CHM 115 Chapter 9

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1. bonding; lone A pair of electrons shared between two 11. the attraction Ionic bond
atoms in a covalent bond is called a between two
shared or _______ electron pair, whereas oppositely
an outer-level electron wait that i snot charged particles
involved in bonding is called an formed by the
unshared or _____ pair. transfer of
2. covalent, The bond formed between two electrons
sharing nonmetals, which are usually very similar between two
in their tendency to lose or gain atoms.
electrons, is the ______ bond. This bond 12. sharing of all Metallic bond
involves the ______ of one or more valence
electron pairs between the two atoms. electrons as an
3. negative, δ−, A polar bond is a covalent bond in which "electron sea" by
positive, δ+ there is an electronegativity difference all the atoms of
between the two bonded atoms and the substance.
electrons are shared unequally. The atom 13. - The metal is Which of the following statements
with the higher electronegativity will held together by correctly describe the characteristics
have a partial ____ charge and is marked the attraction of the metallic bond?
with the symbol ____ while the atom with between the
the lower electronegativity will have a metal-ion cores
partial _____ charge and is marked with and the sea of
the symbol ______. valence
4. polar; A covalent bond in which the electrons electrons.
charges are shared unequally is called a(n) ____ - All the valence
covalent bond. The atoms of the bond electrons of the
have partial negative and positive ____ bonded metal
due to unequal electron distribution. atoms are
shared in an
5. nonpolar ΔEN=0 electron sea.
covalent - The electron
6. mostly ΔEN<0.4 sea is able to
covalent move freely
through the
7. polar ΔEN between 0.4-1.7 metallic
covalent structure.
8. ionic ΔEN>1.7 14. electronegativity,The relative ability of a bonded atom
9. octet; share The _____ rule states that when atoms increases to attract shared electron pairs is
bond they mat lose, gain, or ______ called its _____. This ability ______ as
electrons in order to attain an outer level the size of the atom decreases, since
containing eight electrons. for a smaller atom the shared
10. sharing of Covalent bond electrons will be closer to the
electrons nucleus.
between two 15. valence; A group; To draw the Lewis electron-dot
atoms due to dot symbol for a main-group element,
the attraction first determine the number of _____
between the electrons by noting the ____ number
nucleus of of the element. Place one _____ for
each atom each electron on each of the four
and the sides of the element symbol, pairing
electrons of them up once each site has an
the other. electron.
16. Intermolecular Which of the following options 22. covalent; Most covalently bonded substances
forces are the correctly defines intermolecular intermolecular consist of individual separate
weak forces of forces? molecules. Each individual molecule is
attraction found held together by means of strong ____
between the bonds between the atoms. In addition,
individual there are weak forces of attraction
molecules of a between the individual molecules,
molecular covalent called _____ forces.
substance. 23. - triple bond Order the following covalent bonds in
17. - CaBr2 Arrange the following ionic - double bond terms of increasing bond length.
- MgCl2 compounds in order of increasing - single bond
- Li2O lattice energy (increasing strength 24. - The shorter Which of the following options correctly
of the ionic bond), based on the bond, the describe the relationships between
general trends in lattice energy. greater the bond order, bond length, and bond
Start with the compound that has bond energy?
the lowest lattice energy at the top strength.
of the list. - For a given
18. - Ionic bonding Which of the following statements pair of atoms,
involves the correctly describe ionic bonding? a higher bond
transfer of order means a
electrons from the shorter bond.
metal to the 25. either soft or Molecular covalent solids are
nonmetal. hard but
- An ionic bond is brittle.
the electrostatic
attraction between 26. hard. Network covalent solids are
two oppositely 27. molecular Low melting and boiling points are
charge ions. covalent characteristics of
19. valence, 8, 2 Atoms bond in order to attain a substances.
full _____ level or shell of 28. network High melting and boiling pointing are
electrons. Elements in Period 2 covalent characteristics of
strive for a total of ______ such substances.
electrons while Period 1 elements
29. strong; An ionic solid does not conduct
such as hydrogen strive for a total
of ___. electric electricity in the solid state because the
ions are held together by _____
20. ionic, loses, gains The bond typically observed when attractive forces and cannot move from
a metal bonds to a nonmetal is the their positions in the crystal structure. If
______ bond. The metal atom _____ the solid melts or dissolves in water,
one or more valence electrons the ions are free to move and carry a(n)
while the nonmetal _______ ______ current.
electrons.
21. - Electronegativity Which of the following options
tends to decrease correctly describe the general
down a group of trend in electronegativity?
the periodic table.
- Metals tend to
have lower
electronegativities
than nonmetals.
- Fluorine is the
most
electronegative
element.
