Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. Introduction
Thunderstorms are spectacular but hazardous weather
phenomena which, together with high temperature,
winds and safety; top the list of concerns in the
Presidency of Meteorology and Environment of Saudi
Arabia (PME) as well as Saudi Electric Company
(SEC). Thunderstorms are most frequent over the Figure 1 World Isokeraunic Map
southwest of the country, and generally decrease as A report recommended that SCECO-South should track
going to west direction. North and central also have keep data records on lightning, and consider installing
recently more frequent thunderstorms. Thunderstorm lightning detection network. Many utilities in world
frequency does not, in general, appear to vary in any have justified the cost of lightning detection network
2
system based on operation & maintenance crew moist weather time are in general accompanied by
scheduling costs. Such acquisition of detection thunderstorms and lightning.
networks are valuable for correlating with transmission
and distribution equipment failures and outages [2, 8]. Worldwide, lightning accounts for most of the power
supply interruptions in power lines and are one of the
PME do not use any detection and monitoring networks leading causes of disturbances in transmission and
it still uses human observation on its twenty nine sites distribution systems. In the U.S.A. alone, an estimated
location scattered all over the country. This has been 30% of all electric power outages are related to
started since 1951 and data are accumulated until lightning every year, with total costs approaching one
present time. This method of observation may have billion dollars. This includes equipment damaged, loss
some unrealistic records. PME does not archive of lives etc. during thunderstorms. In most area of the
lightning caused losses. Some reports from some world, an indication of lightning activity may be
farmers and public individual who reported the loss of obtained from Iskruanic data (thunderstorm days per
human lives as well as camels, and palm trees burning year) [9, 11-13]
in different areas of Western Province (TAIF). .
In the Central Province (Al-Qaseem) lightning struck The Iskruanic level (IKL) is an indication of regional
some livestock and were dead, and valuable distribution lightning activity based on average quantities derived
equipments has been damaged in different industrial from historically available ground-level observation.
location due to lightning, this large amounts of surfaced
losses, and reported, has initiated the idea of this More detailed depiction of lightning activity may be
lightning research project, and lightning mapping. obtained from lightning ground flash density (GFD)
maps, which are created from information obtained via
Old Iskruanic (Thunders day) maps, although able to lightning detection networks, or by historical lightning
provide an overall idea of lightning incidence at some incidence records that include, current, time, frequency,
locations, yet are not reliable enough for modern date, intensity, etc, from online lightning detection
lightning protection design needs. Damages inflicted by stations [12].
lightning to power lines, structures, buildings, sensitive
installations, dwellings, livestock, etc. can be 2.2 Saudi Arabia Geographical facts and
considerable reduced if Ground Flash Density (GFD) thunderstorms
data based on the newly developed thunderstorm days
maps obtained from the reliable PME observations are
Saudi Arabia is located in Middle East, bordering the
used instead [2-7].
Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its
geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 45 00 E, with a total
On-line monitoring of lightning can facilitate improved
land area of 1,960,582 sq km, with a coastline: 2,640
weather forecasts that can, for instance, assist operators
km, and it is slightly more than one-fifth the size of the
of airport control towers for reducing risk of accidents
US.
during landing and take off operations. Reduction of
risk of lightning-caused incidents at sensitive
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of
installations like those existing in the oil and
temperature, Extreme heat and aridity are characteristic
petrochemical industry can also be achieved [8].
of most of Saudi Arabia. The Arabian Peninsula is one
of the few places in the world where summer
Data has become available from PME sources; where
temperatures above 48° C (120° F) are common, while
the author feels there is sufficiently long period
in winter frost or snow can occur in the interior and the
of data on which to base reliable averages.
higher mountains.
Thunderstorm occurrence at a particular location
is usually expressed as the number of days in a
Precipitation is sparse throughout the country. Annual
calendar year when thunder was heard, averaged
rainfall in Riyadh averages 100 mm (4 in) and falls
over several years.
almost exclusively between January and May; the
average in Jeddah is 61 mm (2.4 in) and occurs between
2. METREOLOGY OF SAUDI ARABIA
November and January. Because of the general aridity,
Saudi Arabia has no permanent rivers or lakes. Terrain:
2.1 Introduction
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert, elevation extremes:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m, highest point: Jabal
Many weather and atmospheric centers as well as
Sawda' (south) 3,133 m [1].
