
SECTION 9
Selection Of A
Preferred Option
Selection of a Preferred Option
9.1 Introduction
The methodology for carrying out an in-depth analyses of a short listed number of
viable or favoured options is briefly presented in this Chapter. The assessment
initially encompasses the financial (cost), technical and environmental analysis of
each option separately, before subjecting them to a composite ranking exercise
employing objective weighting factors to emphasise on important criteria that
could influence final selection based on overall merit.
As indicated before financial factors can be subjected to a quantitative analyses;

whilst the comparative assessment of technical and environmental aspects related
to each option can only be based on a semi-quantitative or qualitative approach.
9.2 Collation Of Pertinent Information

Presentation of Basic Information Prior to Evaluation
The basic information needed for a comparative assessment of favoured options

should preferably be summarised in pictorial and tabular fashion.
For each option the following should be highlighted, viz:
i) A diagramatic representation of the principal routing and sizing of trunk

sewers, the locations of pump stations and sewage treatment plants and the
location of discharge of the treated effluent (Refer to Figures 9.1 and 9.2).
ii) A tabulation of:
♦ Lengths of various diameters of sewer pipes and their respective average
depths.
♦ The plot size and capacity of pump stations that shall be implemented in
stages over the Planning Period. The estimated total dynamic head against
which sewage has to be pumped should also be indicated at each planning
stage.
♦ The number, areal size, type and capacity of STPs that shall be
implemented at various stages throughout the Planning Period.
♦ The length, size and capacity of outfall pipes conveying treated effluent to a
receiving water course.

Selection Of A Preferred Option
SUB
FO RCE MAIN CATCHMENT 3
FRO M CATCHMENT 3
FORCE MAIN
SUB-CATCHMENT 2 FROM CATCHMENT 3
O CE AN
O UTFALL
FO RCE MAIN
FRO M CATCHMENT 3
RIVER
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
SUB-CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
SEWERS
FO RCE MAIN
SUB-CATCHMENT 4
DIRECTI ON O F FLOW
SUB-CATCHMENT 1
ON SI TE I NDIVIDUAL AND O N SITE INDIVIDUA L AND PUMPING STATION
COMMUNI TY SYSTEMS CO MMUNITY SYSTEMS
OPTION SCHEME A
SUB
FO RCE MAIN CATCHMENT 3
FRO M CATCHMENT 3 FORCE MAIN
FO RCE MAIN
FRO M CATCHMENT 3
RIVER
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
SEWERS
FO RCE MAIN
SUB-CATCHMENT 4
DIRECTI ON O F FLOW
ON SI TE I NDIVIDUAL AND O N SITE INDIVIDUA L AND PUMPING STATION

COMMUNI TY SYSTEMS CO MMUNITY SYSTEMS
TRE ATMENT PLANT
OPTION SCHEME B
Figure 9.1 Option Scheme A & B

Industry Guidelines
SUB
FORCE MAIN CATCHMENT 3
FROM CATCHMENT 3
FORCE MAIN
FORCE MAIN
FROM CATCHMENT 3
RIVER
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
SEWERS
FORCE MAIN
SUB-CATCHMENT 4
DIRECTION OF FLOW
SUB-CATCHMENT 1
ON SITE INDIVIDUAL AND ON SITE INDIVIDUAL AND
PUMPI NG STATI ON
COMMUNITY SYSTEMS COMMUNI TY SYSTEMS
TREATMENT PLANT
OPTION SCHEME C
SUB
FORCE MAIN CATCHMENT 3
FROM CATCHMENT 3
FORCE MAIN
FORCE MAIN
FROM CATCHMENT 3
RIVER
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
SEWERS
FORCE MAIN
SUB-CATCHMENT 4
DIRECTION OF FLOW
SUB-CATCHMENT 1
ON SITE INDIVIDUAL AND ON SITE INDIVIDUAL AND PUMPI NG STATI ON
COMMUNITY SYSTEMS COMMUNI TY SYSTEMS
TREATMENT PLANT
OPTION SCHEME D
Figure 9.2 Option Scheme C & D

It is important that a fairly detailed attempt at staging the implementation of

facilities be carried out for each option. In this respect it would be advisable to
have each stage lasting for a period of five (5) years. Hence for a planning period
extending for twenty (20) years, there shall be four (4) discrete stages where
progressive implementation of facilities and expansion and upgrading of sewerage
services can be pursued with. The total capital and running costs for each stage
should then be identified. For a more detailed analysis, the yearly distribution of
capital and running costs over a particular staging period can be presented. The
costs portrayed over the entire planning period should be computed based on base
year estimates without factoring in inflation. Allowances for depreciation costs
and residual asset values may or may not be factored into the overall financial
picture. However costs related to purchase of land should be included in the
overall analysis.
It is also important that items common to all options (e.g. reticulation sewers) be
identified and excluded from technical, financial and environmental analysis.
9.3 Evaluation Based on Financial Considerations

NPV Analysis and Capital and Operation and Maintenance Cost
Schedules
Balance of revenues and expenditures for each option spread over the Planning
Period is subjected to Net Present Value (NPV) analysis based on a specified
discount (or interest) rate that is reflective of the present (commercial) market rate
for borrowing of funds. The findings from NPV comparison are summarised in the
following manner, viz:
Comparative Total Net Present

Option
Value of Balance (RM Million)
A -73.4
B -89.1
C -93.3
D -82.1
For the above situation, option A will be selected as the preferred option based on
the financial evaluation. Evaluation based on technical consideration is also
conducted for all of the options. On the other hand, it is important to emphasise on
first stage capital cost expenditures. This is because first stage costs represent a
realistic investment to meet predictable capacity requirements over the short term.
Cost breakdown of the selected preferred option shall be described as shown in the
Table 9.1.

Industry Guidelines
Table 9.1: Summary Of Comparative Cost Analysis Option
Cost Constant 2007 RM(Thousand)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
0–5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20
System Elements
(i) Sewer Limes
(a) Capital Cost 15,600 8,200 4,400 1,100
(b) Present Worth 15,600 5,100 1,700 300
(c) Annual Operation and 58 88 104 108
Maintenance Cost
(d) Present Worth 200 200 200 100
(ii) Pump Station and Appurtenances
(a) Capital Cost 3,500 4,600 8,200 3,600
(b) Present Worth 3,500 2,800 3,100 900
Maintenance Cost
(Electricity, Chemical &
Repair etc.)
(d) Present Worth 200 300 600 400
(iii) Treatment Plants (Including Sludge
Treatment)
(a) Capital Cost 18,200 - 16,600 -
(b) Present Worth 18,200 - 6,400 -
Maintenance Cost
(Electricity, Chemical &
Repair etc.)
(d) Present Worth 400 500 500 300
(iv) Land
(a) Capital Cost 11,900 - - -
(b) Present Worth 11,900 - - -
Total Comparative Cost by Stage 50,000 8,900 12,500 2,000
Present Worth
Total For All Stages Present Worth 75,400

