EXPT NO: 1 a DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED (660 nm) & PHOTO TRANSISTOR

DATE:

AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to study the characteristics of Fiber Optic LED (660 nm) and
Phototransistor.

REQUIREMENTS:
 Link-B Kit with power supply.
 Patch chords.
 Jumper to crocodile connectors (4 No’s)
 1 Meter fiber cable.
 Voltmeter and Ammeter (2 No’s)

THEORY:
In Optical Fiber communication system, electrical signal is first converted into optical signal
with the help of E/O-conversion device such as LED. After this optical signal is transmitted through
Optical Fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form with the help O/E conversion device such as
photodetector.

Different technologies employed in chip fabrication lead to significant variation in parameters

for the various emitter diodes. All the emitters distinguish themselves in offering high output power
coupled into the important peak wavelength of emission, conversion efficiency (usually specified in
terms of power launched in optical Fiber for specified forward current) optical raise and fall times
which put the limitation on operating frequency, maximum forward current through LED and typical
forward voltage across LED.

Photodetector’s usually comes in variety of forms photoconductive, photovoltaic, transistor type

output and diode type output. Here also characteristics to be taken into account are response time of
the detector which puts the limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and
responsivity.

PROCEDURE:
 Make connections as shown in Fig. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to
Link-B Kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
 Keep switch SW8 towards VI position; Keep switch SW9 towards TX1 position.
 Keep Jumper JP8 towards sine position.
 Keep Bias -control pot P1 towards maximum position & P2 towards minimum position.
 Insert the jumper to crocodile connecting wires (provided along with the kit) in jumper JP5, JP6,
JP9 and JP10 at positions shown in the Fig.
 Connect the voltmeter and current meter with proper polarities to above mentioned jumpers.
 Switch ON the power supply.

1
  Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the-connector. Once
the cap is loosened insert the 1 Meter Fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it
back.
 Connect the other end of the Fiber to detector SFH350V (Photo-Transistor Detector) very
carefully as per the instructions in above step.
 Vary intensity control pot P2 to control current flowing through the LED.
 To get the V-I characteristics of LED, rotate P2 slowly and measure forward current and
corresponding forward voltage. Take number of such readings for various current values and
plot V-I characteristics graph for the LED.
 For each reading taken above, find out the power, which is product of V and I. This is the
electrical power supplied to the LED. Data sheets for the LED specify optical power coupled into
plastic fiber when forward current was 10mA as 200 W. This means that the electrical power at
10mA current is converted into 200 W of optical energy. Hence the efficiency of the LED comes
out to be approximately 1.15%.
 With this efficiency assumed, find out optical power coupled into plastic Optical Fiber for each of
the reading. Plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical power of the LED.
 Data Sheets for the phototransistor detector specified responsivity as O.8mA for 10µW of
incident optical energy.
 Find out the current flowing through phototransistor. Plot the graph for the responsivity of
phototransistor.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. Block diagram for characteristics of fiber optic LED and phototransistor.

2
TABULATION: Table for DC characteristics of Fiber optic LED (660 nm) and PIN photodiode.

LED characteristics - 660 nm (SFH756V) Phototransistor characteristics

(SFH350V)
Forward Forward Electrical Optical Output Responsivity
Voltage Current Power power of Current of
of LED of LED LED Phototransistor
( ) in ( ) in in ( ( ) in in ( )
volts
)
in

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of Fiber Optic LED (660 nm) and Phototransistor are plotted.

3
EXPT NO: 1 b DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED (850 nm) & PIN-PHOTODIODE
DATE:

AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to study the characteristics of Fiber Optic LED (850 nm) and
PIN Photodiode.

REQUIREMENTS:
 AL-03 TX and AL-03 RX Trainer kit with power supply.
 Patch chords.
 Jumper to crocodile connectors
 1 Meter fiber cable.
 Digital Multimeter (2 No’s)
 Ammeter (0-100)
 Power Meter

THEORY:

Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber & a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form & then transforms it into optical (light)
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium, which carries this energy to
the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally fed to the transmitter.

