UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM Doc #: H/W 01

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Date: May 2016

(CoET) Page: 1 of 8
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING

Course Instructor Dr. Ndumbaro P. Course Code: SD 675

Student Name Nestory Alpha Design of Tall Buildings

Registration # 2015-06-00508
Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

Table of Contents

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS....................................................................................................................... 3

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3
2. TASK CONCEPTUALIZATION ........................................................................................... 3
3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS................................................................................................... 4
4. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 7
5. APPENDIX-CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................. 8

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Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

1. INTRODUCTION
Wind load analysis based on BS 6399-2:1997 can be approached using either the standard method
or the directional method proposed by the code of practice. For this assignment the standard
method have been applied based on the guidelines provided by the code.
It should be noted that BS 6399-2:1997 is limited to whether the building behaves dynamically or
the building effective height of 100 m, if the above criteria fail to be met then dynamic analytical
methods( e.g Time History Analysis) or Wind Tunnel Test should be employed.
As highlighted above it is important to first check the behavior of the building by looking the static
or dynamic responses of the structures under concern. To get the clear understanding of what is
checked the following definitions clarify the concept;
Dynamic response: the wind load increase and vanishes within a time less than the period of the
structure.
Static response: the wind load increases and vanishes within a time much longer than the period
of the structure.
The code of practice at hand has however provided a different way of checking the response of the
structure using the dynamic augmentation factor. In real terms the wind load analysis concept as
per BS 6399-2:1997 is typically changing the dynamic problem into equivalent static problem
using the conversion factors.

2. TASK CONCEPTUALIZATION
The task can be conceptualized as the 20 m by 15 m rectangular building in plan with the wind
acting in the direction perpendicular to 20 m face of the building. It is assumed that the building is
located in Dar es Salaam at an offset of less than 20 km from the sea; hence, the ground level at
which the building is to be erected is taken to be 16 m above mean sea level.
Furthermore the building orientation is considered to be unknown and the topographical effects
are not of significant effects on the analysis.
B =20m

D=15 m

Wind Load
Figure 2. 1: Plan conceptualization of the task

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 Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

In order to analyze the structures, the following procedure based on the recommendation of
BS 6399-2:1997 will be adopted;
 Determination of the level of excitation of the building to check whether it suite the use of
the methods given in the code.
 Determination of the site wind speed based on the altitude factor, seasonal factor,
probability factor and direction factor
 Assessment of the exposure of the site and consequently determining the effective wind
speed using the building properties
 Conversion the effective wind speed into an equivalent dynamic pressure
 Selection of the required pressure coefficients corresponding to the form of the building.
 Determination of the wind loads from the dynamic pressure, pressure coefficients, dynamic
augmentation factor and the size effect factor to give the characteristic wind load for static
design.

3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Reference Calculations Remarks

Design information
Building width (B)= 20 m
Building Depth(D) = 15 m
Building Effective Height (H) = 54 m
Depth to Height ratio(D/H) = 0.278 < 1
Height of the first two floors = 4.5 m
Height of the rest of floors = 3.0 m

Dynamic Classification
BS 6399-2:1997
Clause 1.6.1 Building-type factor(Kb) = 0.5 Kb = 0.5
-assumed framed building with structural walls around lifts and stairs
with additional masonry subdivision walls(necessary in a hospital
building)

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 Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

Figure 3 of Dynamic augmentation factor (Cr) = 0.03 < 0.25 The building is
mildly
BS 6399-2:1997 Since the value obtained is within the range then the building fits
dynamic
for wind analysis using the code of practice i.e. BS 6399-2:1997
[Factor 1+ Cr stands for the ratio of the actual peak deflection to the
static deflection of the tip of structure considering the lowest
structure’s frequency mode]

Wind speeds
Given basic wind speed(Vb) = 30 m/s

Clause 2.2.2.2 Altitude factor(Sa) = 1+ 0.001Δ

Where: Δ is the ground level in metres
Sa = 1+ 0.001(16) = 1.016

Clause 2.2.2.3 Directional factor(Sd) = 1 (building orientation is ignored)

Clause 2.2.2.4 Seasonal factor(Ss) = 1

Clause 2.2.2.5 Probability factor (Sp) = 1 (for this adjustment for risks are made
through partial factors)
Site wind speed
Vs = Vb * Sa* Sd* Ss* Sp
Vs = 30*1.016*1*1*1
Vs = 30.48 m/s Vs = 30.48 m/s

