Introduction to Circuit Theory

Capacitors and Inductors

2015/10/27

Jieh-Tsorng Wu

National Chiao-Tung University

Department of Electronics Engineering
 Outline
1. Capacitors
2. Series and Parallel Capacitors
3. Inductors
4. Series and Parallel Inductors
5. Integrators and Differentiators

6. Capacitors and Inductors 2 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Charge and Electrical Field

A = Area q ∝ A× E V=
E×d
D = Distance
A
⇒ q ∝ ×V
E = Electrical Field d
Q = Total Charge ⇒ q= C ×V
6. Capacitors and Inductors 3 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Capacitor
 A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
 A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).
 Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the voltage
difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).

q = C ×v
εA
C=
d
ε = Permittivity

6. Capacitors and Inductors 4 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Capacitors

Polyester Capacitor Ceramic Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor

Trimmer Capacitor

6. Capacitors and Inductors 5 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Nonideal Capacitors

q Linear q Nonlinear

Slope = C

v v

6. Capacitors and Inductors 6 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Capacitor Current-Voltage Characteristic

t
dq dv dv 1
q (=
t ) C × v (t ) ⇔ = C× ⇔=i C ⇔ v= ∫ idt
dt dt dt C −∞
t0 t t
1 1 1
v (t ) = ∫ i ( )
τ dτ + ∫ i ( )
τ dτ =+
v ( 0 ) ∫ i (τ ) dτ
t
C −∞ C t0 C t0
q ( t0 )
( t0 ) = Initial Condition
v=
C
 A capacitor is an open circuit to dc
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑖𝑖 = 𝐶𝐶 =0).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 The voltage on a capacitor cannot
change abruptly.

6. Capacitors and Inductors 7 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Power and Energy in Capacitor

The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

dv dv
p = v×i = v×C = Cv
dt dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is
t t v (t ) v (t )
dv 1 2 1 1
= ∫−∞
= ∫−∞ dt
= ∫ = = − −∞
2 2
w pdt C v dt C vdv Cv Cv (t ) Cv ( )
v ( −∞ )
2 v ( −∞ )
2 2
Assume the capacitor was uncharged at t = −∞, i.e, v(−∞) = 0,
1 2 1 q2
w = Cv =
2 2C

 The energy w is stored in the electric field that exists between the plates of the
capacitor.
 This energy can be retrieved.
6. Capacitors and Inductors 8 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Capacitor Example 1

50t 0 < t <1

100 − 50t 1< t < 3

v(t ) = 
−200 + 50t 3<t < 4
0 otherwise
dv
=i C= C 200 µ F
dt
+50 +10 mA 0 < t <1
−50 −10 mA 1< t < 3
 
i (t ) = C ×  =

 +50 +10 mA 3<t < 4
 0 0 otherwise

6. Capacitors and Inductors 9 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Capacitor Example 2

50t (A) 0 < t < 2ms

i (t ) = 
100m (A) 2ms < t
v(0) = 0 V
t
1
v(t ) = v(t0 ) + ∫ idt C = 1 mF
C t0
For 0 < t < 2ms
t 2
1 1 25t
v ( 0 ) + ∫ 50t ⋅ dt =× 25t 2 (V) = (V) ⇒ v(2m) =
v(t ) = 100 mV
C0 C 1m
For t > 2ms
t
1
v(t ) v ( 2m ) + ∫ 100m ⋅ dt =
v(2m) + 100t 2m
t

C 2m
= 100m + 100(t − 2m) =
−100m + 100t (V)
6. Capacitors and Inductors 10 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Capacitor Example 3

3
i=
= × 6 2 mA ⇒ v1 = i × 2k = 4 V v2 = i × 4k = 8 V
3+ 2+ 4
1 1
=w1 = C1v12 × (2m)=× 42 16 mJ
2 2
1 1
=w2 = C2 v22
× (4m) × 82 = 128 mJ
2 2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 11 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Two Capacitors in Parallel

dv dv dv
=i C= eq i1 C= 1 i2 C2
dt dt dt
dv dv dv
i= i1 + i2 ⇒ Ceq =C1 + C2 ⇒ Ceq =C1 + C2
dt dt dt
Current Divider
i1 C1
= i= i1 + i2
i2 C2
C1 C2
⇒ i1 = i × i2 = i ×
C1 + C2 C1 + C2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 12 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Parallel-Connected Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 +  + iN
dv dv dv dv
Ceq = C1 + C2 +  + CN
dt dt dt dt
dv
= ( C1 + C2 +  + CN )
dt
⇒ Ceq = C1 + C2 +  + CN