9.4 Evaluation Based on Technical Considerations
The evaluation of options based on technical considerations is semi-qualitative, but

the weights placed for the criterion are essentially subjective.
In this evaluation, the following quantitative criteria are re-evaluated for the listed
options.
i) Discharged Pollution Load

ii) Discharged Pollution Load/Area
iii) Reduced Pollution Load
iv) Reduced Pollution Load/Capital Cost
v) Reduced pollution Load/ Net Present Value
In addition to the above, non-quantitative criteria are evaluated, as discussed

below.
i) Adaptability
Adaptability relates to how flexible an Option is in relation to under or over
estimation of system component capacities during the latter stages of the Plan; and
to changing effluent discharge standards and criteria for design of safe systems.
ii) Operability and Maintenance

Operability and Maintenance relates more on how much skill an Option will
require for the operation and maintenance of the sewerage system. For example,
when the treatment plant is a membrane biological reactor, high quality effluent is
expected but the system will get a low score on Operability and Maintenance
because high skilled operators are required. On the other hand, an oxidation pond
has lower grade treated water quality but gets a high score for O&M because
required operator skill level is low.
9.5 Evaluation Based on Environmental Considerations

In sewerage planning, usually the more important environmental issues are:
i) water quality as it is affected by discharge of treated sewage

ii) Reduction of Pollution load
iii) aesthetics (e.g. visual appearance, noise, odours, etc.) as affected by sewage
pumping and treatment facilities, and by treated effluent disposal
iv) effects of construction on the natures such as rare wildlife

Industry Guidelines
v) effects resulting from construction activities such as noise, dust, soil

erosion, disruption of traffic and access to business and public
inconvenience
vi) necessary commitments of resources such as manpower, energy and
construction materials.
9.6 Overall Assessment and Selection of Preferred Option

Overall Assessment
In the overall assessment of Options, financial and non-financial aspects of each

Option have to be weighed against each other to arrive at a comprehensive
weighted ranking of the alternatives available.
If all of the options have similar technical and environmental impacts or

consequences, then the NPV will tend to be used for selection of a preferred option.
In practice the most critical of non financial factors tend to be those which permit a
flexible approach to the construction and operation of facilities. Clearly any option
that meets all of the environmental conditions including sludge and effluent
quality, and allows decisions on total capacity installation to be deferred will be
favoured. The nature of all planning activities is that there is a greater probability
of accuracy predicting the required capacity over the short term (< 5 years) rather
than over the medium to long term. Hence deferring a decision while meeting all
statutory requirements means that any installed capacity is likely to be close to
actual requirements.

Comparison of Financial and Non-Financial Factors
There is no simple method of comparing the financial and non financial factors.
Clearly, if an Option has the lowest NPV and is similar on all other criteria it will
be preferred. If the lowest financial option has several disadvantages when
compared to more expensive options the views of SPAN and the Sewerage Service
Licensee have to be taken into account in making a final selection. It should be
remembered that the costing information cannot be accurate, all of the planning
methodology assumes that the costing is at least self consistent.
The only method of directly comparing financial and non financial factors is to
ascribe a weighting to costs. For example Table 9.2 describes such an analysis.
The difficulties of this approach is in allocating the relative importance of the
criteria. In general this needs to be established prior to the analysis and needs to be
agreed by SPAN. The marking system then needs to be defended. Often the
lowest cost is given the maximum score (25 for Option 4 in Table 9.2); more
expensive options are then marked on a pro rata basis based upon NPV. Inevitably
it is more difficult to give quantitative measures for non financial criteria.
Cost Tend to Receive High Weighting
Typically the range of marks is constrained with no option receiving full marks for
a non financial criteria and options rarely scoring less than 50% of the maximum
value. The net effect of this is to substantially increase the real weighting given to
financial factor. Financial issues probably represents nearer 50% of the weighting.
Hence, while the comparison can be undertaken the limitations of the approach
need to be understood.

Industry Guidelines
Table 9.2 : Assessment of Options
Criteria No1 No2 No3 No4 No5

Maximum Centralise Build One Upgrade Two Construct
Score at One New Plant Four Plants, Two
Plant with Plants Two Plants One
Sludge Local Sludge Central
Facilities, Effluent Facilities sludge
Plus retain and Facility
2 Plants Sludge
Reuse
Discharged
Pollution Load, 15 15 6 9 6 10
Kg as BOD/d
Discharged
Pollution
5 5 3 3 3 3
Load/Area, kg as
BOD/d/Km2
Reduced
Pollution Load, 15 15 9 9 6 6
Kg as BOD/d
Reduced
Pollution
Load/Capital 15 9 5 9 9 9
Cost, kg as
BOD/d/RM
Reduced pollution
Load/NPV, kg as 10 8 5 5 3 5
BOD/d/RM
Capital Cost, RM 10 6 6 8 3 3
Adaptability 5 3 3 3 3 3
Operability &
5 4 3 3 3 3
Maintenance
Effect of
Construction on 15 10 8 8 8 8
Wildlife
Disposal sludge
5 4 2 4 4 4
Quantity
Total 100 79 50 61 48 54
Based on Table 9.2 the Options can be ranked in order of preference with the
highest score in this case being the most preferred Option.

9.7 Optimisation of Preferred Option

The preferred option selected from a consideration of the financial and non
financial factors should be examined in more detail to identify possible problems
with the option and to optimise the option. This will be carried out at the concept
and detail design stages of the scheme. However, a preliminary examination based
upon information gathered at this planning stage is beneficial. The most important
aspects to analyse are:
Develop Improvements To Preferred Option
Staging the work - when the sewers and treatment units should be constructed.
Integration of the work with anticipated changes in regulation for example of
effluent quality or sludge characteristics.
Details of the methods of processes to be used to rehabilitate sewers or to upgrade
treatment plants.
A programme for staged installation of facilities under the Catchment Plan should
be evolved. An example is given in Figure 9.3. The estimated staged components
cost of installing facilities should also be summarised as in Table 9.3.

