-docked at Havana harbor was blown up
allegedly by the Spaniards on Feb 15,
Chap 8 American Intervention and
Filipino Independence
Cubans under Spain
-were also staging their revolution
The Spanish-American War of 1898
Cuba
-a Spanish colony on West Indies
-revolted against its colonial master
sometime in February 1895
Governor-General Valeriano Weyler
-commander of Spanish forces in Cuba
-established concentration camps for the
rebels and their sympathizers
American businessmen had huge
investments in sugar industry in Cuba
President William McKinley
-feared that American nationals are
endangered by the on-going struggle
between the Cubans and Spanish
authorities
-sent the US battleship Maine to Cuba for
the purpose of evacuating American
citizens in case the revolution worsens
Letter from Enrique Dupuy de Lome
-the Spanish minister to the United
States
-stolen from a post office in Havana
-published in the New York Journal in
Feb 9, 1898
-described President McKinley as: “would-
be politician” and a weak president
-aroused the ire of the American people
considering that the person insulted was
the symbol of the American nation
American battleship Maine
1898
-resulted in the loss of about 260 crewmen
-aroused public indignation in the US
Randolf Hearst
-Father of Yellow Journalism
-according to him the aforementioned
battleship was actually blown up and
sank not by Spaniards but by the
American spies stationed in Cuba to
provoke the war
President McKinley
-recommended direct American
intervention in Cuba to the US Congress
US Congress
-accepted McKinley’s recommendation
and voted for war with Spain.
April 24, 1898
-Spain declared war against US
April 25, 1898
-Spanish-American War began
Battle of Manila Bay
On April 25, 1898
Commodore George Dewey
-upon orders of Pres McKinley
-preceded immediately to the Philippines
with a squadron of four armored cruisers,
two gunboats and a revenue cutter
Olympia
- The flagship that led Dewey’s squad
Manila Bay
-entered in the early morning of May 1,
1898
-engaged the Spanish fleet of 12 ships
Admiral Patricio Montojo
-led the Spanish fleet of 12 ships in a
battle that lasted for only a few hours
The Battle of Manila Bay
-one of the most significant battles in the
history of the American people
-established the United States as a world
power
Dewey’s victory for Filipinos
-signaled the end of more than 300 years
of Spanish colonial rule in the country
-marked the beginning of American
colonial rule in the Philippines
Attempts at Gaining Filipino Support
After defeating the Spanish fleet
-Dewey blockaded Manila while awaiting
reinforcements from the U.S
-bec he had no land forces to back them
up in besieging the city
Basilio Agustin
-governor-general of the country when
Manila was blockaded
-successor of Primo de Rivera
-demoralized (discouraged) by the
defection of the Filipinos from the
Spanish army to Aquinaldo’s side and
Dewey’s victory over the Spanish fleet in
Manila Bay
-appealed to the Filipino people to assist
Spain in her struggle for survival from
American aggression
Filipino Volunteer Militia and a
Consultative Assembly
-decrees issued by Agustin to convince
Filipinos to cooperate with the Spaniards
Ilustrados
-the purpose for the decrees whom
Agustin wants to win over
-whom he appointed to both bodies
-backfired because all those appointed in
the Militia instead, sided Aguinaldo
Pedro Paterno
-headed the Consultative Assembly
-negotiator of the Pact of Biak na Bato
-appealed to the Filipinos to support
Spain, accomplished nothing
Filipino-American Collaboration
The Filipino exiles in Hong Kong
-closely monitored the development in the
Philippines and the conflict between
Spain and the United States
-considered seeking American assistance
in their armed struggle against the
Spaniards
Disposal of P400,000 from Governor-
General Primo de Rivera
-problem cropped up
-under the terms of the Pact of Biak na
Bato
Isabelo Artacho
-wanted the money to be appointed among
them
-Aguinaldo -rejected the said proposal
-sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong
Supreme Court
Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba
-was with Aguinaldo in escaping the
inconvenience of having to go to court so
they went to Singapore
-arrived there on April 23, 1898
Howard Bray
-an Englishman who had been living in
Singapore
-Informed Aguinaldo that E. Spencer
Pratt –the American consul wanted to
confer with him
American were considering the Filipinos
as an ally should hostilities between the
U.S. and Spain take a turn for the worst
Pratt
-gave Aguinaldo the impression that the
Americans would not colonize the
Philippines
-if they were going to leave Cuba alone
after driving the Spaniards away, why
the Americans would want the
Philippines which was 10,000 miles away
Commodore Dewey
-Aguinaldo consented to return with him
to the Philippines to once more lead the
revolution against Spain fighting
alongside the Americans
Dewey
-had already sailed to Manila when
Aguinaldo returned to Hong Kong
Rounseville Wildman
-American consul in Hong Kong
-told Aguinaldo that Dewey had left
instructions for his return to the
Philippines
-Aguinaldo and Wildman met several
times after this
-later suggested that Aguinaldo establish
a dictatorial government
-which was needed in the prosecution of
the war against Spain
-but it had to be replaced with a
government similar to that of the United
States once the war was over and peace
was restored
Wildman and Pratt
-assured Aguinaldo that the American
government sympathized with the
Filipinos’ aspirations for independence
but they did not make any formal
commitment
Hong Kong Junta
-met on May 4 to deliberate on what
course of action to take
-present in the meeting:
Felipe Agoncillo
-temporary president
Doroteo Lopez
-temporary secretary
Teodoro Sandico, Anastacio Francisco,
Mariano Llanera, Miguel Malwar…..
