WRU Centre of Excellence, Bulmore, Caerleon. Field Evaluation

WRU Centre of Excellence, Bulmore, Caerleon,
Newport
Archaeological assessment, Stage 3:field evaluation

December 1999
GGAT report no. 99/077
A report for the Welsh Rugby Union and Project no. A575
Celtic Manor National Grid Reference:
by A M Yates BA AIfA ST 353 914
TE
GI S R
RE
ED
I A
N
OR
IO
A N I SAT
G
The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd

Heathfield House Heathfield Swansea SA1 6EL
WRU Centre of Excellence, Bulmore, Newport
Archaeological Field Evaluation
Contents Page
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... 2
COPYRIGHT NOTICE......................................................................................................................... 2
1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2
2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 3
3 RESULTS........................................................................................................................................ 3
3.1 TRENCHES .................................................................................................................................. 3
3.2 TEST PITS ................................................................................................................................. 10
3.3 FINDS (BY S. H. SELL) ............................................................................................................. 10
4 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................ 11
APPENDIX 1: SITE DATA................................................................................................................ 12
APPENDIX 2: FINDS DATA ............................................................................................................. 20
List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of site context data 12

Table 2: Summary of test pits results 13
Table 3: Summary of finds archive 20
List of Figures (at end of text)
Fig 1: Site location

Fig 2: Trench locations
Fig 3: Plan of trench 14
Fig 13: Plan of trenches 78 and 79
Page 1
Summary
As the third stage of a three-stage assessment programme, the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust
Contracts Division undertook an archaeological field evaluation of the site of the proposed Welsh
Rugby Union Centre of Excellence at Bulmore, Caerleon, Newport. Stages 1 and 2 had comprised
desk-based assessment and geophysical survey, during which a number of actual and potential
interests were identified. The field evaluation determined that the principal archaeological resource
was concentrated along Bulmore Road and to the north of Little Bulmore Farm. This comprised a
Roman road lined with a series of buildings and burials. The remains encountered can be categorised
as being of National Importance.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Andy Stanton and Jim McKenzie of Celtic Manor, Adrian Lewis of Lewis
Lewis Ltd., Louis Chicot of Louis Chicot Associates, Gareth Dowdell, Director of the Glamorgan-
Gwent Archaeological Neil Maylan and Charles Hill of GGAT Curatorial Division, Dr Paul Graves-
Brown the Regional SMR Officer, Trust, Dr Tim Young of GeoArch and Phil Macdonald of the
National Museums and Gelleries of Wales for their help in the completion of this project. The
excavations were visited by Dr Mike Yates and Kate Roberts of Cadw, Dr Julie Reynolds of Caerleon
Legionary Museum, and Bob Trett of Newport Museum. The project was managed by Andrew
Marvell and the fieldwork was directed by the author and Martin Lawler between November 10th and
December 7th 1999. The site team were John Burton, Katherine Dvorakova, Hywel Keen and Natalie
Swords. The finds were examined by Steve Sell and Natalie Swords, Jo Mackintosh helped with the
post-excavation analysis and the illustrations were prepared by Paul Jones of GGAT Illustration
Department.
Copyright Notice
The copyright to this report is held by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. An exclusive
licence has been granted to the Celtic Manor, the WRU and their agents to use and reproduce the
information contained herein. Ordnance Survey maps are reproduced under licence agreement
(AL50677), annotations are GGAT copyright.
1 Introduction
The Welsh Rugby Union, through their agents, Lewis Lewis Ltd, have submitted a planning application
to Newport Borough Council (99/0013F) to construct a centre of excellence on land at Bulmore, near
Caerleon, Monmouthshire, (NGR ST 353 914, fig 1). In response to a brief prepared by the
archaeological advisors to the local authority (GGAT Curatorial Division), Lewis Lewis Ltd have
commissioned GGAT Contracts to undertake programme of archaeological investigation comprising 3
stages; desk-based assessment to be followed by geophysical survey and field evaluation as
appropriate. The desk-based assessment identified a number of actual and potential archaeological
interests 1 . Stage 2 works were considered superfluous as much of the area of high archaeological
potential had already undergone geophysical survey; these results were summarised in a separate
report 2 . Accordingly stage 3 works were commenced. These works were designed to assess the area
of the development in order for sitings to be designed to minimise the archaeological impact and to test
the validity of the areas of potential as identified in the stage 1 works.
