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Mylene G. Almario
Instructor
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the systematic study of social behaviour
and human groups. It focuses primarily on the influence
of social relationships upon people’s attitudes and
behaviour and on how societies are established and
change.
Herbert Spencer
- His theory of social evolution espoused the idea that
societies develop from relative homogeneity and
simplicity to heterogeneity and complexity. (survival of the
fittest)
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
Other sociologist were:
George Simmel
Ferdinand Toennies
Wilfredo Pareto
Karl Mannheim
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
UNITED STATES
Robert E. Park – pioneered in the multi-disciplinary
approach and social ecology.
James Adams – popular female social thinkers who
studies in the impoverished areas of Chicago.
Charles Horton Cooley
Herbert Mead
W.I Thomas
To be meaningful.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL
INQUIRY
Define the research problem and review related
literature.
Formulate the hypothesis.
Plan the research design.
Gather the data.
Analyse the data.
Check or verify the results.
Communicate the results to others.
METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN IN
SOCIOLOGY
Experimental Method – it is a method for studying the
relation between two or more variables under highly controlled
conditions.
Survey Research – it involves a systematic and large-scale
collection of information from people and about the people
through the use of questionnaire.
Field Research (Participant Observation) – the researcher/s
goes to the field lives with the people for some months, and
participates in their activities in order to know and feel their
culture.
Participatory Research – this method utilizes the people
who are the actual targets of the development projects, in the
entire research process.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Observation – it uses various senses in studying a social
phenomenon or social behaviour. It can be overt or covert.
Interviews
Structured interview – the researcher followed a more
definite order of questions.
Unstructured interview – the researcher leaves the it to the
key informants to guide the conversation.
- Interview can also be guided by a questionnaire.
Historical Research – this involves the continuous and
systematic search for information and knowledge about past
events related to the life of a person, a group, society, or the
world.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Life History – study of personal life of a person.
Case Study – an extensive examination of a specific
group over a long period of time is carried out. Ex. A
case study of a drug addict, a prostitute, a professional or
a gang.
Content Analysis – this involves the analysis of how
people communicate and the messages people talk or
write about.
Use of films and Tape recorder – used to gain more
accurate data such as the visual information and to
preserve in formation.
SOCIETY AND GROUP
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
A). Origin of Species (Sir Charles Darwin)
It traced the biological evolution of living organisms from
simple unicellular amoeba to the most complex multi
cellular organism like human being.
GEMEINSCHAFT GESSELSCHAFT
- Close communal relationship - Organized impersonal
or community. relationship or society.
- It is a community of intimate, - There is division of labour,
private, and exclusive living specialization, functional
and familism. dependence, and solidarity
- They live and work together or cohesion are achieved.
and share a common - The members are guided by
language, traditions, and rational will characterized by
customs which are not forethought and deliberation.
questioned.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
IN-GROUP OUT-GROUP
- The individual identifies and - It is a group which an
which gives on her a sense of individual is in sufficient
belonging, solidarity, contact with as to be
camaraderie, espirits de corps, aware of its existence, but
and a protective attitude he or she is prone to
towards the other members. criticize.
- “we are in” - “they are out”
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
RACE ETHNICITY
- The classification of - The culturally defined
humans according to differences between
physical characteristics ethnic group in the
transmitted at birth to a society.
group of people. - It involves a sharing of
- It is biological concept is culture and certain culture
determined on the basis traits.
of a group’s blood line.
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Ethnic Group
- It refers to the group with common cultural backgrounds.
-The theory of “definition of the situation” in ethnic group
relations implies that, what is important is not the physical
characteristics that identify a group but how such relationship
determine the feeling of belonging to each other.
-The Philippine population is composed of Christian
Malay(91.5%), Muslim Malay (4%), Chinese (1.5%), and
other cultural minorities (3%).
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Minority Group
-It refers to the group that is numerically lesser than the rest of
the population. There are in a non-dominant position, whose
members possess ethnic, religious, or linguistic characteristics
which distinguish them from the rest of the population.
-Some features of minority group are:
Family of
Orientation
Family of
Procreation
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
B. Extended Family
-It is composed of two or more nuclear families,
economically and socially related to each other.