Aguinaldo briefed them on what
transpired in his meeting with Pratt and
Wildman and solicited their advice on
what to do
Junta
-unanimously decided that Aguinaldo
should return to the Philippines to lead
the struggle against the Spaniards
P117,000
-Aguinaldo gave Wildman in preparation
for his return to the Philippines
-to be used in purchasing guns and
ammunitions
P50,000
-first shipment that arrived promptly
Second delivery never happened
Aguinaldo’s Return to the Philippines
Consul Wildman
-arranged Aguinaldo’s return on the
revenue cutter McCulloch
Revenue cutter McCulloch
-he and his companions boarded at night
to avoid rousing the suspicion of the
Spanish consul in Hong Kong
May 17, 1898
-ship left and arrived in Cavite two days
later
Olympia
-where Aguinaldo was taken aboard
-where he accorded honors due to a
general
Aguinaldo reportedly said Dewey had
given assurance that the US would
recognize Philippine independence which
Dewey denied
With Aguinaldo’s return to the
Philippines, Constantino identified “four
major forces on the historical stage”:
1. Spanish colonialism –which was
trying to ward off its impending
end
2. American imperialism
-which was waiting for such time
when it had gathered sufficient
military strength in the
Philippines before showing its real
motives
3. The Filipino ilustrados
- Whose main concern was to
place themselves in a jockeying
position whatever political
setup was to emerge
4. The masses
- Who still believed in and fought
for the revolutionary objectives
of the Katipunan
May 21, 1898
-two days after he arrived
-Aguinaldo in a letter advised ppl to
“respect foreigners and their properties,
also enemies who surrender
Or else Americans sell us or divide up our
territory hold us incapable of governing
our land
News of Aguinaldo’s arrival spread,
number of Filipino volunteers in the
Spanish army defected to the Filipino
side.
