Diode Applications

&
Basic Power Supply Circuits

Pictures are redrawn (with some modifications) from

Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits
Robert T. Paynter
and
Analog Electronics
Gerald E. Williams

1
 Objectives
• Briefly describe the purpose basic power supply and
the function of each circuit it contains.
• Understand the operation for half-wave, full-wave
and full-wave bridge rectifiers.
• Discuss the effects that filtering has on the output of a
rectifier.
• Calculate the voltages, currents, and power occurring
in the zener regulator circuit.
• Calculate and design the basic of DC power supply.

2
 Basic Rectifier
power
Input voltage supply
o/p voltage blockDCdiagram
Filter o/p voltage o/p voltage

and waveforms.
DC power supplysupply
DC power
Voltage Voltage
ac input Transformer
ac input Rectifier
Rectifier Filter Filter dc output dc output
regulator regulator

Input voltage Rectifier o/p voltage Filter o/p voltage DC o/p voltage

DC power supply

Voltage
ac input Transformer Rectifier Filter
regulator
dc output

3
TRANSFORMER

4
 Transformer symbol.
Transformer coupling provides two advantages;
1. It allows the source voltage to be stepped up or
stepped down as needed.
2. The ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier,
thus preventing a shock hazard in the secondary circuit.

IP IS

VP NP NS VS

Primary Secondary
(input) (output)
1:2 4:1 1:1

120 Vac 240 Vac 120 Vac 30 Vac 120 Vac 120 Vac

Step-up Step-down Isolation 5

Calculating Secondary Voltage

N s Vs I p
 
N p Vp I s
N S VS NS
 VS  VP
N P VP NP

6
Calculating Secondary Current
PS  PP
VS I S  VP I P
VS I P

VP I S
NS IP

NP IS
NP
IS  IP
NS

7
 Example 1.
The fuse shown in Figure, is used to limit the current in
the primary of the transformer. Assuming that the fuse
limits the value of IP to 1A, what is the limit on the
value of the secondary current?
F1
1A
1:4
NP 1
Load IS  I P  1A   250mA
NS 4

8
 Basic Rectifier
power
Input voltage supply
o/p voltage blockDCdiagram
Filter o/p voltage o/p voltage

and waveforms.
DC power supplysupply
DC power
Voltage Voltage
ac input Transformer
ac input Rectifier
Rectifier Filter Filter dc output dc output
regulator regulator

Input voltage Rectifier o/p voltage Filter o/p voltage DC o/p voltage

DC power supply

Voltage
ac input Transformer Rectifier Filter
regulator
dc output

9
 Rectifier
1.1 Half-wave ( One diode )

1.2 Full-wave ( Two diodes )

1.3 Full-wave Bridge ( Four diodes )

10
1.1 Half-wave rectifiers.

VP VS RL VL

VP VS RL VL

11
Calculating Load Voltage
and Load Current

VP VS RL VL

VL (pk)  VS (pk)  VF
NS
VS (pk)  VP (pk)
NP
Vrms
Vpk   2 Vrms
0.707 12
 Example 2.
Determine the peak load voltage for
the circuit shown.
F1
5:1
120v VS RL VL

VP (pk)  2VP (rms)  2 120V=169.7V

NS 1
VS (pk )  VP (pk )  169.7V   33.94V
NP 5
VL (pk )  VS (pk )  VF  33.94V  0.7V  33.24V
13
 Example 3.
Determine the peak load voltage for
the circuit.
F1

25 Vac RL VL

VS (pk)  2VS (rms)  2  25V=35.36V

VL (pk )  VS (pk )  VF  35.36V  0.7V  34.66V

14
 Example 4.
What is the peak load current for the
circuit shown in Figure below?
F1 IL
3:1
RL
VL
10k

VP (pk)  2VP (rms)  2 120V=169.7V

NS 1
VS (pk )  VP (pk )  169.7V   56.6V
NP 3
VL (pk )  VS (pk )  VF  56.6V  0.7V  55.9V
VL (pk ) 55.9V
I L (pk )    5.59mA
RL 10kΩ 15
 Average (or DC) Voltage
and Current
Half-wave rectifier:
Vpk
VL ave    0.318Vpk

2Vac rms  Vhw(pk)
  0.450Vac rms  Vhw(rms)

1 Vhw(ave)
Vac rms   VL ave   2.22VL ave 
0.450
I pk
I L ave    0.318 I pk  0.450 I ac rms 

I ac rms   2.22 I L ave 
16
 Example 5
Determine the dc load current for the
rectifier shown.