TRANSMITTER:

Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver & optical source. The buffer
electronics provides both an electrical connection & isolation between the transmitter & the electrical
system supplying the data. The driver electronics provides electrical power to the optical source in a
fashion that duplicates the pattern of data being fed to the transmitter. Finally the optical source (LED)
converts the electrical current to light energy with the same pattern.

The LED OPF322A supplied with the link operates within the infrared light spectrum. Its optical
output is centered at wavelength of . The LED OPF322A used in the link is coupled to the
transistor driver in common emitter mode. The driver is preceded by the amplifier buffer. The
amplifier in this case is a LF357 operational amplifier configured as voltage follower in the absence of
input signal. In the absence of input signal half of the supply voltage appears at the base of the
transistor. This biases the transistor near midpoint within the active region for linear applications.
Thus LED emits constant intensity of light at this time. When the signal is applied to the amplifier it
overrides the DC level at the base of the transistor, which causes the Q point of the transistor to
oscillate about the midpoint. So the intensity of the LED varies about its previous constant value. This
variation in the intensity has linear relation with the input electrical signal. Optical signal is then
carried over by the optical fiber.

4
RECEIVER:

The function of the receiver is to convert the optical energy into electrical form, which is then
conditioned to reproduce the transmitted electrical signal in its original form. The detector GaAs PIN
TIA used in the link has a analog type output. The parameters usually considered in the case of detector
are its sensitivity at peak wavelength & response time. Detector has sensitivity of about of
incident optical energy at and it has rise & fall time of 2.5 . PIN Photodiode is normally
reverse biased. When optical signal falls on the diode, reverse current start to flow, thus diode acts as
closed switch and in the absence of light intensity; it acts as an open switch. Since PIN diode usually has
low responsivity, a trans-impedance amplifier is used to convert this reverse current into voltage. This
voltage is then amplified with the help of another amplifier circuit. This voltage is the duplication of the
transmitted electrical signal.

PROCEDURE:

 Make connections as shown in FIG.1. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to
AL-03 TX and Al-03 RX Trainer kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
 Insert the ST connector at one end of the fiber into the receptacle in which the LED is housed.
Similarly, fit the ST connector with which the other end of the fiber has been terminated into the
receptacle in which the PIN photodiode in housed.
 Now switch on the power supply.
 Keep intensity pot P1 on TX section at minimum position.
 Connect OUT post of ANALOG BUFFER to TX IN post of transmitter. Connect jumper to crocodile
wire to JP3 for current measurement.
 Jumper JP1 & JP2 are used for voltage measurement. Connect positive terminal to JP1 & negative
terminal to JP2.
 Vary intensity control Pot to control current flowing through the LED.
 To get the V-I characteristics of LED, rotate Pot slowly and measure forward current and
corresponding forward voltage. Take number of such readings for various current values and
plot V-I characteristics graph for the LED.
 Find out optical power coupled into Glass Optical Fiber for each of the reading by using power
meter. Plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical power of the LED.
 Find out the current flowing through PIN photodiode, by observing the received signal at OUT
post using multi-meter across the trans-impedance amplifier. ( ) .
 Calculate the responsivity and quantum efficiency of the detector.

in ( ) Photocurrent in / Optical power in

where: ;

5
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. Block diagram for characteristics of fiber optic LED and PIN Photodiode.

TABULATION: Table for DC characteristics of Fiber optic LED (850nm) and PIN photodiode

LED characteristics - 850 nm PIN Photodiode characteristics

Forward Forward Optical Output Output Responsivity Quantum
Voltage Current power Voltage Current of Efficiency
of LED of LED of LED ( ) in PIN in ( )
( ) in ( ) in ( ) in volts Photodiode
volts ( ) in

6
MODEL GRAPH

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics Of Fiber Optic LED (850 nm) and PIN Photodiode are plotted.

7
EXPT NO: 3 MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE OF THE FIBER
DATE:

AIM:

The objective of this experiment is to measure the numerical aperture of the plastic fiber
provided with the kit using 660 nm wavelength LED.