Dalahikan
-where they were assigned to occupy
-the Cavite shipyard had been captured
Within a week these places were seized
from Spanish control
-Imus and Bacolod, Cavite and Paranaque
and Las Pinas in Morong, San Fernando
and Macabebe in Pampanga
Joined the fight for freedom:
Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Tayabas(Quezon), and Camarines
General Artemio Ricarte
-accepted the surrender of the Spanish
commanding general in Cavite
Filipinos gained victory after victory
Within the month of June1898
-almost whole of Luzon except for the port
of Cavite and Manila had fallen into
hands of Filipino rebels
The Filipino Siege of Manila
-Americans wait for reinforements
Aguinaldo
-was treated with the courtesies befitting
a head of state
Motive of the Americans:
-to use the Filipinos to fight the Spaniards
until the reinforcements arrived
Intramuros or Walled City
-where the many Spaniards had taken
refuge when the Spanish navy was
destroyed
Spanish authorities became optimistic
-when Dewey did not bombard the city
after winning the Battle of Manila Bay
Aguinaldo cut off its food and water
supply
Option of surrender three times
Governor-General Agustin
-rejected the option waiting for
reinforcements which never came
The Aguinaldo Dictator ship
Draft of Constitutional plan drawn up by
Mariano Ponce
-Aguinaldo brought with him when he
arrived from Hong Kong
-the plan was for the establishment of a
federal republic
-suggested a dictatorial government to
prosecute the war against Spain
May 24, 1898
-Aguinaldo issued a decree formally
establishing such form of government,
albeit temporary in nature
-decree nullified the orders issued under
the Biak na Bato Republic
Apolinario Mabini
-Aguinaldo’s unofficial adviser
-objected to this plan ( having a gov’t in
operation Aguinaldo deemed it necessary
to declare the independence of the
Philippines)
-stressed the need to reorganize the
government first into one that could prove
to foreign powers its independence and
stability before declaring independence
Aguinaldo prevailed over Mabini
Proclamation of Philippines Independence
June 12,1898
-presence of the huge crowd at the
ancestral home of General Emilio
Aguinaldo
-between 4 and 5 in the afternoon
-in Cavite El Viejo now known as Kawit
-unfluring of the Philippine flag sewed in
HK
Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo and
Delfina Herborsa
-sewed the flag
Marcha Filipina Magdalo
-by the San Francisco de Malabon
marching band
-country’s national anthem
-composed by Julian Felipe
Declaration of the Philippine
Independence
-written by Ambrosio Reinzares Bautista
-translated into English by Sulpicio
Guevarra
-Egregius Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo
y Famy
-modified by another proclamation in
Malolos Bulacan
-insistence of Apolinario Mabini
-objected because placed the Philippines
under the protection of the US
From Dictatorial to Revolutionary
Government
June 18 – Aguinaldo issued a decree
reorganizing local government in areas
liberated from Spain
Most distinguished persons in each
province were asked to take over local
governments
The chief of towns –were to elect
delegates to the Congress and military
commanders who liberated towns became
their commissioners
Apolinario Mabini
-the Sublime Paralytic
-became Aguinaldo’s liberal advisor
-thought that the declaration of
Independence was premature
By virtue of decree of June 23
-They announced that the dictatorship
was changed to a Revolutionary
government
-orders of the previous Biak na Bato
Republic were also revoked
Emilio Jacinto
-who was operating independently was
invited by Mabini to join the government
in Malolos
Aguinaldo
-appointed delegates for those provinces
not yet pacified
By the end of June
-the rebels controlled all of Luzon except
Manila which was besieged
July 15
-Aguinaldo chose his cabinet that included
his brother
Baldomero
-secretary of War and Public Works
-brother of Aguinaldo
Ilustrados
-compose the cabinet of Aguinaldo
-had been on the Spanish side
Cayetano Arellano
-was offered the post of Secretary of
foreign affairs but declined considering
that he was pro-American
Mabni later on accepted the postion
Chief General
-whom Aguinaldo was proclaimed to on
July 23
Deployed 14,000 Filipinos between the
Spaniards and the Americans outside
Manila’s walls
American forces were arriving
General Thomas Anderson
-brought 2,500 on June 30
General Francis V. Greene
-3,500 on July 17
General Arthur Mac-Arthur
-4,800 on July 31
General Wesley E. Merritt
-commanded 10,964 men and 740 officers
Surrender Negotiations and the Mock
Battle of Manila
Fourth time – made another demand
Spanish refused to do so upon instruction from
Madrid
-should surrender to the Americans not Filipinos
if inevitable
June 30, July 17, July 31 1898
-fresh American troops arrived
Governor-General Agustin and with Belgian
Consul Andre
-Dewey started negotiating with them acting as
mediator for the surrender of the Spaniards
Peninsular Government
-whom words reached
-Replaced Agustin with General Fermin
Jaudenes
No Filipino troops would be allowed to enter
Manila
-two powers agreed to stage a mock battle
between them on this condition
-clearly an act of betrayal of the Filipinos on the
part of the Americans
After the secret deal bet Americans and the
Spaniards
