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Bulletin No: 44
Compendium of reference intervals

by Chris Higgins and Radiometer Medical ApS
May 2010
Bulletin 44
Table of contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2
2. Establishing reference intervals .................................................................................. 4
3. Validating an established reference interval .................................................................. 4
4. Reader's guide to the compendium ............................................................................. 4
5. References .............................................................................................................. 5
6. Parameters included in this compendium ..................................................................... 5
7. Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 7
8. Conversion factors .................................................................................................... 8
9. Rounding of numbers ................................................................................................ 9
10. Sources used for reference intervals ........................................................................ 11
11. Measured parameters ............................................................................................ 12
pH – Examples of reference intervals ......................................................................... 12
pCO2 – Examples of reference intervals ...................................................................... 13
pO2 – Examples of reference intervals ........................................................................ 14
ctHb – Examples of reference intervals ...................................................................... 15
sO2 – Examples of reference intervals ........................................................................ 16
O2Hb – Examples of reference intervals ...................................................................... 17
COHb – Examples of reference intervals ..................................................................... 17
MetHb – Examples of reference intervals .................................................................... 18
HbF – Examples of reference intervals ....................................................................... 18
cK+ – Examples of reference intervals ........................................................................ 19
cNa+ – Examples of reference intervals ...................................................................... 20
cCl- – Examples of reference intervals ........................................................................ 21
cCa2+ – Examples of reference intervals ..................................................................... 22
cGlu – Examples of reference intervals ....................................................................... 23
cLac – Examples of reference intervals ....................................................................... 24
ctBil – Examples of reference intervals ....................................................................... 25
cCrea – Examples of reference intervals ..................................................................... 26
12. Calculated parameters ........................................................................................... 28
ctHCO3-(P) – Examples of reference intervals .............................................................. 28
cBase(B) or ABE – Examples of reference intervals ...................................................... 28
cBase(Ecf) or SBE – Examples of reference intervals .................................................... 28
cHCO3-(P, st) – Examples of reference intervals ........................................................... 28
ctCO2(P) – Examples of reference intervals ................................................................. 28
ctCO2(B) – Examples of reference intervals ................................................................. 29
Hct – Examples of reference intervals ........................................................................ 29
pO2(A) – Examples of reference intervals ................................................................... 29
p50 – Examples of reference intervals........................................................................ 29
p50(st) – Examples of reference intervals................................................................... 30
pO2(x) – Examples of reference intervals .................................................................... 30
ctO2(B) – Examples of reference intervals................................................................... 30
ctO2(a-v) – Examples of reference intervals ................................................................ 30
ctO2(x) – Examples of reference intervals ................................................................... 30
FShunt – Examples of reference intervals ................................................................... 31
Qx – Examples of reference intervals.......................................................................... 31
Anion gap – Examples of reference intervals ............................................................... 31
The reference intervals are for information only
Page 2 of 32
Bulletin 44
1. Introduction
The main part of this compendium is a collection of published reference intervals for clinical
parameters measured by Radiometer blood gas analyzers. The reference intervals have been
extracted from textbooks and journals; each source is referenced. This compendium is
intended to help customers who wish to review the appropriateness of reference intervals in
current use at their healthcare institution for interpretation of patient test results generated by
Radiometer analyzers. The reference intervals contained in the compendium are for
information only. They are not necessarily derived using Radiometer instruments, nor have
they necessarily been derived according to guidelines in this area, e.g. CLSI guidelines. The
compendium thus contains no recommendation for adoption of any particular reference
interval. This brief introduction to the compendium provides a little background information on
how reference intervals are established and validated. For more in-depth treatment of the
theory and practice surrounding reference intervals, users of this compendium are directed to
other published resources [1-4], which include the most authoritative consensus of
international expert opinion in this area from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
(CLSI) [4].
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Bulletin 44
2. Establishing reference intervals
Reference intervals are established by measuring the parameter in question (pH, sodium,
glucose, etc.) in samples recovered from "healthy" reference individuals. Validity of a reference
interval relies on patient samples being collected and treated in the same way that samples
from reference individuals are treated. Reference individuals must be carefully selected
according to defined criteria so that they reflect healthy status of the population serviced by
the laboratory. There is recommendation [4] that reference intervals be derived from
measurements made on no less than 120 reference individuals (40 measurements is an
absolute minimum). By convention a reference interval is defined by the limits of the mid 95 %
of reference values obtained from reference individuals; values greater than the 97.5th centile
and values less than the 2.5th centile are thus excluded. So long as reference values conform
to Gaussian (normal) distribution, the 2.5th and 97.5th centiles are equal to –1.96 standard
deviations (–1.96 SD) from the mean and +1.96 standard deviations (+1.96 SD) from the
mean, respectively. So by calculating the mean and standard deviation of 120 reference
values, distributed in Gaussian form, the reference interval can be derived. More complex
statistical tools must be employed for construction of a reference interval if reference values
are not distributed in Gaussian form.
3. Validating an established reference interval

Establishing a reference interval according to current internationally agreed CLSI standards [1]
is a complex, time-consuming exercise requiring considerable statistical expertise and detailed
knowledge of the pathophysiological significance of the analyte in question. By contrast,
validation of an established (existing) reference interval is relatively straightforward. A
validation study is designed to confirm that an established reference interval is appropriate for
the population served by the adopting laboratory [4]. The preanalytical procedures and
analytical system used to generate the established reference range must be the same as, or
similar to, that used by the adopting laboratory. In essence, the validation study involves
determining reference values for 20 individuals who are judged to be representative of the
adopting laboratories' healthy population. So long as no more than two of the 20 (10 %)
reference values fall outside the established reference interval, it is considered appropriate for
the laboratory to adopt the reference interval [3,4].
4. Reader's guide to the compendium
 The referenced reference interval is either transcribed directly from the original sources,
or calculated by using the 2.5th and 97.5th centiles.
 Where relevant, the reference intervals are given in both SI and conventional units. The
reference intervals are rounded, and the specific number of decimals used is listed with
each parameter.
 Conversion between units: the factor used for conversion of units is listed on page 7.
 The reference intervals are not evaluated for compliance with CLSI guidelines for
establishing reference intervals as this information is lacking in most of the references.
Page 4 of 32
Bulletin 44
5. References
1. Solberg HE. Establishment and use of reference values (Chapter 16). In: Burtis CA,
Ashwood E, Bruns D. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2005
2. Higgins C. An introduction to reference intervals (1) – some theoretical considerations.

www.acutecaretesting.org 2009
3. Higgins C. Reference intervals (2): some practical considerations. www.acutecaretesting.org