-The extensions may be through the parent-child
relationship; where the unmarried and married children
lives with their families live with their parents.
-This type of family emphasizes independent residence,
strong allegiance to the members, romantic love, and
sexual attraction.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based of Structure
A. Conjugal Family
-The spouse and their offspring as of prime importance and
which has a fringe comparatively unimportant relatives.
Marital bond is emphasized.
B. Consanguine Family
- The nucleus of blood relatives as more important than
the spouses. Blood relationships formed during are
emphasized.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Descent
A. Patrilineal
-Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives
through his or her father.
B. Matrilineal
-Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives related
through his or her mother.
C. Bilateral
- Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives
related both to his and her parents.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
A. Patrilocal
-The newly weds are expected to live in the same house
close to the groom’s family and common in rural areas.
- This is consistent with the expectation of society that “a
man must always provide for the needs of his family”.
B. Matrilocal
-The wife brings her husband to her parent’s house. This is
most common when the wife is the only child/daughter or
the last of the offspring to get married.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
C. Neolocal
-The couple established residence independent and far form
their parent’s residence.
-This is most prevalent in the urban areas and couples are
financially stable.
D. Bilocal
-The couple has the option to live either with the bride’s or
groom’s family.
-The couple resorted to this method if they are financially
stable.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Authority
A. Patriarchal Family
-It gives the oldest male (husband-male) control over the rest
of the members. This is most dominant in many societies since
the biblical times.
-The males speak for the familial group with regard to property
relationship, legal obligations, and criminal offenses.
B. Matriarchal Family
- An extremely rare phenomenon, which is a system where
the wife-mother has the authority and power over husband-
father.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
C. Egalitarian Family
-The authority is divided more or less between husband
and wife. This is promoted by the bilateral system of
descent.
D. Matricentric Family
- The father commutes to work and his absence gives the
mother a dominant position in the family, although the
father may also share with the mother in decision-making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of the Family
Regulates sexual behaviour
Reproduction
Status-placement
Crime
Note: Benefits of family planning was not only for the society but
also for individual health.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Natural family planning
-The natural way of avoiding pregnancy by observing,
recording, and interpreting changes in the cervical mucus
or basal body temperature in order to determine the safe
and unsafe days of menstrual cycle.
-The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected
vaginal sex during most fertile days, usually by abstaining or
by using condoms.
-There should be an observation of few cycles which is
necessary before effective practice of method.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Calendar rhythm
-The use of calculations to determine safe and unsafe days
of the menstrual cycle, based on past cycles.
-This method is recommended for women with regular
menstrual cycles ad who feel themselves capable of
following the requirements of method and for women who
cannot use artificial contraceptive.
Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal)
-The male withdraws his penis from his partner's vagina,
and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen away from
her external genitalia.
Calendar Method
Cervical Mucus
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Tubal ligation
-This is don by cutting-off the fallopian tube to block
completely the passage of ovum and prevent it from
meeting the sperm.
Vasectomy
-This requires a simple operation by cutting-off the vas
deference so that the sperm will not entre the semen that is
discharged.
Vasectomy
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Intrauterine device (IUD)
-A small, soft plastic device that is inserted into the uterus.
It can be placed or removed by trained personnel only.
The acceptors may experience minor discomfort after
insertion and the possibility its being expelled.
Pills/Oral contraceptive
-It is a combination of synthetic hormones. It is intended
for women 19 to 34 years old who desire to space child-
bearing. It may be inconvenient since the pills is taken daily
IUD’s
Pills
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Injectable Contraceptive
-This is administered by one-dose injectable contraceptive
containing progesterone and injected every three months.
This is intended for women 18-40 years old who wish to
space or limit child-bearing. It gives women freedom from
menstruation an the associated blood loss. however, one
advantages of this method may be vaginal spotting even
before the regular menstrual period.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Implants
-It is a small, flexible rods or capsules placed under the skin of
the upper arm; contains progesterone hormone only. Only the
health-care provider must insert and remove this product. It can
be used for 3–5 years depending on implant. Like injectable
irregular vaginal bleeding is common but not harmful.
Condom
-It is a soft and thin rubber sheath worn on the erect penis
before sexual intercourse to prevent the sperm. It gives
protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted
diseases. However, this may cause inconvenience to users, since
they have to interrupt love-making in order to put it on.