1
A. M. Yates 1999(a) Archaeological Desk-based Assessment, WRU Centre of Excellence, Bulmore, Caerleon, Newport.
GGAT report 99/047.
2
A. M. Yates 1999(b) Review of Available Geophysics Data, WRU Centre of Excellence, Bulmore, Caerleon, Newport.
GGAT report 99/066.
Page 2
2 Methodology
In order to thoroughly evaluate the site a programme of trenching and test pitting was enacted. It was
planned to excavate 60 trenches, each measuring 40m by 2m to a maximum depth of 1.2m, and 16 test
pits to a maximum depth of 3m to investigate the alluvial deposits of the valley floor (fig 2). During
the course of the evaluation it was decided to excavate 6 additional trenches, and 1 additional test pit
was dug. The recording methodology used comprised those set out in the GGAT Manual of Field
Recording, and comprised a written record using GGAT pro-forma context sheets supplemented by
photography and scale drawing as appropriate. It became apparent early in the evaluation process that
remains of possible Schedulable quality had been uncovered, and in consultation with the
archaeological advisors to the Local Planning Authority, to only do enough work to establish the extent
of these remains. Accordingly excavation was ceased at the uppermost reaches of the archaeological
horizons, which were not in themselves disturbed, so that only the final phase of activity in each trench
was observed. Any interpretations must therefore be regarded as tentative and provisional, and it is
probable that the latest deposits overly earlier phases of activity.
3 Results
3.1 Trenches
The following section summarises those trenches with positive archaeological results ordered by field
number. The general sequence of deposits encountered was consistent throughout the evaluation and
can be described generally by splitting the site into two areas. On the flood plain of the Usk valley,
topsoil overlay a shallow depth of colluvium, generally a red-brown clay loam. This overlay a depth of
alluvial clays, generally blue-grey containing manganese and iron salts. The interface between the
alluvial and colluvial deposits often showed signs of inter leaving, reflecting alternating episodes of
alluvial and colluvial deposition. On the slopes to the south of the flood plain the topsoil overlay
colluvium which in turn overlay the natural sub-strata. The colluvium was again generally a red-brown
clay-loam, sometimes with greater quantities of silt and clay, containing a few flat tabular sandstone
fragments. The sub-strata comprised either green marl or red clay, containing decayed fragments of
bedrock, with some outcroppings of sandstone. The depth of the colluvium varied wildly, from c0.2m
on the upper slopes to over 2m immediately south of Bulmore Road. This can be explained by
Bulmore Road acting as a natural dam, resulting in a build-up of material on its upslope side. Where
Roman deposits were encountered, they were generally stratified with the colluvial deposits.
Field A
Trenches 1, 4 and 77 contained archaeological remains of Roman date. No features were identified in
trenches 2, 5, 6 and 7.
Trench 1
This trench was excavated immediately to the southeast of the Scheduled Area, aligned northeast-
southwest. Topsoil (Context 157) overlay colluvium up to 0.4m in depth (158). At the extreme
northeastern end of the trench, a small ditch was present (161). This was 1.1m in width and aligned
approximately northwest-southeast. Two fills were visible. The lower was a strong brown clay loam
containing redeposited green marl fragments, charcoal and stone (162). This was overlain by a
yellowish red clay loam containing charcoal and small stones (164). Immediately to the south of this
ditch was a spread of occupation material comprising a reddish-brown clay loam containing charcoal,
burnt clay, stones and a few tabular sandstone fragments, apparently set on edge (164). Also present
within the trench were a small irregular pit (165), containing a dark brown clay loam with charcoal and
stone, some burnt, and a large ditch (167), 5m in width, aligned northwest-southeast, containing a
reddish brown clay loam with charcoal, stone and burnt stone. The archaeological features
overlay/were cut into further colluvium (159) and bedrock (160).
