Selected 25 Subtopics Biology F5 SPM

SELECTED 25
SUBTOPICS
BIOLOGY F5 SPM
With Mr. Heery (M.Ed)
CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM
(Malaysia’s #1 Reference for Biology SPM)
SELECTED 25 SUBTOPICS BIOLOGY F5 SPM
BIOLOGY SPM FORM 5 25 CRITICAL SUBTOPICS
1 Blood Circulation Type

CHAPTER I:
2 Regulation of Blood Pressure (HIGH)
TRANSPORT
3 10 Must-Know Points Lymphatic System
4 Immunity
5 Water Transport in Plant

6 Antagonistic Muscle Action
CHAPTER II:
7 Ligament VS Tendon
LOCOMOTION
8 Locomotion in Animals - Bird
9 Support System in Aquatic Plants
10 Impulse Transmission Across Synapse

CHAPTER III:
11 Hormone Imbalance
COORDINATION
& RESPONSE 12 Ultrafiltration Process
13 Regulation of Blood Osmotic Pressure (HIGH)
14 Regulation of Blood Glucose (HIGH)
15 Auxin in Phototropism
16 Spermatogenesis VS Oogenesis
CHAPTER IV:
17 Identical VS Fraternal Twins
REPRODUCTION
& GROWTH 18 Technology in Human Reproduction
19 Human VS Insect Growth Phase
20 Plants with Sec. Growth VS None
21 Monohybrid Cross
CHAPTER V & VI:
INHERITANCE & 22 Sex-Linked Disease – Haemophilia
VARIATION
23 Use of Genetics in Biotechnology
MASTER
24 Type of Variations
THEM
25 Mutation of Chromosome Structure ALL!
CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 1

1. BLOOD CIRCULATION TYPES
1. 2 types of blood circulation:
Open Closed
2. Define open & closed circulation:
Open: Blood is not in vessels and surrounded by cells.
Closed: Blood is enclosed in blood vessels.
3. All about closed circulation:
Organism Human Amphibian Fish
Diagram
Single/ Double Double – blood goes through heart Single – blood

Circulation twice to complete one circulation. goes through
heart once.
Complete/ Complete – blood Incomplete – OB

Incomplete is completely and DB are
Circulation separated mixed in one
between OB & ventricle.
DB.
Number of heart 2 atria, 2 atria, 1 atrium,
chambers 2 ventricles. 1 ventricle. 1 ventricle.

2. CORRECTIVE MECHANISM OF BLOOD PRESSURE
a) When BP is HIGH:
Stimulus High BP – due to nervousness/ anxiety
Receptor High BP detected by baroreceptors in

carotid artery and aorta.
Regulation They send impulse to RC, the

centre medulla oblongata.
(RC)
Effectors RC sends new impulse through parasympathetic nerves
to effectors, the:
1. Blood vessels smooth muscle:
Vasodilation – smooth muscle relaxes and lumen

enlarged.
2. Heart’s cardiac muscle:
Reduce contraction rate – heartbeat rate decreases.
Response Lower BP  BP returns to normal.

3. 10 MUST-KNOW POINTS LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1 Three functions of lymphatic system:
1. Return interstitial fluid (IF) to bloodstream.

2. Transport lipid.
3. Immune system.
2 Two main lymphatic

system organs and vessels:
Organ: Thymus & spleen

Vessels: Thoracic duct and
Right lymphatic duct.
3 How lymph fluid is produced?
-High blood pressure in blood vessels.

-So, some blood is filtered out and becomes IF.
-75% of IF will returns into blood vessels.
-25% will enter lymphatic vessels and become lymph fluid.
4 Lymph fluid contains more 2L : LIPID AND LYMPHOCYTE
5 ‘Stations’ in the lymphatic system that produce lymphocytes and

entrap pathogens: LYMPH NODES.
6 Feature of lymphatic vessels ensuring one-way flow of lymph fluids:

VALVES.
7 Lymphatic vessels are closed-ended. They are not continuous like

blood vessels. In other word, they have ‘dead ends’:

8 Lymphatic system has no heart. So lymph fluid is pumped by what?
Muscle contraction
– that’s why we need to
move around often!
9 Lymph fluid is returned to the blood vessels at where?

