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est cult
y
on Leve
ID l

1E

2E

3E

4E

5E

6E
7E

8E

9E
10 E

11 E

12 E

13 E

14 M
15 M

16 M

17 M

18 M

19 M

20 E
The researchers had noticed a rather odd finding in the field of criminology: on the one hand, criminals tend to have a problem with delayed gratification, but, on the other ha
Religions often emphasize the afterlife and the consequences of evil deeds, and so the researchers puzzled over how the same group of people could accept the long-term con
and yet at the same time fail to take seriously the long-term consequences of their actions in this life.
To investigate this problem, the criminologists surveyed and interviewed 48 serious street offenders in the Atlanta area. Of the 48 criminals, 45 expressed religious conviction.
offenders we interviewed are able to exploit the absolvitory tenets of religious doctrine, neutralizing their fear of death to not only allow but encourage offending.” That is, the
religion uplifts forgiveness and absolution, and so the criminals reasoned they would be forgiven too.

The criminal called “Cool” makes sure to pray before committing a crime so that he can “stay cool with Jesus.” More than that, for some of his crimes, “Cool” sees himself as a
wrong to another bad person, like if I go rob a dope dealer or a molester or something, then it don’t count against me because it’s like I’m giving punishment to them for Jesus
kids? Well now I’m [God] sending Cool over your house to get your [censored].”
The authors are quick to note that religion does not necessarily justify crime, but that “through purposeful distortion or genuine ignorance” criminals think of creative ways to
course, genuinely not knowing one’s own religion extends well beyond criminals, and the same goes for exploiting religion for personal ends. Even if the criminals purposely di
conclude that such religious rationalizations still may very well “…play a criminogenic role in their decision making.”
Obviously, this research does not negate the possibility that religion can be a force that helps to redeem or rehabilitate a criminal. That said, this research does suggest that ho
Clearly, merely having religious belief does not discourage criminal behavior for the criminals interviewed here — and as seen, for some, religious belief actually justifies their b
conversion needs to do in order to rehabilitate criminals is to habituate them in the ways of religious practice — loving thy neighbor. Undoubtedly, some criminals would still m
with their violent crimes, but at least their treatment of religion would be less criminal.
Notice the prevalence (ironically) of legalism (giving people what they deserve), Pharasaism (conviction of their own righteousness), self-authority (Hell is here, not a place of f
manipulation of God such as praying before a crime), and sheer liberal theology (“God has to forgive everyone, even if they don’t believe in him”). We also see a version of the
vocation (love of neighbor), and. . . .Well, what else? Might this religiosity be channeled in a more redemptive direction? What is the main reason behind

From the above passage, what can be understood about religion?

What is the central focus of the passage ?

How do religious rationalizations "play a criminogenic role in a criminal's decision making"?

What was puzzling about the findings in the field of criminology?

What can be concluded from the above passage?

We've all heard the adage "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." It means that just as we all have different taste buds, we all have different beauty buds, as well. Some of us m
like their men to wear boxers; others prefer leopard-print G-strings. And we've all also heard "Don't judge a book by its cover." You know, don't make assumptions or judgment
big boobs, no hair, or a belt that's longer than a circus tightrope.

I hope it doesn't come as too much of a shock: Both of these sayings are much more myth than fact. Beauty is, in fact, quite objective and measurable. Trends and small chang
aspects have remained the same throughout the world and throughout history. In fact, research shows that human beings have evolved universal standards of beauty, both wi
depends on the symmetry of our facial features, our waist-to-hip ratio, a mathematical principle called the Fibonacci sequence, and some other choice factors.

You might not consciously know how these particular details make beauty quantifiable, but your brain sure knows them when it sees them. When we spot a particularly attrac
reptilian brains, a beauty alarm goes off. It tells us when we've struck gold, and it does so automatically and subconsciously. Just like a reflex, it's impossible to stop—and it's A
detectors have the mathematical precision of a Swiss watch, and they're rarely wrong. That's why outer beauty is nothing to take lightly. The good news? You can influence it t

So you can also forget the adage "You can't turn a sow's ear into a silk purse." You're already beautiful. You wouldn't be here unless your ancestors were beautiful. You need to
sexual selection guaranteed it because your ancestors mated with the most beautiful partners. We all have beautiful elements in us. You just need to use the right strategies to
It’s all in the optics, as Prime Minister Narendra Modi was extremely aware from the moment he touched down in Switzerland and made his way to almost snowbound Davos.
Modi who was on show for the world, and who held meetings with the Swiss president, Alain Berset, and Canada’s Justin Trudeau. His speech too, was emollient, about global
could identify with: the environment, terrorism and globalisation. True, there were veiled swipes, like the reference to “good and bad terrorists” and even a critical mention of
heads against globalisation”. His message was clearly that democratic India was a force for good in the world. He left it unsaid, and allowed the audience to draw its own comp
and China, where autocracy rules supreme.
For over two decades, Indian politicians and ministers have travelled the world selling the message that India, with its one billion-plus population and rising middle class and y
yield rich dividends for global corporations. It’s a measure of how far we have come that Modi didn’t think it necessary to turn salesman and hard-sell India. He left the deal-m
businessmen and even the representative from Bollywood, Shah Rukh Khan, who together ensured that India made its presence felt at Davos. This was in sharp contrast to las
the show and India was nowhere in sight. Modi's whistle-stop trip was essential to re-establish India’s place in the global economic order and to ensure that we do not fall out
global elite.
But it has to be said that Xi Jinping travelled to Davos last year with a very clear goal. He was signalling to the world that China wants to step forward into the breach and take
looking inward and threatening to turn protectionist. Xi hinted at a world where China would be the leader of globalisation and also the global supremo. Modi, by contrast, ha
that India is eager to be a part of a tech-led new world order, even if we may not be looking far into the future as the Chinese clearly are. Modi singled out renewable energy a
achieve our goals but in other areas he had to fall back on alliterative clichés like “democracy, demographics and dynamism”. And though it’s true that India has become an ea
businessmen are likely to be sceptical about the claim that “red tape has been replaced by a red carpet”. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister sent out all the right signals and we
dividends.
If desperation is the mother of innovation, then ignorance might be its father. In the early stages of a company, being protected from external influences can be a powerful stim
For the same reason that we often see some of the most creative and entrepreneurial insights coming from younger people. Wisdom and experience help to grow and sustain
requires a certain amount of naïveté. In the context of entrepreneurship and idea generation, ignorance equals open-mindedness. An empty mind is an open one — it is empt
empty of external critique.
Being unencumbered by external opinions allows two critical entrepreneurial traits to thrive: creativity and conviction. The former is most important during the early think-big
to mobilizing the team to execute with excellence.