Industry Guidelines
YEAR
ACTIVITY
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
IMMEDIATE WORKS
CONSTRUCT NEW KUYOH PUMP STATION AND
1
PUMPING MAINS
UPGRADE EXISTING WASTE STABILISATION PONDS

2
INTO AERATED LAGOON SYSTEM
3 CONSTRUCT ONE 50,000 PE AERATED LAGOON MODULE
CONDUCT HYDRAULIC STUDY OF THE EXISTING KUYOH

4
SEWER TRUNK LINE UPSTREAM OF KUYOH PUMP STATION
SHORT TERM WORKS

5 IMPLEMENT PARALLEL KUYOH TRUNK SEWER LINE
6 IMPLEMENT A 120,000 PE HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL STP
CONDUCT STUDIES TO UPGRADE SEWER CONVEYANCE

7 FACILITIES AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT WITHIN THE
SG.PENCHALA AND DBKL SEWERAGE CATCHMENTS
8 UPGRADE KUYOH PUMP STATION'S CONVEYANCE CAPACITY

BY INSTALLING ADDITIONAL PUMP SETS
SEWER MPPJ SECTION'S 1 TO 10 AND 52

9
AND CONNECT TO PCSTP
LONG TERM WORKS STAGE A STAGE B STAGE C

UPGRADE SEWERAGE SERVICES WITHIN DBKL SEWERAGE
10
SECTORS M AND N
12 SEWER OLD KLANG ROAD CATCHMENT AND CONNECT
13 LAY TRUNK SEWERS TO LINK REST OF MPPJ AREAS
LAY TRUNK LINE TO CONNECT KINRARA HOUSING

15
SCHEME 1-5 TO PCSTP
Figure 9.3 Puchong Sewerage Zone – Master Plan Implementation Programme

Table 9.3 Estimated Costs For Staged Implementation Works
Recommended Works Implementation Period Cost Estimates

(RMx106)
IMMEDIATE TEAM (1996 TO 1999)
Implement New Kuyoh Pump Station November 1996 to August 1997 21.20
and Force Mains
Upgrade Existing WSPs to Aerated July 1997 to January 1998 3.50
Lagoons
Construct 50,000 PE Aerated Lagoon July 1997 to September 1998 7.50
Module
Conduct Detailed Hydraulic Study of July 1997 to December 1997 0.50
the KSTL and PGSTL
Sub-Total 32.70
SHORT TERM (1998 TO 2000)
Implement Parallel Kuyoh Sewer Trunk January 1998 to June 1999 26.40
Line
Construct a 120,000 PE HRBTM January 1998 to December 1999 48.00
capable of Producing a Standard A
Effluent
Conduct Feasibility Study on Upgrading January 1999 to July 1999 0.40
Sewerage Service Within Sewerage
Sectors M and N
Sewer MPPJ Sections 1 to 10 and January 2001 to December 2002 31.50
Connect Up to PCSTP
Upgrade KPS to 2784l/sec Pumping June 2002 to December 2002 1.40
Capacity
Sub-Total 107.70
LONG TERM (2000 TO 2012)
Capable of Producing a Standard A
Effluent
Sewer Old Klang Road Service Area January 2005 to December 2006 27.15
and Connect to PCSTP
Upgrade Sewerage Services Within January 2002 to December 2003 15.00
Sewerage Sectors M and N
Link Up Western Sector of Sg.Penchala January 2007 to December 2008 62.85
Catchment to PCSTP
Construct a 300,000 PE HRBTM Cpable January 2007 to December 2008 105.00
of Producing a Standard A Effluent
Connect Kelang Sewerage Sector to January 2010 to December 2011 13.80
PCSTP
Capable of Producing a Standard A
Effluent
Sub-Total 416.30
Grand Total 556.70

Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX A
Sources of Information
A1 Potential Services of Basic Information

As part of the Catchment planning process it is necessary to liaise with relevant
organisations, both public and private, as well as with knowlegeable individuals
who can be expected to provide information on the area; and who have an interest
in, or are affected by, the current sewerage system or future sewerage strategy.
Interested parties would include:
i) The Public, who is paying for the services

ii) The Federal Government, e.g.
♦ The Treasury
♦ The EPU (State and Federal)
♦ JPP - Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan
♦ JKR - Jabatan Kerja Raya
♦ JPN - Jabatan Perumahan
♦ JAS - Jabatan Alam Sekitar
♦ JPS - Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
iii) State Governments
iv) State Planning Departments
v) State Land Offices
vi) Local Authorities (There are about 144 LA’s in Malaysia)
vii) The Land Developers (Private and Public)
viii) Other utility Bodies, e.g. TNB, STM, JBA, IWK
ix) Specific interest groups e.g. groups or organisations that use a particular
area for recreation.
x) Non Government Organisations that have an interest relevant to sewerage
or affected areas of the catchment, e.g. environmental organisations.


Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX B
Qualification and
Quantification of Sewage
Flow Pollutant Load
Characteristics
Qualification and Quantification of Sewage
Flow Pollutant Load Characteristics
B1 Introduction
In this Appendix a more detailed description is presented on sewage flow
characteristics and their quantification, the estimation of pollutant loads conveyed
in sewage, and the derivation of sludge loads produced during treatment of sewage.
The following documentary is meant to present more substantiative information on

the salient facts presented in Chapter 5 of this Manual.
B2 Sewage Flows
Sewage Flow Variations
Sewage flows conveyed in pipe lines are not constant but vary considerably over a
day; i.e. they exhibit diurnal variations. The extent of variation will be dependent
on the Population Equivalent Count level served, and on the extent of sewage
discharges from commercial, industrial and institutional premises located within a
specific area, or over an entire Catchment. It is normally expected that higher rates
of sewage flows shall prevail during the early mornings (6 am to 8 am), when
man’s body cleansing, food preparation and utensil cleansing activities peak.
Particularly low rates of flow occur usually in the very early mornings (i.e. 3 am to
5 am) when man is usually at rest. This variation in flows is an important factor as
it dictates the sizing of sewers and sewage treatment plants.
As can be expected the average daily rate of sewage flow generation is also
dependent significantly on the socio-economic status of a community, particularly
with respect to its affluence, standard of living, income generation and availability
of wholesome piped water supplies.
Per Capita Flow Rate Concept
The Malaysian Sewerage Code of Practice recommends that for sewerage design
purposes it can be assumed that a single person resident within a Catchment Area
generates an average daily sewage flow of 225 litres per day. This average unit
rate, which can be assumed to be valid for the next 20 t0 25 years (i.e. paralleling
the asset life of a sewerage facility), is also termed as the per capita sewage
contribution rate.
Validity of a Constant Per Capita Sewerage Generation Rate
The validity for assuming a constant per capita sewage generation rate throughout a
long term Planning Period may be questioned. For example experience in other
countries suggests that as per capita incomes increase; the following “knock-on”
effects are induced, viz:
i) There is an increasing use of water using equipment such as automatic

washing machines and dish washers, leading to increased per capita sewage
flows.

ii) Greater affluence tends to lead to greater water use and greater wastage of
materials to the sewers.
Hence if there is a valid justification to vary the per capita sewage flow rate
throughout a Planning Period this can be factored into the overall ADWF
projections. However it should be mentioned that the manner by which
commercial, institutional and industrial sewage flow generation rates are derived
already leads to some over estimation of sewage flow rates by a specific Study
Area.
Unit Rates of Sewage Flow from Different Types of Premises
Average daily sewage generation rates by individual premises or establishments are

estimated by multiplying the per capita sewage flow generation rate by an
appropriate factor termed as the Population Equivalent (PE) count. The Malaysian
Standard MS1228 - Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage
Systems - has recommended the use of specific values of Population Equivalents
for different types of establishments. These are reproduced in Table B.1 below.