Current Divider
Ck
ik = i ×
C1 + C2 +  + CN
6. Capacitors and Inductors 13 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Two Capacitors in Series

t t t
1 1 1
v(t ) v=
(t0 ) + ∫
Ceq t0
idt v1 (t ) v=(t
1 0 ) + ∫
C1 t0
idt v2 (t ) v (t
2 0 ) + ∫
C 2 t0
idt

v=
(t ) v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) v=
(t0 ) v1 (t0 ) + v2 (t0 )
t t t
1 1 1 1 1 1 C1C2
Ceq t∫0 C1 t∫0 C2 t∫0
⇒ idt = i dt + idt ⇒ = + ⇒ Ceq = C1‖C2 =
Ceq C1 C2 C1 + C2
Voltage Divider. Assume v=
(t0 ) v=
1 (t0 ) v2=
(t0 ) 0, then
t
v1 1/ C1 C2
Q(t ) = ∫ idt = Ceq v(t ) = C1v1 (t ) = C2 v2 (t ) ⇒ = =
t0
v2 1/ C2 C1
1/ C1 C2 1/ C2 C1
v v1 + v= ⇒ v1 v × = v× = v2 v × = v×
1/ C1 + 1/ C2 C1 + C2 1/ C1 + 1/ C2 C1 + C2
2

6. Capacitors and Inductors 14 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Series-Connected Capacitors
v = v1 + v2 +  + vN
Let v(t0=
) v1 (t0 ) + v2 (t0 ) +  + vN (t0 )
t t t t
1 1 1 1
∫
Ceq t0
idt = ∫
C1 t0
idt + ∫
C 2 t0
idt +  + ∫
C N t0
idt

1
t
 1 1 1 
t

∫
Ceq t0
idt =  +
 C1 C2
++  ∫ idt
C N  t0
1 1 1 1
⇒ = + ++
Ceq C1 C2 CN
⇒ Ceq =
C1‖C2‖‖CN

Voltage Divider
1/ Ck
If v1 (t0=
) v1 (t0= = vN (t0 ) = 0, then vk = v ×
) 
1/ C1 + 1/ C2 +  + 1/ CN
6. Capacitors and Inductors 15 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Combined Capacitor Example 1

6. Capacitors and Inductors 16 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Combined Capacitor Example 2
1 1 1 1
= + +
Ceq 20m 30m 60m
⇒ Ceq = 10mF
q = Ceq v = 10 × 10 −3 × 30 = 0.3 C
Because q = C1v1 = C2 v2 = C3v3 ,
q q
⇒ v1 = = 15 V, v2 = = 10 V
C1 C2
q
v3 = =5V
C3

6. Capacitors and Inductors 17 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Current and Magnetic Field

A=Cross-Section Area
l=Length
N=Number of Turns

B=Magnetic Field
Φ=Magnetic Flux

For a solenoid,
N dφ
Magnetic Field =B ∝ ×i Magnetic Flux φ=
= =B × A V N×
l dt
N 2 × A di di
V∝ × ⇒ V=
L×
l dt dt
6. Capacitors and Inductors 18 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Inductor
 An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
 An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
 Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of
current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

di
v = L×
dt
µN2A
L=
l
+ v - µ = Permeability
i i
6. Capacitors and Inductors 19 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Inductors

Solenoidal-Wound

Toroidal Air-Core Iron-Core Variable

Iron-Core

Chip Inductor

6. Capacitors and Inductors 20 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Nonideal Inductors

v Linear v Nonlinear

Slope = L

di/dt di/dt

6. Capacitors and Inductors 21 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Inductor Current-Voltage Characteristic

t
di 1
=v L ⇔ i = ∫ vdt
dt L −∞
t0 t t
1 1 1
i= ∫ vdt + ∫ vdt = i ( 0 ) ∫ vdt
t +
L −∞ L t0 L t0
i ( t0 ) = Initial Condition

 An inductor is a short circuit to dc

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑣𝑣 = 𝐿𝐿 = 0).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 The current through an inductor
cannot change abruptly.

6. Capacitors and Inductors 22 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Power and Energy in Inductor

The instantaneous power delivered to the inductor is

di di
p = v ×=
i L ×=
i Li
dt dt
The energy stored in the inductor is
t t i (t ) i (t )
di 1 2 1 1
=w ∫= pdt L ∫ i = dt C ∫= idi Li = Li (t ) − Li (−∞) 2
2

−∞ −∞
dt i ( −∞ )
2 i ( −∞ )
2 2
Assume no current through the inductor at t = −∞, i.e, i (−∞) = 0,
1 2
w = Li
2

 The energy w is stored in the magnetic field within the inductor.

 This energy can be retrieved.

6. Capacitors and Inductors 23 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Inductor Example

10 (1 − t ) V L =
v(t ) = 2 H i (0) =
2A
t t
1 1
i=
(t ) ∫ = i ( 0 ) + ∫ v ( t ) dt
vdt
L −∞ L0
t
1
=2 + ∫ 10 (1 − t ) dt =2 + 5t − 2.5t 2 A
20
At t = 4, i ( 4 ) = −18 A

6. Capacitors and Inductors 24 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Capacitor-Inductor Example

12
=
i iL= = 2A
1+ 5
5
vC = 12 × = 10 V
1+ 5
1 2 1
=
wC = CvC ×102 50 J
×1=
2 2
1 2 1
wL = LiL = × 2 × 22 = 4 J
2 2

