Paperless e Cash Management System by Using An I Button Technology

PAPERLESS E-CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BY USING AN I-BUTTON TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
AIM:
The main objective of this project is to develop an embedded system, which can used to
withdraw money at ATM’s using I-Button technology.
IMPLEMENTATION:
This project is implemented PIC microcontroller developed board interfaced with I-

Button, keypad, EEPROM for storing the data, LCD for displaying the data.
DESCRIPTION:
The i-Button is a computer chip enclosed in a 16mm thick stainless steel can. Because of
this unique and durable container, up-to-date information can travel with a person or object
anywhere they go. The steel i-Button can be mounted virtually anywhere because it is rugged
enough to withstand harsh environments, indoors or outdoors. It is small and portable enough to
attach to a key fob, ring, watch, or other personal items, and be used daily for applications such as
access control to buildings and computers, asset management, and various data logging tasks.
In this work we are going to develop an embedded system board attached with an i-
button reader and i-buttons will be given to some particular persons can be used that i-buttons as
their ATM cards. Our project is that we can recharge our i-button with some amount and that
amount will be reduced whenever we will draw the cash. the amount of cash deposit and
withdraw will be entered by the user through keypad. This project is a prototype of the ATM
application.
INTRODUCTION
The iButton is a computer chip enclosed in a 16mm thick stainless steel can. Because of this
unique and durable container, up-to-date information can travel with a person or object anywhere
they go. The steel iButton can be mounted virtually anywhere because it is rugged enough to
withstand harsh environments, indoors or outdoors. It is small and portable enough to attach to a
key fob, ring, watch, or other personal items, and be used daily for applications such as access
control to buildings and computers, asset management, and various data logging tasks.
Button Components
The Can and Grommet
An iButton uses its stainless steel 'can' as an electronic

communications interface. Each can has a data contact,
called the 'lid', and a ground contact, called the 'base'.
Each of these contacts is connected to the silicon chip
inside. The lid is the top of the can; the base forms the
sides and the bottom of the can and includes a flange to
simplify attaching the button to just about anything. The two contacts are separated by a
polypropylene grommet.
The 1-Wire Interface
By simply touching the iButton to the two contacts described