General Merritt
-who had overall command of the American
forces decided to conduct the “offensive”
against Manila from the side of Manila Bay
General Francis Greene
-commander of the second reinforcements
-was instructed to tell Aguinaldo and his troops
to cooperate with the Americans by leaving the
area free for the foreigners to occupy
*Aguinaldo showed caution by demanding that
this request be made in writing
-gullibly withdrew his troops when Greene
promised to grant that request after evacuation
but did not fulfill his promise
Aguinaldo started getting suspicious about the
continuous arrival of American reinforcements
-sentiments shared by his generals
General Anderson
-on the eve of the battle this commander of the
first reinforcements even telegraphed
Aguinaldo warning him not to let his troops
enter Manila without permission from the
American commander or else they would be
shoot
August 13 1898
-Filipinos amasses on the right side of General
Arthur MacArthur
-who had led the third American
reinforcements ready for battle
11:20 am –Spaniards raised a flag of surrender
but only noticed at noon
5:00pm- the surrender negotiations were
completed
The Spanish authorities agreed to surrender the
Spaniards and the Filipino volunteers in the city
on the condition:
Americans would safeguard the city and its
inhabitants, churches, and religious worship
August 14
-the document stating the terms of surrender
was formally signed by representatives of both
parties
General Merritt
-announced the establishment of the Military
Government
-turned out mock battle need not have been
staged as the two powers had already been
negotiating to end hostilities
August 12
-Washington D.C time
-American president McKinley –issued a
proclamation directing the suspension of all
military operations against Spaniards
-this does not reach Dewey cause he cut the
cable between Manila and the outside worlds
after winning the battle of Manila Bay
End of Filipino- American Collaboration and
Spanish rule
Surrender of Manila to the Americans
-signaled the end of the Filipino-American
collaboration
*Filipino insulted no allowed to entry into
Manila
General Riego de Dios
-successor of Jaudenes
-transferred headquarters id the Spanish
government to Iloilo
-took command of the Spanish army in the
South
Martin Delgado
-leader of the Visayan patriots compelled de
Dios to leave Iloilo on Dec 24
From Iloilo General de Dios moved to
Zamboanga
Meanwhile American troops occupied Jolo on
May 19 1899 displacing the Spanish garrison in
the area
Nov 1899 –all Spanish forces in the South were
shipped to Spain
The Treaty of Paris of 1898
Paris France
-where the Peace commissioners of Spain and -deemed by many not to be an area of vital
the US met to draft a peace treaty in Paris interest to the US
-on OCTOBER 1,1898 Germany
-to end the six month war of hostilities between -proponents of expansion argued that the other
the two countries powers like this country would move in to the
Philippine if the American did not
The American peace commission
Revival of the old manifest destiny argument
1. William R. Day
2. Sen. Cushman K. Avis -US had a duty to export its superior democratic
3. William P. Frye institutions to this region
4. Sen. George Gray
Feb 1899
5. Honorable Whitelaw Reid
Don Eugenio Montero Rios -Treaty received 2/3 ratification approval by a
single vote
-head of the Spanish commission
FINALLY the US had emerged as a world power
-The President of the Senate
Jules Cambon
- A French diplomat
- Also negotiated on Spain’s behalf
The American commissioners negotiated in a
hostile atmosphere
All Europe except England
-was sympathetic to the Spanish side
Final treaty was concluded in Paris on
December 10, 1898 provided for the ff:
1. Spain agreed to remove all soldiers from Cuba
and recognize American occupation of the
area
2. Spain ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the
United States
3. The United States compensated Spain for its
losses with a payment of $20 million
Ratification (Approval) of this treaty
-was not a foregone conclusion in the US Senate
Debate imperialist vs anti-imperialists
Philippines
-the point of friction
Chapter 10
Under Military Government
Military government
- right after the surrender of Manila in
August 1898 the Americans established this
kind of government in the country
- lasted from 1898 to 1901
Commander-in-Chief of the US armed forces
- Philippines was governed directly by the
President of the US in his capacity as
American military governor
- the powers of the US president were
exercised in the country by
Major General Wesley Meritt
- commander of American forces in Manila
- appointed as the first military governor of
the country
Major General Elwell Otis
- successor of Wesley Meritt
- served as military governor until 1900
Major General Arthur MacArthur
- last military governor
Notable accomplishments of the US military
government from 1898 to 1901
1.Establishment of a Supreme Court
composed of six Filipinos and three
Americans
Cayetano Arellano –First Chief Justice
2.Organization of towns and provincial
governments in pacified areas
3.Holding of elections for local officials in
areas under American control
4.The introduction of the American public
school system and the teaching of the
English language
The First Philippine Commission