REQUIREMENTS:
 AL-DL TX Kit with Power Supply
 1 Meter Fiber cable.
 Patch chords.
 NA JIG.
 Steel Ruler.

THEORY:

Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is
totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation
of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the
fiber end within its cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out of the fiber core.

CONSIDERATIONS IN NA MEASUREMENT:

It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable and
distance from the launched point and the cable is properly selected to ensure that the maximum
amount of optical power is transferred to the cable. This experiment is best performed in a less
illuminated room.

PROCEDURE:

 Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH750V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
 Connect the power cord to the AL-DL TX & switch ON the power supply.
 Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement jig. Adjust the fiber
such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
 Keep the distance of about 10 mm between the fiber tip and the screen.
 Gently tighten the screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
 Now observe the illuminated circular patch of light on the screen.
 Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR and PN
indicated in the Fig.
 Mean radius is calculated using the following formula. r = (MR + PN) / 4
 Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula.

8
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig : Measurement of NA

TABULATION:

Diameter
Distance
S.No Horizontal Vertical MR Radius r (cm) NA
d (cm)
PN (cm) (cm)

RESULT:
Thus the NA of the fiber is measured.

9
EXPT NO: 3 a SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK
DATE:

AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to study an950 nm Fiber Optic Digital Link and study the
relationship between the input signal & received signal.

REQUIREMENTS:
 FCL-04 Trainer Kit
 30 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
 1 MHz Function Generator
 1 Meter Fiber cable.
 Power supply.(Use only one provided)

THEORY:
Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light)
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which carries this energy to
the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally fed to the transmitter.

TRANSMITTER:
LED, digital, DC coupled transmitters are one of the most popular variety due to their ease of
fabrication. We have used a standard TTL gate to drive a NPN transistor, which modulates the LED
SFH450V (950nm) source (Turns it ON and OFF).

RECEIVER:
There are various methods to configure detectors to extract digital data. Usually detectors are of
linear nature. We have used a photodetector having TTL type output. Usually it consists of PIN
photodiode, trans-impedance amplifier and level shifter.

PROCEDURE:
 Make connections as shown in fig.1.1. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to
FCL-04 Kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
 Feed the TTL signal of about 1 KHz to IN post of Digital Buffer Section using Function Generator
 Keep the switch SW7to TTLposition on FCL-04 as shown in Fig.
 Connect the output of Digital Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH450V (950nm). Donot remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Transistor with TTL logic output SFH551V. Do not remove the
cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.
 Observe the output signal from the detector at TTL OUTpost on Oscilloscope you should get the
reproduction of the original transmitted signal.

10
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig : Setting up a fiber optic digital link

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig : Digital link

TABULATION:

Input Signal Output Signal

Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms)

RESULT:
Thus the Fiber Optic Digital Link is studied and the relationship between the input signal &
received signal is measured.
11
EXPT NO: 3 b STUDY OF EYE PATTERN
DATE:

AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to study eye pattern using fiber optic link.

EQUIPMENT:

 FCL-04 Trainer Kit

 30 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
 1 MHz Function Generator
 1 Meter Fiber cable.
 Power supply.(Use only one provided)

THEORY:
The eye-pattern technique is a simple but powerful measurement method for assessing the
data-handling ability of a digital transmission system. This method has been used extensively for
evaluating the performance of wire systems and can also be applied to optical fiber data links. The eye-
pattern measurements are made in the time domain and allow the effects of waveform distortion to be
shown immediately on an oscilloscope.

An eye-pattern can be observed with the basic equipment shown in Fig. The output from a
pseudorandom data pattern generator is applied to the vertical input of an oscilloscope and the data
rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. This results in the type of pattern shown in Fig., which is
called the eye pattern because the display shape resembles a human eye. To see how the display
pattern is formed, consider the eight possible 4-bit-long NRZ combinations. When these sixteen
combinations are superimposed simultaneously, an eye pattern as shown in Fig. is formed.