above, you can communicate with it through our 1-Wire
protocol. The 1-Wire interface has two communication
speeds: standard mode at 16kbps, and overdrive mode at
142kbps. For more information, please see our application
note, Reading and Writing 1-Wire® Devices Through Serial
Interfaces.
The Address
Each iButton has a unique and unalterable address laser etched onto its chip inside the
can. The address (e.g. 2700000095C33108) can be used as a key or identifier for each
iButton.
iButton Versions
The iButton product line now comprises over 20 different products with different
functionality added to the basic button. iButtons come in the following varieties:
Click one of the iButton types below to view all products in that category.
 Address Only
 Memory
 Real-Time Clock
 Secure
 Data Loggers
BLOCK DIAGRAM
LCD 16×2
i-Button
Keypad
RPS MICROCONTROLLER
Crystal
DESCRIPTION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM
As in the block diagram, the I BUTTON has a power supply, A processing and communication
engine i.e a microcontroller, other add-on modules such as LCD display, communication
ports/modules etc.
Key pad is interfaced to the microcontroller to enter password and amount transaction
purpose.
The power supply unit maintains the power as necessary for the entire project using regulator,
7805 for 5v for supply.
The main process of this project is to place the I button in the communication module ,then
controller takes the data which is fed in to the steel can(I button).according to the data controller
will check and perform the operation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
POWER SUPPLY
Power supply unit consists of Step down transformer, Rectifier, Input filter,
Regulator unit, Output filter.
The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from
230V AC to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down.
The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the
transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The output from the
secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This
conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit.
The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding
DC voltage. There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this specific
function. The most important and simple device used in Rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple
function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias.
The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive with positive of the
battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit used is the Full wave Bridge
rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained
DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for removing the ripples
is called Filter circuit.
Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and
pure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics of the
input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges
in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. Here we used
1000µF capacitor. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is
fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.
Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage is
maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the AC voltage
changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the
internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this
can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for
high voltage. Here we used 7805 positive regulator. It reduces the 6V dc voltage to 5V dc
Voltage.
The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often
used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during the
positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows
only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit
to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used 0.1µF
capacitor. The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller
In the power supply circuit two regulators are used. 7805 regulator is used to
produce positive 5V .
4.5.2 CONTROLLER CIRCUIT
The PIC 16f877A microcontroller is a 40-pin IC. The first pin of the controller is MCLR
pin and the 5V dc supply is given to this pin through 10KΩ resistor. This supply is also given to
11th pin directly. The 12th pin of the controller is grounded. A tank circuit consists of a 4 MHZ
crystal oscillator and two 22pf capacitors are connected to 13 th and 14th pins of the PIC.
The circuit consists one LCD.LCD will display the data It is a 16- pin module. And this.
In this project we used I button communication module, which is connected to the controllers
PORTC’s(RC7-26) pin . And keys are connected to the PORTB.
Hardware Requirements:
1. Power supply unit
2. Microcontroller
3. i-BUTTON
4. LCD
5. KEY PAD
POWER SUPPLY UNIT:
Circuit Diagram
Power supply unit consists of following units
i) Step down transformer
ii) Rectifier unit
iii) Input filter
iv) Regulator unit
v) Output filter
STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER:
The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC
to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The
Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the
transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The output from the
secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This
conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit.
RECTIFIER UNIT:
The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding DC voltage.
There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this specific function. The
most important and simple device used in Rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of the
diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias.
The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive with positive of the
battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit used is the Full wave Bridge
rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained
DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for removing the ripples
is called Filter circuit.
INPUT FILTER:
Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and pure DC
voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics of the input
voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in
positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only
AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the
output is free from ripples.
REGULATOR UNIT:
7805 Regulator
Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage is
maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the AC voltage
changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the
internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this
can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for
high voltage. Further they can also be classified as:
i) Positive regulator
1---> input pin
2---> ground pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the positive voltage.
ii) Negative regulator
1---> ground pin
2---> input pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the negative voltage.
OUTPUT FILTER:
The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often used as
filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during the positive half
cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows only AC
voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter
any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used 0.1µF capacitor.
The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller.
MICRO CONTROLLER:
A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the processor
core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The computer-on-a-chip
is called the microcomputer whose proper meaning is a computer using a (number of)
microprocessor(s) as its CPUs, while the concept of the microcomputer is known to be a
microcontroller. A microcontroller can be viewed as a set of digital logic circuits integrated on a
single silicon chip. This chip is used for only specific applications.
ADVANTAGES OF USING A MICROCONTROLLER OVER
MICROPROCESSOR:
A designer will use a Microcontroller to
1. Gather input from various sensors
2. Process this input into a set of actions
3. Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful
4. RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC.
5. Cheap compared to MP.
6. Multi machine control is possible simultaneously.
Examples:
8051 (ATMAL), PIC (Microchip), Motorola (Motorola), ARM Processor, Applications:
Cell phones, Computers, Robots, Interfacing to two pc’s.
Microcontroller Core Features:
• High-performance RISC CPU.

• Only 35 single word instructions to learn.
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle.
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory

(RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory.
• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
• Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes.
• Power-on Reset (POR).
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation.
• Programmable code-protection.
• Power saving SLEEP mode.
• Selectable oscillator options.
• Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology.
• Fully static design.
• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) .
• Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability.
• In-Circuit Debugging via two pins.
• Processor read/write access to program memory.
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V.
• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA.

• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges.
• Low-power consumption.
In this project we used PIC 16f877A microcontroller. PIC means Peripheral Interface Controller.
The PIC family having different series. The series are 12- Series, 14- Series, 16- Series, 18-
Series, and 24- Series. We used 16 Series PIC microcontroller.
Pic Microcontroller 16F877A:
 Operating frequency: DC-20Mhz.

 Flash program memory(14 bit words):8K
 Data memory(in bytes):368
 EEPROM Data memory(in bytes):256
 Interrupts:15
 I/o ports: A,B,C,D,E
 Timers:3
 Analog comparators:2
 Instructions:35
PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F874A/877A:

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A

LCD module:
FEATURES:
o Number of Characters:16 characters x 2 lines

o display Font: 5 x 8 dots
o Built-in Controller:HD44780 or Comp
o Input Data:4 Bits or 8-Bits Interface
o Power Supply: +4V Single Power
o Duty Cycle: 1/16 Duty
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
Our aim is to design and build an AC-to-DC "brute force" power supply, complete with
filtering to minimize ripple. The power supply will output a DC voltage somewhere between 12
and 24 volts DC, at a maximum current of 1 amp, and will contain over current protection on
both the AC (line) and DC (load) sides. As a line-powered device, it will also be equipped with an
indicator light showing the presence of AC voltage, and the case (if metal) will be safety
grounded.
Schematic diagram of a bridge rectifier:
One design feature is to build rectifier circuit from individual diodes, rather than use a
packaged rectifier assembly. Use "barrier strips" or "terminal strips" to make the electrical
connections between components. These connection devices provide solid, permanent electrical
connections while still allowing components to be easily installed and removed.
AC power cord must be securely and safely attached to the case. One of the best ways of
doing this is to use a "cord grip bushing" or "CGB" to firmly secure the cord as it passes through
a hole in the side of the case. Most hardware stores carry this common electrical fitting, in enough
sizes to accommodate any power cord diameter. All final versions of the power supply must be
safety-checked before plugging them into line (AC) power.
In a "practical" transformer, errors are introduced because some current is drawn for the
magnetization of the core and because of drops in the primary and secondary windings due to
leakage reactance and winding resistance. One can thus talk of a voltage error, which is the
amount by which the voltage is less than the applied primary voltage, and the phase error, which
is the phase angle by which the reversed secondary voltage vector is displaced from the primary
voltage vector.
i-BUTTON
1-Wire is a device communications bus system designed by Dallas Semiconductor Corp. that
provides low-speed data, signaling, and power over a single signal. [1] 1-Wire is similar in concept
to I²C, but with lower data rates and longer range. It is typically used to communicate with small
inexpensive devices such as digital thermometers and weather instruments. A network of 1-Wire
devices with an associated master device is called a MicroLan.
One distinctive feature of the bus is the possibility to use only two wires: data and ground. To
accomplish this, 1-wire devices include an 800 pF capacitor to store charge, and power the device
during periods where the data line is used for data.
Dependent on function, native 1-wire devices are available as single components in integrated
circuit and TO92 packaging, and in some cases a portable form called an iButton that resembles a
watch battery. Manufacturers also produce products that are more complex than a single
component, and use the 1-wire bus to communicate.
A 1-Wire device may be just one of many components on a circuit board within a product, but are
also found in isolation within devices such as a temperature sensor probe, or attached to a device
being monitored. Some laboratory systems and other data acquisition and control systems connect
to 1-Wire devices using cords with modular connectors or with CAT-5 cable, with the devices
themselves mounted in a socket, incorporated in a small PCB, or attached to the object being
monitored. In such systems, RJ11 (6P2C or 6P4C modular plugs, commonly used for telephones)
are popular.
Systems of sensors and actuators can be built by wiring together 1-Wire components, each
including all of the logic needed to operate on the 1-Wire bus. Examples include temperature
loggers, timers, voltage and current sensors, battery monitors, and memory. These can be
connected to a PC using a bus converter. USB, RS-232 serial, and parallel port interfaces are
popular solutions for connecting the MicroLan to the host PC. MicroLans also interface to
microcontrollers, such as the Arduino, Parallax BASIC Stamp, Parallax Propeller, PICAXE, the
Microchip PIC family and RENESAS family.
The iButton (also known as the Dallas Key) is a mechanical packaging standard that places a 1-
Wire component inside a small stainless steel "button" similar to a disk-shaped battery. iButtons
are connected to 1-Wire bus systems by means of sockets with contacts which touch the "lid" and
"base" of the canister. iButtons are used as Akbil smart tickets for the Public transport in Istanbul.
Alternatively, the connection can be semi-permanent with a different socket type; the iButton
clips into it, but is easily removed.
The Java Ring, a ring-mounted iButton with a Java Virtual Machine compatible with the Java
Card 2.0 specification within, was given to attendees of the JavaOne 1998 conference.[2]
Each 1-Wire chip has a unique code buried within it. This feature makes the chips, especially in
an iButton package, suitable for use as a key to open a lock, arm and deactivate burglar alarms,
authenticate computer system users, operate time clock systems, and other similar uses.
LCD display:
Liquid crystal display (LCD) has material which combines the properties of both liquid
and crystals. They have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as
they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an order form similar to a crystal.
LCD DISPLAY:
More microcontroller devices are using 'smart LCD' displays to output visual information. The
following discussion covers the connection of a Hitachi LCD display to a PIC microcontroller.
LCD displays designed around Hitachi's LCD HD44780 module, are inexpensive, easy to use,
and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 8 x 80 pixels of the display. Hitachi LCD
displays have a standard ASCII set of characters plus Japanese, Greek and mathematical symbols.
For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 11 I/O lines. For a 4-bit data bus it
only requires the supply lines plus seven extra lines. When the LCD display is not enabled, data
lines are tri-state which means they are in a state of high impedance (as though they are
disconnected) and this means they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller when
the display is not being addressed.

The LCD also requires 3 "control" lines from the microcontroller.
Enable (E) This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this line is
low, the LCD is disabled and ignores signals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is
high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds accordingly.
Read/Write (R/W) This line determines the direction of data between the LCD and microcontroller.
When it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high, data is read from the LCD.
Register select (RS) With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines. When it is
low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a character is being
written to the LCD.
Logic status on control lines:

E 0 Access to LCD disabled
1 Access to LCD enabled
R/W 0 Writing data to LCD
1 Reading data from LCD
RS 0 Instruction
1 Character
Writing data to the LCD is done in several steps:
Set R/W bit to low
Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)
Set data to data lines (if it is writing)
Set E line to high
Set E line to low
Read data from data lines (if it is reading).
Reading data from the LCD is done in the same way, but control line R/W has to be high.
When we send a high to the LCD, it will reset and wait for instructions. Typical
instructions sent to LCD display after a reset are: turning on a display, turning on a cursor
and writing characters from left to right. When the LCD is initialized, it is ready to
continue receiving data or instructions. If it receives a character, it will write it on the
display and move the cursor one space to the right. The Cursor marks the next location
where a character will be written. When we want to write a string of characters, first we
need to set up the starting address, and then send one character at a time. Characters that
can be shown on the display are stored in data display (DD) RAM. The size of DDRAM
is 80 bytes.
The LCD display also possesses 64 bytes of

Character-Generator (CG) RAM. This memory is
used for characters defined by the user. Data in CG
RAM is represented as an 8-bit character bit-
map. Each character takes up 8 bytes of CG RAM,
so the total number of characters, which the user
can define, is eight. In order to read in the character
bit-map to the LCD display, we must first set the
CG RAM address to starting point (usually 0), and
then write data to the display. The definition of a
'special' character is given in the picture.
Before we access DD RAM after defining a special character, the program must set the DD RAM
address. Writing and reading data from any LCD memory is done from the last address which
was set up using set-address instruction. Once the address of DD RAM is set, a new written
character will be displayed at the appropriate place on the screen. Until now we discussed the
operation of writing and reading to an LCD as if it were an ordinary memory. But this is not so.
The LCD controller needs 40 to 120 microseconds (uS) for writing and reading. Other operations
can take up to 5 mS. During that time, the microcontroller can not access the LCD, so a program
needs to know when the LCD is busy. We can solve this in two ways.
One way is to check the BUSY bit found on data line D7. This is not the best method
because LCD's can get stuck, and program will then stay forever in a loop checking the BUSY
bit. The other way is to introduce a delay in the program. The delay has to be long enough for the
LCD to finish the operation in process. Instructions for writing to and reading from an LCD
memory are shown in the previous table.
At the beginning we mentioned that we needed 11 I/O lines to communicate with an LCD.
However, we can communicate with an LCD through a 4-bit data bus. Thus we can reduce the
total number of communication lines to seven. The wiring for connection via a 4-bit data bus is
shown in the diagram below. In this example we use an LCD display with 2x16 characters,
labeled LM16X212 by Japanese maker SHARP. The message 'character' is written in the first
row: and two special characters '~' and '}' are displayed. In the second row we have produced the
word 'mikroElektronika'.
INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD:
DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Like every other system development design cycle embedded system too have a design
cycle. The flow of the system will be like as given below. For any design cycle these will be the
implementation steps. From the initial state of the project to the final fabrication the design
considerations will be taken like the software consideration and the hardware components, sensor,
input and output. The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a microcontroller. Some
large or old systems use general-purpose mainframe computers or minicomputers.
User Interfaces:
User interfaces for embedded systems vary widely, and thus deserve some special
comment. User interface is the ultimate aim for an embedded module as to the user to check the
output with complete convenience. One standard interface, widely used in embedded systems,
uses two buttons (the absolute minimum) to control a menu system (just to be clear, one button
should be "next menu entry" the other button should be "select this menu entry").
Another basic trick is to minimize and simplify the type of output. Designs sometimes
use a status light for each interface plug, or failure condition, to tell what failed. A cheap variation
is to have two light bars with a printed matrix of errors that they select- the user can glue on the
labels for the language that he speaks. For example, most small computer printers use lights
labeled with stick-on labels that can be printed in any language. In some markets, these are
delivered with several sets of labels, so customers can pick the most comfortable language.
In many organizations, one person approves the user interface. Often this is a customer,
the major distributor or someone directly responsible for selling the system.
PLATFORM:
There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM,
MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, X86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R etc.
This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which as of this writing (2003) is
limited to just a few competing architectures, mainly the Intel/AMD x86, and the
Apple/Motorola/IBM PowerPC, used in the Apple Macintosh. With the growing acceptance of
Java in this field, there is a tendency to even further eliminate the dependency on specific
CPU/hardware (and OS) requirements.
Standard PC/104 is a typical base for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized system
design. These often use DOS, Linux or an embedded real-time operating system such as QNX or
Inferno.
A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a

chip, an application-specific integrated circuit, for which the CPU was purchased as intellectual
property to add to the IC's design. A related common scheme is to use a field-programmable gate
array, and program it with all the logic, including the CPU. Most modern FPGAs are designed for
this purpose.
Tools:
Like typical computer programmers, embedded system designers use compilers,

assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they also use a few
tools that are unfamiliar to most programmers.
Software tools can come from several sources:
 Software companies that specialize in the embedded market.

 Ported from the GNU software development tools.
Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded
processor is a close relative to a common PC processor. Embedded system designers also use a
few software tools rarely used by typical computer programmers.
One common tool is an "in-circuit emulator" (ICE) or, in more modern designs, an
embedded debugger. This debugging tool is the fundamental trick used to develop embedded
code. It replaces or plugs into the microprocessor, and provides facilities to quickly load and
debug experimental code in the system. A small pod usually provides the special electronics to
plug into the system. Often a personal computer with special software attaches to the pod to
provide the debugging interface.
Another common tool is a utility program (often home-grown) to add a checksum or

CRC to a program, so it can check its program data before executing it.
An embedded programmer that develops software for digital signal processing often has a
math workbench such as MathCad or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics.
Less common are utility programs to turn data files into code, so one can include any
kind of data in a program. A few projects use Synchronous programming languages for extra
reliability or digital signal processing.
DEBUGGING:
Debugging is usually performed with an in-circuit emulator, or some type of debugger

that can interrupt the microcontroller's internal microcode. The microcode interrupt lets the
debugger operate in hardware in which only the CPU works. The CPU-based debugger can be
used to test and debug the electronics of the computer from the viewpoint of the CPU. This
feature was pioneered on the PDP-11.
As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating systems
are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example, cell phones, personal digital
assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or
provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open
programming environment such as Linux, OSGi or Embedded Java is required so that the third-
party software provider can sell to a large market.
OPERATING SYSTEM:
Embedded systems often have no operating system, or a specialized embedded operating

system (often a real-time operating system), or the programmer is assigned to port one of these to
the new system.
BUILT- IN SELF- TEST:
Most embedded systems have some degree or amount of built-in self-test.
There are several basic types.
1. Testing the computer.
2. Test of peripherals.
3. Tests of power.
4. Communication tests.
5. Cabling tests.
6. Rigging tests.
7. Consumables test.
8. Operational test.
9. Safety test.
START UP:
All embedded systems have start-up code. Usually it disables interrupts, sets up the
electronics, tests the computer (RAM, CPU and software), and then starts the application code.
Many embedded systems recover from short-term power failures by restarting (without recent
self-tests). Restart times under a tenth of a second are common.
Many designers have found a few LEDs useful to indicate errors (they help
troubleshooting). A common scheme is to have the electronics turn on all of the LED(s) at reset
(thereby proving that power is applied and the LEDs themselves work), whereupon the software
changes the LED pattern as the Power-On Self Test executes. After that, the software may blink
the LED(s) or set up light patterns during normal operation to indicate program execution
progress or errors. This serves to reassure most technicians/engineers and some users. An
interesting exception is that on electric power meters and other items on the street, blinking lights
are known to attract attention and vandalism.
Software Tools:
1. MPLAB
2. Proteus
3. Propic
4. HI-Tech PIC C Compiler
MPLAB Integration:
MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for
the development of embedded applications employing Microchip's PIC micro and dsPIC
microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is easy to
use and includes a host of free software components for fast application development and
super-charged debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user
interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development
tools. Moving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free simulator to MPLAB
ICD 2 or the MPLAB ICE emulator is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same
user interface for all tools.
Choose MPLAB C18, the highly optimized compiler for the PIC18 series
microcontrollers, or try the newest Microchip's language tools compiler, MPLAB C30, targeted at
the high performance PIC24 and dsPIC digital signal controllers. Or, use one of the many
products from third party language tools vendors. They integrate into MPLAB IDE to function
transparently from the MPLAB project manager, editor and compiler.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED ‘C’:
Ex: Hitec – c, Keil – c
HI-TECH Software makes industrial-strength software development tools and C

compilers that help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor code.
For over two decades HI-TECH Software has delivered the industry's most reliable
embedded software development tools and compilers for writing efficient and compact code to
run on the most popular embedded processors. Used by tens of thousands of customers including
General Motors, Whirlpool, Qualcomm, John Deere and many others, HI-TECH's reliable
development tools and C compilers, combined with world-class support have helped serious
embedded software programmers to create hundreds of breakthrough new solutions.
Whichever embedded processor family you are targeting with your software, whether it is
the ARM, PICC or 8051 series, HI-TECH tools and C compilers can help you write better code
and bring it to market faster.
HI-TECH PICC is a high-performance C compiler for the Microchip PIC micro

10/12/14/16/17 series of microcontrollers. HI-TECH PICC is an industrial-strength ANSI C
compiler - not a subset implementation like some other PIC compilers. The PICC compiler
implements full ISO/ANSI C, with the exception of recursion. All data types are supported
including 24 and 32 bit IEEE standard floating point. HI-TECH PICC makes full use of specific
PIC features and using an intelligent optimizer, can generate high-quality code easily
rivaling hand-written assembler. Automatic handling of page and bank selection frees the
programmer from the trivial details of assembler code.
Embedded C Compiler:
 ANSI C - full featured and portable
 Reliable - mature, field-proven technology
 Multiple C optimization levels
 An optimizing assembler
 Full linker, with overlaying of local variables to minimize RAM usage
 Comprehensive C library with all source code provided

 Includes support for 24-bit and 32-bit IEEE floating point and 32-bit long data types
 Mixed C and assembler programming
 Unlimited number of source files
 Listings showing generated assembler
 Compatible - integrates into the MPLAB IDE, MPLAB ICD and most 3rd-party
development tools
 Runs on multiple platforms: Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, Solaris
Embedded Development Environment:
PICC can be run entirely from the. This environment allows you to manage all of your PIC
projects. You can compile, assemble and link your embedded application with a single step.
Optionally, the compiler may be run directly from the command line, allowing you to
compile, assemble and link using one command. This enables the compiler to be integrated into
third party development environments, such as Microchip's MPLAB IDE.
Embedded system tools:
Assembler:
An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language — essentially, a

mnemonic representation of machine language — into object code. A cross assembler (see cross
compiler) produces code for one type of processor, but runs on another. The computational step
where an assembler is run is known as assembly time. Translating assembly instruction
mnemonics into opcodes, assemblers provide the ability to use symbolic names for memory
locations (saving tedious calculations and manually updating addresses when a program is
slightly modified), and macro facilities for performing textual substitution — typically used to
encode common short sequences of instructions to run inline instead of in a subroutine.
Assemblers are far simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages.
Assembly language has several benefits:
 Speed: Assembly language programs are generally the fastest programs around.
 Space: Assembly language programs are often the smallest.

 Capability: You can do things in assembly which are difficult or impossible in High
level languages.
 Knowledge: Your knowledge of assembly language will help you write better programs,
even when using High level languages. An example of an assembler we use in our project
is RAD 51.
The cousins of the compiler are:
1. Preprocessor.
2. Assembler.
3. Loader and Link-editor.
A naive approach to that front end might run the phases serially.
1. Lexical analyzer takes the source program as an input and produces a long string of
tokens.
2. Syntax Analyzer takes an out of lexical analyzer and produces a large tree.
Semantic analyzer takes the output of syntax analyzer and produces another tree. Similarly,
intermediate code generator takes a tree as an input produced by semantic analyzer and
produces intermediate code
Phases of compiler:
The compiler has a number of phases plus symbol table manager and an error handler.
Input Source
Program
Lexical
Analyzer
Syntax
Analyzer
Symbol
Semantic Error
Table
Analyzer Handler
Manager
Intermediate
Code
Generator
↓
Code
Optimizer
Code
Generator
Out Target
Program
COMPONENTS USED:
1. Step Down Transformer (230/12V) – 1 No.

2. Diodes (1N4007) – 4 No
3. Capacitors - 1000µF – 1 No, 22pF- 2 Nos
4. Regulators 7812 – 1 No, 7805 – 1 No
5. LCDs – 1 No
6. PIC microcontroller (16f877A) – 1 No
7. Crystal Oscillator (4MHz) – 1 Nos
8. Resistors – 330 Ω – 1 Nos
10 KΩ- 1 No
Final Result:
The System operated successfully. The I BUTTON project has implemented and it works
in proper way. Therefore we can use this in the SHOPPING MALLS, ATM’S etc. And domestic
application.
ADVANTAGES: Low cost, automated operation, Low Power consumption.
Bibliography:
BOOKS:
 Customizing and programming ur pic microcontroller- Myke Predcko

 Complete guide to pic microcontroller -e-book
 C programming for embedded systems- Kirk Zurell
 Teach yourself electronics and electricity- Stan Giblisco

 Embedded Microcomputer system- onathan w.Valvano(2000)
 Embedded PIC microcontroller- John Peatman
Web sites:
 Microchips.com
 http://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/PICbook/0_Uvod.htm
 how stuff works.com

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PAPERLESS E-CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BY USING AN I-BUTTON TECHNOLOGY

This project is implemented PIC microcontroller developed board interfaced with I-

The Can and Grommet

An iButton uses its stainless steel 'can' as an electronic

The 1-Wire Interface

By simply touching the iButton to the two contacts described

DESCRIPTION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.5.2 CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

1. Power supply unit

POWER SUPPLY UNIT:

Power supply unit consists of following units

i) Step down transformer

ii) Rectifier unit

iii) Input filter

iv) Regulator unit

ADVANTAGES OF USING A MICROCONTROLLER OVER

A designer will use a Microcontroller to

1. Gather input from various sensors

2. Process this input into a set of actions

3. Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful

4. RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC.

5. Cheap compared to MP.

6. Multi machine control is possible simultaneously.

8051 (ATMAL), PIC (Microchip), Motorola (Motorola), ARM Processor, Applications:

Cell phones, Computers, Robots, Interfacing to two pc’s.

Microcontroller Core Features:

• High-performance RISC CPU.

• Only 35 single word instructions to learn.

• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.

• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory

• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77

• Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)

• Eight level deep hardware stack

• Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes.

• Power-on Reset (POR).

• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).

• Power saving SLEEP mode.

• Selectable oscillator options.

• Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology.

• Fully static design.

• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) .

• Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability.

• In-Circuit Debugging via two pins.

• Processor read/write access to program memory.

• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V.

• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA.

• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges.

Pic Microcontroller 16F877A:

 Operating frequency: DC-20Mhz.

PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F874A/877A:

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A

o Number of Characters:16 characters x 2 lines

Schematic diagram of a bridge rectifier:

the display is not being addressed.

Logic status on control lines:

The LCD display also possesses 64 bytes of

INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD:

DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a

Like typical computer programmers, embedded system designers use compilers,

Software tools can come from several sources:

 Software companies that specialize in the embedded market.

Another common tool is a utility program (often home-grown) to add a checksum or