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Experiment No: 1

Statement:
To balance a rotating mass (disturbing mass) with a same mass (balancing mass) rotating at
equal radii in same plane.

Theory:
Static Unbalance:
Where the PIA is displaced parallel to the geometric centerline.

Couple Unbalance:
Where the PIA intersects the geometric centerline at the center of gravity. (CG)

Dynamic Unbalance:
Where the PIA and the geometric centerline do not coincide or touch.

The most common of these is dynamic unbalance.

Causes of Unbalance:
In the design of rotating parts of a machine every care is taken to eliminate any out of balance or couple,
but there will be always some residual unbalance left in the finished part because of

1. Slight variation in the density of the material.

2. Inaccuracies in the casting.

3. Inaccuracies in machining of the parts.

Why balancing is so important?


1. A level of unbalance that is acceptable at a low speed is completely unacceptable at a higher speed.

2. As machines get bigger and go faster, the effect of the unbalance is much more severe.

3. The force caused by unbalance increases by the square of the speed.

4. If the speed is doubled, the force quadruples; if the speed is tripled the force increases

BALANCING:
Balancing is the technique of correcting or eliminating unwanted inertia forces or moments in rotating
or reciprocating masses and is achieved by changing the location of the mass centers. The objectives of
balancing an engine are to ensure:

1. That the center of gravity of the system remains stationery during a complete revolution of the crank
shaft.
2. That the couples involved in acceleration of the different moving parts balance each other.

Types of balancing:

a) Static Balancing:
i) Static balancing is a balance of forces due to action of gravity.

ii) A body is said to be in static balance when its center of gravity is in the axis of rotation.

b) Dynamic balancing:
i) Dynamic balance is a balance due to the action of inertia forces.

ii) A body is said to be in dynamic balance when the resultant moments or couples, which involved in the
acceleration of different moving parts is equal to zero.

iii) The conditions of dynamic balance are met, the conditions of static balance are also met.

Balancing of Rotating Masses:


We have already discussed, that whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some
centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent
the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a
position so as to balance the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass, is called balancing of
rotating mass.

The following cases are important from the subject point of view:

1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.

2. Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.

3. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.

4. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.

Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass By a Single Mass Rotating in the Same Plane
Consider a disturbing mass m1 attached to a shaft rotating at ω rad/s. Let r1 be the radius of rotation of
the mass m1 (i.e. distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the center of gravity of the mass
m1). We know that the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 on the shaft.
This centrifugal force acts radially outwards and thus produces bending moment on the shaft. In order
to counteract the effect of this force, a balancing mass (m2) may be attached in the same plane of
rotation as that of disturbing mass (m1) such that the centrifugal forces due to the two masses are equal
and opposite.

Fd = md.rd.w2
Fb = mb.rb.w2
Fb = Fd
md.rd.w2 = mb.rb.w2
r2 = Radius of rotation of the balancing mass m2 (i.e. distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft
and the center of gravity of mass (m2).

Note:
1. The product m2.r2 may be split up in any convenient way. But the radius of rotation of the balancing
mass (m2) is generally made large in order to reduce the balancing mass m2.

2. The centrifugal forces are proportional to the product of the mass and radius of rotation of respective
masses, because 2 ω is same for each mass.

Table:
md rd αd md.rd mb rb αb mb.rb
0.6 3 60 0.6 3 240
0.6 4 90 0.6 4 270
0.6 5 160 0.6 5 340
0.7 3 30 0.7 3 210
0.7 4 60 0.7 4 240
0.7 5 90 0.7 5 270
Experiment No:2

Statement:
To balance a rotating mass (disturbing mass) with a different mass (balancing mass) rotating at
different radii in same plane.
Theory:
In other words, the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. But this type of
arrangement for balancing gives rise to a couple which tends to rock the shaft in its bearings. Therefore
in order to put the system in complete balance, two balancing masses are placed in two different planes,
parallel to the plane of rotation of the disturbing mass, in such a way that they satisfy the following two
conditions of equilibrium.

1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of
three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the center of the masses of the system must
lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.

2. The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero. In other words, the
algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero. The conditions (1) and (2)
together give dynamic balancing. The following two possibilities may arise while attaching the two
balancing masses:

1. The plane of the disturbing mass may be in between the planes of the two balancing masses

2. The plane of the disturbing mass may lie on the left or right of the two planes containing the
balancing masses.

1. Analytical method
The magnitude and direction of the balancing mass may be obtained, analytically, as discussed below :
1. First of all, find out the centrifugal force* (or the product of the mass and its radius of rotation)
exerted by each mass on the rotating shaft.

2. Resolve the centrifugal forces horizontally and vertically and find their sums, i.e. ΣH and ΣV . We know
that Sum of horizontal components of the centrifugal forces

ΣH = m1.r1cosα1 + m2.r2cosα2

And sum of vertical components of the centrifugal forces,

ΣV = m1.r1sinα1 + m2.r2sinα2

3. Magnitude of the resultant centrifugal force,

F = (ΣH2/ ΣV2)1/2
4. If α is the angle, which the resultant force makes with the horizontal,

Then, tan α = ΣV/ ΣH

Table:

md rd αd md.rd mb rb αb mb.rb
0.8 3 140 0.5 5 320
2 3 20 1.2 5 200
Experiment No: 3

Statement:
To balance two rotating mases (disturbing mass) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating at
same radii in same plane.
Procedure:
1. First of all, find out the centrifugal force* (or the product of the mass and its radius of rotation)
exerted by each mass on the rotating shaft.

2. Resolve the centrifugal forces horizontally and vertically and find their sums, i.e. ΣH and ΣV . We know
that Sum of horizontal components of the centrifugal forces

ΣH = m1.r1cosα1 + m2.r2cosα2

And sum of vertical components of the centrifugal forces,

ΣV = m1.r1sinα1 + m2.r2sinα2

3. Magnitude of the resultant centrifugal force,

FR = (ΣH2/ ΣV2)1/2

4. If α is the angle, which the resultant force makes with the horizontal,

Then, tan α = ΣV/ ΣH

αd = α + 180

Table:

md1 rd1 αd1 md2 rd2 αd2 mb rb αb H V FR αd


1 5 0 1 5 120 1 5 240 2.5 4.3 5 60
0.5 5 0 0.5 5 90 1 5 245 2 4 4.4 65
Experiment No: 3

Statement:
To balance two rotating mases (disturbing mass) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating at
different radii in same plane.
Procedure:

Tables:
Case 1

md1 rd1 αd1 md2 rd2 αd2 mb rb αb H V FR αd


0.5 3 0 0.5 4 60 0.6 5 215 2.5 1.73 3.04 35
0.5 3 0 1 4 90 0.85 5 227 1.5 4 4.27 47

Case 2

md1 rd1 αd1 md2 rd2 αd2 mb rb αb H V FR αd


0.5 3 30 0.5 3 60 0.6 5 223 2.22 2.05 3.02 43
0.5 4 10 1 4 70 1 5 231 3.33 4.11 5.29 51

Case 3

md1 rd1 αd1 md2 rd2 αd2 mb rb αb H V FR αd


0.5 5 25 0.5 5 5 1.6 3 215 3.95 2.77 4.82 35
0.5 5 20 1 5 5 2.5 3 213 6.18 4.07 7.4 33

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