Implants
Condom
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND
ISSUES
DIMENSIONS AND ORIGIN OF SOCIAL
PROBLEMS
- It may be inferred that no society succeeds in getting all
its people to behave as expected all the time because all
societies have social problems.
- A social problems exist when a significant number of
people perceive an undesirable difference between social
ideals and social realities.
- In addition, a social problem involves the deviance
among in the society and natural events such as
earthquake, typhoons, eruption of volcano, floods, famine
and epidemics that greatly affects the human lives in the
society.
POVERTY
- It is a condition that exist when people lack the means to
satisfy their basic needs. Extreme poverty is the main
cause of malnutrition and poor health.
- Sociologically, it defines as “denial of choices and
opportunities for living a tolerable life”. It is considered as
the symptom of a social cancer.
- It is associated to criminality, breakdown of morals and
socially accepted behaviour, low educational attainment,
low property values and poor life changes.
- It has also devastating effects in the families, often forcing
parents to abandon children to seek employment in their
countries, not aware of the social costs.
CAUSES OF POVERTY
Colonial mentality
Dependence of Philippine economy on foreign capital and
investment
Capitalism and exploitation
Cheap labour
Graft and corruption
Overpopulation
Unemployment and underemployment
Low and limited educational attainment and illiteracy
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Culture of poverty theory
-It is the result of cash and economy, labour wage and
production for profit, high rate of employment and
underemployment of unskilled labour, low wages and
inadequate social and economic organizations to serve the
low-income bracket of population.
-It observed that poor members of the society are less
permissive in socializing with other children, more fatalistic
about one’s views in life, lack an interest in formal
education, and usually pleasure-oriented.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Dependency theory
-accordingly, poverty in underdeveloped society has been
the result of a colonial socio-economic structure. The
growing of poverty among the underdeveloped countries is
due to the forced incorporation of the economy of the
developed countries.
-The massive exodus of money from underdeveloped
regions of the world also intensifies the destruction of
natural resources.
-This apparent dependency of underdeveloped countries to
the highly developed countries has led to the increasing
impoverishment of the dependent country.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Social Darwinist Theory
-It assumes that the assets that economic survival of any
society depends, to a large extent, on the individuals
endowed with superior intelligence that will plan, control,
regulate and lead its development.
-It also reveals that the upper and middle class students
who can speak and understand the English language have
better chances of passing the prescribed examinations for
job hunting.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Theory of Capitalism
-The continuous exploitation of poverty of the people to
accumulate huge profits. The poor are always sacrificed the
price of technological development.
-This theory proposed by Karl Marx which reveals the
relationship and conflict between the exploiters and
exploiter. These relationships had been the entire system
of economic, social and political involvement, which has
virtually been established to maintain the power and
dominate of the owners over the workers.
FACES OF POVERTY
Shanties under the bridge
Brain-drain syndrome
Criminals
Prostitutions
Malnutrition
Increase of mortality rate
Rapid growth of population
“Don’t give them fish, instead teach them how to catch a fish”
CRIME
- The problem of juvenile delinquency and crime apart to
be common in all societies. Some of the major causes of
juvenile delinquency and crime are social disorganization,
poverty and broken homes.
- The Child and Youth Welfare Code explicitly defines the
youth offender as “one who is over nine years but under
twenty-one years of age at the time of the commission of the
offense”. A child which is nine years old or under when
the offense was committed shall be exempt from criminal
liability and shall be placed in the custody of the parents,
or the nearest relative, or the family friend, in the
discretion of the court and subject to its supervision.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
1. Social Organization – the desire for power, wealth
and prestige, the atmosphere where fear, hate,
antagonism and hostility are prevalent are elegant
manifestation of social or disorganization.
2. Poverty – exist when the people didn’t satisfy his/her
basic needs.
3. Broken Home – the separation of husband and wife
brought about by war, migration, imprisonment,
employment outside the country, marital discord,
bickering, infidelity, and lack of trust that consequently
lead to legal separation.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
Individual Programs
Individual Behaviour Therapy – aims to modify the
behaviour of the delinquent by changing the environment in
which the behaviour occurs.