Page 3
Trench 4
The topsoil (174), overlay colluvium 0.9m in depth (175). At the extreme southwestern end of the
trench a patch of metalling was encountered (176), underlying colluvium 175. The visible width of this
was 4m and it comprised small pebbles and sandstone fragments set directly on the underlying
colluvium (177).
Trench 77
The topsoil (169), overlay colluvium 0.7m in depth (170). At the southwestern end of the trench a
metalled surface (171) was encountered. This was identical to 176 in trench 4, although here a 5m
width was visible. To the north of 171 was a spread of sandstone rubble lying within the colluvial
deposits, although no in-situ structural elements were visible (172). Underlying 171 and 172 were
further colluvial deposits (173).
Field B
No archaeological features were encountered in any of the trenches in field B.
Field C
Trenches 13, 14, 16, 17 and 21 contained archaeological remains of Roman date. No features were
seen in trench 16.
Trench 13
The topsoil (079) overlay colluvium up to 0.8m in depth (080). Underlying this was a wall aligned
northeast-southwest (081), comprising unmortared sandstone blocks, shaped on the facing side and
well coursed, with rubble infill. The uppermost course of the wall was thinner than the underlying
courses, 0.46m as opposed to 0.68m. To the south of wall 081 the colluvium shallowed and the
bedrock (084) shelved up, to the north down, so that excavations to 1.2m failed to reach the base of the
colluvial deposits (082), which were still yielding Roman ceramics. It is assumed that this wall
represents the rear face of a building, terraced into the slopes of the hill, sealed by colluvium. It may
be that floor levels survive under 082.
Trench 14 (fig 3)
The topsoil (006) overlay colluvium (007), 0.6m in depth. At a point 6m from the southwestern end of
the trench was a wall, 0.64m in width, visible for a length of 1.2m within the trench, aligned southeast-
northwest, constucted from sandstone and tile (008), with faced sides and rubble infill. To the
southwest of this was a spread of colluvial material containing tile (009), with a similar, although
slightly redder deposit to the north (011). This was cut by a small cremation burial some 19m northeast
of wall 008. This took the form of a small ovoid pit, 0.50m by 0.58m (010), containing charcoal, burnt
bone, burnt stone and sherds of amphora (018). A small patch of charcoal within the colluvium, some
4m to the northeast, may be the remnants of another cremation (019).
Trench 16
Topsoil (020) overlay a 0.3m depth of colluvium (021). Cut from within this layer was a small ditch
(023), aligned northeast-southwest, 1.3m in width, 0.35 in depth with shallow sloping sides and a
concave base. A dump of stones against its southern (upslope), side (047), appears to have acted a
crude revetment. The overlying fill was a dark brown clay loam containing burnt clay, stone and
charcoal (048).
Page 4
Trench 17 (fig 4)
Topsoil (025) overlay a spread of modern dumping at the northeastern end of the trench (051). Two
spreads of occupation material of Roman date were present at either end of the trench. To the
southwest a dark yellow-brown silty clay loam containing charcoal, stone, burnt stone and clay (049).
To the northeast a dark yellow-brown silty clay loam containing charcoal, burnt stone and clay, and
frequent flat tabular sandstone fragments, possibly the remnants of a surface (050). This overlay a
horizon of redeposited strong brown clay loam subsoil containing charcoal and stone (056). These
horizons overlay the natural subsoil; a yellow-red silty clay (053).
Trench 21 (fig 5)
This trench was excavated in two sections in order to avoid a water main and was positioned to
examine a previously identified geophysical anomaly (PRN 07641g). No archaeological features were
present within the southern section, which is not described. In the northern section topsoil (026),
overlay colluvium up to 0.6m in depth (005). Two parallel walls were encountered, aligned northeast-
southwest, 6.1m apart, (068 and 070). Wall 068 was 0.62m in width and constructed from unmortared
flat sandstone blocks with rubble infill. Wall 070 was 0.72m in width with similar construction to 068.
The northern face of 070 was partly exposed to a depth of four courses, each 0.07m in thickness.
