Muhammad Mansoor Gohar

14-EE-197
Section A
PEL is making

 appliances like Refrigerators , Air Conditioners

 Power system equipment including distribution (11KV-415V) and power
transformers, switchgear etc.

Inspection and Quality Control Section:

Circuit breakers:

Tripping and breaking capacities were mentioned. Short circuit 85 KV 3200 A

circuit breaker used to trip at 80% loading with time dependability factor for
tripping.

A panel in which air circuit breakers on input side and MCB breakers at out
coming were connected along with the CP sheets for protection. When fault
occurs, outside breaker trips first except transformer fault where incoming
protection operates first and faulty equipment is or section is separated out of the
remaining one.

Circuit breakers with current transformers, ammeters and selector switches were
there to manually on off them or automatic operation.

MCC Miniature Circuit Breakers:

It automatically switches off the electrical circuit during abnormal condition of the
network means in over load condition as well as faulty condition. The fuse does
not sense but miniature circuit breaker does it in more reliable way. MCB is
much more sensitive to over current than fuse.

Surge arrestors:

Surge arrestors along with static ground wire are used for the voltage transient
protection. They are non-linear resistors having high impedance at normal
voltages and low impedance at high voltages. Fuses were there for the protection
of surge arrestors as well.
Switch gear :

Switch gear refers to switches, breakers and interconnected bus-work located

downstream of power transformers. These devices can be free standing or enclosed
in a lineup of cabinets called metal-clad switch gears. Breakers are mounted on
wheels and can be removed by rolling them out of their compartments.

PEL is making HT as well as LT switch gear.

 HT switch gear

There are three panels in HT switchgear section. Vaccum circuit breakers are used
in HT panel. Over current relay and earth fault relay is brain of 11KV panel

1. Consumer or grid in panel:

Feeder from substation comes into grid and supplies power to the consumer
through service mains. These switch gear panels can be served as individual
panel for a single customer or shared by number of consumers depending upon
the consumer demand.

2. Industrial panel:

According to P4496 WAPDA specifications these switch gear panels are

designed in the premises of consumer but locked by WAPDA. Its specifications
are WAPDA recommended but required features are according to user’s own
will.

3. Transformer Panel:

It is connected before transformer for its protection providing isolation from

load and source end.
  LT Switch Gear:

1.Generator sink panel:

It will operate on an automatic mains failure system, so that when the main
supply is interrupted on one or all phases the generator sets will start-up
together.

2.Power Factor Improvement PIF Panel:

It is used for power factor improvement. Power factor must be closer to unity
otherwise reactive power in the system is increased and maximum demand
indicator shows penalty on the customer. PFI panels are also used in the HV
switch gear as well.

The basic equipment involved

Circuit
breakers,

Magnetic
Contractor

Capacitor
banks

A main breaker was connected with the main bus bar. According to
requirements12 steps 6 stage relay was there with associated circuit breaker and
fuses. Manual and auto switching application was there. 1 switch corresponded to
50KVAR improvement in reactive power excepting the last one with 100 KVAR.
Switches are on manually or relay senses the power factor value and hence
automatic operation causes capacitor banks energized in circuit to improve power
factor.
400, 415 or 525 V capacitors are used with 12.5, 50 and 100 KVAR rating. In LT
panels air circuit breakers and MCB miniature circuit breakers are used.

3.Change over panel:

If there is supply from WAPDA generation would be there and services will
be provided to the consumers. If no services are provided from WAPDA no
generation would be there.

WAPDA Approved Relays:

Relays are the protective devices receiving information about system and
sending signals to circuit breakers to trip whenever fault or untolerable
conditions occur.

 Overcurrent relay
 Instantaneous relay
 Time overcurrent relays
 Reclosing
 Overvoltage relay
 Frequency check relay
 Differential relay.
 Ground fault relay
 Earth fault relay