Industry Guidelines
Table B.1: Recommended Population Equivalent Factors
Type of Premise/Establishment Population Equivalent (recommended)

Residential 5 per house
Commercial (includes offices, shopping 3 per 100 m² gross area
complex, entertainment/recreational centres,
restaurants, cafeteria, theaters)
Schools/Educational Institutions:
- Day schools/institutions 0.2 per student
- Fully residential 1 per student
- Partial residential 0.2 per student for non residential student and
1 per student for residential student
Hospitals 4 per bed
Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room
Factories (excluding process water) 0.3 per staff
Market (wet type) 3 per stall
Petrol Kiosks/Service Stations 18 per service bay
Bus Terminal 4 per bus bay
Taxi Terminal 4 per taxi bay
Mosque 0.5 per person
Church/Temple 0.2 per person
Stadium 0.2 per person
Swimming Pool/Sports Complex 0.5 per person
Public Toilet 16 per wc
Type of Premise/Establishment Population Equivalent (recommended)
Airport 0.2 per passenger
0.3 per employee
Laundry 10 per machine
Prison 1 per person
Golf Course 20 per hole

For example, to estimate the average daily sewage generation rate from 1000
Residential Households, or from a Hospital with 100 beds, the following
calculations are made, viz:
1000 households x 5 PE/Household = 5,000

(Total Population Equivalent Count) x 225 litres/day = 1,125,000 litres/day
100 beds x 4 PE/bed = 400

(Total Population Equivalent Count) x 225 litres/day = 90,000 litres/day
Hence a Catchment’s, or its sub-area’s, total daily average sewage generation rate
at a particular time frame can be predicted by (a) inventorising all existing forms of
occupied establishments, (b) grouping them under specific types of premises, (c)
ascertaining their occupancy rates, (d) applying the relevant PE factors to
individual groups in order to calculate their contributing Population Equivalent
Count and corresponding sewage flows (by multiplying by 225 litres), and finally
(e) totalling all the contributing PE counts or corresponding flows from a particular
catchment sub-area, or from its total area.
A PE count is a convenient measure or indication of the magnitude of sewage

flows and corresponding pollutant loads generated by a specific area, or which is
conveyed in a sewer system or treated at a STP.
The total estimated Population Equivalent Count contributed by a specific area can
also be employed to estimate the amount of area that is required to establish a STP
capable of treating the corresponding sewage flows. SPAN has derived specific
guidelines to facilitate this estimation (Refer to Appendix D).
Extraneous Flows
There is a tendency, however for all sewerage systems laid below ground to
experience some form of infiltration and inflows. These are generally termed as
extraneous flows, and are generally composed of ground water, surface run-offs
and rain water collected by roofs of dwellings. Extraneous flows are undesirable as
they occupy valuable space within a sewerage and sewage treatment plant system;
a factor which contributes to some form of over sizing with associated cost
implications.
Estimation of Extraneous Flows
There are a number of different forms of empirical formulae that can be employed
to estimate the amount of extraneous flows that should be catered for in a sewerage
system. They are either expressed (a) in terms of areal coverage of a sewer
network (litres/hectare), (b) with respect to the diameter and length of a sewer line,
or (c) in terms of a percentage of the ADWF conveyed by a sewer system.
Judgment is required in the selection of an appropriate formulae, and with respect
to the selection of its numerical constants. The selection of appropriate numerical
constants should take into consideration (a) how old the sewer line is and its
method of jointing, (b) location of the sewer line (i.e. whether it is near a river or
stream, whether the ground water depth over the pipeline is high or low, and the

Industry Guidelines
sub-soil characteristics in which it is buried, etc.), and (c) the quality of

construction of sewer lines, manholes and individual connections.
Studies carried out in Kuala Lumpur have revealed that the amount of extraneous
flows in a sewer line can vary widely, from as low as 15% to as high as 100% of
the ADWF.
Peak Wet Weather Flows (PWWF)
The rate of sewage flow discharged by a single person or from an individual

household or from other premises will vary appreciably over a day. The
infiltration of extraneous flows, especially during rainy periods, can also enhance
the rate of sewage flows over a certain period of time. A sewer pipe line should be
sized to convey the maximum rate of sewage flows that are discharged into it. To
cater for this condition a Peak Flow Factor, defined as the ratio of the maximum
instantaneous flow rate to the average daily flow rate is usually estimated.
Extensive studies have shown that as the sewage contributing population of a sewer
line gets larger, or as the total PE Count becomes larger, the peaking factor or Peak
Flow Factor becomes lower in magnitude. A wide range of empirical formulae
have been developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between the Peak
Flow Factor (PFF) and the population served (usually expressed as the cumulative
Population Equivalent Count). The Malaysian Standard MS1228 - Code of
Practice Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems - recommends the use of the
following empirical equation, viz:
PFF = 4.7/[PE/1000]0.11
The PFF as calculated by the above expression takes into account the presence of
extraneous flows in the system. The validity of this predictive equation has yet to
be verified. Use of other expressions can be permitted as long as their validity can
be attested (e.g. by direct flow monitoring of an existing sewerage system within
the subject catchment or in another catchment exhibiting similar development
characteristics).
B3 Pollutant Loads
Average Pollutant Concentration
The common forms of pollutants present in medium strength domestic sewage,

together with their corresponding concentrations, are summarised in Table B.2
below:

Table B.2: Typical Composition of Domestic Sewage
Constituent Concentration (mg/l)

Solids, total: 720
Dissolved, total 500
Fixed 300
Volatile 200
Suspended, total 220
Fixed 55
Volatile 165
Settleable solids, ml/l 10
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 220
5-day, 20°C (BOD5, 20°C)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 160
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 500
Nitrogen (total as N): 40
Organic 15
Free ammonia 25
Nitrites 0
Nitrates 0
Phosphorus (total as P): 8
Organic 3
Inorganic 5
Chlorides 50
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 100
Grease 100
Although the above concentration values are generally higher than that measured in
most sewage discharges to treatment plants in Malaysia, they may be employed to
conservatively estimate future pollutant loadings to treatment plants.
Per Capita Pollutant Loads
Based on a per capita sewage generation rate of 225 litres/per day, and taking into
consideration the pollutant concentrations cited in Table B.2, the per capita
contribution rates of some priority pollutants are summarised below:
Pollutant Daily Average Per Capita

