CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
WASTE :- Any material which is not needed by the owner , producer , processor.

CLASSIFICATION :-

 Factory or industry waste - Industrial waste

 E-waste - Electronic waste

 Domestic waste - Household waste

 Construction waste - Constructional waste

 Food processing waste - Food waste

 Bio-medical waste - Hospitals and Laboratory waste

 Nuclear waste - Explosives and etc.

SOLID WASTE

It is defined as, “non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to
industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances.”

Solid waste also include-

 Garbage  Dead animals

 Sewage treatment residue  Demolitian products

 Rubbish  Manure and other discarded

material

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 Fig.1.1 DIFFERENT SOLID WASTES

SOURCES

 Agriculture

 Fishries

 Household

 Factory and industry

Fig.1.2 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

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TYPES :-

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which as follows :

 Household waste which is called as municipal waste

 Industrial waste which is called as hazardous waste

 Biomedical waste or hospital waste which is called as infectious waste.

CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE :

Fig.1.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE

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EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE :
 HEALTH HAZARD

 If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate , they may create
unsanitary conditions.This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.Many diseases like
cholera, diarrhea, plague, jaundice, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and
cause loss of human lives.

 In addition improper handling of the solid wastes, a health hazard for the
workers who come in direct contact with waste.

 An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may create serious

negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water
pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity. Keywords: solid waste
management, Rawalpindi City, environmental impacts, land pollution.

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

 If the solid waste are not treated properly decomposition and decay may takes
place.The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnozious.

 Burning of industrial or domestic wastes (cans, pesticides, plastics, radioactive

materials and batteries) produce furans, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls
that are harmful to human beings.
 Solid waste management is an integral part of the environmental domain of
any region. Inefficient waste disposal systems lead to environmental pollution
along with presenting severe health hazards. As shown in the diagram above,
solid waste management generally includes a collection of waste, transporting
waste, processing and recycling it, and finally disposal of waste.

 The most general method of waste disposal is by using landfills. Olden

landfills are being covered and the present day sanitary landfills are not just
dumped sites. They are designed and customized pertaining to the region, type
of waste and other environmental factors. The primary purpose of this is to
dispose of waste effectively without causing health risks or contributing to
environmental pollution.

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 CHAPTER 2

WASTE MANAGEMENT CYCLE

 The 3R’s (Reduce,Reuse,Recycle) to be followed for waste
management.

Fig.2.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT CYCLE

REDUCE :

 Disposable goods: paper plates and bowls, , styrofoam cup, plastic spoons,
roll of paper towels, paper napkins.

 Durable goods: plastic plates,cups,spoon, dish towel,cloth napkin.

 Despite the advances in waste management made over the past several
decades, there's no getting around the fact that we still have a lot of trash.
And as the Earth's population grows, we have more and more garbage
producers born every minute. Landfills, while considered practical for
now, are not a desirable long-term solution for containing our solid waste
because they pose the risk of possible land, air and water contamination.

 Recovery of one tone paper can save 17 trees.

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REUSE:

 Instead of buying new

containers from the
market, use the ones that
are in the house.

 Don’t through away the

soft drink can or bottle
cover them with home made Fig.2.2 REUSE

paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.

 If you've been paying attention to -- well, anything -- for the past two decades,
you've heard about recycling. It isn't a secret, and it's a great way to reduce
solid waste because it gives new life to something that could be taking up
space in a landfill for many years.

RECYCLE:

 Use shopping bags made of cloth or

jute which can be used.

 And, of course, there's the trusty

recycle bin handy when you're not
able to reuse or compost your trash.
Before you know it, that can that
contained your afternoon caffeine Fig.2.3 RECYCLE

pick-me-up will be made into a new soda can instead of whiling away the
next several centuries in a landfill. (Yes, you read that right ... "centuries.")

 For example, you can use it as a trashcan liner, saving yourself a garbage
bag. Or, if you have scrap paper lying around your office, you can reuse it
by printing on the blank sidesRecycling goes a long way in reducing solid
waste, but it's not the only way. Keep reading to learn about other
methods.

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 Fig.2.4 POLICY MAKERS VS YOUTH POLICY

 Some common industrial examples of source reduction include the creation of

merchandise using fewer materials. For example, the waste created from
disposable diapers, which has contributed a large amount of volume to landfills ,
has been reduced by making diapers with 50% less paper pulp. As technology
increased, absorbent gel was created that was able to replace the paper pulp.

 Although most examples of source reduction take place on the manufacturing

side, there are several actions an individual can take to reduce the overall amount
of solid waste they produce. Some examples include sending emails instead of
tradition mail, canceling unwanted catalogs subscriptions, and fixing products
instead of throwing them out. The first goal of source reduction is simply to
reduce the overall amount of waste that is produced. The second goal is to
conserve resources by not using raw, virgin materials. In other words, by
following source reduction, fewer raw materials will have to be used to produce
products. Source reduction is when products are designed, manufactured,
packaged, and used in a way that limits the amount or toxicity of waste
created.