January 20, 1899
First Philippine Commission (the Schurman
Commission)
- appointed by President McKinley
-to investigate conditions in the islands and
make appropriate recommendations
Dr. Jacob Schurman
-constituted the First Philippine Commission
-head of the commission
Members:
-Admiral George Dewey
-Major General Elwell Otis
-Charles Denby
-Dean C. Worcester
In the report issued to the President
Mckinley on January 31,1900
Commission came up with the ff
recommendations:
1.US should remain in the Philippines
-since the country was not ready for
independence
2.Military government should be
abolished and
- replaced by a civil government in
areas firmly under American control
3.A territorial government has to be
established in the country
-with a bicameral legislature
4. Autonomous governments on the
provincial and municipal levels
–have to be organized
5.Need to protect the civil rights of the
people and promote their welfare
6.American public elementary school
system
–has to be introduced in the country
The Second Philippine Commission
Second Philippine Commission
-to facilitate the implementation of the
recommendations of the Schurman
Commission President McKinley created this
commission
-popularly known as Taft commission
-on March 16, 1900
-task to establish civil government in the
country
-to train Filipinos in self-government
William Howard Taft
-chaired the Second Philippine Commission
Members:
-Dean C. Worcester
-Luke E. Wright
-Henry C. Ide
-Bernard Moses
Instructions
-prepared by Elihu Root
-guided the Commission in fulfilling its
mandate
-made clear that the government to be
designed should be one for the happiness,
peace and prosperity of the people of the
Philippine Islands
Elihu Root
-prepared the Instructions
-Secretary of War
June 3, 1900
-Commission commenced its work
One million dollars
-allocated for the first law it enacted
-for the construction and repair of road and
bridges
August 1902- more than 400 laws
-the laws it had legislated dealing with the
organization of government bureaus,
establishment of local governments, creation
of the civil service and the organization of the
public school system in the archipelago
The Establishment of American Civil
Government
Army Appropriations Act (March 2, 1901)
-the military government in the Philippines
ceased to exist when the US Congress
enacted this act
Spooner Amendment
-implemented by Army Appropriations Act
-written by Senator Jon Spooner of
Wisconsin
-all military, civil and judicial powers needed
to govern the Philippines shall until otherwise
provided by Congress shall be vested in such
person or persons as the President of the US
shall direct
-removed from the US president the final
authority to govern the Philippines
-this power was to be exercised by the US
Congress through the president
Civil government
-was established in the Philippines
-Inaugurated on July 4, 1901
Judge William H. Taft
-first civil governor
-title was changed to Governor-General in
1905 since Taft was also head of the
Philippine Commission which was the law-
making body then
-described as well-loved governor did his best
to promote the welfare of the Filipinos for his
adoption of the policy Philippines for the
Filipinos
-during his tenure that many of the
“foundations of a stable and democratic
government” were laid
Purchased of 410,000 acres of friar land
-Taft’s greatest achievement
-resold to landless Filipino tenants on easy
installment terms
Constantino
-commenting on Taft’s policy which made him
popular to the people
-asserts that it was not an endorsement of
Philippine independence but good business
for the Americans
Potential market for American products
-results of the improvement in the standard
living and education for the Filipinos can
redound to a creation of a taste for American
products
Successors of Taft:
-Luke E. Wright (1904-1906)
-Henry Ide (1906)
-James Smith (1906-1909)
-W. Cameron Forbes (1909-1913)
The Philippine Bill of 1902
Cooper act or the Philippine Bill of 1902
-enactment on July 1, 1902
-next step in the institutionalization of civil
government in the Philippines under
American rule
-this piece of legislation was the first organic
law for the Philippines enacted by the US
Congress and named after its sponsor:
-US Representative Henry A. Cooper of
Wisconsin
Salient (significant) provisions:
1. Bill of rights for the Filipino people
2. Appointment of two Filipino resident
commissioners to represent the country
in the US Congress without voting rights
3. Establishment of the Philippine Assembly
to be elected by the Filipinos two years
after the publication of a census and only
after peace had been restored
completely in the country
4. Exercise of executive power by the civil
governor who would have several
executive departments
5. Conservation of natural resources for the
Filipinos
Period of Suppressed Nationalism
The American civil government suppressed
the spirit of Filipino nationalism
-prior to the establishment of the Philippine
Assembly
El Nuevo Dia
-edited by Sergio Osmena
-American sensors suspended this
newspaper
-threatened with deportation for publishing
patriotic articles
Numerous newspapers that appeared in
Manila advocating Filipino nationalist
sentiments:
-El Renacimento edited by Rafael Palma
-El Grito del Pueblo edited by Pascual H.
