C30v11 PDF

Chapter 30
Seed Plants
Lecture Presentations by
Nicole Tunbridge and
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Transforming the World
 Seeds changed the course of plant evolution,

enabling their bearers to become the dominant
producers in most terrestrial ecosystems
 Seed plants originated about 360 million years ago
 A seed consists of an embryo胚and nutrients
surrounded by a protective coat
 Seeds can disperse over long distances by wind or
other means
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Figure 30.1

Figure 30.1a
Fireweed seed
Fireweed seed

Concept 30.1: Seeds and pollen grains are key
adaptations for life on land
 In addition to seeds, the following are common to all
seed plants
 Reduced gametophytes
 Heterospory孢子異型性
 Ovules胚珠
 Pollen

Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes
 The gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic

 They develop within the walls of spores that are
retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte
 This arrangement protects the developing
gametophyte from environmental stress and enables
it to obtain nutrients from the sporophyte

Figure 30.2
Mosses and other Ferns and other

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
nonvascular plants seedless vascular plants
Reduced, independent
Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on
Gametophyte Dominant (photosynthetic and
surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
free-living)
Reduced, dependent
Sporophyte on gametophyte Dominant Dominant
for nutrition
Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Sporophyte Microscopic female
(2n) gametophytes (n) inside
ovulate cone Microscopic
Sporophyte
(2n) female
gametophytes
(n) inside
Gametophyte these parts
(n) of flowers
Example
Microscopic
male
Microscopic male gametophytes
gametophytes (n) (n) inside
inside pollen these parts
cone of flowers
Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte
(n)

Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants
 Homosporous plants produce one kind of spore,

which usually produces a bisexual gametophyte
 Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores,
which develop into either male or female
gametophytes
 Ferns and other close relatives are homosporous;
seed plants are heterosporous

 Megasporangia大孢子囊 produce megaspores that
give rise to female gametophytes
 Microsporangia小孢子囊 produce microspores that
give rise to male gametophytes
 Megasporangia develop on modified leaves called
megasporophylls; microsporangia develop on
microsporophylls

Ovules and Production of Eggs
 An ovule胚珠 consists of a megasporangium,

megaspore, and one or more protective
integuments珠被
 Gymnosperm megasporangia have one integument
 Angiosperm megasporangia usually have two
integuments

Figure 30.3_3
Immature
ovulate cone
Integument (2n) Female Seed coat

Megaspore (n) gametophyte (n)
Spore
Spore wall Egg nucleus wall
(n)
Food
Discharged
Megasporangium supply
sperm nucleus
(2n) (n)
(n)
Pollen Male Pollen tube Embryo (2n)
Micropyle grain (n) gametophyte (n)
(a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed

Pollen and Production of Sperm
 A microspore develops into a pollen grain that

consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the
pollen wall
 Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a
seed plant containing the ovules
 A germinated pollen grain produces a pollen tube
that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte
within the ovule
 Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and
can be dispersed great distances by air or animals

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds
 If a sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant, the ovule

will develop into a seed
 A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food
supply, packaged in a protective coat

 Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over
spores
 They may remain dormant for days to years, until
conditions are favorable for germination
 They have a supply of stored food
 They may be transported long distances by wind or
animals

Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked”
seeds, typically on cones
 Gymnosperms means “naked seeds”
 The seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form
cones
 Angiosperm seeds are found in fruits, which are
mature ovaries子房
 Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called
conifers

Figure 30.UN02
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

The Life Cycle of a Pine
 Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are

 miniaturization of their gametophytes
 production of seeds, a dispersible stage in the life
cycle
 the transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
 The life cycle of a pine provides an example

 The pine tree is the sporophyte that produces
sporangia in male and female cones
 Pollen cones 毬花 are small and consist of modified
leaves (microsporophylls) that bear microsporangia
 Cells called microsporocytes undergo meiosis to
produce haploid microspores inside the
microsporangia
 Each microspore develops into a pollen grain

 Ovulate cones are larger and consist of both
modified leaves (megasporophylls bearing
megasporangia) and modified stem tissue
 Within each ovule, megasporocytes undergo meiosis
to produce haploid megaspores
 Megaspores develop into female gametophytes,
which are retained within the megasporangia

 From the time cones first appear, it takes nearly
three years to produce mature seeds from fertilized
ovules
 The scales of each ovulate cone separate at
maturity and are dispersed by wind