Between walls 068 and 070 was a spread of red-brown clay loam colluvium containing building stone
and charcoal (069), a similar spread occurred to the south of wall 068 (067). To the north of wall 070
removal of colluvium 005 revealed a darker more organic strong brown silty clay loam some 0.35m
below the uppermost surviving course of wall 070, containing charcoal and stone and tile fragments
(071). The features within this trench are interpreted as a building of Roman date with a buried soil
horizon surviving to its north, sealed by deposits of colluvium. The interior of the building, between
walls 068 and 070, is masked by colluvium 069, and it is likely that floor layers survive.
Field D
Two trenches, 18 and 19, were excavated to the immediate southwest of Little Bulmore Farm, to
investigate the terracing for the farm buildings. The deposits revealed were all modern in date, directly
overlying the bedrock. Extensive earthmoving in the 19th and 20th Century would seem to have
substantially altered the earthworks at the rear of the farm.
Field E
The two trenches within this field, 20 and 25, revealed no significant archaeological deposits. The
remains of a small track, still visible as an earthwork within the field, was revealed in trench 20.
Field F
Five trenches were excavated within this field, 22, 23, 24, 80 and 83. Trenches 22, 23 and 24
contained archaeological remains of Roman date.
Trench 22
The topsoil (258) overlay up to 1.1m of colluvium (253 and 259). At the nothwestern end of the trench
a small patch of charcoal visible within the collvium is interpreted as a cremation burial (255). To its
east was a wall aligned north-south (251). This is constructed from small unmortared sandstone
blocks, was 0.72m in width and was truncated to the north, but was visible for a length of 5m within
the trench. To its south the bedrock (260) had been cut into (cut 252), probably for quarrying for
building material. This cut had been backfilled by colluvium (253). A linear alignment of stones was
present towards the southern end of the trench (254). This was aligned east-west and incorporated an
apparently unfinished coping stone (see trench 24 below), set on end. The colluvium to the south of
this feature (259), was redder and siltier than that to the north. This feature may represent the remains
of a revetment for terracing.
Page 5
Trench 23 (fig 6)
The topsoil (124) overlay up to 1.2m of colluvium (125), which overlay the marl/sandstone bedrock
(126). This had been cut into (cut 127) 16.5m from the northwestern end of the trench to create a flat
terrace 8.5m in width, revetted by a retaining wall at its northwest end (129). On the extreme
northwestern end of this terrace was constructed a small building, whose southeastern end was visible
within the trench (128), although the southeast wall had be mostly robbed out. This building was 3.4m
in width. Below the terrace, to the northwest, a series of charcoal filled pits cut into the colluvium are
interpreted as cremation burials (148, 218, 149, 219 and 214). The largest of these, pit 148, showed
signs of in-situ burning, its limits being marked by a lining of burnt clay and charcoal.
Trench 24 (fig 7)
This trench was aligned northeast-southwest, although extensions were excavated to further investigate
the various archaeological features discovered. Topsoil (121) overlay colluvium (122), between 0.4 to
0.7m in depth, overlying bedrock (123). Contained within the colluvium were four coping stones or
fragments thereof, collectively assigned the context number 130, with an additional smaller fragment
associated with other rubble and tile to the northeast (135). In cross section these were semicircular,
with flat flanges on either side of the base. Two patches of squared off sandstone blocks were also
present (134 and 143). These disturbed remains are interpreted as the remains of one or more
substantial structures, with a probable funeral association. Also present were three large adjoining
bathstone blocks (134), partly masked by 135. Immediately to their north was a fragment of moulded
bathstone, possibly part of a relief figure set in an arch, presumably a tombstone (273). It seems likely
that the bathstone blocks formed the foundation upon which this monument was set. The colluvium
around these remains yielded atypical amounts of post-medieval material, implying that they had been
disturbed in the past. To the southwest of the bathstone monument was an amphora cremation (131).
At the extreme southwestern end of the trench was a large pit (136), whose edges was lined with burnt
clay and charcoal, indicating burning in-situ. Otherwise the fill comprised redeposited colluvium with
stone (144).
Field G
Five trenches, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 were excavated in this field on the floodplain of the Usk. Only 1
trench, 28, contained a feature of potential archaeological interest, and is described in detail below.
The overall sequence of deposits encountered within each trench was almost identical.
Trench 28
The topsoil (087) overlay 0.58m of oxidised red brown silty clay loam (088), which overlay a reduced
greenish grey alluvial silty clay (089). Cutting 089, at the extreme northeastern end of the trench, was
a ditch (090), 1.6m wide, with sides sloping at c450. This feature was filled with material identical to
088 (091), and the cut was not discernible above the interface between 088 and 089. The approximate
alignment of this feature was northwest-southeast.
Field H
Five trenches, 32, 33, 38, 40 and 45 were excavated within this field, although trench 40 had to
abandoned almost upon commencement due to severe flooding. The only features of potential
archaeological interest were present with trench 38. The broad stratigraphic sequence was consistent
with trenches in field G.
Trench 38
The topsoil (195), overlay a bank constructed from redeposited natural clays (196), visible as an
earthwork within the field. This was 6m wide and 0.6m high, aligned northwest-southeast. Its
southwestern edge overlay a U-shaped ditch (198), filled with a red brown sandy clay loam (199). This
ditch was cut into the oxidised clay (197), which also underlay the bank, and underlying alluvium
(200). The bank and ditch represent the ploughed out remnants of a field boundary shown on the 1st
Edition OS map of the area (07636g).
Page 6
Field I
Four trenches, 34, 35, 36 and 37 were excavated within this field. All contained archaeological
remains of Roman date.
Trench 34 (fig 8)
The topsoil (221), overlay collvium (222), 0.2m in depth. This overlay a series of archaeological
deposits. Two parallel walls were present within the trench, aligned northeast-southwest, and 5.5m
apart, constructed from shaped sandstone facing blocks and rubble infill. The northwestern wall (226)
was 0.62m in with, the southeastern (224) 0.52m. To the southeast of wall 224, was a spread of
colluvial material containing building rubble, tile and charcoal (223). A similar deposit occurred
between the walls (225), with a concentration of sandstone blocks (283), and to the northwest of wall
226 (227). The remains within this trench are interpreted as a building. Although no certain evidence
for any internal structure was present, with the possible exception of 283, it is likely that the colluvial
deposits mask such remains.
Trench 35
Removal of topsoil in this trench (073) revealed a metalled surface comprising sandstone fragments,
small river cobbles and a few tile fragments (074), 0.2m below the current ground surface. This is
interpreted as a road surface.
Trench 36 (fig 9)
The topsoil (281) overlay a 0.4m depth of colluvium (282). This overlay a series of archaeological
deposits of Roman date. Two parallel wall footings, 5.8m apart, aligned northwest-southeast, were
constructed from angular sandstone fragments set on edge (280 and 285). The northeastern wall (280),
was 0.76m in width, the southwestern 0.64m, although it thinned radically to the northwest. Between
280 and 285 was a spread of colluvium containing occupation material (288), and a patch of burnt clay
(284). Immediately to the southeast of wall 285 was a dark grey silty clay loam deposit associated with
some flat sandstone slabs on its southeastern side (286), this is interpreted as a drain. To the southeast
of 286 was a spread of strong brown clay loam containing occupation material (287), interpreted as a
buried soil. Lying within the buried soil was the remnants of a metalled surface constructed from flat
sandstone slabs and river cobbles (304), although this was not fully exposed. It seems likely that the
remains within this trench are part of a timber building, constructed upon stone wall footings, with a
drain and activity area or working surface to the southeast.
Trench 37
The topsoil (265) overlay a 0.55m depth of colluvium (266). At the extreme southeastern end of the
trench was a spread of metalling , up to 2m in width, constructed from sandstone fragments and river
cobbles (287). To the northwest of this the colluvium continued (288). The metalled surface is
interpreted as the northern edge of a Roman road.
Field J
Trench 39 (fig 10)
The topsoil (150) overlay colluvium (151), which overlay a series of archaeological horizons of Roman
date, this varied from 0.2m in depth at the southeastern end of the trench to 0.8m at the northwestern.