Left and right subclavian vein.
10 Condition/ Diseases caused by failure of lymph fluid to return to the

blood vessels.
Oedema –
accumulation of IF
Elephantiasis –
lymph vessels blocked by parasit

4. IMMUNITY (KEIMUNAN)
IMMUNITY
Ability to fight
disease
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Body produces own Body receives antibody

antibody. from outside sources.
Natural Active Immunity Natural Passive Immunity

Body produces antibody after recovered Body receives antibody from mother.
from disease.
Artificial Active Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity

1) Body produces antibody after injected 1) Body receives antibody by antiserum
with vaccine. injection.
before infection. during infection.
2) Given 2) Given
dead/weak pathogens antibody.
3) Vaccine contains 3) Antiserum contains
4) Effect: Slow but long lasting. 4) Effect: Immediate but short.
5) Graph: 5) Graph:
Antibody in blood Antibody in blood
Immunity Level Immunity Level
Time Time

5. WATER TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN PLANT
Water Flow Process Brief Explanation
SOIL  ROOT OSMOSIS Water flows from hypotonic water in

CELL soil into hypertonic solution in root cell.
ROOT CELL  ROOT Water flows from hypotonic root cell

XYLEM PRESSURE into hypertonic solution in xylem.
Cohesive Force:
ALONG THE CAPILLARY Attraction force between water
XYLEM ACTION molecules.
(upwards against Adhesive Force:
gravity) Attraction force between water and
xylem wall.
XYLEM  AIR TRANSPIRATION Water is ‘sucked’ from xylem into air

SPACE IN PULL space due to transpiration.
SPONGY
MESOPHYLL
STOMATA  TRANSPIRATION Water escapes into atmosphere as

ATMOSPHERE water vapour.

6. ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE ACTION
Definition
Opposing action of muscle as pair – one contracts, other relaxes.
Important to enable motion.
Important for limb to return to original position.
Mechanism
BENDING ARM STRAIGHTENING ARM

Biceps contract and triceps Biceps relaxes and triceps
relaxes. contracts.
Arm is pulled up. Arm is pulled down.
Arm is bent. Arm is straightened.
7. COMPARING LIGAMENT & TENDON
LIGAMENTS TENDONS
Attach bones and bones. Attach bones and muscles.
Soft and elastic Tough and inelastic
Consist of elastin tissues. Inelastin tissues.

8. LOCOMOTION IN ANIMALS – BIRD
Feathers:
Very light.
Wings’ shape:
Aerofoil-shaped.
Pectoral muscle:
Strong.
Bones:
Small, light and hollow.
Feathers’ arrangement:
Organs:
Backward.
Small and single.
Backward
Small
Shape: Aerodynamic.
Fat deposit:
None/ minimal.
Classify all 8 features above into these categories of explanation:

To reduce weight To reduce drag To generate lift
(friction)
Light feathers.
Feathers arranged Aerofoil-shaped wing.
backward.
Small and hollow bones.
Small, single organs.

Aerodynamic shape. Strong chest (pectoral)
muscle.
No fat deposit.

9. SUPPORT SYSTEM IN AQUATIC PLANTS
FLOATING PLANTS
Air sacs Create buoyancy.
Aerenchyma Create buoyancy.

tissues
Few vascular Light  Create buoyancy.
tissues
Unlignified Soft stem  not easily break when current is strong.
xylems
SUBMERGED PLANTS
Air sacs Create buoyancy.
Fine & thin Soft leaves  not easily break when current is strong.
leaves
Soft & thin Soft stem  not easily break when current is strong.
stems
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CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA
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10. IMPULSE TRANSMISSION ACROSS SYNAPSE
Mitochondrion
Synaptic knob
Synaptic vesicle
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic gap
Receptors
7 MAIN POINTS OF DESCRIPTION & EXPLANATION:
IN PRE Impulse reach synaptic knob.

SYNAPTIC
DENDRITE
(A) Then, synaptic vesicles start to release neurotransmitters.
IN SYNAPTIC Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft/gap.

CLEFT
Neurotransmitters binds to receptors.