Figure 30.4
Ovule
Megasporocyte (2n)
Ovulate cone
Integument
Pollen cone
Microsporocytes Pollen
(2n) Megasporangium
Mature grains (n) (2n)
sporophyte
(2n) MEIOSIS
Germinating MEIOSIS
pollen grain
Microsporangia
Microsporangium (2n)
Seedling
Surviving
megaspore (n)
Archegonium
Seeds
Female
gametophyte
Food Sperm
Seed
reserves nucleus (n)
coat (2n)
Pollen
tube
Embryo
(new sporophyte) FERTILIZATION
(2n) Egg Haploid (n)
nucleus (n) Diploid (2n)
Pineaceae
Fig_5_20e
Winged seeds
Ovuliferous
scale
bract
22
Fig_5_20h
Fig_5_20f Fig_5_20g Fig_5_20i
Early Seed Plants and the Rise of
Gymnosperms
 Origins of characteristics found in living seed plants
date back to the late Devonian period (380 million
years ago)
 For example, Archaeopteris 古蕨屬 was a
heterosporous tree with a woody stem, but it did not
bear seeds
 A 360-million-year-old fossil from the genus Elkinsia
provides the earliest evidence of seed plants

Archeopteris 古蕨屬
 A large tree, with wood like a conifer but leaves
like a fern
Sporangia
24
Fig 5 13a Fig 5 13b
Figure 30.5
Ovule
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 30.5 A fossil of the early seed plant Elkinsia
 Living seed plants can be divided into two clades:
gymnosperms and angiosperms
 Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record,
about 305 million years ago
 Conditions became drier at the end of the
Carboniferous, favoring gymnosperms over the
previously dominant seedless vascular plants
 Gymnosperms dominated terrestrial ecosystems
during the Mesozoic era, 252 to 66 million years ago

 Gymnosperms served as food for herbivorous
dinosaurs
 Recent fossil discoveries show that gymnosperms
were pollinated by insects over 100 million years ago
 Angiosperms began to replace gymnosperms near
the end of the Mesozoic era

Figure 30.6
Pollen grains

Gymnosperm Diversity
 Angiosperms now dominate most terrestrial

ecosystems, though gymnosperms remain an
important part of Earth’s flora
 For example, vast regions in northern latitudes are
covered by forests of conifers

 The gymnosperms consist of four phyla:
 Cycadophyta蘇鐵門(cycads)
 Gingkophyta銀杏門 (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
 Gnetophyta買麻藤門 (three genera: Gnetum買麻藤,
Ephedra麻黃, Welwitschia二葉樹)
 Coniferophyta 松柏門(conifers針葉樹, such as pine, fir
冷杉, and redwood紅杉)

Phylum Cycadophyta
 Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves
 Unlike most seed plants, cycads have flagellated
sperm
 These thrived during the Mesozoic, but most of the
few surviving species are endangered

Figure 30.7a
Phylum Cycadophyta
Cycas revoluta蘇鐵
Figure 30.7a
Phylum Cycadophyta
Encephalartos woodii

Phylum Ginkgophyta
 This phylum consists of a single living species,
Ginkgo biloba
 Like the cycads, this group also has flagellated
sperm
 It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a
popular ornamental tree

Figure 30.7b
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo biloba
Phylum Gnetophyta
 This phylum comprises three genera: Gnetum買麻藤,
Ephedra麻黃, Welwitschia二葉樹
 Species vary in appearance, and some are tropical,
whereas others live in deserts

Figure 30.7c
Phylum Gnetophyta
Welwitschia Gnetum
Ovulate cones
Welwitschia Ephedra
Phylum Coniferophyta
 This phylum is the largest of the gymnosperm phyla
 Most species have woody cones, but a few have
fleshy cones
 Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out
photosynthesis all year round

Figure 30.7d
Douglas fir
European larch Sequoia

Figure 30.7e
Common juniper
Wollemi pine Bristlecone pine

Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of
angiosperms include flowers and fruits
 Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive
structures called flowers and fruits
 They are the most widespread and diverse of all
plants

Figure 30.UN03
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Characteristics of Angiosperms
 All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum,

Anthophyta
 Angiosperms have two key adaptations
 Flowers
 Fruits

Flowers
 The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized

for sexual reproduction
 Many species are pollinated by insects or animals,
while some species are wind-pollinated

 A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types
of modified leaves called floral organs:
 Sepals花萼, which enclose the flower
 Petals花瓣, which are often brightly colored to attract
pollinators; wind-pollinated flowers generally lack
brightly colored parts
 Stamens雄蕊, the male reproductive organs
 Carpels心皮, the female reproductive organs

 A stamen consists of a stalk called a filament花絲,
with a sac called an anther花藥
 Microspores, which are produced in the anthers,
develop into pollen grains containing the male
gametophytes

 A carpel consists of an ovary子房 at the base of a
style leading up to a sticky stigma, where pollen is
received
 The ovary contains the female gametophyte(s)
within the ovule(s)
 Fertilized ovules develop into seeds
 The term pistil can be used to refer to a single
carpel or two or more fused carpels

Figure 30.8
Stigma Single carpel

(Simple pistil)
Stamen Anther Style
Filament Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Ovule
Receptacle