A pile of shaped sandstone blocks to the southeastern end of the trench is interpreted as a collapsed
wall (153). To the southeast of this was the metalled surface of a road (154), 8m in width, aligned
northeast-southwest. The uppermost surface as exposed in the trench comprised small, closely set,
river cobbles. To the southeast of this a stretch of wall, 1.9m in length was seen, although only one
face, the southwestern was seen in the trench (156). Also present southeast of the road was a buried
soil (155), containing charcoal, stone and burnt stone.
Page 7
Field K
Four trenches, 41, 42, 43 and 44 were excavated within this field. Trenches 41 and 42 contained
archaeological remains of Roman date. Trenches 43 and 44 showed colluvial deposits overlying
alluvium, with a degree of interleaving at their interface. Trenches 41 and 42 are described in detail.
Trench 41 (fig 11)
The topsoil (046), overlay colluvium (057), which deepened from 0.25m at the southeastern end of the
trench to 1m at the northwestern, and overlay a series of archaeological deposits. At the southeastern
end of the trench a 1.4m length of wall constructed from sandstone facing blocks and rubble infill
(058), was present, 0.58m in width, aligned northeast-southwest. To either sides of this wall were
spreads of rubble, that to the south comprising sandstone blocks and fragments of bathstone(065), that
to the north comprising sandstone blocks (066). To the northwest of 066 was a possible ditch (085),
2.55m in width aligned northeast-southwest, filled with a strong brown silty clay loam containing stone
fragments and charcoal (086). To the northwest of 085 was the metalled surface of the road (059),
8.2m in width, aligned northeast-southwest. The uppermost surviving surface of this feature comprised
small, closely set river cobbles and sandstone fragments, although damage to this horizon revealed the
presence of possible paved surfaces beneath. To the northwest of the road was a buried soil containing
charcoal, sandstone fragments, burnt stone and tile (060).
Trench 42 (fig 12)
The topsoil (075), heavily disturbed in modern times, overlay colluvium (076), 0.15m in depth at the
norteastern end of the trench, 1m at the southwest. Underlying 076 at the extreme northeastern end of
the trench, was a surface constructed from flat tabular sandstone fragments and slag (178). Also
present within the trench was a wall (180), some 4.5m southwest of 178 and separated from it by
colluvium containing stone and charcoal (179). Wall 180 was 0.69m in width, aligned southeast-
northwest, and constructed from shaped sandstone facing blocks and rubble infill. Immediately to its
southwest was a metalled surface, 1.3m in width, constructed from small sandstone fragments with
larger tabular sandstone edging blocks (181). To the southwest of 181 was a dark brown sandy loam
buried soil containing occupation debris.
The remains within this field comprise a road, possibly with several phases of use and repair, with
buildings on either side, wall 058 presumably representing the southeastern side of building, now
underneath Bulmore Road.
Field L
One trench, 46, was excavated within this field. It contained no archaeological features, but did
demonstrate the extremely sharp fall away in the bedrock, presumably as a result of erosion by the
river.
Field M
Two trenches, 47 and 48, were excavated within this field, neither of which contained archaeological
remains. In both cases the sequence comprised topsoil and colluvium overlying bedrock, averaging
0.6m below current ground surface.
Field N
Seven trenches were excavated within this field, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 and 55. Although the position
of trench 55 was altered from the originally specified position due to the presence of utility service
installations. One trench, 50, contained a feature of archaeological interest, although a series of stone
field drains were noted in the southeastern part of trench 49. The general sequence revealed
comprised topsoil, colluvium and bedrock. The colluvium varied from 0.4m in depth on the upper
slopes of the hill to over 1m at the base.
Page 8
Trench 50
Topsoil (292), overlay colluvium (293), 0.25m in depth. This overlay a small pit (294), only partly
seen in the trench, the visible portion measuring 0.6m by 0.15m, cut into the underlying colluvium
(296). The fill of this pit comprised a dark grey brown clay loam containing frequent charcoal flecks,
stone and burnt clay (295). This is interpreted as a possible cremation, although no burnt bone was
apparent in the fill.
Field O
Three trenches were excavated within this field, 26, 56 and 57. Trench 56 was excavated in two
sections across a trackway terraced into the hillside (07631g), no archaeological features were present
within trenches 26 and 57. The track in trench 56 comprised a loosely metalled surface situated upon
the bedrock terrace, and although no dating evidence was recovered, showed no signs of great
antiquity.