2009
4. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Defining, establishing and verifying
reference intervals in the clinical laboratory. Approved guideline – 3rd ed. CLSI document C28-
A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Pennsylvania, USA 2008
Page 5 of 32
Bulletin 44
6. Parameters included in this compendium
Symbol Definition
pH Indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the sample.
pCO2 Partial pressure (or tension) of carbon dioxide in blood.
pO2 Partial pressure (or tension) of oxygen in blood.
Concentration of total hemoglobin in blood.
ctHb Total hemoglobin includes all types of hemoglobin: deoxy-, oxy-,
carboxy- and met-.
Oxygen saturation, the ratio between the concentrations of
sO2
oxyhemoglobin and the hemoglobin minus the dyshemoglobins.
FO2Hb Fraction of oxyhemoglobin in total hemoglobin in blood.
FCOHb Fraction of carboxyhemoglobin in total hemoglobin in blood.
FMetHb Fraction of methemoglobin in total hemoglobin in blood.
FHbF (neonates) Fraction of fetal hemoglobin in total hemoglobin in blood.
+
cK Concentration of potassium ions in plasma.
cNa+ Concentration of sodium ions in plasma.
cCa2+ Concentration of calcium ions in plasma.
cCl- Concentration of chloride ions in plasma.
cGlu Concentration of D-glucose in plasma.
cLac Concentration of L-lactate in plasma.
Concentration of total bilirubin in plasma
ctBil Total bilirubin includes its two forms: conjugated and
unconjugated.
cCrea Concentration of creatinine in blood.
Concentration of hydrogen carbonate in plasma (also termed actual
cHCO3–(P)
bicarbonate).
Actual Base Excess, the concentration of titrable base when the
cBase(B) blood is titrated with a strong base or acid to a plasma pH of 7.40,
or ABE at pCO2 of 5.33 kPa (40 mmHg) and 37 °C, at the actual oxygen
saturation.
Standard Base Excess, an in vivo expression of base excess. It
refers to a model of the extracellular fluid (one part of blood is
cBase(Ecf)
diluted by two parts of its own plasma) and is calculated using a
or SBE standard value for the hemoglobin concentration of the total
extracellular fluid.
Standard Bicarbonate, the concentration of hydrogen carbonate in
– the plasma from blood which is equilibrated with a gas mixture with
cHCO3 (P,st)
pCO2 = 5.33 kPa (40 mmHg) and
pO2 = 13.33 kPa (100 mmHg) at 37 °C.
Concentration of total carbon dioxide, (free CO2 + bound CO2) in
ctCO2(P)
plasma.
Concentration of total carbon dioxide in whole blood (also termed
CO2 content).
ctCO2(B)
Calculated based on the total CO2 concentrations in the two phases:
plasma and erythrocyte fluid.
FO2Hb Fraction of oxyhemoglobin in total hemoglobin in blood.
Oxygen saturation, the ratio between the concentrations of
sO2
oxyhemoglobin and the hemoglobin minus the dyshemoglobins.
Hematocrit, the ratio between the volume of erythrocytes and the
Hct
volume of whole blood.
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Bulletin 44
pO2(A) Partial pressure (or tension) of oxygen in alveolar air.

Partial pressure (or tension) of oxygen at half saturation (50 %) in
blood.
p50
High and low values indicate decreased and increased affinity of
oxygen to hemoglobin, respectively.
Partial pressure (or tension) of oxygen at half saturation (50 %) in
blood at standard conditions:
temperature = 37 °C
p50(st)
pH = 7.40
pCO2 = 5.33 kPa
FCOHb, FMetHb, FHbF set to 0
Oxygen extraction tension of arterial blood.
pO2(x) or px Reflects the integrated effects of changes in the arterial pO2(a),
ctO2 and p50 on the ability of arterial blood to release O2 to the
tissues.
Total oxygen concentration of blood.
ctO2(B)
Also termed O2 content.
– Oxygen concentration difference between arterial and mixed venous

ctO2(av ) blood.
Extractable oxygen concentration of arterial blood.

ctO2(x) Defined as the amount of O2 that can be extracted per liter of
arterial blood at an oxygen tension of 5.0 kPa (38 mmHg),
maintaining constant pH and pCO2.
Relative physiological shunt or concentration-based shunt.
 Calculated from the pulmonary shunt equation:

Q 1
s


Qt 1  ctO 2 (a  v)
FShunt ctO 2 (A)  ctO 2 (a)
if both arterial and mixed venous blood samples are used.
 May be estimated from one arterial sample by assuming a
constant difference in the concentrations of total oxygen in
arterial and mixed venous blood:
ctO 2 (a  v)  2.3 mmol/L (5.1 mL/dL)
Cardiac oxygen compensation factor of arterial blood defined as the
factor by which the cardiac output should increase to allow release
Qx
of 2.3 mmol/L (5.1 mL/dL) oxygen at a mixed venous pO2 of
5.0 kPa (38 mmHg).
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Bulletin 44
7. Abbreviations
Abbreviations
WB Whole Blood
A. umb. Arteria umbilicalis
V. umb. Vena umbilicalis
P Plasma
S Serum
N/A Not available
Hep Heparin
8. Conversion factors
Convert to: Multiply by:
Pressure
kPa mmHg × 7.50
mmHg kPa × 0.133
ctHb
g/dL mmol/L × 0.621
mmol/L g/dL × 1.61
Glucose
mg/dL mmol/L × 0.056
mmol/L mg/dL × 18.02
Lactate
Bilirubin
μmol/L mg/dL × 0.059
mg/dL μmol/L × 17.10
Creatinine
μmol/L mg/dL × 0.0113
mg/dL μmol/L × 88.4
cCa2+
meq/L mmol/L × 0.5
mmol/L meq/L ×2
Page 8 of 32
Bulletin 44
9. Rounding of numbers
The reference intervals are rounded regardless of the number of decimals in the original
source.
pH: Rounded to 2 decimal places.
pCO2: Rounded to 0 decimal place for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.
pO2: Rounded to 0 decimal place for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.
ctHb: Rounded to 1 decimal place.
sO2: Rounded to 0 decimal place for percent and 2 decimal places for fraction.
O2Hb: Rounded to 0 decimal place for percent and 2 decimal places for fraction.
COHb: Rounded to 0, 1, 2 or 3 decimal places.
MetHb: Rounded to 1 decimal place for percent and 3 decimal places for fraction.
HbF: Rounded to 0 decimal place for percent and 1 decimal place for fraction.
cK+: Rounded to 0 decimal place.
cNa+: Rounded to 0 decimal place.
cCl–: Rounded to 0 decimal place.
cCa2+: Rounded to 1 decimal place for mg/dL and 2 decimal places for mmol/L.
cGlu: Rounded to 0 decimal place for mg/dL and 1 decimal place for mmol/L.
cLac: Rounded to 1 decimal place.
ctBil: Rounded to 0 decimal place for mmol/L and 0 or 1 decimal place for mg/dL.
cCrea: Rounded to 0 decimal place for µmol/L and 1 decimal place for mg/dL.
ctHCO3-(P): Rounded to 1 decimal place.
cBase(B) or ABE: Rounded to 0 decimal place.
cBase(Ecf) or SBE: Rounded to 1 decimal place.
cHCO3-(P, st): Rounded to 0 decimal place.
ctCO2(P): Rounded to 1 decimal place.
ctCO2(B): Rounded to 0 decimal place.
Hct: Rounded to 0 decimal place for percent and 2 decimal places for fraction.
pO2(A): Rounded to 1 decimal place regardless.
p50: Rounded to 0 for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.
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p50(st): Rounded to 0 for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.
pO2(x): Rounded to 0 for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.
ctO2(B): Rounded to 1 decimal place.
ctO2(a-v): Rounded to 1 decimal place.
ctO2(x): Rounded to 2 decimal places.
FShunt: Rounded to 1 decimal place.
Qx: Rounded to 2 decimal places.
Anion gap: Rounded to 0 decimal place.
Page 10 of 32
Bulletin 44
10. Sources used for reference intervals