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 CHAPTER 3

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste management is the…

 Storage

 Collection

 Transport and handling

 Recycling

 Disposal and monitoring of waste materials

STORAGE : Hauling of Solid Waste. It shall be

unlawful for any collector or person to transport
solid waste except in a covered, watertight and drip-
proof vehicle equipped with a metal box with
welded seams; provided, however, that dry solid
waste or tightly bagged garbage may be conveyed in
suitable containers and vehicles with appropriate
coverings which keep the contents from escaping. Fig.3.1 STORAGE BINS

 Galvanized steel dust bin

 Paper sack

 Public bins

 Owners or occupants of residential dwelling units may haul and deliver to the
municipal landfill household solid waste generated from their residential dwelling
unit; however, such hauling and delivery shall not reduce the solid waste
collection fees owed to the city.

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 COLLECTION :

 House-to-house collection

 Collection from the public bins

 Collection Schedule.

 (A) All solid waste shall be

collected and disposed of at intervals Fig3.2 COLLECTION

determined by the director of public works or his designee.

 (B) Residential dwelling units shall have a minimum of weekly service unless
otherwise determined by the director of public works or his designee.

 (C) Cafes, restaurants and other establishments serving food; commercial

business; industrial businesses, and all other establishments shall have a level of
service that does not create a public nuisance or health hazard as determined by
the director of public works or his designee.

TRANSPORT AND HANDLING:

 Waste handling and seperation involves activities associated with waste

management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection.Handling
also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection.

 Waste is transformed from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport

equipment.

MAIN OBJECTIVES :

 Public hygiene and health - Health and Hygiene comes first.

 Reuse ,recovery and recycle - Recycle is very important and useful.

 Aesthatics - The beauty of nature will not spoil.

 Sustainable development - Their will be development in the sustainable

conditions also

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 CHAPTER 4

METHOD OF DISPOSAL

 Dumping

 Controlled tripping or sanitary landfill

 Incineration

 Composting

 Manure pits

 Burial

DUMPING :
 Low lying areas

 Mainly for dry refuses

 Kolkata disposes by this Method and

reclaimed land given for cultivation

 Unsanitary methods Fig.4.1 DUMPING

 Methods for operations of the facility and policies for acceptance and disposal
of solid wastes are matters within the sole discretion of the city of Ketchikan.
Waste other than mixed municipal waste or inert waste may be accepted with
conditions or prohibited.

CONTROLLED TIPPING/SANITARY LANDFILL:

 Satisfactory method

-Material placed in a trench.

-Compacted with earth at the end of the working day.

 Modified sanitary land fill-where compaction and covering are accomplished once
or twice a week.

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 Fig.4.2 SANITARY LANDFILL

INCENERATION :
Incineration that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials.[1] Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are
described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste
into ash, flue gas and heat.

 It is a disposal method in which solid waste is subjected to combustion so as to

convert them into residue and gaseous products.

 This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20-30% of the original volume.

Fig.4.3 INCENERATION

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COMPOSTING :

 Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil.

 Principal by products are: CO2, water and heat.

 End product-compost.

 Methods

- Mechanical composting

- Vermicomposting. Fig.4.4 COMPOSTING

MANURE PITS :

 Mostly used in rural areas.

 Digging “manure pits” is to prevent the refuses thrown around the houses.

 The garbage, cattle dung, straw and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits
and covered with earth.

 Two pits will be needed.

 In 5-6 month’s time the refuse is converted into m anure which can be returned to
the field.

BURIAL :

 Suitable for small camp

 A trench 1.5m wide and 2m

deep is excavated .

 The refuse is covered with 20-

30cm of earth. Fig.4.5 BURIAL

 When the level in the trench is 40cm from ground level, the trench is filled with
earth and compacted.(4-6 months).

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 CHAPTER 5

ZERO WASTE SYSTEM

 Zero waste system which was

founded by PhD chemist. Paul
Parmer in okland.

 It is a philosophy that encourages

the redesign of resource life cycle
so that all products are reused.

 No Methane Gas
Release (throughout the process)
No More Kitchen Odours Fig.5.1 ZERO WASTE SYSTEM
No More Plastic Bags
No Water Needed
No Additives and with domestic model No Draining or Venting

Fig.5.2 WASTES PER INDIAN CITIES

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WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANT IN MANGALORE:

 This is the solid waste management plant in Mangalore.

Fig.5.3 WASTE MANAGEMNT PLANT

Fig.5.4 MYSORE PLANT

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 CHAPTER 6

TYPES OF WASTE

E-WASTE
Electronic goods waste

Fig.6.1 E-WASTE

C-WASTE
Constructional waste

Fig.6.2 C-WASTE

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 Problems In Dealing With SWM:
 Voluntary compliance.

 Collection of waste.

 Technological interventions.

 Regulatory framework.

 Absence of mandatory standards for waste reduction.

Drawbacks In Present SWM Services :

 Apathy of municipal authorities.