To measure system performance with the eye-pattern method, a variety of word patterns
should be provided. A convenient approach is to generate a random data signal, because this is the
characteristic of data streams found in practice. This type of signal generates ones and zeros at a
uniform rate but in a random manner. A variety of pseudorandom pattern generators are available for
this purpose. The word pseudorandom means that the generated combination or sequence of ones and
zeros will eventually repeat but that it is sufficiently random for test purposes. A pseudorandom bit
sequence comprises four different 2-bitlong combinations, eight different 3-bit-long combinations,
sixteen different 4-bitlong combinations, and so on (that is, sequences of different N-bit-long
combinations) up to a limit set by the instrument. After this limit has been generated, the data
sequence will repeat.
A great deal of system performance information can be deduced from the eye pattern display.
To interpret the eye pattern, follow the procedure ahead.

PROCEDURE:
 Make connections as shown in Fig. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to
FCL-04 Kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
 Keep the switch SW7 to EYE PATTERN position on FCL-04 as shown in Fig.
 Keep the jumper JP1on FCL-04 as shown in Fig.
 Switch ON the power supply.
 Keep switch SW6 as shown in Fig.to generate PRBS signal.
 Connect the post DATA OUT of PRBS Generator to the TX IN post on FCL-04.

12
  Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH450V (950nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Transistor with TTL logic output SFH551V. Do not remove the
cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.
 Connect CLK OUT of PRBS Generator to EXT. TRIG. of oscilloscope.
 Connect detected signal TTL OUT to vertical channel Y input of oscilloscope. Then observe EYE
PATTERN by selecting EXT TRIG KNOB on CRO as shown in Fig. Observe the Eye pattern for
different clock frequencies. As clock frequency increases the EYE opening becomes smaller.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. Block diagram for EYE Pattern measurement

Fig. EYE Pattern

RESULT:
Thus the EYE Pattern is studied.

13
EXPT NO: 4 SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC ANALOG LINK
DATE:

AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to study an 660 nm Fiber Optic Analog Link and study the
relationship between the input signal & received signal.

EQUIPMENTS:
 AL DL TX/RX
 30 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
 1 MHz Function Generator
 1 Meter Fiber cable.
 Power supply.

THEORY:
Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light)
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which carries this energy to
the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally fed to the transmitter.

TRANSMITTER:
Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The buffer
electronics provides both an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter and the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver electronics provides electrical power to the optical
source in a fashion that duplicates the pattern of data being fed to the transmitter. Finally the optical
source (LED) converts the electrical current to light energy with the same pattern. The LED SFH750V
supplied with the kit operates inside the visible light spectrum. It's optical output is centered at near
visible wavelength of 660 nm.

The LED SFH750V used in the link is coupled to the transistor driver in common emitter mode.
The driver is preceded by the buffer. The amplifier in this case is a LF 356 operational amplifier
configured as voltage follower in the absence of input signal. In the absence of input signal no voltage
appears at the base of the transistor. This biases the transistor near midpoint within the active region
for linear applications. Thus LED emits no intensity of light at this time.

When the signal is applied to the amplifier it overrides the DC level at the base of the transistor,
which causes the Q point of the transistor to oscillate to oscillate about the mid point. So the intensity
of the LED varies about its previous constant value. This variation in the intensity has linear relation
with the input electrical signal. Optical signal is then carried over by the optical fiber.

14
RECEIVER:
The function of the receiver is to convert the optical energy into electrical form which is then
conditioned to reproduce the transmitted electrical signal in its original form. The detector SFH350V
(Photo transistor) used in the kit has a diode type output. The parameters usually considered in the
case of detector are it's responsivity at peak wavelength and response time. SFH350V has responsivity
of about 0.8mA /10µW at 660 nm. But its response time is quite large and thus has lower bandwidth.
When optical signal falls on the base of the phototransistor detector, proportional current flows
through its emitter generating the voltage across the resistance connected between emitter & ground.
This voltage is the duplication of the transmitted electrical signal, which is amplified using the amplifier
stage configured around Op-amp IC LF356. Amplifier Gain Control is done using Pot P2.