IL VS (pk )  2 VS (rms)  2  24Vac

F1
 33.9V
RL
24 Vac
20k
VL VL (pk)  VS (pk )  0.7V  33.2V
VL (pk ) 33.2V
I L (pk )    1.66mA
RL 20kΩ
I L (pk ) 1.66
I L (ave)   mA
 
 528.39μA 17
 Example 6: Negative Half-Wave Rectifier.

F1 IL

RL
48 Vac VL
12k

VS (pk)  2 VS (rms)  2  48Vac  67.9V

VL (pk)  VS (pk)  0.7V  67.2V VL(pk)  67.2V
VL (pk) 67.2V
VL (ave)    21.39V VL(ave)  21.39V
 
Step 1: Calculation for Step 2: Change sign of
positive half-wave VL and IL.
rectifier.
18
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
Peak inverse voltage is the peak
reverse voltage applied to a diode in a
circuit. The diode must withstand such
voltage without breakdown.

PIV = VS(pk) for half-wave rectifier.

19
 Rectifier
1.1 Half-wave ( One diode )

1.2 Full-wave ( Two diodes )

1.3 Full-wave Bridge ( Four diodes )

20
 1.2 Full-wave rectifier.

F1
Input
Signal
Full-wave
rectifier output
Load

A full-wave rectifier
(center-tap)

21
Full-wave center-tap rectifier
operation.
F1

IP
VS (pk )

2
IL VL

F1

IP VS (pk )

2
IL VL

22
 Calculating Load Voltage
and Current Values
Full-wave center-tap rectifier:
VS (pk )
VL   0.7V
2
2VL (pk )
VL (ave)   0.637VL (pk )  0.9VL (rms) Vfw(pk)
 Vfw(rms)
VL (rms) 
1
VL (ave)  1.11VL (ave)
Vfw(ave)
0.9
VL (pk )
I L (pk ) 
RL
VL (ave)
I L (ave) 
RL 23
 Example 7.
Determine the dc load voltage and current
for the circuit shown in Figure 3.18.
F1 D1 VS (pk )  2  30Vrms  42.4V
15 VS (pk )
0 VL (pk )   0.7V  21.2V  0.7V  20.5V
30 Vac 2
15 RL 2VL (pk ) 2  20.5V
VL V    13.05V
D2 5.1k L (ave)  
VL (pk ) 20.5V
I L (pk )    4.02mA
RL 5.1kΩ
VL (ave) 13.05V
I L (ave)    2.56mA
RL 5.1kΩ

PL  VL(rms) I L(rms)  VL(ave) I L(ave)

24
Peak Inverse Voltage
F1 +17Vpk D1 (on)

0 34 Vpk
D2(off)
RL
VL
-17Vpk 5.1k
24Vac 34 Vpk

PIV  2VL (pk)

PIV  VS (pk)

Full-wave center-tap rectifier.

25
Negative full-wave rectifier.

F1
Input
Signal
Full-wave
rectifier output
Load

26
 Rectifier
1.1 Half-wave ( One diode )

1.2 Full-wave ( Two diodes )

1.3 Full-wave Bridge ( Four diodes )

27
1.3 Full-Wave bridge rectifier.

F1
D2 D3 Input
Signal
Full-wave
D1 D4 Load rectifier output

28
Bridge rectifier operation.
F1
D2 D3
VS
D1 D4 VL
F1
D2 D3
VS
D1 D4 VL

29
Calculating Load Voltage and
Current Values
VL (pk )  VS (pk ) (ideal)
VL (pk )  VS (pk )  1.4V
VL (pk )
I L (pk ) 
RL
VL (ave)
I L (ave) 
RL

30
 Example 8.
Determine the load voltage and current
values for the circuit shown.
F1
D2 D3
12Vac
D1 D4 RL
12k

VS (pk )  2VS (rms)  2  12Vac  16.97V

VL (pk )  VS (pk )  1.4V  15.57V
2VL (pk ) 2  15.57V
VL (ave)    9.91V
 
VL (ave) 9.91V
I L (ave)    825.8μA 31
RL 12kΩ
 Peak Inverse Voltage

F1 F1
D2 D3 D2
VS VS VS
D1 D4 D4
RL RL

PIV  VS (pk)

Full-wave bridge rectifier.