Referenced in source as: References:
ABL Manual ABL800 FLEX reference manual. Radiometer Medical ApS, DK-2700 Brønshøj,
Denmark, 2006.
Besarab Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JD, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM,
Schwab SJ, Goodkin DA. The effects of normal as compared with low
hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving
hemodialysis and epoetin. NEJM 1998; 339, 9: 584-90.
Cousineau Cousineau J, Anctil S, Carceller A, Gonthier M, Delvin EE. Neonate capillary
blood gas reference values. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 905-07.
Crapo Crapo RO, Jensen RL, Hegewald M, Tashkin DP. Arterial blood gas reference
values for sea level and an altitude of 1,400 meters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
1999; 160: 1525-31
Faloon Faloon W. Dying from neglect. LE Magazine 2002.
Fouse Fouse BL. Reference range evaluation for cord blood gas parameters.
www.bloodgas.org as accessed 17-07-2003
Heil Heil W, Koberstein R, Zawata B. Reference ranges for adults and children; pre-
analytical considerations. Wuppertal: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 2001
Kratz Kratz A, Ferraro M, Sluss PM, Lewandrowski KB. Laboratory reference values.
N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1548-63
Marshall Marshall MD, Kales SN, Christiani DC, Goldman RH. Are reference intervals for
carboxyhemoglobin appropriate? A survey of Boston area laboratories. Clin
Chem 1995; 41, 10: 1434-38
NORIP kliniskbiokemi.net/_NORIP/NORIP_referenceintervaller.htm as accessed
20-04-2009
Olesen Olesen H. Kompendium i laboratoriemedicin (1988). Amtsrådsforeningen i
Danmark.
Shiel Shiel WC. Hematocrit. MedicineNet.com as accessed 14-05-2009
Siggaard-Andersen 1 www.siggaard-andersen.dk/OsaTextbook.htm as accessed 15-04-2009
Siggaard-Andersen 2 Siggaard-Andersen O, Wimberley PD, Fogh-Andersen N, Gøthgen IH. Arterial
oxygen status determined with routine pH/blood gas equipment and multi-
wavelength hemoximetry: Reference values, precision, and accuracy. Scand J
Clin Lab Invest 1990; 50, Suppl. 203: 57-66.
Soldin Soldin J, Bruganara C, Wong EC. Pediatric reference intervals (2007) 6th
edition. United States of America: AACCPress
Tietz Burtis CA. Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and
molecular diagnostics. United States of America: Elsevier Inc, 2006
Urinovska Urinovska R, Kotaska K, Klapkova E, Zikmundova K, Prusa R, Rob L, Binder L.
Re-evaluation of cord blood arterial and venous reference ranges for pH, pO2,
pCO2. Poster.
Wallach Wallach JB, Burton J. Handbook of interpretation of diagnostic tests. 6th
edition. United States of America: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-
Publication Data, 1996
Page 11 of 32
Bulletin 44
11. Measured parameters
pH – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen
intervals
ABL Manual 6-5 N/A N/A 7.35 - 7.45
A. umb. 7.18 - 7.38
N/A
V. umb. 7.25 - 7.45
Premature,
7.35 - 7.50
48 hours
Birth 7.11 - 7.36
5-10 minutes N/A 7.09 - 7.30
Tietz 855-856 30 minutes 7.21 - 7.38
1 hour 7.26 - 7.49
1 day 7.29 - 7.45
Arterial 7.35 - 7.45
Children, adults
Venous 7.32 - 7.43
60-90 years 7.31 - 7.42
WB, arterial
>90 years 7.26 - 7.43
Newborn
Venous 7.17 - 7.45
Olesen 260
Adult
Venous 7.35 - 7.43
Wallach 11 N/A
Venous 7.32 - 7.38
A. umb. 7.09 - 7.40
N/A
V. umb. 7.15 - 7.45
1 day 7.20 - 7.41
Heil 98-99
10-90 days 7.34 - 7.45
WB, arterial
4-12 months 7.38 - 7.45
Adult 7.37 - 7.45
0-1 month 7.18 - 7.51
1-6 months WB 7.18 - 7.50
6-12 months 7.27 - 7.49
Soldin 159
N/A WB, cord blood 7.26 - 7.50
2-5 days WB 7.30 - 7.49
Premature, neonate Capillary blood 7.23 - 7.43
Siggaard-Andersen Male 7.37 - 7.43
12 N/A
1 Female 7.38 - 7.44
A. umb. 7.01 - 7.39
Vaginal delivery
V. umb. 7.06 - 7.44
Urinovska 1
Spontaneous A. umb. 7.05 - 7.39
cesarean delivery V. umb. 7.10 - 7.42
62 N/A
2 Female 7.39 - 7.45
Cousineau 2 Neonate; 36-60 hours N/A 7.31 - 7.47
A. umb. 7.14 - 7.42
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 7.22 - 7.44
Page 12 of 32
Bulletin 44
pH – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen
intervals
Male 7.37 - 7.47
Sea level
Female 7.39 - 7.47
Crapo 1527
Male 1,400 m 7.39 - 7.47
Female altitude 7.40 - 7.48
Kratz 1553 N/A WB, arterial 7.38 - 7.44
pCO2 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen mmHg kPa
Male 35 - 48 4.7 - 6.4
ABL Manual 6-6 N/A
Female 32 - 45 4.3 - 6.0
Newborn 27 - 40 3.6 - 5.3
Infant 27 - 41 3.6 - 5.5
Tietz 840 N/A
Male 35 - 48 4.7 - 6.4
Female 32 - 45 4.3 - 6.0
A. umb. 38 - 71 5.0 - 9.4
N/A
V. umb. 28 - 55 3.7 - 7.3
Olesen 106 3 years 32 - 43 4.3 - 5.7
Male WB, arterial 34 - 45 4.7 - 6.0
Female 32 - 43 4.3 - 5.7
Infant 32 - 48 4.3 - 6.4
Wallach 10 WB, arterial
Adult 27 - 41 3.6 - 5.5
A. umb. 35 - 80 4.7 - 10.7
N/A
V. umb. 30 - 57 4.0 - 7.6
1 day 29 - 61 4.0 - 8.0
Heil 98-99 10-90 days 27 - 43 3.5 - 5.7
4-12 months N/A 27 - 40 3.6 - 5.3
Male 35 - 46 4.7 - 6.1
Female 32 - 43 4.3 - 5.7
Newborn 27 - 40 3.6 - 5.3
Infant WB, arterial 27 - 41 3.6 - 5.5
Soldin 53
Thereafter 32 - 48 4.3 - 6.4
Premature, neonate Capillary blood 39 - 68 5.2 - 9.1
Siggaard-Andersen Male 37 - 46 4.9 - 6.2
16 N/A
1 Female 34 - 43 4.6 - 5.8
A. umb. 31 - 86 4.1 - 11.5
Vaginal delivery
V. umb. 25 - 74 3.3 - 9.9
Urinovska 1
Spontaneous A. umb. 38 - 80 5.0 - 10.6
cesarean delivery V. umb. 29 - 70 3.9 - 9.4
62 N/A
2 Female 33 - 44 4.4 - 5.9
Cousineau 2 N/A N/A 29 - 49 3.8 - 6.5
A. umb. 34 - 78 4.5 - 10.4
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 30 - 63 4.0 - 8.4
Male 32 - 45 4.2 - 6.0
Crapo 1527 Sea level
Female 31 - 43 4.1 - 5.7
Page 13 of 32
Bulletin 44
pCO2 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Male 1,400 m 30 - 38 3.9 - 5.1
Female altitude 27 - 39 3.6 - 5.2
Kratz 1553 N/A WB, arterial 35 - 45 4.7 - 5.9
pO2 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
ABL Manual 6-6 Adult N/A 83 - 108 11.1 - 14.4
A. umb. 6 - 31 0.8 - 0.4
N/A
V. umb. 17 - 41 2.3 - 5.5
Birth 8 - 24 1.1 - 3.2
5-10 minutes 33 - 75 4.4 - 10.0
30 minutes 31 - 85 4.1 - 11.3
1 hour 55 - 80 7.3 - 10.6
Tietz 855
1 day 54 - 95 7.2 - 12.6
WB, arterial
2 days - 60 years 83 - 108 11.0 - 14.4
>60 years >80 >10.6
>70 years >70 >9.3
>80 years >60 >8.0
>90 years >50 >6.7
A. umb. 8 - 24 1.1 - 3.2
N/A
V. umb. 13 - 32 1.7 - 4.3
40 years 83 - 108 11.1 - 14.4
Olesen 323-324 WB, arterial
>40 years 72 - 103 9.6 - 13.7
WB, venous;
Adult 38 - 44 5.0 - 5.8
right atrium
Newborn 60 - 75 8.0 - 10.0
<60 >85 >11.3
60 >80 >10.7
Wallach 11 Arterial
70 >70 >9.3
80 >60 >8.0
90 >50 >6.7
A. umb. <22 <2.9
N/A
V. umb. 16 - 35 2.1 - 4.7
Heil 98-99
10-90 days N/A 70 - 85 9.3 - 11.3
Adult N/A 71 - 104 9.5 - 13.9
Birth 8 - 24 1.1 - 3.2
5-10 minutes 33 - 75 4.4 - 10.0
30 minutes 31 - 85 4.1 - 11.3
WB, arterial
Soldin 156 >1 hour 55 - 80 7.3 - 10.6
1 day 54 - 95 7.2 - 12.6
>1 day 83 - 108 11.0 - 14.4
23 N/A
1 Female 69 - 94 9.2 - 12.5
Urinovska 1 Vaginal delivery A. umb. 11 - 38 1.5 - 5.1
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pO2 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
V. umb. 14 - 47 1.8 - 6.3
Spontaneous A. umb. 9 - 45 1.2 - 5.9
cesarean delivery V. umb. 15 - 54 2.0 - 7.2
62 N/A
2 Female 69 - 118 9.2 - 15.7
Cousineau 2 N/A N/A 38 - 83 5.1 - 11.0
A. umb. 23 - 300 3.0 - 40.0
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 90 - 323 12.0 - 43.0
Kratz 1553 N/A WB, arterial 80 - 100 11.0 - 13.0
Siggaard-Andersen Male pO2
23 34 - 41 4.5 - 5.5
1 Female (mixed venous)
ctHb – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen g/dL mmol/L
Male 13.5 - 17.5 8.4 - 10.9
ABL Manual 6-7 N/A
Female 12.0 - 16.0 7.4 - 9.9
Fetus:
18-20 weeks 9.8 - 9.8 6.1 - 8.1
21-22 weeks 10.5 - 10.5 6.5 - 8.7
23-25 weeks 10.8 - 10.8 6.7 - 8.7
26-30 weeks 11.0 - 11.0 6.8 - 9.7
Newborns:
At birth 13.5 - 13.5 8.4 - 12.4
0 - 1 day 14.5 - 14.5 9.0 - 15.2
>1 - 2 days 14.0 - 14.0 8.7 - 14.9
>2 - 3 days 14.3 - 14.3 8.9 - 13.9
Olesen 228-229 WB, venous
>3 - 4 days 14.3 - 14.3 8.9 - 13.9
>7 - 14 days 13.5 - 13.5 8.4 - 13.3
>1/2 - 1 month 10.8 - 10.8 6.7 - 10.8
>1 - 2 months 9.0 - 9.0 5.6 - 10.3
>2 - 12 months 10.0 - 10.0 6.2 - 9.0
>1 - 4 years 10.5 - 10.5 6.5 - 8.4
>4 - 8 years 10.8 - 10.8 6.7 - 9.1
>7 - 14 years 11.1 - 11.1 6.9 - 9.8
Male 13.9 - 17.8 8.4 - 10.8
Female 12.2 - 15.8 7.4 - 9.6
1 day 15.2 - 23.6 9.4 - 14.7
2-6 days 15.0 - 24.6 9.3 - 15.3
14-23 days 12.7 - 18.7 7.9 - 11.6
24-37 days 10.3 - 17.9 6.4 - 11.1
Heil 82-83 40-50 days WB 9.0 - 16.6 5.6 - 10.3
2-2.5 months 9.2 - 13.6 5.7 - 8.4
3-3.5 months 9.6 - 12.8 6.0 - 7.9
5-7 months 10.1 - 12.9 6.3 - 8.0
8-10 months 10.5 - 12.9 6.5 - 8.0
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ctHb – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen g/dL mmol/L
11-13.5 months 10.7 - 13.1 6.6 - 8.1
1.5-3 years 10.8 - 12.8 6.7 - 7.9
5 years 10.7 - 14.7 6.6 - 9.1
10 years 10.8 - 15.6 6.7 - 9.7
Adult, male 14.0 - 17.5 8.7 - 10.9
Adult, female 12.3 - 15.3 7.6 - 9.5
>70 years, male 12.1 - 17.6 7.5 - 10.9
>70 years, female 11.7 - 16.2 7.3 - 10.1
>75 years, male 11.8 - 17.5 7.3 - 10.9
>75 years, female 11.6 - 16.1 7.2 - 10.0
>81 years, male 11.6 - 16.3 7.2 - 10.1
>81 years, female 10.9 - 15.5 6.8 - 9.6
Siggaard-Andersen Male 13.6 - 16.7 8.5 - 10.3
320 N/A
1 Female 12.2 - 14.9 7.6 - 9.2
62 N/A
2 Female 11.7 - 14.6 7.3 - 9.1
Cousineau 2 N/A N/A 17.0 - 21.6 10.6 - 13.4
A. umb. 11.6 - 18.8 7.2 - 11.7
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 11.4 - 19.0 7.0 - 11.8
Male 12.0 - 16.0 7.4 - 9.9
Sea level
Female 10.5 - 14.1 6.5 - 8.8
Crapo 1527
Male 1,400 m 12.7 - 16.7 7.9 - 10.4
Female altitude 10.7 - 14.7 6.6 - 9.1
Male 13.5 - 17.5 8.4 - 10.9
Kratz 1550 WB
Female 12.0 - 16.0 7.4 - 9.9
sO2 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen Percent Fraction
ABL Manual 6-7 Adult N/A 95 - 99 0.95 - 0.99
Newborn 40 - 90 0.40 - 0.90
Tietz 855 WB, arterial
Thereafter 94 - 98 0.94 - 0.98
Cord blood,
N/A 7 - 32 0.07 - 0.32
arterial
Olesen 321-323