Contribution Rate (grammes)
BOD5 49.5
COD 112.5
Total Suspended Solids 49.5
Total Nitrogen 9.0
The Malaysian Standard MS1228, on the other hand, recommends that values of 55
grammes per capita per day and 68 grammes per capita per day be, respectively,
assumed for the principal pollutant forms termed as Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Industry Guidelines
(BOD5) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). It is recommended that the MS1228
per capita contribution rates be employed in estimating BOD5 and TSS loads
contributed by a service area or catchment as they shall provide conservative
estimates for the long term.
As in the case of sewage Flows, inherent pollutant loads may increase in the future
due to changed diet habits (e.g. consumption of more processed foods), and use of
kitchen wash basin grinders for more convenient disposal of scrap food and
vegetables. In addition increased use of household chemicals such as detergents,
disinfectants and cleaning agents can release more of less degradable materials to
sewers and hence to sewage treatment plants. These trends all lead to high
pollutant loads per capita. The increased stress on environmental protection and
resource conservation, combined with pricing signals as user pays for water, can
slow or reverse these trends. For each area judgments are needed to determine the
unit pollutant load generation figures to be used.
B4 Sludge Characteristics
Sludges produced by Septic Tanks and Imhoff Tanks are generally dilute in nature
depending on the frequency of desludging. Their solids content could vary from 2
to 8 percent. Their organic and pathogenic bacterial content are also high. Hence
these sludges need some form of stabilisation (i.e. reduction of organic matter and
bacterial counts) and dewatering before they can be safely discharged to the
environment.
Sludges produced by high rate biological sewage treatment plants are generally
well stabilised and in certain cases sufficiently dewatered (> 20% solids). Hence
they can be transported directly to disposal centres without further treatment.
Small package plants however produce a well stabilised sludge that is very diluted
(1 to 3% solids content). Hence they need to be dewatered at least 20% solids
before they can be disposed to the environment.
Sludge produced in biological pond systems are generally stored in-situ for a
considerable period. They are generally removed only when they occupy a
significant proportion of the volume of the pond, and when the suspended solids of
pond effluents rise appreciably. Their removal and disposal presents a significant
problem.

B5 Factors Considered In Predicting Population Growth

The following factors were identified as likely to affect future population growth in
the Pantai Sewerage Catchment (located within Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur).
i) The relatively high economic growth that had occurred in the past 5 years.
ii) The construction of high rise condominiums and flats within the Pantai
Catchment that would have mitigated previous scarcity in housing stock.
iii) The comprehensive extent of road networks which have been built that
enable people working within Kuala Lumpur to reside in other
neighbouring municipalities/districts.
iv) The scarcity of land for residential development unless rezoning of other
land areas and upgrading of current residential land uses are adopted.
v) The relocation of 75,000 Government workers to Putrajaya by year 2005
and the provision of 31,000 units of housing at Putrajaya to accommodate
these people. In this context it is anticipated that probably 50% of
households associated with the relocation would actually reside in
Putrajaya, whilst the rest would commute from Kuala Lumpur on a daily
basis.
vi) The tendency to disperse future commercial and industrial growth to areas
outside of the Klang Valley in the long term.

Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX C
Treatment Plant Plot Areas
C1 Empirical Estimates of Areal Requirements for

Different Types of Sewage Treatment Plants
This Appendix presents three (3) tables which introduces an empirical approach for
estimating areal requirements for specific types of Sewage Treatment Plants.
Areal estimates employing this empirical approach can be employed to demarcate

areas to be set aside for sewage treatment within a Catchment.

Table C.1: Land Area Requirements for Class 1 and 2 Plants
Land Area Requirement*

Population Equivalent
(m2) (acre)
100 210 0.052
150 285 0.070
200 360 0.089
250 430 0.106
300 485 0.120
350 545 0.135
400 600 0.148
450 655 0.162
500 700 0.173
550 745 0.184
600 790 0.195
650 835 0.206
700 870 0.215
750 905 0.224
800 940 0.232
850 980 0.242
900 1,010 0.250
950 1,040 0.257
1,000 1,070 0.264
1,100 1,115 0.276
1,200 1,160 0.287
1,300 1,200 0.297
1,400 1,240 0.306
1,500 1,275 0.315
1,600 1,310 0.324
1,700 1,340 0.331
1,800 1,370 0.339
1,900 1,395 0.345
2,000 1,420 0.351
* The required area does not include any buffer zone surrounding each plant.
Appropriate setbacks and access paths within the plant have been included.
(Source: Guidelines for Developers Volume IV : Published by SPAN.

Industry Guidelines
Table C.2 Land Area Requirements for Mechanised Class 3 to 6

Plants
Population Standard A* Standard B*

Equivalent (ha) (acre) (ha) (acre)
2,000 0.17 0.42 0.17 0.42
3,000 0.22 0.55 0.22 0.55
4,000 0.27 0.66 0.27 0.66
5,000 0.31 0.76 0.31 0.76
10,000 0.78 1.93 0.66 1.63
15,000 1.00 2.47 0.84 2.09
20,000 1.19 2.95 0.99 2.44
25,000 1.37 3.38 1.13 2.79
30,000 1.53 3.79 1.26 3.11
35,000 1.81 4.48 1.65 4.08
40,000 1.97 4.88 1.79 4.43
45,000 2.12 5.25 1.93 4.77
50,000 2.23 5.52 2.03 5.02
55,000 2.37 5.84 2.15 5.31
60,000 2.52 6.22 2.29 5.66
65,000 2.67 6.61 2.43 6.00
70,000 2.93 7.23 2.66 6.57
75,000 3.27 8.07 2.82 6.96
80,000 3.49 8.61 3.03 7.49
85,000 3.69 9.12 3.23 7.99
90,000 3.89 9.61 3.42 8.46
95,000 4.07 10.06 3.60 8.90
100,000 4.25 10.49 3.77 9.32
110,000 4.57 11.29 4.09 10.10
120,000 4.87 12.02 4.38 10.81
130,000 5.14 12.70 4.64 11.47
140,000 5.39 13.32 4.89 12.08
150,000 5.63 13.90 5.12 12.64
160,000 5.84 14.44 5.33 13.17
170,000 6.05 14.95 5.53 13.67
180,000 6.25 15.43 5.72 14.14
190,000 6.43 15.89 5.90 14.58
200,000 6.60 16.32 6.07 15.00
250,000 7.36 18.20 6.81 16.83
300,000 7.98 19.73 7.41 18.32
450,000 9.36 23.14 8.76 21.65
* The required area does not include any buffer zone surrounding each plant.
Appropriate setbacks and access paths within the plant have been included.
(Source: Guidelines for Developers Volume IV : Published by SPAN.

Table C.3 Required Land Area for Stabilisation Pond and

Aerated Lagoon
Population Standard A* Standard B*

Equivalent (ha) (acre) (ha) (acre)
2,000 0.48 1.18 0.45 1.10
3,000 0.69 1.69 0.59 1.45
4,000 0.89 2.20 0.71 1.75
5,000 1.09 2.68 0.82 2.04
10,000 2.03 5.01 1.31 3.24
15,000 2.92 7.2 1.72 4.25
20,000 3.78 9.3 2.09 5.16
25,000 4.62 11.4 2.42 5.99
30,000 5.45 13.5 2.74 6.77
35,000 6.26 15.5 3.04 7.50
40,000 7.05 17.4 3.32 8.2
45,000 7.85 19.4 3.59 8.9
50,000 8.63 21.3 3.86 9.5
55,000 9.40 23.2 4.11 10.2
60,000 10.16 25.1 4.36 10.8
65,000 10.92 27.0 4.90 11.4
70,000 11.68 28.9 4.83 11.9
75,000 12.42 30.7 5.06 12.5
80,000 13.17 32.5 5.28 13.1
85,000 13.91 34.4 5.50 13.6
90,000 14.64 36.2 5.72 14.1
95,000 15.37 30.0 5.93 14.6
100,000 16.10 39.8 6.13 15.2
110,000 17.54 43.3 6.54 16.2
120,000 18.97 46.9 6.93 17.1
130,000 20.38 50.4 7.31 18.1
140,000 21.79 53.8 7.69 19.0
150,000 23.18 57.3 8.05 19.9
160,000 24.57 60.7 8.40 20.8
170,000 25.95 64.1 8.75 21.6
180,000 27.32 67.5 9.09 22.5
190,000 28.68 70.9 9.43 23.3
200,000 30.04 74.2 9.76 24.1
* The required area for pond systems does not include any buffer zone surrounding
each plant. Appropriate setbacks and access paths within the plant have been
included. (Source: Guidelines for Developers Volume IV : Published by SPAN.

Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX D
Methods for
Population Forecast
Methods for Population Forecast
D1 Population Forecast
General Considerations
Catchment populations will have to be estimated taking due consideration of all

those factors governing the future growth and development of the Catchment area;
especially with respect to industrial, commercial, educational, social and
institutional planning and growth. Special factors causing sudden immigration or
influx of population should also be foreseen to the extent possible.
A judgment based on these factors would assist in selecting the most suitable
method of estimating the probable trend of population growth in a Catchment. In
this context the following mathematical methods, graphically interpreted where
necessary, may be employed.
D2 Demographic Method of Population Projection

Population change can occur only in three ways i.e. (i) by births (population gain)
(ii) by deaths (population loss) or (iii) migration (population loss or gain depending
on whether movement out or movement in occurs). Annexation of an area may be
considered as a special form of migration. Population forecasts are frequently
obtained by preparing and summing up of separate but related projections of
natural increases and of net migration.
The net effect of births and deaths on population is termed natural increase (natural
decreases, if deaths exceed births).
Migration also affects the number of births and deaths in an area, and so
projections of net migration are prepared before projections for natural increase are
carried out.
This method thus takes into account the prevailing and anticipated birth rates and
death rates of the region or catchment for the period under consideration. An
estimate is also made of the immigration from, and emigration to, the community
and its growth area. The net increase of population is calculated accordingly
considering all these factors by arithmetical balancing.
D3 Arithmetical Increase Method

This method is generally applicable to large and well developed Catchments. In
this method the average increase of population per decade is calculated from the
past records and added to the present population to estimate the population in the
next decade. This method gives a relatively low estimate and is suitable for well
settled and established communities.
D4 Incremental Increase Method

In this method the increment in the arithmetical increase is determined from the
past decades, and the average of noted increments are added to the average
increase. This method tends to over estimate population predictions compared with
those calculated from the arithmetical increase method.
D5 Geometrical Increase Method

In this method percentage increases are assumed to be the rate of growth, and the
average of past percentage increase rates are used to determine future increments in
population. This method gives a much higher relative predictive value, and is
mostly applicable for growing towns and cities (and catchment areas) having vast
scope for expansion.
D6 Decreasing Rate of Growth

In this method it is assumed that rate of percentage increase decreases overtime.
The average decrease in the rate of growth is calculated. The percentage increase
is then modified by deducting the decrease in rate of growth. This method is
applicable only in such cases where the rate of growth of population shows a
downward trend.
D7 Graphical Method
In this approach there are two methods. In one, only the Catchment under review
is considered, and in the second, other similar Catchments are also taken into
account.
1. Graphical Method Based on Single Catchment

In this method the population curve of the Catchment (i.e. the population in
past decades) is smoothly extended to obtain future population values. This
extension has to be done carefully and it requires vast experience and good
judgment. The line of best fit may be obtained by the method of least squares.
2. Graphical Method Based on Catchments with Similar Growth Patterns

In this method the Catchment in question is compared with other Catchments
which have experienced similar forms of development which the subject
Catchment is likely to undergo. Based on this comparison, a graph exhibiting
population against time is plotted and extrapolated.

Industry Guidelines
D8 Logistic Method
The S shaped logistic curve for any Catchment gives complete trend of growth of
the Catchment right from beginning to saturation limit. This method is applicable
for very large Catchments with sufficient demographic data.
D9 Method of Density
In this approach the trend in the rate of population density increases for each
Catchment of a Town is determined, and the population forecast is carried out for
each Sub-Catchment based on the above approach. The addition of Sub-Catchment
populations gives the population of the Composite Subject Catchment.
D10 Final Forecast

While forecasts of potential population levels of a Catchment at any given time
during the Planning Period can be derived by any one of the foregoing methods
appropriate to each case, the density and distribution of deduced population levels
within sub-areas located within the Catchment will have to be made based on the
relative probabilities of expansion within each sub-area, according to its nature of
development and based on existing and contemplated town planing regulations, or
structure plans.
Wherever population growth forecast or master or structure plans prepared by town

planning or other appropriate authorities are available, the decision regarding the
design population should take their figures into account.


Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX E
Basic Approaches
for making Alternative
Basic Approaches for making Alternative
E1 Introduction
There are three basic alternatives, on-site system, multi-point system, and
centralized system in sewerage management strategies. For operation and
maintenance, centralized system and multi-point system are favored because of the
reduction of number of STPs and discharging points. On the capital investment,
however, these systems are not favorable due to high construction cost. Therefore,
it is necessary to evaluate these three systems in actual planning.
In this Appendix, an example of how to analyse the sewerage strategy is presented

depending on the specific situation of a study area. Although, the examples
illustrate a qualitative analysis, in actual evaluation, quantitative analysis would be
conducted.
E2 Example of Analysis Approaches

Figure E.1 shows the five zone situations as examples of analysis approaches for
alternatives. The characteristics on each zone are described by the three factors
which are, pollution production load, reduction of pollution load, and pollution
load reduction cost.
Pollution production load is defined as the production of pollution load in a certain

zone per the area of a certain zone which means the intensity of sewerage
production in a certain zone. This load expresses the necessity of sewerage system.
Reduction of pollution load is defined as the reduced pollution load by the

introduced sewage treatment in a certain zone. This reduction expresses the effect
of the new sewerage system. A high value means there is a significant effect of the
introduced sewerage system on the reduction of sewage pollution load.
Pollution reduction cost is defined as the total costs during the planning years
including capital and O&M costs divided by the reduced pollution load resulting
from the provided sewage treatment. This value expresses the unit cost of the
introduced sewerage system in terms of reduced pollution load. A low value means
that the reduction of sewerage pollution load is achieved with a low cost.
The outline of each zone follows.
Zone A is a new development site which does not have a sewerage system at
present. After development, high pollution production load is expected because of
an increase in population. Also high reduction of pollution load is expected when
the sewerage system is constructed because there is no treatment of sewage at the
present. Therefore Zone A has high demand for installing sewerage system.
However, Zone A is located further upstream from the proposed central STP. It has
a high pollution reduction cost because there is a high cost to connect Zone A to
the proposed STP and reticulate sewers in Zone A.
Zone B is already developed and has a regional STP at present. There is now a
high pollution production load in light of the completed developments. Due to the
existing regional sewerage system, the reduction of pollution load is expected not