Social Skills Training
-It focused on micro-skills, such as eye contact and body
postures; macro skills, such as negotiating with and handling
encounters with the police authority; and institutional
behaviour, such as avoiding fights and other forms of
brawls.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
Cognitive Behaviour Programs
Self-control and self-instruction
Anger control
Role Taking
-The program designed to encourage young male
delinquents to see themselves from the perceptive of other
people to develop their own role-taking activities.
Social Problem-solving
- It includes the skills of sensibility to interpersonal
problems, the ability to choose the desired outcome of a
social exchange (means-end thinking).
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
Moral Reasoning Development
-It increase the morality belief of the young delinquent.
Multimodal Programs
-The program will improve the self-control, and reduced
problem behaviour.
Institutional and Community Program
-This program includes; secure institutions, residential
establishment, school-based intervention, family
intervention and diversionary projects.
PROSTITUTIONS
- Prostitution as a social problem is considered as old as
mankind. It is the sale and purchase of sexual relations.
- This is the act or practice of engaging in sexual relations in
consideration for money.
- There can be homosexual favours to women; but it is the sale
of female sexually to men that have usually been the
predominant pattern and, to a great extent, has given rise to
the greatest social concern.
- Also, there is an misleading view of prostitutions as being
something “done by” prostitutes while ignoring the casual
significance of male demand for their services, is itself indicative
of the sexual double standard on which phenomenon of
prostitutions rests.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Female Prostitutes – they are usually seen in bar or street
and sometimes calls as “street walkers” or “hookers”. In
some cases, there were a called as high class prostitutes
known as the “escort girls” and “guest relation officers”,
sometime they are working as sauna attendants, night club
hostesses, hospitality girls, escorts and models.
Male Prostitutes – prostitutes that cater principally to
homosexual males.
They can be seen roaming around in conspicuous places
with no apparent purpose like department stores, shopping
malls, lobbies, and even hotels and gay bars where
homosexuals act as masseurs and escorts.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Child Prostitution
-This common to some foreign tourists coming from
different countries and want to experience what our
country can offer. The issue of pedophilia surprising
nowadays, since we have always read the “fresh victim” of
prostitutions.
-It assumes that broken homes can make people shy way
from normal adult heterosexual relationship since children
are less threatening and more passive sex partners.
-I may also inferred that when the child prostitute grows
up, he/she likely to become a pedophile.
CAUSES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Poverty
-Being hopeful of a better life, so they sacrifice everything in
exchange of money.
Illegal recruitment
-Sometimes young people from rural areas are the target of illegal
recruitment, a promise of better job and better life makes them
involve in prostitution without knowing than they were became
one.
Lack of education and information
-The promise of a good-paying job, aside from other benefits like
free board and lodging, beautiful dresses and expensive jewelry
become the motivating factors why they are trapped into the illicit
trade.
Why prostitutes stay in their job?
1. For a better life until they meet someone who is willing take
them out of this job.
2. Enjoyment; they find it easy, glamorous and less demanding.
3. Maintenance of fabulous life.
4. Income higher than housemaids.
5. They were forced to this kind of job because of extreme
poverty.
6. No available jobs for survival.
7. Broken homes.
8. Being loners during adolescence.
EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION
1. Promotes and facilitates the spread of sexually
transmitted diseases.
2. Health problems among prostitutes.
3. Drug addiction that lead to commit crimes.
4. It violates the monogamy which is sharing of sex with
only one partner.
5. Psychological demanding and adventurous to their
partners for satisfaction.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
- This is a human viral disease that ravages the immune system,
undermining the body’s capacity to defend itself against certain
microbial organisms.
- It is cause by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), which attacks selected cells in the immune system and
produce defects functions.
- This leads to so-called neuropsychiatric abnormalities, or
psychological disturbances caused by physical damage to nerve
cells.
- Historically, the disease first identified in 1980 among
homosexual men and injection drug users in New York and
California, shortly after evidence grew of epidemics in Saharan-
Africa and Haiti.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
- AIDS has become worldwide. By 1995, 477, 900 Americans had
developed the disease which 295, 500 had died and worldwide
more than 14 million people were believed to be infected.
- In 1996, an estimated 22.6 million people worldwide were living
with HIV/AIDS (21.8million adults and 830, 000 children).