32
Center-Tap VS Bridge Rectifier
F1 F1
D2 D3

Load D1 D4 Load

2 diodes 4 diodes
(1 diode in the current path) (2 diodes in the current path)
VS (pk )
VL (pk )  VL (pk)  VS (pk)
2
PIV  VS (pk)  2VL(pk) PIV  VS (pk)  VL(pk)
Current passing through half Current passing through full
of secondary winding at a secondary winding all time.
33
time.
 Half-Wave VS Full-Wave

Vhw(pk) Vfw(pk)
Vhw(rms) Vfw(rms)
Vfw(ave)
Vhw(ave)
Vhw(pk)  V fw(pk)  VS (pk) V fw(rms)  2Vhw(rms)
2Vhw(ave)  V fw(ave) Vhw(pk)  2Vhw(rms)
Vhw(pk) V fw(pk)  2V fw(rms)
Vhw(ave) 

2V fw(pk)
V fw(ave) 
 34
Power Dissipation at Load
1
PL  VL (pk ) I L (pk )  VL (rms) I L (rms)
2

1
PL  VL (pk ) I L (pk )  V fw(rms) I fw(rms)
2
VL  V fw

V fw(rms) I fw(rms)
PL  Vhw(rms) I hw(rms) 
2 2
1
 V fw(rms) I fw(rms)
2 35
Integrated Rectifiers.
F1

Load

36
… break…

37
 Basic Rectifier
power
Input voltage supply
o/p voltage blockDCdiagram
Filter o/p voltage o/p voltage

and waveforms.
DC power supplysupply
DC power
Voltage Voltage
ac input Transformer
ac input Rectifier
Rectifier Filter Filter dc output dc output
regulator regulator

Input voltage Rectifier o/p voltage Filter o/p voltage DC o/p voltage

DC power supply

Voltage
ac input Transformer Rectifier Filter
regulator
dc output

38
The effects of filtering on the o/p of a
half-wave rectifier.

Half-wave
Filter
rectifier

Vr

Vr = ripple voltage

39
 The basic capacitive filter.
Charge Discharge
F1 F1

C1 RL C1 RL
VS 100F VS 100F
1k 1k

VL
IL

Charge Discharge
Charge
IS
Surge current

40
41
Ripple Factor

f = frequency of the signal

RL = load resistor
C= capacitor value

42
Example

43
44
 Ripple voltage vs filter time constant.
C1 constant RL constant
RL = 500  C1 = 150 F

RL = 1 k C1 = 300 F

RL = 1.5 k C1 = 470 F

45
 Filter Output Voltage
Vr /2 dVC (t )
Vr
Vr /2 I C (t )  C
dt
I C (t ) t I L (ave) t
Vpk Vdc
Equal
slopes C 
t  20 ms (for half-wave rectifier) VC Vr
I L (ave) t
Vr Vr 
C
Vdc Vr
VL ( ave )  VL ( pk ) 
2
t  10 ms (for full-wave rectifier)

46
Real Rectifier Waveforms
Voltage drop due to
impedance in the power line,
transformer and diodes.

Start

47
 Example 9.
Determine the value of Vdc for the circuit shown.
F1 D1
12
0 24 Vac
12 C1 RL
D2 470F 1.2k

I L (dc) t
VS (pk )  2  24Vac  33.95V Vr 
C1
VS (pk )
VL (pk ) 
2
 0.7V  16.28V

13.6mA 10ms 
 289.4mV
VL (dc)  VL (pk )  16.28V 470μF
V
VL (dc) 16.28V VL (dc)  VL (pk )  r
I L (dc)    13.6mA 2
RL 1.2kΩ
 16.28V  144.7mV  16.14V 48
 Basic Rectifier
power
Input voltage supply
o/p voltage blockDCdiagram
Filter o/p voltage o/p voltage

and waveforms.
DC power supplysupply
DC power
Voltage Voltage
ac input Transformer
ac input Rectifier
Rectifier Filter Filter dc output dc output
regulator regulator

Input voltage Rectifier o/p voltage Filter o/p voltage DC o/p voltage

DC power supply

Voltage
ac input Transformer Rectifier Filter
regulator
dc output

49
 IC Voltage Regulator
Before we continue to understand the
function of Integrated Circuit (IC) of
voltage regulator, it will be easy if we
understand the basic of Zener
diode function.