Poblete
Criticism of American aggression in the
country portrayed on stage reflecting
nationalistic sentiments of Filipino
playwrights:
-Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
-Malaya by Tomas Remigio
-Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad
-Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio
Tolentino
Sedition Law
-passed by the Philippines Commission
-Declared treasonable the advocacy of
independence during entire duration of the
Filipino- American War
Flag Law
-was subsequently past six years after
-prohibited the public display of the Filipino
flag
Emergence of Political Parties
Federal Party
-the first political party in the Philippines
-founded by a group of pro-American
Filipinos
Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
-head of the Federal Party
-Dec 1900
Making Philipines a state of the US
-basic platform of Federal party
Those given high positions in the US
Colonial government
-owe to its pro-American learning
- came from this party
Progressive Party or Partido
-the name that was change of Federal Party
Partido Nacionalista
-came ito being when Henry Ide lifted the
ban on political parties advocating
separation from the US in 1906
Partido Independista Immediata and union
Nacionalista
-Partido Nacionalista was formed out of the
union these nationalist parties
Reason behind the merger of these two
nationalist parties: To have a better chance
of fighting the well-organized Partido
Progresista
The Philippine Assembly
July 30, 1907
-the elections of the Philippine Assembly
were set
After the conditions of the Philippine Bill of
1902 were satisfied
Conditions:
-complete restoration of peace in the
country
-publication of a census od Philippine
population
President Roosevelt
-proclaimed the ending of the Filipino-
American War on July 4, 1902
March 2, 1903
-census was undertaken
-results published on 1905
Two major political parties fielded their
candidates in this exercise
Partido Nacionalista
-which advocated immediate independence
from the US
Partido Progresista
-which was pro-American in its platform
Out of 80 seats in the Philippine Asembly
59 seats –Partido Nacionalista
16 seats- Partido Progresista
5 seats- independent candidates
Advocacy of Nacionalista: immediate,
absolute and complete independence from
the US- which the Filipino people supported
October 16, 1907 –Formal inauguration of
the First Philippine Assembly
-at the Grand Opera house
Sergio Osmena of Cebu
-elected as speaker
Manuel L. Quezon
-selected as Majority Floor Leader
Gabaldon Act
-first legislation enacted by this body
-allocated one million pesos for the
establishment of barrio schools through the
Philippines
Philippine Assembly
-served lower house of the Philippine
Legislature
Philippine Commission
-was the upper house
Philippine Assembly in place
-Filipinos were able to participate in framing
of laws to be implemented in the country
-relation bet these two chamber were not
harmonious
Philippine Assembly – pro Filipino
Philippine Commission –Pro Americn
Philippine Commission was abolished by
Jones Law of 1916
-conflict ended
-replaced by an all Filipino Philippine Senate
Resident Commissioners
Two resident commissioners
-as provide by the Philippine Bill of 1902,
Filipinos can be represented in the US
Congress
Pablo Ocampo and Benito Legarda
-elected by Philippine assembly on the basis
of ^
-first resident commissioners to US Congress
-Can relay to the US Congress the concerns of
the Filipino people
-speak for or against any bill being debated
that may affect the Filipino people but had no
voting rights
Filipinization of Governement
Policy of appointing qualified Filipinos to
government positions
-as part of the thrust of the US government to
train the Filipinos in self-government it
pursued this policy
Pro-American Filipinos
-were designated to high positions during the
early years of American occupation
Recalled Cayetano Arellano –appointed then
as chief justice of the Philippine Supreme
Court
1905-Four Filipinos were able to seat at the
Philippine Commission
Gregorio Araneta
-Secretary of Finance and Justice in the same
year
-making him the first Filipino to head an
executive department under the American
colonial government
Filipinization
-was very much evident at the local
government levels as
key government positions
-were occupied by Filipinos
Town president, vice-president and
councilors
-were elected directy by town residents
Provincial governor and the three man
provincial board
-were elected directly by the people
Democrats emerged victorious in the 1912
elections in the US
-The Filipinization of the government gained
much headway when the ..