PROCEDURE:
 Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 750V (660 nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tight the cap by screwing it back.
 Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that
the power supply is OFF. Now switch on the power supply.
 Put S1 of TX and RX in ANALOG position.
 Feed the ANALOG signal of about 1 KHz Sine wave, amplitude of about 1Vpp to IN post of Analog
Amplifier Section.
 Connect the one end of fiber to LED SFH 750V (660 nm) and other end to detector SFH 350V
very carefully as per the instructions in step 1.
 Observe the received signal on CRO at ANALOG OUT post. For adjustment of amplitude adjust
P2 of RX section.
 To measure the analog bandwidth of the link, vary the frequency of the input signal from 100 Hz
onwards and-observe the effect on received signal.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig : Setting up a fiber optic analog link

15
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

Input Signal Output Signal

Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms)

To measure Bandwidth: Input Voltage ( ) =______

S.No Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain
(KHz) ( ) ( )

RESULT:
Thus the Fiber Optic Analog Link is studied and the relationship between the input signal &
received signal is measured.

16
EXPT NO: 5 SETTING UP SIMPLE FIBER OPTIC VOICE LINK
DATE:

AIM:
ƒ The objective of this experiment is setting up Fiber optic voice link through various modulation
techniques.

REQUIREMENTS:
 FCL-01 & FCL-02
 1 Meter Fiber cable
 Patch chords
 MIC and Speaker
 Power Supply
 30 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope

NOTE: Keep All Switch Faults In Off Position

THEORY:
On FCL-01 kit, we have provision for Microphone connection. On FCL-02 kit, we have provision
for Speaker connection. Audio Pre-Amplifier section on FCL-01 kit will amplify the voice signal from
Microphone and it can be applied to any of the modulation sections as an input signal. This signal is
converted into light using any of the transmitters. Received signal in converted to analog form first
then it is demodulated using respective demodulator section and fed to Audio Amplifier section.
Amplified signal is fed to speaker, where it is again converted to voice form.

PROCEDURE:
 Make connections as shown in Fig. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to
FCL-01 & FCL-02 Kits. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
 Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in Fig.
 Keep the jumpers JP1 & JP2 on FCL-02 as shown in Fig.
 Keep switch S2 in TX IN position on FCL-01.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Connect Mic to the post MIC.
 Connect the AUDIO IN post of Audio Pre-Amplifier to the IN post of Analog Buffer on FCL-01.
 Connect the output of Analog Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1 meter fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing
it back.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
 Keep Switch SW1 to ANALOG OUT position in FCL-02.
 Connect the post OUT of detector to post AUDIO OUT.
 Connect Speaker to the post SPEAKER.
 Notice the output signal from speaker, which is exact reproduction of the speech signal from the
microphone.
 For clear voice signal vary Optical Power Control Pot P3 on FCL-01 and Volume pot P4. You
should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.
17
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RESULT:
Thus the Fiber Optic voice Link is established and the relationship between the input signal &
received signal is observed.

18
EXPT NO: 6 MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES IN THE FIBER
DATE:

AIM:

The objective of this experiment is measuring loss in the fiber.

1. Propagation Loss
2. Bending Loss
3. Connector Loss

EQUIPMENT:

 FCL-01 & FCL-02.

 1 & 3 Meter Fiber cable.
 Mandrel
 0.5 meter connectorized Fibers.
 Patch chords.
 Power Supply
 30 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
 FG-01 Function generator.

THEORY:

Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are usually selected
by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different wavelengths of light. In case of
optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of light, which is completely different in nature
as that of electrons, one has to consider the interaction of matter with the radiation to study the losses
in fiber. Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end of fiber
to another end, part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the light is
reflected back or in some other direction from the impurity particles present in the material
contributing to the loss of the signal at the other end of the fiber. In general terms it is known as
propagation loss. Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order of 180 dB/Km. whenever the condition for
angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of light.
This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.Another
loss is due to the coupling of fiber at LED and photo detector ends.When light travels down optical
fibers, some of the light is absorbed by the glass or plastic. This means the light coming out of the end of
the fiber is not as strong as the light going in to the fiber. When designing a fiber communications
system, you need to know the size of this loss to calculate the maximum distance the signal will travel.