astronomy scientists’ recent publications and prediction
indicate the fact that there are global climate changes in
3. LIGHTNING FREQUENCY IN SAUDI ARABIA
the amount of solar, rain, temperature, moist and
dryness amounts of many geographical regions. It is a
3.1 Weather & Thunderstorms of Saudi Arabia
fact that many cold regions had become less in
temporal, rain, and length of such cold period, while
The location of the Saudi Arabia is in the orbital
those of deserts climate is experiencing more rain, and
overheated region that has low clouds which cause
cool periods. This increase in rain amounts and cool
3
thunderstorm. The clouds accumulate on the land of the (June - August). The number of thunderstorms in
Kingdom usually in the winter and spring seasons, and different areas are about 3-8 day in the West and the
rarely in the summer season except in the southern north part 3-10, in the East 5-10 day in the north-east 1-
region because of the southern west winds carrying the 5 day and north-west part about 2-6 days in the South-
clouds. west about 3-10 day, and in the South 5-15 day and
The average of the annual thunderstorms doesn’t exceed South-east part about 8-15. It is interesting to note that
thirty (30) thunderstorm on the majority land of the thunderstorms seem to concentrate around the southern
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia except in the Southern West mountain areas more than other places.
region that reach on some mountain to about ninety
seven (97) thunderstorm in a year while about nine (9) Winter thunderstorms in Saudi Arabia are mainly
thunderstorms on the beach of the Red Sea. In the associated with cold and very unstable air that has been
winter, the average of the thunderstorm on the beach of flowing over relatively warm sea, high CB-clouds
the Arabian Gulf is five (5) thunderstorms while twice develop and occasionally thunderstorms follow.
(2) on the shore of the Red Sea. Thunderstorms during the summertime are on the other
The weather of Saudi Arabia characterizes in summer hand mainly formed inland. As the sun warms the land
season by a clear vision and no thunderstorm except the the air above it also becomes warmer, thus the air may
Southern West region. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia become so unstable that thunderstorm may develop.
the seasons are defined as follows: The frequency of thunderstorms in Saudi Arabia is
lower during spring (April-May) and fall (September -
1. Winter Season months are (December, January, .November), May being the quietest month [1]
February).
2. Spring Season months are (March, April, The data collected from PME locations twenty eight
May). (28) stations during the past (19) years in some stations,
3. Summer Season months are (June, July, twenty four (24) years for other stations and many years
August). for the rest, the average complete data for all is ten (10)
4. Autumn Season months are (September, years.
October, November).
3.2.2 SEC
3.2 Lightning/Thunderstorm days Data Sources in
Saudi Arabia The need to collect as many records of outages of the
SEC transmission lines systems, and their
3.2.1 PME classifications may assist in the validation of PME
lightning records. Utility outages records are usually
The PME has no On-line lightning detection records on detected on a real time and direct protection devices,
the number of thunderstorms (or more precisely thunder which give such data more reliable automatic detection
days), it has kept weather stations around Saudi Arabia over that of human observation. This is an alternative
that cover the period from 1951 year of its validation of the human observed records of PME data
establishment up to present time. The way of PME obtained. The target is to collect from different SEC
detecting the lightning data depends on a human regions all available records as follows:
observation and hearing a thunder and lightning as
observed by the man on charge. Such way may loose 1. Center region from SEC which includes
some of its accuracy due to many human factors error. Riyadh, AL-Qassim, Hail, Dawadmi, Around
At every station in the country and twenty four hours a Riyadh, and AL-Kharj.
day there is a human, who records what he heard and 2. West and South region from SEC.
what he sights as an occurrence of the lightning. Then, 3. East and North region from SEC outages for
all data are added and considered as a summation of the the eastern area which includes Al-Hasa,
lightning during that period (monthly) and accumulate Dammam, and north area.
all the records throughout the year. Each station then
sends this data to PME in JEDDAH which is the center The requested outages data are usually classified in a
in the country where it is gathered and stored in table which contains information such that; the type of
.computer database fault, equipment type, date of fault and restart line, fault
The need for some validation is quite clear for more area, number of circuit in which fault occurs, cause of
accurate mapping. Thunder and lightning observations fault and category, duration of fault and finally the
are more during winter season on many PME locations description of cause. In the causes category faults are
in Riyadh & vicinities AL-Qaseem, Dhahran & classified as the following:
vicinities, and cities of Abha, Taif, and Al-Baha. The a) Equip.’s Problem, b) Relay Problem, c) Human
PME records of the observations show, that Error, Known, d) Unknown, contact and e) Weather.