6. Capacitors and Inductors 25 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Two Inductors in Series

di di di
=v Leq = v1 L=1 v2 L2
dt dt dt
di di di
v= v1 + v2 ⇒ Leq = L1 + L2 ⇒ Leq =L1 + L2
dt dt dt
Voltage Divider
v1 L1
= v= v1 + v2
v2 L2
L1 L2
⇒ v1 = v × v2 = v ×
L1 + L2 L1 + L2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 26 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Series-Connected Inductors

v = v1 + v2 +  + vN
di di di di
Leq = L1 + L2 +  + LN
dt dt dt dt
di
= ( L1 + L2 +  + LN )
dt
⇒ Leq = L1 + L2 +  + LN

Voltage Divider
Lk
vk = v ×
L1 + L2 +  + LN

6. Capacitors and Inductors 27 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Two Inductors in Parallel

t t t
1 1 1
Leq t∫0 L1 t∫0
i (t ) i=
(t0 ) + vdt i1 (t ) i=
1 (t0 ) + vdt i2 (t ) i2 (t0 ) + ∫ vdt
L2 t0
i= i1 + i2 i=
(t0 ) i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 )
t t t
1 1 1 1 1 1 L1 L2
⇒ ∫
Leq t0
vdt = ∫
L1 t0
vdt + ∫
L2 t0
vdt ⇒ = +
Leq L1 L2
⇒ Leq = L1‖L2 =
L1 + L2
Current Divider. Assume =
i1 (t0 ) = i2 (t0 ) 0,=
then L1i1 (t ) L2i2 (t )
i1 1/ L1
= i= i1 + i2
i2 1/ L2
1 / L1 L2 1/ L2 L1
⇒ i1 i=
× =
i× i2 i =
× i×
1/ L1 + 1/ L2 L1 + L2 1 / L1 + 1 / L2 L1 + L2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 28 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Parallel-Connected Inductors

i = i1 + i2 +  + iN
Let i (t0 )= i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 ) +  + iN (t0 )
t t t t
1 1 1 1
∫
Leq t0
vdt = ∫
L1 t0
vdt + ∫
L2 t0
vdt +  + ∫
LN t0
vdt

1
t
1 1 1 
t

∫
Leq t0
vdt =  + +  +
 L1 L2
 ∫ vdt
LN  t0
1 1 1 1
⇒ = + ++
Leq L1 L2 LN
⇒ Leq =
L1‖L2‖‖LN

Current Divider
1/ Lk
If i1 (t0=
) i1 (t0= = iN (t0=
)  ) 0, then ik = i ×
1/ L1 + 1/ L2 +  + 1/ LN
6. Capacitors and Inductors 29 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Combined Inductor Example 1

6. Capacitors and Inductors 30 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Combined Inductor Example 2

(t ) 4 ( 2 − e −10t ) mA
i=
i2 (0) = −1 mA
Find i1 (0), v(t ), v1 (t ), v2 (t ), i1 (t ), i2 (t )

i = i1 + i2 ⇒ i (0) = i1 (0) + i2 (0) ⇒ 4 = i1 (0) − 1 ⇒ i1 (0) = 5 mA

di
Leq = 2 + 4‖12 = 5 H v = Leq ⇒ v= 5 × 40e −10t = 200e −10t mV
dt
2 2
v1= v × = v× = 80e −10t mV v2 = v − v1 = 120e −10t mV
2 + 4‖12 2+3
t
(mA)=5 − ( 3e −10t − 3) (mA) =
1
4 ∫0
−10 t t
i1 =+
i1 (0) v2 dt =
5 − 3e 8 − 3e −10t (mA)
0

i i1 =−e −10t (mA)

i2 =−
6. Capacitors and Inductors 31 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Important Characteristics of the Basic Elements

6. Capacitors and Inductors 32 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Circuit Elements

6. Capacitors and Inductors 33 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Integrator
=iR iC=va 0
vi − va d (va − vo )
⇒ = C
R dt
vi dvo
⇒ = −C
R dt
1
⇒ dvo = − vi dt
RC
t
1
⇒ vo (t ) − vo (0) = −
RC 0 ∫ vi dt

t
1
or vo (t ) = vo (0) −
τ ∫ v dt
0
i τ = RC

6. Capacitors and Inductors 34 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Differentiator

d (vi − va ) va − vo dvi vo
iC ==iR va 0 ⇒ C = ⇒ C =
−
dt R dt R
dvi dvi
vo = − RC × = −τ × τ= RC
dt dt
6. Capacitors and Inductors 35 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Differentiator Example

dvi dvi dvi

vo =−τ × = − RC × =
−1m ×
dt dt dt
For 0ms < t < 2ms and 4ms < t < 6ms
dvi 4
=
+ =+2k
dt 2m
⇒ vo = −1m × ( +2k ) =
−2 V
For 2ms < t < 4ms and 6ms < t < 8ms
dvi 4
=
− =−2k
dt 2m
⇒ vo = −1m × ( −2k ) =
+2 V

6. Capacitors and Inductors 36 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu