Civil Engineering Mathematics III

Chapter 1
Multivariable Function
1.3.1 DEFINITION OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1.3.2 MIXED DERIVATIVES
1.3.1 Partial Derivatives
𝑑𝑦
Previously, differentiate for single variable - or 𝑦 ′
𝑑𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
Currently, differentiate for more than one variable or
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Notation
Let 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
Partial derivatives with respect to 𝑥 - 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 , , , , 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
Partial derivatives with respect to 𝑦 - 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 , , , , 𝑧𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ,𝑦 −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
First Partial Derivatives 𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim use this formula or convenient way
ℎ→0 ℎ
Example 1: 1st partial derivatives
𝟑𝒚
Given 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 , find 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 . Evaluate each at the point (1, ln 3)
Step 1: 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑥 only variable, other constant
3𝑦 3𝑦 3𝑦 3𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 + 4 − 0 − 8𝑥𝑦 4 = 3𝑥 3 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 + 4 − 8𝑥𝑦 4
𝑓𝑥 (1, ln 3) = 3 1 3 (ln 3) 𝑒 1 3 (𝑙𝑛3) +𝑒 1 3 (ln 3) + 4 − 8(1)(ln 3)4 = 9ln 3 + 7 − 8(ln 3)4
Step 2: 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑦 only variable, other constant
3𝑦 3𝑦
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 0 − 2𝑦 − 16𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 16𝑥 2 𝑦 3
3
𝑓𝑦 (1, ln 3) = 14 𝑒 1 ln 3
− 2 ln 3 − 1612 ln 33 = 3 − 2 ln 3 − 16 (ln 3)3 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Second-Order Partial Derivatives
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= = 𝑓𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= = 𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= = 𝑓𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= = 𝑓𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥
Example 2: 2nd order partial derivatives
Find 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 for 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) −𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚 y = sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑎 cos 𝑥
−2
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)−1 +𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
= −2x 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 − 2𝑥 −2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −3 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 2 − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥𝑦
−4 8𝑥
= + − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥𝑦
(2𝑥+𝑦)2 (2𝑥+𝑦)3

𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥 −2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −3 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 1 − 𝑦[𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦] + cos 𝑥𝑦

4𝑥 1
= − − 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦
(2𝑥+𝑦)3 2𝑥+𝑦 2

Find yourself 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 !!