President Woodrow Wilson
-appointed Francis Burton Harrison as
governor-general of the Philippines
-This is a direct effect on Filipinization to the
Philippines
Francis Burton Harrison
-served as governor-general of the Philippines
from 1913 to 1921
-under his administration President Wilson
appointed the following Filipino to the
Philippine commission:
- Rafael Palma
- Jaime C De Veyra
- Victorino Mapa
- Vicente Ilustre
- Vicente Singson Encarnacion
-For the first time Filipinos gained control of
the Commission
-He also worked for the replacement of
American employees in the government
service by deserving and qualified Filipinos
-to achieve this program, he went to the point
of persuading Americans either to retire or
resign from their post
-his move was brought by his implementation
of the policy of broadening Filipinization of
the civil service
-end of his term there were only 641
Americans in the civil service against 2,623
when he assumed his post in the colonial
government
Restraints of elitism
-Limitations in the Filipinization
-In the words of Agoncillo: Filipinization
involved only those who belonged to the
national and local elite
The Jones Law of 1916
Jones Law of 1916 or Philippine Autonomy
Act
-significant step towards self-government and
ultimately independence of the country from
the US
William Atkinson Jones of Virginia 2. House of Representative -as lower
chamber
-sponsor of Jones Law
*members of both chambers were elected
President Wilson
directly by the Filipino people
-signed the Jones Law
Judicial power
Jones Law of 1916
-vested in the Supreme Court which was
-American legislation that was significant to composed of:
the Filipinos at that time
1. Filipino chief justice
-documented American promise to grant the
2. Filipino and American associate justice
country its independence as soon as a stable
and lower courts
government can be established therein
-notably the courts of first instance and
-Filipinos were given greater participation in
justice of the peace courts
government
Members of the Philippine Supreme Court
-considered a fundamental charter for the
Filipino people as it: defined the structure of -were to be appointed by the US president
the government, the powers and duties of with the stamp of approval of the US Senate
government officials and provided for a bill of
The Philippine Legislature
rights for the people
-Pursuant to the provisions of the Jones Law
Executive power
of 1916
-was vested in the governor general whose
-was soon created
appointment by the US President was subject
to approval of the US Senate October 3, 1916
Governor-general -elections were held for the new law making
body of the country
-was given the power to appoint members of
his cabinet, who shall all be Filipinos, subject For the second time the Nacionalista Party
to the concurrence of the Philippine Senate fielded its candidates against the Progresista
Party
Secretary of Instruction
Nacionalista Party –majority of those who
-the only official in the cabinet had to be an
won
American
-dominated both chambers of the Philippine
Legislative power
Legislature
-fully given to the Filipinos under the
Thirteen days after these elections
Philippine Autonomy Act
-the new law making body of the Philippines
Philippine Autonomy Act
was formally inaugurated
-created the Philippine Legislature composed
Manuel L. Quezon
of :
-was elected Senate President
1. The Philippine senate-as upper chamber
Sergio Osmena
-was elected Speaker of the House of
Representatives
To ensure good working relationship between
the executive and legislative branches of the
government
Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison
-established the Council of State on October
16, 1918
-recommended by Sergio Osmena
The Council of State
-was created for the purpose of advising the
Governor-General on matters of national
significance
The special commission started its work of
obtaining vital information needed by
President Harding
-after 4 months data gathering throughout
the archipelago, came out with the
recommendation of deferring the granting of
Philippine independence due to the poor
financial state of the country, bankruptcy of
Philippine National Bank and the instability of
the government
Filipino leaders displeased by the recon made
by the mission to President Harding
The Administration of Leonard Wood
Leonard Wood
-returned to Manila

- consisted of all presiding officers of the -on October 5, 1921

Philippine Senate
- House of Representatives
- cabinet secretaries of the Governor-General
Governor-General
-chair this body
The Wood-Forbes Mission
Result of the Republican Party in elections of
1920
Warren G. Harding
-successor of President Wilson
-in his desire to know the true state of the
Philippines he sent the Wood Forbes Mission
to the country
Major General Leonard Wood and W.
Cameron Forbes
-constituted the Wood Forbes Mission
The Wood-Forbes Mission
-upon arriving in Manila on May 4, 1921