1 - 40 years 95 - 99 0.95 - 0.99
WB
>40 - 80 years 92 - 99 0.92 - 0.99
Male
WB, arterial 94 - 98 0.94 - 0.98
Female
Heil 99
Male
WB, venous 70 - 80 0.70 - 0.80
Female
Newborn 85 - 90 0.85 - 0.90
WB, arterial
Soldin 157 Thereafter 95 - 99 0.95 - 0.99
62 N/A
2 Female 95 - 99 0.95 - 0.99
Siggaard-Andersen Male (50 years) 95 - 97 0.95 - 0.97
25 N/A
1 Female (50 years) 94 - 97 0.94 - 0.97
Page 16 of 32
Bulletin 44
sO2 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Siggaard-Andersen Male
25 Mixed venous 0.7 70
1 Female
O2Hb – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
ABL Manual 6-8 N/A N/A 94 - 98 0.94 - 0.98
A. umb. 0 - 80 0.00 - 0.80
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 23 - 94 0.23 - 0.94
COHb – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Male
ABL Manual 6-9 N/A 0.5 - 1.5 0.005 - 0.015
Female
Male
Olesen 106-107 N/A <2 <0.020
Female
Male, non-smokers
N/A <2.2 <0.022
Female, non-smokers
Heil 79
Male, smokers
N/A <10.5 <0.105
Female, smokers
Male
Siggaard-Andersen 1 31 N/A 0.1 - 0.8 0.001 - 0.008
Female
Male 0.03 - 0.80 0.000 - 0.008
Siggaard-Andersen 2 62 N/A
Female 0.00 - 0.80 0.000 - 0.008
A. umb. 0.7 - 5.5 0.007 - 0.055
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 0.2 - 7.3 0.002 - 0.073
Male, sea level 0.77 - 2.61 0.008 - 0.026
N/A
Female, sea level 0.38 - 2.78 0.004 - 0.028
Crapo 1527
Male, 1,400 m altitude 0.09 - 1.81 0.001 - 0.018
N/A
Female, 1,400 m altitude 0.14 - 1.58 0.001 - 0.019
Normal 0.35 - 0.50 0.004 - 0.005
Pregnancy 0.40 - 2.60 0.004 - 0.026
Acute hemolysis, hemolyte anemia 4.00 - 6.00 0.040 - 0.060
Industrial workers, non-smokers 0.00 - 2.90 0.000 - 0.029
Marshall 1437 N/A
Non-industrial workers, non-smokers 0.00 - 0.90 0.000 - 0.090
Smokers 0.90 - 10.40 0.009 - 0.104
Industrial workers, smokers 0.00 - 7.90 0.000 - 0.079
Non-industrial workers, smokers 0.00 - 7.90 0.000 - 0.079
Non-smokers 0.0 - 2.3 0.000 - 0.023
Kratz 1549 WB
Smokers 2.1 - 4.2 0.021 - 0.042
Page 17 of 32
Bulletin 44
MetHb – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Male
ABL Manual 6-9 N/A 0.0 - 1.5 0.000 - 0.015
Female
Tietz 854 N/A WB 0.04 - 1.52 0 - 0.02
Olesen 147 N/A N/A <2.0 <0.020
Wallach 8 N/A N/A <3 <0.030
Non-smokers Heparinized
Heil 84-85 <1.2 <0.012
and smokers blood
Siggaard-Andersen
31 N/A N/A 0.1 - 1.0 0.001 - 0.010
1
62 N/A
2 Female 0.2 - 0.6 0.002 - 0.006
N/A A. umb. 0.5 - 1.4 0.01 - 0.01
Fouse 2
N/A V. umb. 0.5 - 1.4 0.01 - 0.01
Male 0.1 - 0.9 0 - 0.01
Sea level
Female 0.1 - 1.1 0 - 0.01
Crapo 1527
Male 1,400 m 0.1 - 0.6 0 - 0.01
Female altitude 0.2 - 0.7 0 - 0.01
Kratz 1550 N/A N/A 1 of total hem N/A
HbF – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
ABL Manual 6-10 Neonate N/A ~80 ~0.8
Page 18 of 32
Bulletin 44
cK+ – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen mmol/L
Male
ABL Manual 6-10 N/A 3.4 - 4.5
Female
At birth 3.5 - 6.3
0 - 1 day 4.7 - 7.7
>1 - 7 days 4.3 - 7.5
Olesen 254-255 Plasma
>7 days - 1/4 years 4.3 - 6.2
>1/4 - <3 years 3.8 - 5.6
>3 years 3.5 - 5.6
Premature 3.2 - 4.6
1 day - 4 weeks 3.6 - 6.1
2-12 months Serum/ 3.6 - 5.8
Heil 64-65
>1 year Plasma 3.1 - 5.1
 60 years 3.3 - 5.1
>60 years 3.7 - 5.4
0-1 week 3.2 - 5.5
1 week - 1 month 3.4 - 6.0
1-6 months 3.5 - 5.6
6 months - 1 year Plasma 3.5 - 6.1
>1 year 3.3 - 4.6
1-15 years 3.7 - 5.0
16 years - adult 3.7 - 4.8
Soldin 162-163
0-1 month 2.5 - 5.4
WB
1-6 months 2.7 - 5.2
0-1 week 3.2 - 5.7
1 week - 1 month 3.4 - 6.2
Serum/
1-6 months 3.5 - 5.8
Plasma
6 months - 1 year 3.5 - 6.3
>1 year 3.3 - 4.7
Plasma 3.5 - 4.4
NORIP 1 N/A
Serum 3.6 - 4.6
Page 19 of 32
Bulletin 44
cNa+ – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
ABL Manual 6-10 N/A N/A 136 - 146
At birth 128 - 151
Olesen 308-309 Plasma
Children, adults 136 - 146
Premature 128 - 147
1 day - 4 weeks 132 - 147
2-12 months 129 - 143
Serum/
Heil 68-69 >1 year 132 - 145
Plasma
65 years 136 - 145
>65 years 132 - 146
COBAS ISE direct 146 - 157
0-7 days 133 - 146
7-31 days 134 - 144
1-6 months Plasma 134 - 142
6 months - 1 year 133 - 142
>1 year 134 - 143
0-1 month 127 - 143
Soldin 180 WB
2-6 months 130 - 147
0-7 days 131 - 144
7-31 days 132 - 142
Serum/
1-6 months 132 - 140
Plasma
6 months - 1 year 131 - 140
>1 year 132 - 141
NORIP 1 N/A N/A 137 - 145
Page 20 of 32
Bulletin 44
cCl- – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specification mmol/L
ABL Manual 6-11 N/A mmol/L 98 - 106
Cord 96 - 104
Premature 95 - 110
Serum/
Tietz 842 0-30 days 98 - 113
Plasma
Adult 98 - 107
>90 years 98 - 111
Newborn 96 - 104
Olesen 115-116 0 - 1 month Plasma 96 - 110
>1 month 98 - 106
Premature 97 - 122
1 day - 4 weeks 95 - 116
1-12 months 93 - 112
Serum/
Heil 24-25 >1 year 96 - 111
Plasma
Adult < 65 years 98 - 106
Adult > 65 years 94 - 110
COBAS ISE direct 101 - 110
0-1 week 96 - 111
1 week - 1 month 96 - 110
1-6 months Plasma 96 - 110
6 months - 1 year 96 - 108
>1 year 96 - 109
1-17 years 102 - 112
Soldin 56 Serum
18-adult 100 - 108
0-7 days 97 - 108
7-31 days 97 - 108
Serum/
1-6 months 97 - 108
Plasma
6 months - 1 year 97 - 106
>1 year 97 - 107
Page 21 of 32
Bulletin 44
cCa2+ – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen mg/dL mmol/L
ABL Manual 6-11 N/A N/A 4.6 - 5.2 1.15 - 1.29
Tietz 840 Adult S, P (Hep) 4.6 - 5.3 1.15 - 1.33
N/A A. umb. 5.1 - 6.2 1.28 - 1.56
0 - 2 days 4.7 - 5.5 1.17 - 1.37
>2 - 4 days 4.8 - 5.9 1.19 - 1.47
Olesen 99-100 >4 - 6 days 5.0 - 6.1 1.24 - 1.52
N/A
>6 days 4.9 - 5.4 1.22 - 1.35
Adult 4.7 - 5.3 1.18 - 1.32
Pregnant at term 4.4 - 5.1 1.11 - 1.27
1-19 years, male 4.0 - 5.5 1.23 - 1.38
20 years, male 4.8 - 5.3 1.19 - 1.33
Wallach 10 N/A
1-17 years, female 4.9 - 5.5 1.23 - 1.38
18 years, female 4.8 - 5.3 1.19 - 1.33
Heil 22-23 N/A N/A 4.7 - 5.2 1.17 - 1.29
0-1 month, male 3.9 - 6.0 1.00 - 1.50
0-1 month, female 3.9 - 6.0 1.00 - 1.50
1-6 months, male 3.7 - 5.9 0.95 - 1.50
1-6 months, female 3.7 - 5.9 0.95 - 1.50
Soldin 51 WB
1-19 years, male 4.9 - 5.5 1.22 - 1.37
20 years - adult, male 4.8 - 5.3 1.18 - 1.32
1-17 years, female 4.9 - 5.5 1.22 - 1.37
18 years - adult, female 4.8 - 5.3 1.18 - 1.32
Kratz 1554 At sea level P 4.5 - 5.6 1.10 - 1.40
Page 22 of 32
Bulletin 44
cGlu – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
ABL Manual 6-11 Male, female mmol/L 70 - 105 3.9 - 5.8
Cord 45 - 96 2.5 - 5.3
Premature 20 - 60 1.1 - 3.3
Neonate 30 - 60 1.7 - 3.3
1 day 40 - 60 2.2 - 3.3
Serum,
>1 day 50 - 80 2.8 - 4.5
Tietz 849 Fasting
Child 60 - 100 3.3 - 5.6
Adult 74 - 100 4.1 - 5.6
>60 years 82 - 115 4.6 - 6.4
>90 years 75 - 121 4.2 - 6.7
Adult WB 65 - 95 3.5 - 5.3
Olesen 190-191 N/A WB 66 - 94 3.7 - 5.2
Wallach 11 N/A Fasting 60 - 100 3.3 - 5.6
Premature 54 - 103 3.0 - 5.7
Neonate >6 hours 40 - 60 2.2 - 3.3
>5 days 50 - 80 2.8 - 4.4
1-2 years 33 - 111 1.8 - 6.2
3-4 years 52 - 98 2.9 - 5.4
Heil 42-43 N/A
5-6 years 69 - 100 3.8 - 5.5
60 - 100 3.3 - 5.5
55 - 115 3.1 - 6.4
Adult
<126 <7.0
76 - 110 4.2 - 6.1
0-1 month 55 - 115 3.1 - 6.4
WB
1-6 months 57 - 117 3.2 - 6.5
Outside the neonatal period Serum 70 - 126 3.9 - 7.0
0-1 day, male 36 - 110 2.0 - 6.1
Soldin 108 0-1 day, female 36 - 89 2.0 - 4.9
1-7 days, male 47 - 110 2.6 - 6.1
N/A
1-7 days, female 47 - 110 2.6 - 6.1
>7 days, male 54 - 117 3.0 - 6.5
>7 days, female 54 - 117 3.0 - 6.5
NORIP 1 N/A N/A 76 - 114 4.2 - 6.3
Cousineau 2 N/A N/A 54 - 83 3.0 - 4.6
Page 23 of 32
Bulletin 44
cLac – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
ABL Manual Male, female N/A 4.5 - 14.4 0.5 - 1.6
At bed rest, venous 5.0 - 12.0 0.6 - 1.4
Tietz 852 WB (Hep)
At bed rest, arterial 3.0 - 7.0 0.4 - 0.8
A. umb. 14.4 - 49.6 1.6 - 5.5
N/A
V. umb. 10.8 - 45.5 1.2 - 5.0
1 day 12.6 - 26.1 1.4 - 2.9
Olesen 198 3 days WB, venous 9.0 - 22.5 1.0 - 2.5
5 days 8.1 - 22.5 0.9 - 2.5
Arterial 2.7 - 7.2 0.3 - 0.8
Adult
Venous 9.0 - 16.2 1.0 - 1.8
Wallach 11 N/A N/A 6.3 - 18.9 0.7 - 2.1
Neonate <26.0 <2.9
N/A
Adult <19.8 <2.2
Heil 56-57 Venous
<15.3 <1.7
N/A (fasting)
Arterial <11.3 <1.3
1-12 months 10.0 - 21.0 1.1 - 2.3
1-7 years WB 7.0 - 14.0 0.8 - 1.5
7-15 years 5.0 - 8.0 0.6 - 0.9
0-90 days 30.0 3.3
Soldin 139 3-24 months Plasma 28.0 3.1
2-18 years 20.0 2.2
0-90 days 9.0 - 32.0 1.0 - 3.5
Serum/
3-24 months 9.0 - 30.0 1.0 - 3.3
Plasma
2-18 years 9.0 - 22.0 1.0 - 2.4
Kratz 1555 N/A P, venous 5 - 15 0.6 - 1.7
Page 24 of 32
Bulletin 44
ctBil – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen mg/dL μmol/L
≤24 hours, premature 1.0 - 8.0 17 - 137
≤24 hours, full-term 2.0 - 6.0 34 - 103
≤48 hours, premature 6.0 - 12 103 - 205
ABL Manual 6-13 ≤48 hours N/A 6.0 - 10 103 - 171
3-5 days, premature 10.0 - 14 171 - 239
3-5 days, full-term 4.0 - 8.0 68 - 137
>1 month 0.2 - 1 3.4 - 17
Cord (premature) <2.0 <34
Cord (full-term) <2.0 <34
0-1 day (premature) 1.0 - 8.0 17 - 137
0-1 day (full-term) 2.0 - 6.0 34 - 103
Tietz 839 1-2 days (premature) Serum 6.0 - 12.0 103 - 205
1-2 days (full-term) 6.0 - 10.0 103 - 171
3-5 days (premature) 10.0 - 14.0 171 - 240
3-5 days (full-term) 4.0 - 8.0 68 - 137
Adult 0 - 2.0 0 - 34
Newborn 0.6 - 2.6 10 - 45
0 days 2 - 6.4 25 - 110
1 day 2.9 - 9.4 50 - 160
2 days 3.2 - 9.9 55 - 170
Olesen 76-77 Plasma
3 days 2.1 - 8.7 35 - 150
4 days 0.6 - 7.9 10 - 135
Male <1.3 <22
Female <1.0 <17
<1 day <5.8 <99
1-2 days <8.2 <140
Wallach 9-10 3-5 days N/A <11.7 <200
>1 month <1.0 <17
1 month - adult <0.6 <10
1 day, premature <6 <103
2 days, premature <8 <137
3-5 days, premature <15 <257
Serum/
Heil 20-21 1 day, full-term <6 <103
Plasma
2 days, full-term <7 <120
3-5 days, full-term <12 <205
Children and adults <1 <17
Birth - 1 day <5.8 <100
1-2 days <8.2 <140
3-5 days <11.7 <200
Serum
Bottle-fed infants <12.4 <212
Soldin 45
Breast-fed infants <14.8 <253
0-1 day <5.1 <87
1-2 days Serum/ <7.2 <123
3-5 days Plasma <10.3 <176
Page 25 of 32
Bulletin 44
cCrea – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Male 0.6 - 1.2 53 - 106
ABL Manual 5-6 N/A
Female 0.5 - 1.1 44 - 97
0-1 year 0.0 - 0.3 4 - 29
2-5 years 0.0 - 0.5 4 - 40
Tietz