30. - If the two Which of the following statements 36. - in the solid Why does an ionic solid not
atoms in a correctly describe a covalent bond? state, the ions are conduct electricity in the solid
covalent bond held in specific state, but is a good conductor
approach too positions and are when melted or dissolved in water?
closely the not free to move.
system will - in the liquid or
become less dissolved state,
stable. the ions are free
- Formation of to move and can
a covalent carry an electric
bond results current.
in increased 37. - The relatively Which of the following options
electron low boiling points correctly explain the differences in
density of molecular physical behavior of molecular
between the substances reflect covalent substances and network
two nuclei. the strength of covalent substances?
- In a stable the intermolecular
covalent bond forces between
nucleus- the individual
electron molecules.
attractions - The strong
dominate the covalent bonds
system. that hold the
31. - high melting Which of the following are atoms of a
points characteristic properties of ionic network covalent
- compounds? substance
nonconductors together require a
in the solid lot of energy to
state break.
32. greater The shorter a bond, the ________ its 38. lattice, ionic, The amount of energy required to
bond strength. greater separate 1 mole of ions in a
33. stronger For a given pair of atoms, the higher crystalline solid into separate
the bond order, the shorter and ______ gaseous ions is called _____ energy.
the bond will be. This energy provides a measure of
the strength of a(n) _____ bond,
34. valence; The simplest model used to describe since the stronger the bond the
delocalized; the bonding in metals is the electron- _____ the amount of energy require
cations sea model. In terms of this model, all to break it.
the metal atoms contribute their _____
electrons to form an electron "sea" so 39. order; 2; 2 The bond ____ is given by the
that the electrons are ______ or shared number of electron pairs shared
among all the atoms. The metal is held between two bonded atoms. For a
together by the attraction between the double bond such as C=O this
metal _____ and the sea of electrons. number is ___ because there is/are
___ electron pair(s) shared between
35. absorbs, The formation of an ionic compound the two atoms.
releases involves the transfer of electrons. The
removal of one or more electrons from 40. increases, shorter For a series of similar covalent
a metal is a process that ______ energy, bonds, bond length ____ as atomic
whereas the addition of one or more size increases. A C-O bond would
electrons to a nonmetal ____ energy. therefore be ____ than a Si-O bond.
41. - Bond energy is the Which of the following 44. ions; Most covalent substances do not conduct
energy required to break statements correctly bonded electricity, even when melted or in solution.
a covalent bond. describe bond energy? An electric current is carried by the
- Bond energy is a movement of either electrons or ___. In
measure of bond covalent substances the electrons are
strength. localized either as _____ pairs or lone pairs,
- Bond energy is equal in and no ions are present. Since there are no
magnitude to the energy charged particles free to move, covalent
released when a bond is substances are poor electrical conductors.
formed. 45. greater, The bond length of a covalent bond is the
42. - The lattice energy of an Which of the following decreases distance between the nuclei of two bonded
ionic compound tends to statements correctly atoms. The larger the atoms, the ____ this
decrease as ionic size describe trends in lattice distance will be. Bond length therefore ____
increases. energy? as atomic size decreases.
- NaCl is expected to 46. greater; The partial ionic character of a bond is
have a higher lattice sharing related to the difference in the
energy than NaBr. electronegativities of the bonded elements.
43. - The charges of the ions Which of the following The greater the EN, the ____ the percent
- The size of the ions factors affect the magnitude ionic character of the bond. Although there
- The arrangement of the of the lattice energy for an are many bonds that have 0% ionic
ions in the crystal ionic compound? character, no bond has 100% ionic character,
which indicates that electron ____ occurs to
some extent in every bond.
47. solids; Most metals are ___ at room temperature
decrease; and generally have moderate to high melting
weaker and boiling points because the metallic bond
is fairly strong. The melting point of a metal
will ____ as atomic size increases because
larger metal ions have a ____ attraction for
the electron sea.
48. - Metals Which of the following are characteristic
can be properties of metal?
shaped
without
breaking.
- Metals
conduct
electricity
in the
solid and
liquid
states.
49. strong, Melting an ionic solid involves freeing the
large, ions from their positions in the ionic crystal
high and separating them. Since the ions are held
together by ___ electrostatic attractions the
amount of energy required is ___ and the
ionic solids therefore have relatively ___
melting points.
50. - Ionic solids are brittle because any impact causes ions of the
same charge to be pushed together. Repulsion causes the solid
to crack.
- Ionic solids are fairly rigid due to the arrangment ot the ions
in a regular crystal lattice.
51. The main contribution to deltaH is the difference in the bond
energies of reactants and products.
Which of the following options correctly relate the
physical properties of ionic solids to the nature of the
ionic bond?
Select the statement that correctly explains the source
of the energy change in a chemical reaction.