IN POST
SYNAPTIC
DENDRITE Neurotransmitters will disintegrate.
(B)
New impulse will be generated.
OVERALL The process needs energy provided by mitochondrion.
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11. HORMONE IMBALANCE
HORMONE DEFICIENCY EFFECT EXCESSIVE EFFECT
Growth Children: Children:

hormone
Dwarfism Gigantism
(stunted (excessive
growth) growth!)
Adult:
Acromegaly
(thickening of bones)
Thyroxine Children:
Hypothyroidism with
physical and mental Hyperthyroidism – high
stunting (also known as metabolism,
cretinism) restlessness,
and goitre.
Adult:
Hypothyroidism with
tiredness and weight gain
(also known as myedema).
Insulin High blood Hypoglycaemia (low blood

glucose level glucose level).
(diabetes mellitus).
ADH Diabetes insipidus – Oedema – water

frequent urination and feel accumulates as IF  bloated
thirsty. appearance.
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12. DESCRIBING ULTRAFILTRATION PROCESS
Lumen? Afferent arteriole is larger than efferent arteriole.
Pressure? High hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus.
Filtration Blood will be filtrated out into Bowman capsule. This is

process? known as ultrafiltration.
Filtrate Same as blood except there is no RBC and no blood

contents? plasma because they are too large to be filtrated out.
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13. BLOOD OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION
a) When blood osmotic pressure is HIGH (“thick blood”)
Stimulus High BOP – due to lack of water/thirst
Receptor High BOP detected by the RC itself, the
Regulation HYPOTHALAMUS!
centre
(RC)
Effectors RC sends:
1. LESS IMPULSE to adrenal gland
-Adrenal gland secretes less aldosterone.
-Kidney tubules become less permeable to salt.
-Less salt is absorbed into bloodstream.
2. MORE IMPULSE to pituitary gland
-Pituitary gland secretes more antidiuresis hormone (ADH).
-Kidney tubules become more permeable to water.
-More water is absorbed into bloodstream.
Response Lower BOP  BOP returns to normal range.
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14. BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION (HIGH)
When eat nasi lemak!
Stimulus High blood glucose level – just had heavy meal!
Receptor High blood glucose level detected by pancreas.

(PANCREAS)
So, b-cell releases insulin.
Insulin goes to MAL: Muscle, adipose tissue, liver.
Effector
(MAL)
MUSCLE ADIPOSE LIVER

TISSUE
ALL use glucose for respiration.
Glucose  glycogen. Later, Glucose  lipid.

glycogen is stored. Later, lipid is
stored.
Response Blood glucose level reduced  return to normal.
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15. ROLE OF AUXIN IN PHOTOTROPISM
Q: Describe the role of auxin for the above reaction of shoot (positive
phototropism)
Auxin produced
in where? Tip of shoot (zone of division).
Auxin goes to
where? Shady area in zone of elongation (ZOE).
This is because auxin is sensitive to light.
What happen
there? Auxin stimulates the cell elongation in ZOE.
Consequence?
Shady part of shoot grows longer than exposed part.
So, shoot grows towards light source.
1
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16. COMPARING SPERMATOGENESIS & OOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS
Begin with: germinal epithelial cells.
Produce: Gametes.
Occur in: Gonads.
Process involved: mitosis, growth, meiosis.
Occurs in: Occurs in:

Seminiferous tubules in testes. Ovaries.
Period: Period: 3 times

From puberty onwards. Embryonic stage, puberty, and
fertilisation.
Number of sperms produced? Number of ovum?

4 for every one spermatogonium. 1 for every one oogonium.
Differentiation? Differentiation?
Occurs. Does not occurs.
Polar bodies? Polar bodies?

No polar bodies produced. Yes.
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17. FORMATION OF TWINS
IDENTICAL FRATERNAL
TWINS TWINS
1 ovum is fertilized by 1 sperm 2 ova fertilized by 2 sperms
1 zygote formed  split into 2 2 zygotes formed  no splitting
Similar physical features Different
Similar genetic content Different
Similar gender Different or similar
Share one placenta Different placentas
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18. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION
I. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Reason Husband has low sperm count/ infertile.
Procedure 1. Concentrated husband/donor sperm is obtained.
2. Concentrated sperm is injected into Fallopian tube directly.
II. IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

Reason
Wife’s Fallopian tube is blocked. So, natural fertilisation cannot
occurs.
Procedure 1. First, husband’s sperm is collected.
2. Also, wife’s ova is collected using laparoscope.
3. Sperms and ova are fertilized in Petri dish. Only mature and
healthy zygote is selected.
4. Zygote is transferred into wife’s uterus for zygote to grow

naturally.
Also, surrogate mother’s uterus can be used as well.
5. Baby born is known as test tube baby.
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19. COMPARING HUMAN & INSECT GROWTH GRAPH
HUMAN INSECT
The shape is sigmoid. The shape is staircase-like.
Occurs gradually. Occurs drastically.
GROWTH PHASES
P – Infant phase Series of ecdysis.
Describe ecdysis:
Q – Childhood phase New exoskeleton is formed below old

ones.
New exoskeleton absorbs nutrient

from old one, making the old
R – Adolescent phase exoskeleton to become soft.
Insect swallow air/liquid to enlarge

itself. This will shed the old
S – Adult phase exoskeleton.
T – Ageing phase
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20. COMPARING PLANTS WITH & WITHOUT SECONDARY GROWTH
PLANTS WITH SECONDARY PLANTS WITHOUT

GROWTH SECONDARY GROWTH
Similarities:
Conduct primary growth so shoots and roots can grow.
Dicotyledonous plant. Type of plants Monocotyledonous plant.
Long period with long age. Period of growth Short period and short age.
and age
Oldest known living organism is
Methuselah, a pine tree!
High commercial value for Potential for Low

logging. commercial use
Tall Average height Short
Rough with cork to protect inner Texture of the Smooth and less cork.
tissue and prevent water loss. bark (kulit kayu)
Yes Presence of Less

wood in stems
2
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21. MONOHYBRID CROSS
Parent Tall pea plant Short pea plant

phenotype (pure breed) (pure breed)
Parent
genotype TT tt
Gamete
T T t t
F1 generation
genotype
Tt Tt Tt Tt
Phenotype Tall Tall Tall Tall
Ratio
No ratio, 100% tall.
F1 self-
pollination Tt Tt
Gamete
T t T t
F2 generation
genotype
TT Tt Tt tt
Phenotype
Tall Tall Tall Short
Ratio
3 tall : 1short
2
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22. SEX-LINKED DISEASE – HAEMOPHILIA
Due to the presence of a recessive allele in chromosome X.

A. XH = normal allele
Explanation
Xh = recessive allele
A type of hereditary disease, which blood does not clot
normally.
This is because blood clotting factor is unable to be produced
in the body.
So, bleeding will occur profusely and can be fatal because of
excessive blood loss.
Example:
Father Mother
Parent Normal male Normal female (carrier)
phenotype
Parent
genotype
XHY XHXh
Gamete
XH Y XH Xh
Offspring
genotype
XHXH XHXh XHY XhY
Offspring
phenotype Normal female Normal female Normal male Haemophiliac
(carrier) male
QUESTION: Explain why men have a higher risk of suffering from

haemophilia.
Women have 3 possible genotypes (XHXH, XHXh, XhXh). So, the

chance of contracting haemophilia (XhXh) is 1 over 3 (33%).
Men have 2 possible genotypes (XHY & XhY). So, the chance of getting
haemophilia (XhY) is much higher (1 over 2) or 50%.
2
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23. USE OF GENETICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Technology Description Explanation
I. DNA A method of identifying DNA fragments can be obtained

fingerprinting human gene sequence from small sample quantities of
from DNA fragments. saliva, hair, skin, semen.
Used in criminal cases Useful to identify individuals

and paternity test. because DNA is unique and
related to family members.
II. Genetic A method of Produced by ‘cutting’ the original

engineering manipulating DNA to DNA and combine it with foreign
produce a new gene DNA.
sequence.
Produces a better gene For example, the DNA of

sequence. Cell will have pancreatic cells combined with the
new function. DNA of bacteria, causing the
bacteria to produce human insulin.
III. Stem cell Stem cells are cells So, stem cells can be manipulated
research that have yet to to produce new tissues and
undergo organs.
differentiation
process.
Stem cells derived from But, ethical issue might occur such
embryonic tissue as human embryos are
produced in the manipulated like a lab rat.
laboratory.
IV. Human A project to map the Complete set of DNA bases is