6-9 years 0.2 - 0.5 18 - 46
Creatinine 844 Serum
Enzymatic 10 years 0.2 - 0.6 19 - 52
Adult, male 0.6 - 1.1 55 - 96
Adult, female 0.5 - 0.8 40 - 66
Male, 0 - 12 years 0.4 - 0.9 35 - 75
N/A
Female, 0 - 12 years 0.4 - 0.9 35 - 75
Olesen Male, >12 - 16 years 0.5 - 1.0 40 - 90
Creatinine 140-144
(Jaffé) Female, >12 - 16 years 0.5 - 1.0 40 - 90
N/A
Adult, male 0.7 - 1.5 62 - 133
Adult, female 0.5 - 1.3 44 - 115
<1 week 0.6 - 1.1 53 - 97
1-4 weeks 0.3 - 0.7 27 - 62
1-12 months 0.2 - 0.4 18 - 35
>1 year 0.2 - 0.7 18 - 62
1-2 years, male 0.2 - 0.6 18 - 63
1-3 years, female 0.2 - 0.6 18 - 63
3-4 years, male 0.3 - 0.7 27 - 62
Wallach 10 4-5 years, female N/A 0.3 - 0.7 27 - 62
5-9 years, male 0.5 - 0.8 44 - 71
6-8 years, female 0.5 - 0.9 44 - 71
10-11 years, male 0.6 - 0.9 53 - 80
9, female 0.6 - 0.9 53 - 80
12-13 years 0.6 - 1.0 53 - 88
14-15 years 0.7 - 1.1 62 - 97
16 years 0.8 - 1.2 71 - 106
Neonates <1.2 <106
2-12 months <0.9 <80
>1 year <1.0 <88
Female, adult <1.2 <103
Female, 70-79 years <1.4 <124
Female, 80-89 years <1.5 <133
Female, >89 years <1.6 <141
Male, adult <1.4 <120
Male, 70-79 years <1.7 <150
Heil 32-33 Male, >79 years N/A <1.9 <168
Premature <1.0 <92
Neonate, 1-14 days <0.9 <75
2-12 months <0.4 <37
1-3 years <0.4 <36
4-5 years <0.5 <42
6-7 years <0.6 <52
8-9 years <0.6 <53
10-11 years <0.7 <65
12-13 years <0.8 <70
Page 26 of 32
Bulletin 44
cCrea – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
14-15 years <0.9 <77
Adult, male <1.2 <106
Adult, female <0.9 <80
0-1 week 0.6 - 1.1 53 - 97
1 week - 1 month 0.3 - 0.7 27 - 62
1-6 months Plasma 0.2 - 0.4 18 - 35
7-12 months 0.2 - 0.4 18 - 35
1-18 years 0.2 - 0.7 18 - 62
0-1 week 0.7 - 1.2 60 - 110
1 week - 1 month 0.3 - 0.8 30 - 70
Serum/
1 month - 1 year 0.2 - 0.5 20 - 40
Plasma
1-9 years 0.2 - 0.8 20 - 70
10-18 years 0.5 - 1.1 40 - 10
1-30 days, male 0.5 - 1.2 44 - 106
1-30 days, female 0.5 - 0.9 44 - 80
31-365 days, male 0.4 - 0.7 35 - 62
Soldin 77-78
31-365 days, female 0.4 - 0.6 35 - 53
1-3 years, male 0.4 - 0.7 35 - 62
1-3 years, female 0.4 - 0.7 35 - 62
4-6 years, male 0.5 - 0.8 44 - 71
4-6 years, female 0.5 - 0.8 44 - 71
Plasma
7-9 years, male 0.6 - 0.9 53 - 80
7-9 years, female 0.5 - 0.9 44 - 80
10-12 years, male 0.6 - 1.0 53 - 88
10-12 years, female 0.6 - 1.0 53 - 88
13-15 years, male 0.6 - 1.2 53 - 106
13-15 years, female 0.7 - 1.1 62 - 97
16-18 years, male 0.8 - 1.4 71 - 123
16-18 years, female 0.8 - 1.2 71 - 106
Page 27 of 32
Bulletin 44
12. Calculated parameters
ctHCO3-(P) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
18 N/A
1 Female 21.2 - 27.0
cBase(B) or ABE – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
A. umb. -7 - 2
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. -6 - 2
cBase(Ecf) or SBE – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Siggaard-Andersen Male -3.2 - 1.8
14 N/A
1 Female -2.3 - 2.7
cHCO3-(P, st) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
A. umb. 21 - 29
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 20 - 28
ctCO2(P) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
17 Plasma
1 Female 22.3 - 28.4
Page 28 of 32
Bulletin 44
ctCO2(B) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
A. umb. 22 - 32
Fouse 2 N/A
V. umb. 21 - 29
Hct – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
Male 42 - 52 0.42 - 0.52
Besarab 1 N/A
Female 37 - 48 0.37 - 0.48
Male 36 - 50 0.36 - 0.50
Faloon 3 N/A
Female 34 - 44 0.34 - 0.44
Male 42 - 54 0.42 - 0.54
Shiel 1 N/A
Female 38 - 46 0.38 - 0.46
pO2(A) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen kPa
21 N/A
1 Female 13.4 - 15.0
62 N/A
2 Female 13.3 - 14.9
p50 – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
28
1 Female 24 - 29 3.2 - 3.9
Male 24 - 28 3.2 - 3.8
Arterial
Siggaard-Andersen Female 24 - 28 3.2 - 3.7
62
2 Male 25 - 30 3.4 - 4.1
Venous
Female 26 - 31 3.4 - 4.1
Page 29 of 32
Bulletin 44
p50(st) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
28 N/A
1 Female 25 - 30 3.3 - 4.0
Male 25 - 29 3.3 - 3.8
Arterial
Siggaard-Andersen Female 25 - 29 3.4 - 3.8
62
2 Male 24 - 29 3.2 - 3.8
Venous
Female 26 - 29 3.4 - 3.9
pO2(x) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference intervals
24 N/A
1 Female 32 - 39 4.3 - 5.3
62 N/A
2 Female 32 - 39 4.2 - 5.2
ctO2(B) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen mmol
62 N/A
2 Female 7.1 - 8.9
ctO2(a-v) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Siggaard-Andersen
32 N/A N/A 1.9 - 2.8
1
ctO2(x) – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Siggaard-Andersen Male (50 years) 1.62 - 2.53
27 N/A
1 Female (50 years) 1.74 - 2.72
Page 30 of 32
Bulletin 44
FShunt – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen Fraction
Siggaard-Andersen
21 1-119 years N/A 0.0 - 0.2
1
Siggaard-Andersen Male -0.1 - 0.1
62 N/A
2 Female 0.0 - 0.1
Qx – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Source Page Age/Sex/Other Specimen Percent
62 N/A
2 Female 0.87 - 1.43
Anion gap – Examples of reference intervals