Video: Flower Blooming (Time Lapse)

 Flowers are variable in shape, size, color, and odor
 For example, some flowers have radial symmetry放射
對稱, while others have bilateral symmetry兩側對稱
 In radial symmetry, any imaginary line through the
central axis divides the flower into two equal parts
 In bilateral symmetry, a flower can only be divided into
two equal parts by a single imaginary line

Figure 30.9
Sepal
Radial
symmetry
(daffodil)
Fused petals
Bilateral
symmetry
(orchid)

Evolutionary Links with Animals
 Animals influence the evolution of plants, and vice

versa
 For example, animal herbivory selects for plant
defenses
 For example, interactions between pollinators and
flowering plants select for mutually beneficial
adaptations

 Flowers with bilateral symmetry restrict the
movement of pollinators
 They deposit pollen on parts of the pollinator’s body
that will come into contact with the stigma of another
flower of the same species

Figure 30.15
Stamens

 This specificity of pollen transfer reduces gene flow
between diverging populations and could lead to
increased rates of speciation
 This hypothesis can be tested by comparing the
number of species in closely related “bilateral” and
“radial” clades

Figure 30.UN04
Time since divergence

from common ancestor
Common
ancestor “Bilateral” clade
Compare
numbers
“Radial” clade of species

Fruits
 A fruit is formed when the ovary wall thickens and

matures
 Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
 Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry

Figure 30.10
Tomato
Ruby grapefruit
Nectarine
Hazelnut
Milkweed
 Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds
 Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to
new locations

Figure 30.11
Mechanisms that
disperse seeds by
explosive action
Wings
Seeds within
berries and
other edible
fruits
Barbs

Figure 30.UN07

Animation: Fruit Development

The Angiosperm Life Cycle
 The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both

male and female structures
 Male gametophytes are contained within pollen
grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers
 The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops
within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base
of a stigma
 Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure cross-
pollination (異花授粉) between flowers from
different plants of the same species

 A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma
germinates, and the pollen tube of the male
gametophyte grows down to the ovary
 The ovule is entered through a pore called the
micropyle珠孔
 Double fertilization雙重受精 occurs when the
pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female
gametophyte within an ovule

 One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other
combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the
female gametophyte and initiates development of
food-storing endosperm胚乳
 The triploid endosperm nourishes the developing
embryo
 Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and one
or two seed leaves called cotyledons子葉

Figure 30.12
Carpel Stamen
(megasporophyll) (microsporophyll) Microsporangium
Microsporocytes (2n)
Mature flower on
sporophyte plant MEIOSIS Microspore
(2n) (n)
Ovule with Generative cell
megasporangium Tube cell
(2n) Tube nucleus
Male gametophyte
(in pollen grain)
Ovary (n) Pollen
Germinating MEIOSIS
seed grains
Stigma
Megasporangium Pollen tube
(2n) Surviving
Embryo (2n) megaspore Sperm
Integuments (n) Tube
Endosperm (3n) Seed nucleus
Seed coat (2n) Micropyle
Antipodal cells
Style
Female Polar nuclei
gametophyte in central cell
(embryo sac) Synergids
Egg (n)
Nucleus of
developing Egg
endosperm nucleus (n)
(3n) FERTILIZATION
Zygote (2n)
Discharged Haploid (n)

sperm nuclei (n) Diploid (2n)
Angiosperm Evolution
 Darwin called the origin of angiosperms an

“abominable mystery” due to their sudden and
geographically widespread appearance
 Progress is being made through the study of fossils
and phylogenetic analysis, but the mystery has not
been resolved

Fossil Angiosperms
 Fossil evidence suggests that angiosperms

originated about 140 million years ago and
diversified over a 20- to 30-million-year period
 The earliest pollen fossils with angiosperm
characteristics are 130 million years old
 Early fossils of larger flowering plant structures are
about 125 million years old

 One of the earliest angiosperm fossils, Archaefructus
中華古果, was herbaceous and likely aquatic
 The common ancestor to angiosperms is thought to
be woody and not aquatic, based on the
characteristics of all other closely related seed plant
fossils

Figure 30.13
Carpel
Possible
floats
Stamen
5 cm
(a) Archaefructus sinensis, a
125-million-year-old fossil
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of

Archaefructus sinensis

潘氏真花 Archaefructus sinensis
162 million years ago
71
Angiosperm Phylogeny
 The ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms

diverged about 305 million years ago
 Angiosperms may be closely related to
Bennettitales, extinct seed plants with flowerlike
structures
 Amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and star anise are
representatives of lineages that diverged early in the
history of angiosperms