to be high when zone B is connected to the proposed regional STP further

downstream. However, the pollution reduction cost may be medium or low because
the zone B is already connected to a regional STP and only a trunk sewer is needed
to connect to the downstream STP. Moreover, the construction cost to connect is
not high due to the short distance to the regional STP.
A Zone
New Development site
High Pollution Load (kg/ ha)
High Reduction Load (kg/ ha)
High Reduction Cost (RM/ kg)
B Zone
Developed site
Low Reduction Load (kg/ ha)
Medium Reduction Cost (RM/ kg)
C Zone
Undeveloped site without
future Development plan
Low Pollution Load (kg/ ha)
High Reduction Coat (RM/ kg)
D Zone
New Developed site
High Reduction Load (kg/ ha)
Low Reduction Cost (RM/ kg)
E Zone
Undeveloped site without future
Development plan
Low Pollution Load (kg/ ha)
Low Reduction Load (RM/ kg) River
Catchment Boundary
Sub- Catchment Boundary
Sewers
Downstream STP
Regional STP
Figure E.1 Situations on Each Zone
Zone C is an undeveloped site which does not have a sewerage system at present,
and also, no future development plan. Therefore, since it is expected that
population in the future will be low, this zone has a low pollution production load
and likewise, a low reduction load. Consequently, a high pollution reduction cost is
expected due to high construction costs and low reduction of pollution load.
Zone D is a new development site. The situation of Zone D is as the almost same as
that of Zone A except that the trunk sewer length to the downstream STP will be

Industry Guidelines
much shorter. Therefore, Zone A has a high demand for installing a sewerage
system and a low pollution reduction cost due to low construction cost to connect
to the proposed regional STP.
Zone E is an undeveloped site with no future development plan. Zone E has a low
pollution production load and a low reduction of load. The reduction cost is low
because this zone is the closest to the regional STP compared to other zones.
An outline summary is shown in Table E.1. Based on the zone characteristics, the
following alternatives are expected.
Table E.1 Summary of Each Zone

Pollution
Reduction of Reduction
Zone Production Alternative
Pollution Load Cost*
Load
Kg as BOD/ha Kg as BOD/ha RM/kg as BOD
A High High High Regionalised
Regionalised
B High Low Medium - Low Or Connection
to another STP
C Low Low High On-site
Connection to
D High High Low
another STP
Connection to
E Low Low Low
another STP
*based on connection to a centralised STP
Zone A is recommended to have regional STP. There is high necessity for

introducing a sewerage system but reduction cost is high. Therefore, a regional
STP is preferred for this zone instead of connection to the central STP which will
increase costs.
For Zone B, connection to a regional STP or another STP is recommended. Since

the reduction of pollution load is low because the Zone B already has a
regionalised STP, the reduction cost has become a key factor. If the reduction cost
is low, connection to another STP is favoured. When it is medium, a regional STP
might be favoured.

Zone C is clearly an on-site zone. The reasons are that it has a low production load,
low reduction, and high reduction cost. Therefore, an on-site treatment is preferred
for Zone C.
For Zone D, connection to another STP is recommended. The reasons are that
there is high necessity for introducing a sewerage system and the reduction cost is
low. Therefore, a connection to another STP is preferred.
Zone E is recommended to connect to another STP. The reason is the low reduction
cost. Although the pollution load and reduction load are low, the low reduction cost
will allow for the treatment of the sewage in Zone E to another STP.
E3 Conclusion
This Appendix shows an example for analysing alternatives. The evaluation factors
may change in actual cases. In some cases, impact on safety or noise nuisance may
be considered as qualitative factors and are added to the reduction cost or pollution
production load. Therefore, the selection of the evaluation factors should take into
account the actual site conditions and its priority on the catchment strategies.

Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX F
Typical Capital
and O&M Costs
Typical Capital and O&M Costs
F1 Typical Capital and O&M Costs

This Appendix presents one table for capital cost and two (2) tables which provides
empirical O&M cost data for sewage treatment. Capital costs include the sewage
treatment and sludge treatment facilities. On the O&M cost, the costs include
electricity, repairs, chemical for sewage treatment and sludge treatment. The sludge
transportation cost and sludge disposal cost is not included. Sludge removal cost
from septic tank and imhoff tank is RM 14/PE in 2007.

Table F.1 Capital Costs for Mechanised Plants

Population Construction Population Construction
Equivalent Equivalent
PE RM PE RM
2,000 4,025,000 52,000 56,467,000
4,000 7,261,000 54,000 58,059,000
6,000 10,199,000 56,000 59,631,000
8,000 12,945,000 58,000 61,182,000
10,000 15,546,000 60,000 62,713,000
12,000 18,034,000 62,000 64,226,000
14,000 20,426,000 64,000 65,720,000
16,000 22,736,000 66,000 67,196,000
18,000 24,975,000 68,000 68,655,000
20,000 27,151,000 70,000 70,098,000
22,000 29,270,000 75,000 73,634,000
24,000 31,337,000 80,000 77,075,000
26,000 33,357,000 85,000 80,427,000
28,000 35,333,000 90,000 83,695,000
30,000 37,269,000 95,000 86,885,000
32,000 39,166,000 100,000 90,000,000
34,000 41,028,000 200,000 140,588,000
36,000 42,856,000 300,000 176,300,000
38,000 44,653,000 400,000 202,353,000
40,000 46,420,000 500,000 221,222,000
42,000 48,158,000 600,000 234,367,000
44,000 49,870,000 700,000 242,752,000
46,000 51,555,000 800,000 247,061,000
48,000 53,216,000
50,000 54,853,000
* This cost includes sewage and sludge treatment facilities. Inflation rate should be
considered when these above costs are used for catchment stretogy analysis
because these data are made in 2007.

Industry Guidelines
Table F.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Mechanised Plants
Population Operation and Population Operation and

Equivalent Maintenance Equivalent Maintenance
PE RM/year PE RM/year
2,000 174,700 52,000 1,160,600
4,000 261,300 54,000 1,186,300
6,000 330,800 56,000 1,211,700
8,000 391,000 58,000 1,236,600
10,000 445,100 60,000 1,261,300
12,000 494,900 62,000 1,285,500
14,000 541,300 64,000 1,309,500
16,000 585,000 66,000 1,333,100
18,000 626,400 68,000 1,356,400
20,000 666,000 70,000 1,379,500
22,000 703,900 75,000 1,435,900
24,000 740,400 80,000 1,490,800
26,000 775,700 85,000 1,544,300
28,000 809,900 90,000 1,596,500
30,000 843,000 95,000 1,647,400
32,000 875,200 100,000 1,697,300
34,000 906,600
36,000 937,200
38,000 967,200
40,000 996,400
42,000 1,025,100
44,000 1,053,200
46,000 1,080,800
48,000 1,107,800
50,000 1,134,400
* This O&M Costs include the electricity, repairs and chemical costs on sludge
treatment in 2007. Transportation costs on which sludge is moved to other
treatment plants and disposal costs are not included. Inflation rate should be
considered when these above costs are used for catchment stretogy analysis
because these data are made in 2007.

Table F.3 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Oxidation Pond

Population Operation and Population Operation and
Equivalent Maintenance Equivalent Maintenance
PE RM/year PE RM/year
150 7,500 2,200 24,000
200 8,500 2,400 25,000
250 9,400 2,600 25,900
300 10,100 2,800 26,700
350 10,800 3,000 27,500
400 11,500 3,200 28,300
450 12,100 3,400 29,000
500 12,600 3,600 29,800
550 13,200 3,800 30,500
600 13,700 4,000 31,200
650 14,200 5,000 34,300
700 14,600 6,000 37,200
750 15,100 7,000 39,800
800 15,500 8,000 42,100
850 15,900 9,000 44,300
900 16,300 10,000 46,400
950 16,700 11,000 48,400
1,000 17,100 12,000 50,300
1,100 17,800 13,000 52,000
1,200 18,500 14,000 53,700
1,300 19,100 15,000 55,400
1,400 19,800 16,000 56,900
1,500 20,400 17,000 58,500
1,600 20,900 18,000 59,900
1,700 21,500 19,000 61,400
1,800 22,000 20,000 62,700
1,900 22,600
2,000 23,100
* This O&M Costs include the electricity, repairs and chemical costs on sludge treatment in
2007. Transportation costs on which sludge is moved to other treatment plants and disposal
costs are not included. Inflation rate should be considered when these above costs are used for
catchment strategy analysis because these data are made in 2007.

Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX G
Glossary of Abbreviations
Appendix G Glossary of Abbreviations
ADWF Average Dry Weather Flow

AIC Average Incremental Cost
AL Aerated Lagoon
AWWF Average Wet Weather Flow
BF Bio-Filter
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOD5 Five Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BS Bio-Soil
°C Degrees Centigrade
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
CCTV Close Circuit Television
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CST Communal Septic Tank
Cu.m Cubic Metres
DBKL Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur
dia. Diameter
DGSS Director General of Sewerage Services
DOE Department of Environment, Malaysia
E Existing
EA Extended Aeration
e.g. Example
Elec. Electrical
ELEV. Elevation
EPU Economic Planning Unit
FBAS Fine Bubble Activated Sludge
g Grammes
GR Ground
ha Hectares
HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
HK High-Kleen
HRMB High Rate Mechanised Biological Treatment System
INV Invert
IWK Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd
IT Imhoff Tank
IST Individual Septic Tank
JAS Jabatan Alam Sekitar
JBA Jabatan Bekalan Air
JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya
JPN Jabatan Perumahan
JPP Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembetungan
JPS Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
km Kilometre
LA Local Authority
m Metre
m² Square Metres
m³ Cubic Metres
Mech. Mechanical

mg/l Milligrammes per litre

MH Manhole
mm Millimetres
MPPJ Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya
No. Number
NPV Net Present Value
% Percentage
OD Oxidation Ditch
O&M Operations and Maintenance
OP Oxidation Pond
P Phosphorous
PA Planning Approval
PE Population Equivalent
PFF Peak Flow Factor
PWWF Peak Wet Weather Flow
RBC Rotating Biological Contactor
RM Ringgit Malaysia
SATS Sewage Aeration Treatment System
SCP Sewerage Catchment Plan
SHD Shop House Development
SPAN Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
SS Suspended Solids
SSD Sewerage Services Department
STF Sludge Treatment Facility
STM Syarikat Telekom Malaysia
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TSS Total Suspended Solids
UC Under Construction
US United States of America
wc Water Closet

Industry Guidelines
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Suruhanajaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)

Kementerian Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi
Block E4/5 Parcel E
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan
62668 Putrajaya Malaysia
Tel: 03-8883 6000 Fax: 03-8889 3712

http://www.ktak.gov.my
e-mail : webmaster@ktak.gov.my

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First Edition

Volume 1 - Sewerage Policy for New Developments

Part A - Policy on Sewerage Capital Contribution

Dato’ Teo Yen Hua

All rights reserved.

This publication is protected by copyright.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, stored in a

National Water Services Commission and Registered Certifying Agencies employees

Changes may be made periodically to the information herein.

Section 5 Sewerage Capital Contribution Policy 15

5.1 Provisions in the WSIA 15

Section 6 Sewerage Capital Contribution Principles 17

Section 7 Sewerage Capital Contribution Rate Details 19

This document presents the Government’s Sewerage Planning Guidelines as

Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 1

2 (this page is intended blank) Volume 1 Malaysian Sewerage

Property constructed/developed and sold to the

A catchment plan approved by SPAN, which

Charitable Properties constructed by charitable organisations

Community Properties constructed by communities for

Schools constructed by Government Funding.

Property constructed/developed for

Properties defined as Low Cost Housing with a

The value of property, including land, as valued by

Offsite Connecting Connection of sewerline which is outside the

Places of Worship Properties constructed as places of worship.

The equivalent in terms of a fixed population of a

Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 3

For residential properties, the price of property as

Small Development Total development of less than or equal to 150 PE.

Regulator for the supervision and regulation of

A development built in more than one stage with

State Land Land owned and reserved by the State.

Water Services An Act to provide for and regulate water supply

4 Volume 1 Malaysian Sewerage

3 Role of Catchment Strategies

The following conditions shall be placed on all developments:

i) All works must in general be installed in accordance with the approved

♦ If the amendment is approved by SPAN, the amended plan

Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 5

With regard to the preparation of a catchment strategy a developer has several

i) prepare a catchment strategy and seek the approval of the catchment

where an approved catchment strategy exists, a developer may choose to:

i) install works in accordance with the approved catchment strategy to serve

In preparing a catchment strategy, consideration needs to be given to the optimum

i) the natural drainage catchment.

6 Volume 1 Malaysian Sewerage

ix) the amount of pumping required to reach a sewage treatment plant.

Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 7

8 (this page is intended blank) Volume 1 Malaysian Sewerage

In Planning sewerage works for new developments, it is necessary to consider

The Acts and regulations the planning of sewerage infrastructure are:

d) The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994 : The department

Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 9

In carrying out Sewerage Planning, reference must be done to the context of

i) The Structure and Local plans for the area

4.3. Planning Context

Connection to a suitable existing sewer and if necessary upgrading the system in

Combined development schemes with adjacent and neighbouring developers, with

4.4. Siting and sizing

10 Volume 1 Malaysian Sewerage

4.4.1 Location of STPs

i) Plants shall be located as far as possible, at the lowest point of a sewerage

Sewerage Policy for New Developments Volume 1 11