Effective Wind speeds

Clause 2.2.3.1
Ve = Vs * Sb
Using interpolation of the values in Table 4 of the Code
Sb = 2.0464
(The open terrain and scattered obstruction property of the
skyscraper face of the town in which this building is located have
been interpreted as site in country or up to 2 km from town)

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 Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

Ve = 30.48* 2.0464
Ve = 62.374 m/s Ve =62.374
m/s

Dynamic Pressure(qs)
Clause 2.1.2.1 qs = 0.613 Ve2
qs = 2384.907
qs = 2384.907 Pa
N/m2

Pressure Coefficient
External Pressure Coefficients
For D/H < 1
Table 5 of Cpe = +0.85 (Windward/front )
BS 6399-2:1997 Cpe = -0.50 (Leeward/rear)
Internal Pressure Coefficients
The criteria for buildings with dominant openings to simulate the
requirements for through ventilation in hospital buildings.
Table 17 of
Cpi = 0.75 *Cpe (for both Windward and Leeward faces )
BS 6399-2:1997

Loads on the surface of the building

Characteristic loads on the floor by floor fashion have been
determined aiming at getting equivalent static forces needed for
design of structural members of the building.

Clause 2.1.3.6 P = 0.85*qs *Ca*A*( Cpe - Cpi)*(1+ Cr)

This equation take to consideration the non-simultaneous action
between faces as well as the dynamic effect of the mildly dynamic
response.

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 Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

Figure 4 of Ca = 0.9 ( for 4.5 m story height)

BS 6399-2:1997 Ca = 0.91 ( for 3.0 m story height)
Floor by floor loads have been calculated considering the tributary
height for each floor level and eventually the shear forces at every
level have been determined. Details are given in the appendix

4. CONCLUSION
The floor by floor loads calculated in this task are characteristic in nature so corresponding factors
of safety based on the load combinations must be applied to get the design loads. This approach
gives the approximate loads that are conservative but reliable enough to be used in the design.

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Nestory Alpha M.Sc. In Structural Engineering

5. APPENDIX-CALCULATIONS

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 DESIGN INFORMATION
Building width(B),m 20
Building Depth(D),m 15
Building Height(H),m 54
Depth to height ratio (D/H) 0.278
Altitude factor(Sa) 1.016
Directional factor(Sd) 1
Seasonal factor(Ss) 1
Probability fator(Sp) 1
Size effect factor(Ca) for 4.5m high story 0.9
Size effect factor(Ca) for 3m high story 0.91
Basic wind speed(Vb),m/s 30
Site wind speed(Vs),m/s 30.48
Terrain and building fator(Sb) 2.0464
Effective wind speed(Ve),m/s 62.374
Dynamic Pressure(qs),Pa 2384.907
Dynamic Augmentation Factor (Cr) 0.003

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

Cpe Cpi FACTOR FOR

FLOOR FLOOR MILDLY DYNAMIC
HEIGHT ABOVE THE WINDWARD LEEWARD CHARACTERISTIC TRIBUTARY TRIBUTARY RESPONSES[1+Cr FLOOR BY FLOOR FLOOR BY FLOOR
LEVEL GROUND(m) WIND WARD LEE WARD WIND WARD LEE WARD PRESSURE(N/m2) SUCTION(N/m2) PRESSURE(N/m2) HEIGHT(m) AREA(m2) ] LOAD(KN) SHEAR FORCE(KN)

Roof 54 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 1.50 30.00 1.003 18.528 0.000

16 51 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 55.584

15 48 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 92.640

14 45 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 129.696

13 42 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 166.752

12 39 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 203.808

11 36 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 240.864

10 33 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 277.920

9 30 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 314.976

8 27 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 352.032

7 24 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 389.088

6 21 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 426.144

5 18 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 463.200

4 15 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 500.256

3 12 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 456.113 -268.302 724.42 3.00 60.00 1.003 37.056 537.312

2 9 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 461.181 -271.283 732.46 3.75 75.00 1.003 46.835 584.147
1 4.5 0.85 -0.5 0.6375 -0.375 461.181 -271.283 732.46 4.50 90.00 1.003 56.202 640.349
Characteristic Shear at the base of the building(Vk),KN 640.349