- The WHO estimate that between 1981, when the first AIDS
cases were reported, and the end of 1996,more than 8.4million
adults and children had developed AIDS.
- There were 6.4million death worldwide from AIDS/HIV, about
360, 000 of these deaths occurred in the United States.
- In 1984, there are 961 Filipinos infected with this dreadful virus.
- It also noted that 22 percent of the HIV positive were former
OFW.
The Nature of the Virus
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA retrovirus. It
has dense cylindrical core that encase two molecules of viral
RNA genetic material. A spherical outer envelop surrounds the
core.
- It possesses a special enzyme, called reverse transcriptase, that
is bale to make a DNA copy of the viral RNA. This enable the
virus to reverse the normal flow of generic information and to
incorporate its viral genes into the genetic material of its host.
- The virus may then remain in a latent from for a variable and
often lengthy period of time until it is reactivated. The
mechanisms and triggers of the activation process is important
to the efforts being, made to control HIV infection.
Modes of Transmission
Note: Isolated HIV from a number of body fluids, including
blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk,
and cervical and vaginal secretions.
Sexual intercourse, whether vaginal or anal, with an
infected individual.
- homosexual or heterosexual transmission
Exposure to infected blood or blood products.
- blood transfusions
Infected mother to her child before or during birth.
- during childbirth or through breast feeding, although some
uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers have an incidence of
heart problems 12 times that of children in the general population.
FACT or MYTH
Note: Read the poem “I Got Flowers Today” by Paulette Kelly and reflect
on it. :-)
A Potential Women Beater
He hurts you on purpose.
He has a scary temper.
He puts you down.
He cuts off from your friends.
He swings back and forth form sweet to mean, then back.
He blames you for his anger.
He panics at the idea of breaking up.
He encourages you not to enjoy life.
He checks upon you.
He calls you names.
Unemployment and Underemployment
- Unemployment is the condition where one who is able and
willing to work dies not have a job, while, underemployment
was characterized by workers whose educational
qualifications, training, experience and skills do not match the
nature of the job they do.
- The unemployment condition in the Philippines has increased
an alarming rate; and afflicts the lives of many people.
- Since, unemployment is an important part of our life in order
to survive, to be unemployed is to be out of the cultural and
social mainstream.
- Unemployment and underemployment in the country main
result to the sacrifice of the Filipino to work outside the
country.
Types of Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment
-The members of the labour force search for jobs that best suit their skills and
preferences.
Structural Unemployment
-This is the results from shifts in the pattern of demands for goods and services or
changes in technology, that preferably requires a hiring of workers who fits for the
position.
Cyclical Unemployment
-This type of unemployment results form the recession and economic fails in the
country.
Technological Unemployment
-It is cause by the advancement of science and technology and eventually some
member of the labour force who didn’t possess the skills will lose their job.
Seasonal Unemployment
- It results from the reduction in demands for labour either by climatic or seasonal
change.
Other Social Problems and Issues
Family, Legal Separation, and Broken Homes
Unwed mothers and illegitimate child
Abortion
Malnutrition
Street-children and Child labour/abuse
Sexual harassment, Pedophilia and Incest
Gambling
Squatting
Floods
Human Trafficking
Peace and Order
REFERENCES
Andersen, Margaret L. 2003. Sociology – The Essential. Second Edition. Thomson
Learning Incorporated, USA.
Henslin, James M. 2009. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Pearson Education
Incorporated. USA.
Macionis, John J. 2010. Sociology. Thirteenth Edition. Pearson Education South Asia
PTE. Singapore.
Panopio, Isabel et.al. 2004. Sociology: Focus on the Philippines. Fourth Edition. Ken
Incorporated. Quezon City.
Palispis, Epitacio. 2007. Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. Rex Printing
Company Incorporated, Quezon City.
Sulliva, Thomas J. 2004. Sociology: Concept and Application in a Diverse World.
Pearson Education Incorporated.
Thio, Alex. 1998. Sociology. Fifth Edition. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers
Incorporated, USA.
Zulueta, Francisco M. et.al. 2006. Social Problems and Issues in the Philippines.
Revised Edition. National Book Store. Mandaluyong City.
Thank you for listening…