50
 Zener Diodes.
A major application for Zener diodes is providing stable
reference voltages.

After completing this section, you should be able to

• Describe the characteristics of a Zener diode and analyze its
operation
• Identify a Zener diode by its symbol
• Discuss avalanche and Zener breakdown
• Analyze the V-I characteristic curve of a Zener diode
• Discuss the Zener equivalent circuit

51
 Zener characteristics.
IF
VZ
VR VF
IZK= Zener knee
current

IR IZT= Zener test

VS R current

IZM= Maximum
Zener current

IR

52
Determining Zener impedance.
IF
VZ
VR VF

19mA
IZT (20mA) IZ
21mA
VZ
ZZ 
I Z

IR

53
Zener equivalent circuits.

IR VZ

ZZ

Ideal: ZZ = 0
Prac.: ZZ > 0
54
 Example 3. Zener diode.
A 1N754A Zener diode has a dc power
dissipation rating of 500 mW and a nominal
Zener voltage of 6.8 V. What is the value
of IZM for the device?

PD (max) 500mW
I ZM    73.5mA
VZ 6.8V

55
Specification of 1N754A series
(Zener diodes).

56
Zener selector guide.

57
 Basic Rectifier
power
Input voltage supply
o/p voltage blockDCdiagram
Filter o/p voltage o/p voltage

and waveforms.
DC power supplysupply
DC power
Voltage Voltage
ac input Transformer
ac input Rectifier
Rectifier Filter Filter dc output dc output
regulator regulator

Input voltage Rectifier o/p voltage Filter o/p voltage DC o/p voltage

DC power supply

Voltage
ac input Transformer Rectifier Filter
regulator
dc output

58
 Type of Regulators
RS
Series
Vin Vin
regulator

Load
re

Series regulator

Switching regulator is beyond the scope of the course.

59
The basic zener voltage regulator (shunt
regulator).
Regulator
RS
Rectifier Filter

D1 Load
VZ

IZK
VRS
IT

Vin RS
IZM D1 V Z RL VL = VZ

60
 Analogy of Zener Regulator
to Hydropower System
Large
RS ripple
IT IL Vin
Vin
IZ
RL RS
VZ D1 IT
Small
IZ ripple
VZ
RL
IL
61
 The Basic of Equation
for Zener Regulator
Assume that I ZK  I Z  I ZM .

RS IT IL VRS Vin  VZ
Vin IT  
IZ
RS RS
RL I  VL  VZ
VZ D1 L
RL RL
I Z  IT  I L

62
 Example 10
Assume that IZ > IZK.
RS IT IL
+20 V
2.2k IZ
RL
VZ
10k
9.1V

Vin  VZ 20V  9.1V

IT    4.95mA
RS 2.2kΩ
VL VZ 9.1V
IL     910μA
RL RL 10kΩ
I Z  IT  I L  4.95mA  910μA  4.04mA 63
The effects of load variations on a zener
voltage regulator.
IT IL = IT
+Vin No regulation!
RS IZ = 0 A Vin
0V
RL VL  0V IT 
VZ 0 RS
I Z  0A
IT IL = IL(max)
+Vin Vin  VZ VZ
RS IZ = IZK IT  RL (min) 
RL(min) RS I L (max)
VZ
I L (max)  IT  I ZK
IT IL = 0 A
+Vin
RS IZ = IT I L  0A
RL
VZ  Vin  VZ
I Z  IT 
RS 64
Power in the Zener Regulator
IT IL = IT
Vin
+Vin
IZ = 0 A IT  PRS  Pin
RS RS
RL
VZ 0V 0 2
PL  0 W
No V
Pin  Vin IT  in
PZ  0 W
regulation! RS
IT IL = IL(max)
Vin  VZ 
2
Vin  VZ
+Vin
IZ = IZK
IT  PRS  VRS IT 
RS RS RS
RL(min)
VZ I L (max)  IT  I ZK PL (max)  VZ I L (max)
Pin  Vin IT PZ (min)  VZ I ZK
IT IL = 0 A
Vin  VZ 
2
+Vin Vin  VZ
RS IZ = IT IT  PRS  VRS IT 
RL RS RS

VZ
I Z  IT PL (min)  0 W
Pin  Vin IT PZ (max)  VZ IT
65
 Example 11.
The zener diode has the values of IZK = 3
mA and IZM = 100 mA. What is the
minimum allowable value of RL?