Reference
intervals
Tietz 669 Na+ - [Cl- + HCO3-] N/A 7 - 16
+ - -
Na - [Cl + HCO3 ] N/A 8 - 16
Wallach 255 + + - -
Na + K - [Cl + HCO3 ] N/A 10 - 20
Page 31 of 32
Bulletin 44
Radiometer Medical ApS

Åkandevej 21
2700 Brønshøj
Denmark
Tel: + 45 38 27 38 27
Fax: + 45 38 27 27 27
www.radiometer.com
© Radiometer Medical ApS, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark, 2011. All Rights Reserved. 918-714. 201107C.
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Bulletin No: 44

Compendium of reference intervals

The reference intervals are for information only

The reference intervals are for information only

2. Establishing reference intervals

3. Validating an established reference interval

4. Reader's guide to the compendium

The reference intervals are for information only

2. Higgins C. An introduction to reference intervals (1) – some theoretical considerations.

3. Higgins C. Reference intervals (2): some practical considerations. www.acutecaretesting.org

The reference intervals are for information only

6. Parameters included in this compendium

The reference intervals are for information only

pO2(A) Partial pressure (or tension) of oxygen in alveolar air.

– Oxygen concentration difference between arterial and mixed venous

Extractable oxygen concentration of arterial blood.

The reference intervals are for information only

The reference intervals are for information only

pH: Rounded to 2 decimal places.

ctHb: Rounded to 1 decimal place.

COHb: Rounded to 0, 1, 2 or 3 decimal places.

cK+: Rounded to 0 decimal place.

cNa+: Rounded to 0 decimal place.

cCl–: Rounded to 0 decimal place.

cLac: Rounded to 1 decimal place.

ctHCO3-(P): Rounded to 1 decimal place.

cBase(B) or ABE: Rounded to 0 decimal place.

cBase(Ecf) or SBE: Rounded to 1 decimal place.

cHCO3-(P, st): Rounded to 0 decimal place.

ctCO2(P): Rounded to 1 decimal place.

ctCO2(B): Rounded to 0 decimal place.

pO2(A): Rounded to 1 decimal place regardless.

p50: Rounded to 0 for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.

The reference intervals are for information only

p50(st): Rounded to 0 for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.

pO2(x): Rounded to 0 for mmHg and 1 decimal place for kPa.

ctO2(B): Rounded to 1 decimal place.

ctO2(a-v): Rounded to 1 decimal place.

ctO2(x): Rounded to 2 decimal places.

FShunt: Rounded to 1 decimal place.

Qx: Rounded to 2 decimal places.

Anion gap: Rounded to 0 decimal place.

The reference intervals are for information only

10. Sources used for reference intervals

The reference intervals are for information only

11. Measured parameters

pH – Examples of reference intervals

The reference intervals are for information only

pH – Examples of reference intervals

pCO2 – Examples of reference intervals

pCO2 – Examples of reference intervals

pO2 – Examples of reference intervals

pO2 – Examples of reference intervals

ctHb – Examples of reference intervals

ctHb – Examples of reference intervals

sO2 – Examples of reference intervals

The reference intervals are for information only

sO2 – Examples of reference intervals

O2Hb – Examples of reference intervals

COHb – Examples of reference intervals

The reference intervals are for information only

MetHb – Examples of reference intervals

HbF – Examples of reference intervals