PROCEDURE:
(i) Propagation Loss
 Make connections as shown in the block diagram. Connect the power supply with proper
polarity to FCL-01 & FCL-02 Kits. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
 Keep all switch fault in OFF position.
 Keep jumpers JP1 & JP3 shorted, JP2 towards sine position and JP4 towards TX1 position on
FCL-01.
 Keep jumpers JP1& JP2 shorted on FCL-02.
 Keep switch SW2 in TX IN position on FCL-01.
19
  Switch on the power supply.
 Connect the 1KHz, 1 Vpp Signal from FG-01 as a constant signal to the IN post of Analog Buffer
on FCL-01.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1meter fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it
back.
 Now rotate the Optical Power Control pot P3 in FCL-01 in anticlockwise direction. This ensures
minimum current flow through LED.
 Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
 Keep Switch SW1 to ANALOG OUT position in FCL-02.
 Observe the output signal from the detector at OUT post on Oscilloscope by adjusting Optical
Power Control Pot P3 on FCL-01 and you should get the reproduction of the original transmitted
signal.
 Remove the 1meter fiber and insert 3 meter fiber.
 Observe the output signal from the detector at OUT post on Oscilloscope.
 If is the attenuation of the fiber then ;
( )

Where ;
and are output voltage through and .

(ii) Bending Loss :

 Repeat the above procedure.
 Bend the fiber in a loop. Measure the amplitude of the received signal.
 Keep reducing the diameter and take corresponding output voltage readings.
 Plot a graph between amplitude versus loop diameter.

(iii)
Connector Loss:
 Keep the connections with 1-meter fiber as per the above procedure.
 Adjust the transmitter power and measure the amplitude of the received signal.
 Remove the 1-meter fiber and insert 0.5-meter connectorized fibers through connecting sleeve
and measure the amplitude of the received signal.
 Thus connector loss is given by :

Connector Loss
Where ;
and are output voltage through and .

20
21
TABULATION:

PROPAGATION LOSS:

S.No Length of the Fiber (m) Amplitude (V)

1. 1 m Fiber

2. 3 m Fiber

BENDING LOSS:

( )

S.No No. of Bends Amplitude (V)

1. No Bend
2. Bend @ 1
3. Bend @ 2
4. Bend @ 3
5. Bend @ 4

MODEL GRAPH:

CONNECTOR LOSS:

S.No Length of the Fiber (m) Amplitude (V)

1. 1 m Fiber

2.

RESULT:

Thus the various losses in the fiber are measured.

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EXPT NO: 7 MODE OBSERVATION IN SINGLE MODE FIBER
DATE:

AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to observe the lower order Linearly Polarized (LP) modes.

EQUIPMENT:

 He-Ne Laser Source.

 Source to Fiber Coupler
 Single Mode Fiber.
 Fiber Holding Stand.
 Opaque Stand.

THEORY:
The central spot carries 95% of the intensity for laser beams with Gaussian Profile
( )
, where is the base of the natural logarithm. An accepted definition of a radius
of a Gaussian beam is the distance at which the beam intensity has dropped to times its
peak value . The radius is called spot size. The spot diameter is .

In order to achieve maximum coupling efficiency, the fiber core diameter has to be bigger than
the spot diameter.

( )
( )

If NA rays NAfiber and spot diameter ( ) fiber core diameter (d), then all of the laser light will
be coupled into the fiber. 90% coupling efficiency into the single mode fiber from the Ne-Ne lasers is
achievable. For beginners, coupling efficiency of 50% is considered to be a good result.

Operation Principle of Laser to Fiber Source Coupler

The source coupler is comprised of two base plates. One of the base plates contains a focusing
lens and a female connector receptacle. The other base plate is attached onto the laser. An O-ring is
sandwiched between the base plates. Threaded screws interconnect the two base plates. A screwdriver
to alter the angular orientation of one base plate relative to the other can then adjust the
screws.

For small tilt angles, the resolution of the coupler is determined by , where
is the resolution of the screws and L is the lever arm. For 80 TPI(threads per inch) screws, a lens with
1mm focal length, and 20mm lever arm = (1mm . 2 micron )/ 20mm = 0.1 micron.