 Absence of community participation.

 No storage of waste at source no system of primary collection from the doorstep.

 Irregular street sweeping.

 Processing of waste.

 Disposal of waste.

 Waste storage depots.

 While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals, bioplastics are made
substantially from renewable plant materials such: as cellulose and starch.[17] Due
both to the finite limits of the petrochemical reserves and to the threat of global
warming, the development of bioplastics is a growing field.

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 CHAPTER 7
PLASTIC
WHAT IS PLASTIC ???
 Plastic is a widely used material that is generally made from petroleum.

 Two broad categories of plastic materials:

o Thermoplastics

o Thermosetting plastics

Fig.7.1 TYPES OF PLASTIC

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TYPES OF PLASTIC :

 PET OR PETE

 polyethlyene terephthalate.

 HDPE(HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)

 Its is made from petroleum.It is sometimes called as “alkathene” or

“polyethene when used for pipes.

 PVC(POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

 It is also called as polyvinyl or vinyl commonly and it is the world’s 3rd

most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer.

 LDPE(LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)

 It is a thermoplastic made from the monomer ethylene and it was the first
grade of polyethylene produced in 1933 by imperial chemical industries.

 Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-

synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid
objects.

 Plasticity is the general property of all materials which can deform irreversibly
without breaking but, in the class of moldable polymers, this occurs to such a
degree that their actual name derives from this specific ability.

 Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass and often contain
other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived
from petrochemicals, however, an array of variants are made from renewable
materials such as polylactic acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters.

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RECYCLING PROCESS :

Fig.7.2 RECYCLING PROCESS

STEP 1: Collection and Sorting : In this step usually we will collect the plastic
waste from different places and select the low density polyethylene which is not more
harmful and this selected plastic is taken to the recycling centres.

STEP 2: Cleaning : The plastic when arrives to the recyclin centres are cleaned
thoroughly and sent to size reduction.

STEP 3: Size Reduction : The plastic when cleaning process is over are taken to
special machines which is used to recycle things.In this machine the size will be reduced
but the shape of the plastic will not discard and thus remains same.

STEP 4: Processing : From machines and we get the pieces which are recycled

and thus other products will be produced.The success and dominance of plastics starting
in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition
rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of large molecules. Toward the
end of the century, one approach to this problem was met with wide efforts
toward recycling.

BENEFITS OF RECYCLING :-

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 Conserving energy.

 Lower emissions.

 Conservation of resources.

 Reusability.

 Saves landfills spaces.

FUTURE PROSPECTS

CHAPTER 8

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 INFORMATION COLLECTED
To get the awareness of solid waste management these. People who are the
waste collectors taught us about their daily life routine.

Fig.8.1 WASTE COLLECTORS

In this village named Isnapur these are the waste collectors of one area and their
daily routine starts with collecting the waste from door-step and they dump all the dust in
dumpyard.

Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1]This includes amongst other things
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and
regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste
management encompassing guidance on recycling

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 SARPANCH OF THE VILLAGE

ASSISTANT SARPANCH OF THE VILLAGE

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VILLAGE ENVIRONMENT

Fig.8.2 VILLAGE ATMOSPHERE

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 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
Finally in this project we will be knowing about the awareness of solid
waste mangement. It is found that with increase in the global pollution and the
rising demand for food and other essentials , there has been a rise in the amount
of waste being generated daily by each household.
Waste that is not properly managed , especially solid waste from
households and the community , are serious health hazard and lead to the
spread of infectious diseases.
Thus now at present so many programs are introduced like
“SWACHHBHARATH” thus it is also implemented by so many of our society.
Solid waste management becoming more complicated by the invasion of e-waste ,
particularly Computer waste . Establishment of e-waste collection , exchange and
recycling centers should be encouraged. Policy level interventions should include
development of e-waste regulation, control of import and export of e-wastes.
Through the establishment of solid waste management in Rosario West Central
School , the
Following conclusions have been realized :
1) Wastes are common problem in any institution in school.
2) The implementation of solid waste management system in RWCS
would only be a success
If the stakeholders would give their full support.
Lastly , each person should be work in their level as far as possible and
be responsible for
Managing aesthetic beauty and cleanliness of the city.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing
nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and sectors

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 CHAPTER 10
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
It acts to be an environmental saviour . Due to lack of dumping sites in
the present scenario , so there is need to save the land , thiws process leads as the
saviour of environment. From the above condition this process can be assumed to
be the economical process as less transportation costs require and also the
construction cost is less.
To produce and secure a system of sale based packed precast concrete
batches , in which CNC waste and recycled coarse aggregate concrete present.
Challenging task:
Rapid development
Industrialization
Increase in population
Complexity of type of waste generated.

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 CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES
World Wide Web
[1] http://ijar.org.in/stuff/issues/v4-i1(1)/v4-i1(1)-a010.pdf
[2] https://www.importantindia.com/
[3] http://www.indianyouth.net/

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