RS IT IL Vin  VZ 20V  3.3V

+20 V IT  
1k IZ RS 1kΩ
VZ RL  16.7mA
3.3V
I L (max)  IT  I ZK  16.7mA  3mA
IZK = 3 mA
IZM = 100 mA  13.7mA
VZ 3.3V
RL (min)    241Ω
I L (max) 13.7mA

66
 Zener reduction of ripple voltage.
RS RS
+Vin +Vin

D1 ZZ
RL D1 RL

VZ

Vr ( out ) 
 Z Z // RL 
Vr 
ZZ
Vr  Z Z  RL 
 Z Z // RL   RS Z Z  RS
where Vr ( out )  the ripple present at the regulator output
 Z Z // RL   the parallel combination of Z Z and the load resistance
RS  the regulator series resistance
Vr  the peak-to-peak ripple voltage present at the regulator input
67
 Load Regulation
Load regulations defined as the load increases or decreases
the zener will control this variation by keeping the voltage
constant.
VNL  VFL Vout
load regulation     Z Z // RS   Z Z
I L I L
Unit Meaning
V/mA change in o/p voltage (in V) per 1 mA change in load current
%/mA % of change in o/p voltage per 1 mA change in load current
% total % of change in o/p voltage over the rated range of load
current values
mV (or V) actual change in o/p voltage that may occur over the rated
range of load current
 expressed as a resistance value
68
 Line Regulation
Line regulation defines as the output voltage
of the zener to remain constant under input
line variation.
line regulation 
Vout

 Z Z // RL 

ZZ
Vin  Z Z // RL   RS Z Z  RS
Unit Meaning
V/V output voltage (in V) per 1 V change in i/p voltage
ppm/V parts-per-million per volt (or V/V)
%/V % of change in o/p voltage per 1 V change in i/p voltage
% total % of change in o/p voltage that can occur over the
rated range of i/p voltage
mV (or V) actual change in o/p voltage that may occur over the
rated range of i/p voltage. 69
 TL431 (1)
(Programmable Precision Reference)
Refer datasheet

Cathode (K)

TL
Reference 431
(R)

R A K
Anode (A)

70
 TL431 (2)
(Programmable Precision Reference)
Refer datasheet

R1
R1  R2
2.5 V  2.5V
R2
R2
Vout = (1 +
R1/R2) 2.5v

71
 Three-Terminal Regulators
(Series Regulator)
IN OUT
IN OUT ADJ
GND Positive
VIN VOUT adjustable
VIN VOUT voltage
regulator
Positive fixed-voltage reg.

VIN VOUT Negative

adjustable
GND VIN VOUT
voltage
IN OUT regulator
Negative fixed-voltage reg. ADJ
IN OUT

72
3-Terminal Regulator Packages

Positive fixed-voltage reg. Negative fixed-voltage reg.

73
Common Positive Fixed-
Voltage Regulators

74
Common Negative Fixed-
Voltage Regulators

75
Common Positive Adjustable-
Voltage Regulators

76
Common Negative Adjustable-
Voltage Regulators

77
 Positive Fixed-Voltage
Regulator Circuit

IN OUT
7805
 8V 5V
GND

78
 Negative Fixed-Voltage
Regulator Circuit

0V 0V

GND

7905
 -8V -5V
IN OUT

80
 Positive and Negative
Voltage Regulator Circuit
IN OUT
 +8V +5V
7805

GND

0V 0V

GND

7905
 -8V -5V
IN OUT
81
Positive Adjustable-Voltage
Regulator Circuit
IN OUT
LM317
R1
1.25V 120
iQ ADJ
i1
vi vo
R2 i1 >> iQ
i2

vo  1.25  i2 R2  1.25  (iQ  i1 ) R2

R2
vo  1.25(1  )
R1 82
 Negative Adjustable-
Voltage Regulator Circuit

0V 0V
i2
R2

i1
iQ ADJ
1.25V R1
120
LM337
-vi -vo
IN OUT

83
Power Calculation in
Series Regulators
Vout
+Vin IN OUT
Iin IL
GND
RL
IQ

Pin  PReg  PL
Pin  Vin I in  Vin  I Q  I L   Vin I L
PReg  Vin I Q  Vin  Vout  I L  Vin  Vout  I L
PL  Vout I L
84
 Summary
• Transformers.
• Working with rectifiers – Half, full &
Bridge rectifiers.
• Filters.
• Zener diode = Regulator
• Understand basic power supply
circuits.

85