There are two types of successful entrepreneurs — those who are aware of limitations and embrace constraints, becoming more creative as a result, and those who are unawa
realities, and therefore generate ideas freely. Those in the latter camp are especially capable of developing a fanatical passion for their ideas. If you can you free your mind from
ideas will flow faster and you become more bold in your actions. Leading idea generation with unbridled optimism is what provides the chance for new thinking. (For more of
blogs on leading with optimism.)

A large part of successful execution is rational prioritization and careful planning. But the spirit of excellence in execution gets its energy from conviction. Rallying people behin
one’s vision. This conviction is obviously easier when you don’t know the thousands of ways an idea could crash and burn. You don’t lose sleep over something of which you ar
conviction that inspires and motivates the team members who are driving execution. Entrepreneurs know that they go into situations with the statistical odds stacked against
conviction in the possibility of succeeding. Conviction is highly infectious, and people who catch it can and will execute with a greater intensity and sense of purpose in their ro
Embracing one’s ignorance does not suggest that one should remain ignorant forever. The key is recognizing the critical moments in a company’s trajectory when the a clean-s
conceptualization phase and certain growth inflection points, the right kind of ignorance is beneficial.
 Opton No. Opton Stmulus Correct Ans

They rely on their religion to forgive and

1 0
absolve them and so commit crimes.

2 They exploit religion to their own ends. 0

They see themselves as agents of God,
3 punishing those who have already 1
committed sins.
They feel that they will be redeemed after
4 0
committing these crimes.
Religion emphasizes on afterlife and
1 1
consequences of evil deeds.
2 Religion uplifts forgiveness and absolution. 0
Religious conversion must inculcate the
3 practice of Love thy neighbour to rehabilitate 0
criminals.
Religion is often misused by criminals and is
4 0
often exploited for personal ends.
All criminals have a strong
1 sense of religious belief so when they commit crimes they 1know they'll be forgiven.
Religion must be channelled in a more
2 redemptive manner. 0
Criminals distort their religious beliefs for
3 personal ends. 0
Ironic prevelance of
4 legalism,pharasaism,superstition and liberal 0
theology.
1 For some religious belief justifies behaviour. 1
Some criminals may reconcile with their
2 neighbour and their treatment of religion is 0
less criminal.
All criminals have a strong
3 sense of religious belief so when they commit crimes they 0know they'll be forgiven.
Criminals distort their religious beliefs for
4 0
personal ends.
Criminals acceptance of consequences of
1 their actions in the afterlife but pay no heed 1
to those in this life.
Criminals exploitation of religion for personal
2 0
ends.
Criminals confidence in religion for
3 0
forgiveness and absolution.
Criminals ability to reconcile with one's
4 0
neighbour after violent crimes.
Religion is the driving force behind most of a
1 0
criminal's actions.
 Religion is often exploited by criminals to
2 0
meet their personal ends.
Religion as used by criminals shows an ironic
3 ubiquity of legalism,Pharasism,self- 1
authority,superstition
Religious conversion and
mustliberal ideology
inculcate the
4 practice of Love thy neighbour to rehabilitate 0
criminals.

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0
1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0
1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0
Remarks/References
Q
ue Difculty
st
on Level
ID
1E

2E

3E

4E

5E

6E

7E

8E

9E

10 E

11 E
12 E

13 E

14 M

15 M

16 M

17 M

18 M

19 M

20 E

21 M

22 M
23 M

24 M

25 E

26 E

27 M

28 M

30 H

31 H
32 H

33 H

34 H

35 H

36 H

37 H

38 H

39 H

40 H
Item Stmulus
Opton Correct
Opton Stmulus
No. Ans

1 0
2 0
3 1
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
Remarks/References
Q
ue Difculty
st
on Level
ID
1E

2E

3E

4E

5E

6E

7E

8E

9E

10 E

11 E
12 E

13 E

14 M

15 M

16 M

17 M

18 M

19 M

20 E

21 M

22 M
23 M

24 M

25 E

26 E

27 M

28 M

30 H

31 H
32 H

33 H

34 H

35 H

36 H

37 H

38 H

39 H

40 H
Item Stmulus
Opton Correct
Opton Stmulus
No. Ans

1 0
2 0
3 1
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
Remarks/References
Q
ue Difculty
st
on Level
ID
1E

2E

3E

4E

5E

6E

7E

8E

9E

10 E

11 E
12 E

13 E

14 M

15 M

16 M

17 M

18 M

19 M

20 E

21 M

22 M
23 M

24 M

25 E

26 E

27 M

28 M

30 H

31 H
32 H

33 H

34 H

35 H

36 H

37 H

38 H

39 H

40 H
Item Stmulus
Opton Correct
Opton Stmulus
No. Ans

1 0
2 0
3 1
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0

3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0

1 0

2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
Remarks/References