The number of modes propagating through the fiber depends on V- number. If the fiber whose
V- number is less than 2.405, it allows to propagate single mode through it, so it is called as Single
Mode fiber. This time you will start with a fiber, which has V- number slightly greater than 2.045. Such
a fiber is Multimode fiber, but the number of allowed modes is small enough so that they may be
individually identified when the output of the fiber is examined.
When V- number is less than 2.045, then only a single mode may propagate in the fiber wave-
guide. This mode is HE11mode or LPO1- Linearly Polarized mode. When V>2.045, other modes may
propagate in the fiber as shown, in Fig. The first LP mode, which comes in at V= 2.045, is the LP11mode,
the next lowest mode in the weakly guiding approximation.
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 When V is slightly greater than 2.045 i.e. V= 4.91 then 4 Linearly Polarized modes will propagate
through fiber as shown in Fig., i.e.,
LPO2: Degenerated twice: 2 modes
LP11: 4 times degenerated: 4 modes
LPO2: Degenerated twice: 2 modes
LP21: 4 times degenerated: 4 modes

Total 12 modes can propagate through fiber. This number is identical to that given by formula:
Ma= V2/2= 12
The electromagnetic field distributions of these modes are as shown in Fig., We have a fiber with the
proper V- number; varying the position and angle at which a tightly focused beam of the proper
wavelengths is projected onto the fiber core can selectively launch these modes.

PROCEDURE:

 Keep Optical Bread board onto original and flat table surface, so that it will not toggle.

 Fix the pre-fitted cylindrical head of the He-Ne laser source on to the surface of the breadboard
from the bottom side with the help of Allen screws provided with it. Confirm the rigid ness of
the mount.

 Fix the laser to the fiber coupler mount on to the breadboard with the base plate orientation of
it towards He-Ne laser exit.

 Turn on the He-Ne laser and locate the beam spot on to the central portion of the laser-fiber
coupling lens assembly by adjusting the vertical and horizontal travel arrangement provided
with the mount. Tighten the screws of the vertical and horizontal slots.

 Now look for the back reflection of the He-Ne laser spot from the rod lens of the coupler. In case
if you found the back spot, away from the exit of the cylindrical laser head of the laser, adjust the
back-reflected spot going back in exit hole by slowly moving the four screws provided for the
laser mount.

 Confirm the central alignment of the laser beam at the exit of the laser fiber coupler by putting a
white card sheet and zooming the spot on to it. In case the spot is found off-center, adjust it to
the center by slightly moving the screws of the laser mount.

 Put the multimode optical patch cord on to the laser-fiber coupler exit and fix the other end of
the fiber in the fiber holding stand by moving the grub screws provided with the holder.

 You will see the bright laser-beam spot coming out of the fiber. Adjust the height of exit tip of
the fiber to about 50mm. Min. from the white sheet of the paper.

 Now you will see a bright round shape circular spot with laser speckle pattern on to the screen.
If multimode pattern can be refined screws provided with laser-fiber coupler. Slightly adjusting
or moving the screws on the laser mount can also view the change in pattern of this multimode
spot.

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  Once you observe the multimode pattern, change multimode fiber optic patch cord with single
mode fiber patch cord.

 As soon as you place the single mode patch cord, you will see the blur pattern of the various
single mode patterns on to the screen. That is, single circular two lobes, three lobes and four
lobes patterns can be very well observed by slightly adjusting the Allen screws of the laser-fiber
coupler.

MODE OBSERVATION SETUP:

Fig. : Low order linearly polarize modes of optical fiber

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 Fig.: Irradiance pattern of some low order linearly polarized mode

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Depending on the V- number (physical dimension) and wavelength, fiber can be characterized
as single mode or multimode. Some lower order Linearly Polarized modes are observed with fiber
whose V number is 4.91 (from figure of calculations). Total number of modes calculated is 12. Repeat
the experiment with the plastic fiber and multimode fiber and observe the difference between mode
patterns of single mode and multimode fiber.

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