Figure 30.14
Living
gymnosperms
Microsporangia Bennettitales
(contain ANITA
microspores) Amborella
Water lilies 睡蓮
Most recent common Star anise and
ancestor of all living relatives
angiosperms Magnoliids
木蘭類植物
Monocots
Ovules 單子葉植物
Eudicots
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 真雙子葉植物
(a) A close relative of the
Millions of years ago
angiosperms?
Bennettitales，extinct (b) Angiosperm phylogeny

 Based on the features of ancestral and basal taxa,
including Amborella, early angiosperms were likely
small-flowered, woody shrubs with simple water-
conducting cells

Angiosperm Diversity
 Angiosperms comprise more than 250,000 living

species
 Previously, angiosperms were divided into two main
groups
 Monocots (one cotyledon)
 Dicots (two cotyledons)
 The clade eudicot (“true” dicots) includes most
dicots

Figure 30.16
Embryos Leaf venation Stems Roots Pollen Flowers
Monocot
Characteristics
Root system Pollen Floral

One Veins Vascular usually grain with organs
cotyledon usually tissue fibrous one opening usually in
parallel scattered (no main multiples
root) of three
Eudicot
Characteristics
Floral
Two Veins Vascular Taproot Pollen organs
cotyledons usually tissue (main root) grain with usually
netlike usually usually three in multiples
arranged present openings of four
in ring or five

 The rest of the former dicots form several small
lineages
 Basal angiosperms include the flowering plants
belonging to the oldest lineages
 Magnoliids木蘭類植物 share some traits with basal
angiosperms but evolved later

Basal Angiosperms
 About 100 species composing three small lineages
constitute the basal angiosperms
 These include Amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and
star anise

Figure 30.17a
Basal Angiosperms
Water lily Star anise (Illicium)

(Nymphaea
“Rene Gerard”)
Amborella trichopoda
Magnoliids
 Magnoliids consist of about 8,000 species, including
both woody and herbaceous plants
 Magnoliids are more closely related to monocots and
eudicots than basal angiosperms

Figure 30.17b
Magnoliids
Southern magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora)

Monocots
 About one-quarter of angiosperms, about 70,000
species, are monocots
 The largest groups are the orchids, grasses, and
palms

Figure 30.17c
Monocots
Orchid Barley (Hordeum vulgare),

(Lemboglossum a grass
rossii)
Pygmy date palm

(Phoenix roebelenii)
Eudicots
 More than two-thirds of angiosperms, about 170,000
species, are eudicots
 Eudicots include the large legume family and the
economically important rose family

Figure 30.17d
Eudicots
Snow pea (Pisum Dog rose (Rosa canina),

sativum), a legume a wild rose
Pyrenean oak
(Quercus pyrenaica)
Concept 30.4: Human welfare depends on seed
plants
 Seed plants are key sources of food, fuel, wood
products, and medicine
 Our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of
plant diversity critical

Products from Seed Plants
 Most of our food comes from angiosperms

 Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava,
and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories
consumed by humans
 Modern crops are products of relatively recent
genetic change resulting from artificial selection

 Flowering plants provide other edible products
including tea, coffee, chocolate, and spices
 Many seed plants provide wood
 Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in
medicines

Table 30.1

Threats to Plant Diversity
 Destruction of habitat is causing extinction of many

plant species
 In the tropics, 63,000 km2 are cleared each year
 At this rate, the remaining tropical forests will be
eliminated in 175 years
 Loss of forests reduces the absorption of
atmospheric CO2 that occurs during photosynthesis

Figure 30.18
5 km

 Loss of plant species is often accompanied by loss
of the animal species that plants support
 At the current rate of habitat loss, 50% of Earth’s
species will become extinct within the next
few centuries
 The tropical rain forests may contain undiscovered
medicinal compounds

Figure 30.UN05
Five Derived Traits of Seed Plants
Reduced Microscopic male and Male

gametophytes female gametophytes gametophyte
(n) are nourished and
protected by the Female
sporophyte (2n) gametophyte
Heterospory Microspore (gives rise to

a male gametophyte)
Megaspore (gives rise to

a female gametophyte)
Ovules Integument (2n)

Ovule
(gymnosperm) Megaspore (n)
Megasporangium (2n)
Pollen Pollen grains make water

unnecessary for fertilization
Seeds Seeds: survive Seed coat

better than
unprotected
Food supply
spores, can be
transported Embryo
long distances

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Chapter 30

 Seeds changed the course of plant evolution,

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 The gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Mosses and other Ferns and other

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 Homosporous plants produce one kind of spore,

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 An ovule胚珠 consists of a megasporangium,

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Integument (2n) Female Seed coat

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 A microspore develops into a pollen grain that

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 If a sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant, the ovule

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 Angiosperms now dominate most terrestrial

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

European larch Sequoia

Wollemi pine Bristlecone pine

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum,

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Stigma Single carpel

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

 Animals influence the evolution of plants, and vice

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.