thunderstorms are most frequent over southern, Eastern,
and central and especially during the winter months The criterion which will be used in this research project
(December-February), also, in the northern region, and for sorting and collecting lightning caused outages from
northwestern parts. The inland central and eastern the utilities outages records would be using each utility
thunderstorms occur also during the summer months classification as follows:
4
sighting locations in Saudi Arabia) heard thunder or
i. if the fault is clearly listed fault due to lightning this seen lightning.
will be taken as a solid first lightning incidence.
ii. if it is classified as transient cause, this will be also This information is published in formal map using
taken as lightning caused fault. Arcview GIS, Figure 2 illustrates the new map of the
iii. the third categorization of lightning caused outages total number of thunderstorms days expected annually,
are those of the weather related faults which are rarely averaged over a number of years. Other seasonal maps
added to lightning. were produced in both color and lines/number contours.
Such maps indicates which of the seasons have more
Any weather related fault is not primarily caused by lightning and at what region of the country.
lightning and higher evaluation and consideration of all
the atmospheric condition, when it occurred etc…is It is obvious that, the highest concentration of Iskruanic
implemented. It is clear from the outages classification level (IKL) during the whole year located in the
that the weather includes many types of forms like southern and mountain regions such as in the city of
foggy, rain, winds and lightning, but the lightning is the Taif, and Abha, while it is very low on the shore sides
clear direct detection. Yes, the lightning possesses of the Red Sea such as Jeddah. Moreover, the seasonal
special characteristics of the weather, and by default the average within the same period was published in map
number of lightning may be increased due to form using GIS as shown in. Such a map is called an
considering its accompanying storm conditions. Iskruanic level (IKL) chart. The chart does not give
information on the severity of lightning, but it supplies
Once those lightning caused faults are collected per valuable data on the relative probability of lightning in
year discussions with utility engineers and PME different regions of Saudi Arabia. Table 1 illustrates that
mythologist to check all faults considered as a lightning the highest average of IKL happened in spring season.
will take place. While, the lowest average happened in summer season.
[3] Atlas of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Higher [14] H. Torres, et al “Experiences and first results of
education, 1989 Saudi Arabia Colombian lightning location network”
Proceedings 23rd International Conference on
Lightning Protection, pp. 186-190, Firenze, 1996.
[4] Anderson, R.B., Eriksson, A.J., Kroninger, H.,
Meal, D.V. and Smith, M.A. 1984. Lightning and
thunderstorm parameters, IEEE Int Conf
Lightning and Power Systems, London, UK.
TOTAL AVERAGE
CITY
SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER SPRING ANNUAL
ABHA 42.54 10.25 3.541 41 97.33
ALBAHA 21.05 11.16 2.63 32.58 67.42
ALAHSA 0.26 0.79 6.26 9.74 17.1
AL JOUF 0.16 4.25 2.04 5.54 11.96
ARAR 0.29 5.54 3.13 6.17 15.13
BISHA 3.89 4.05 2.11 25.16 35.21
DHAHRAN 0.04 1.67 5.88 8.58 16.17
QASSIEM 0.21 5.53 5.47 12.63 23.84
GURAYAT 0.05 5.58 2 3.89 11.53
HAFR 0.23 3.31 5.92 10.54 20
HAIL 0.58 8.92 4.25 15.46 29.21
JIZAN 17.14 16.38 1.1 4.14 38.76
JEDDAH 1.17 4.08 1.92 1.83 9
KFIA 0 2 7.75 5 14.75
KHAMIS 29.83 7.33 3.42 35.52 76.13
KKIA 0.13 0.83 2.67 8.33 11.96
MADINAH 2.83 7 2.67 7.71 20.21
MAKKAH 2.89 9.95 2.95 3.68 19.47
NAJRAN 3.74 0.47 0.79 11.11 12.75
QAISUMA 0.37 5.4 8.12 11.58 25.5
RAFHA 0.13 4.54 2.67 5.96 13.29
RIYADH Old 0.25 1 4.46 10.04 15.75
SHARORAH 3.37 0.89 0.74 5.05 10.1
TABUK 0.79 6.54 2.63 4.54 14.5
TAIF 16.86 29.59 6.55 43 96
TURIEF 0.32 6.95 1.68 6.95 15.89
Wadi Dwaser 0.78 0.5 0.89 5 7.17
WAJH 0.04 1.38 2.1 0.96 4.46
YANBU 0.47 3.82 1.77 1.14 7.14
Figure 2 The Annual Average Thunderstorm/days/year of Saudi Arabia in lines contour