genome project entire sequence of called genome.
bases in human DNA.
The genome will be But, there are issues such as

applied to identify genome misused to create
hereditary diseases. biological weapons.
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24. TYPE OF VARIATION
TYPE OF VARIATION
CONTINUOUS DISCONTINUOUS
Example
© Height, weight. © Sex, blood group.
Definition Variations with features that are Variations with obvious &
not obvious (not distinctive). distinctive features.
Feature is Quantitative - can be measured Qualitative nature - cannot be

quantitative / and has intermediate value. measured and does not have
qualitative? © 1.75m height can be middle value.
measured and is in the middle © Gender cannot be measured.
between 1.70m and 1.80m.
The graph Normal distribution. Graf distribution is uneven.

pattern?
Factors Environmental and genetic Influenced by genetic factors

determined factors. (obtained from birth).
by?
Controlled by many genes. Controlled by one gene.
The genes
responsible? © There are many alleles that © Male gender determined by the
determine height, not only allele presence of the Y-chromosome
T or t. only.
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25. CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE MUTATION
A. Define Spontaneous change to chromosome or DNA structure.

Mutation Caused by mutagens.
Radiation from radioactive substances.

B. Example PHYSICAL
of Mutagens
Chemical substances from cigarette smoke
CHEMICAL and food additives.
C. Example of Mutation – Chromosome Structure Mutation
Deletion Inversion
Translocation Duplication
2
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SELECTED 25

BIOLOGY SPM FORM 5 25 CRITICAL SUBTOPICS

1 Blood Circulation Type

5 Water Transport in Plant

10 Impulse Transmission Across Synapse

13 Regulation of Blood Osmotic Pressure (HIGH)

14 Regulation of Blood Glucose (HIGH)

19 Human VS Insect Growth Phase

20 Plants with Sec. Growth VS None

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 1

1. BLOOD CIRCULATION TYPES

1. 2 types of blood circulation:

2. Define open & closed circulation:

Open: Blood is not in vessels and surrounded by cells.

Closed: Blood is enclosed in blood vessels.

3. All about closed circulation:

Organism Human Amphibian Fish

Single/ Double Double – blood goes through heart Single – blood

Complete/ Complete – blood Incomplete – OB

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 2

2. CORRECTIVE MECHANISM OF BLOOD PRESSURE

Stimulus High BP – due to nervousness/ anxiety

Receptor High BP detected by baroreceptors in

Regulation They send impulse to RC, the

1. Blood vessels smooth muscle:

Vasodilation – smooth muscle relaxes and lumen

2. Heart’s cardiac muscle:

Reduce contraction rate – heartbeat rate decreases.

Response Lower BP  BP returns to normal.

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 3

3. 10 MUST-KNOW POINTS LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1 Three functions of lymphatic system:

1. Return interstitial fluid (IF) to bloodstream.

2 Two main lymphatic

Organ: Thymus & spleen

3 How lymph fluid is produced?

-High blood pressure in blood vessels.

4 Lymph fluid contains more 2L : LIPID AND LYMPHOCYTE

5 ‘Stations’ in the lymphatic system that produce lymphocytes and

6 Feature of lymphatic vessels ensuring one-way flow of lymph fluids:

7 Lymphatic vessels are closed-ended. They are not continuous like

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 4

8 Lymphatic system has no heart. So lymph fluid is pumped by what?

9 Lymph fluid is returned to the blood vessels at where?

10 Condition/ Diseases caused by failure of lymph fluid to return to the

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 5

Body produces own Body receives antibody

Natural Active Immunity Natural Passive Immunity

Artificial Active Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity

4) Effect: Slow but long lasting. 4) Effect: Immediate but short.

Antibody in blood Antibody in blood

Immunity Level Immunity Level

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 6

5. WATER TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN PLANT

Water Flow Process Brief Explanation

SOIL  ROOT OSMOSIS Water flows from hypotonic water in

ROOT CELL  ROOT Water flows from hypotonic root cell

XYLEM  AIR TRANSPIRATION Water is ‘sucked’ from xylem into air

STOMATA  TRANSPIRATION Water escapes into atmosphere as

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM – BLOG BIOLOGY SPM #1 MALAYSIA 7

6. ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE ACTION

Important to enable motion.

Important for limb to return to original position.