Field P
One trench, 58, was excavated within this field. The statigraphic sequence comprised topsoil,
collvium and bedrock. The colluvium deepened towards the downslope, northeastern, end of the
trench.
Field Q
Neither of the two trenches, 59 and 60, excavated within this field contained any archaeological
features. The stratigraphic sequence reflected that seen elsewhere; topsoil, colluvium and bedrock.
The colluvium deepened from 0.2m on the upper slopes of the hill at the northeastern end of trench
60, to over 1.2m at the southwest end of trench 59.
Little Bulmore Farm (fig 13)
Two additional trenches, 78 and 79, were excavated adjacent to Little Bulmore Farm. Both revealed
extensive modern disturbance reaching down to the bedrock. Both contained features of potential
archaeological interest, although of probable post-medieval date.
Trench 78
Despite the extensive disturbance, the remains of two walls were present within this trench. Wall 314
was 0.53m in width, aligned northeast-southwest, constructed from sandstone blocks bonded with coal
dust mortar, almost certainly 19th Century in date. Wall 318 was also aligned northeast-southwest,
0.5m in width, with a mortar of characteristically early post-medieval date. Also present within the
trench was a brick floor to the northeast of wall 314 (312).
Trench 79
Again the deposits within this trench showed heavy disturbance in the recent past. Two features of
potential interest were present. A linear band of rubble, associated with a possible red clay mortar
containing lime, aligned northwest-southeast (319), and the remains of a metalled/flag surface, both
directly overlying the bedrock (320). The mortar from 319 was a pre 18th Century in character,
although no more precise dating is possible.
Page 9
3.2 Test pits
Seventeen test pits, numbered 61 to 76 (including the additional 63a), were excavated into the alluvial
floodplain of the Usk to a maximum depth of 3m. No archaeological features or horizons of potential
archaeological interest were identified. The stratigraphic sequence was consistent throughout,
comprising topsoil overlying oxidised clays and alluvial deposits. Evidence for reen casting was
present in test pits 62, 63 and 67, test pits 64 and 69 lacked an iron rich deposit below the topsoil
which was elsewhere present, otherwise the sequences were identical and are described in more detail
in Appendix 1.
3.3 Finds (by S. H. Sell)
Finds from a total of 73 contexts were presented for analysis. The bulk of the material was Roman in
date. A single sherd of possible medieval date was recovered from context 282 and post-medieval
material was also present, mainly from contexts 051 and 238. A single residual flint flake was the
only find of prehistoric date.
3.3.1 Structural material
The largest component of the Roman assemblage was brick and tile, mostly abraded. Box tiles and
half-boxes predominated, with a few roof and coursing tiles, although a large fragment of tegulae was
recovered from 274. Sandstone rooftile was noted, although was largely undiagnostic. One possible
flooring slab was retrieved from context 318, re-used in this post-medieval wall. A number of
fragments of bathstone, one decorated, were recovered (context 273, see front cover).
3.3.2 Industrial material
Evidence for industrial activity in the area was provided by a scatter of slag from 178 and fragments
of possible furnace or oven lining from contexts 050 and 287.
3.3.3 Metal objects
Nails occurred widely in all trenches, the majority of which are probably Roman in date. A pair of
iron shears were recovered from context 287. A small amount of lead was also recovered, this
included a fragment of sheet, possibly derived from a coffin, in context 170.
3.3.4 Coins
Three identifiably Roman coins were recovered. These comprised a bronze barbarous radiate dating
from 270-275AD (context 056), a dupondius of Lucius Verus dating from 161-169 AD (066) and a
bronze as of Domitian, 81-96AD (282). The as of Domitian seems early in comparison to the pottery
evidence, and may be residual.
3.3.5 Ceramics
The assemblage of identifiably Roman pottery amounted to 5.7kg from 47 contexts. The dates ranged
from mid 2nd Century AD to late 3rd Century AD. Redwares tend towards Oxfordshire types as much
as Caerleon Wares, although many examples were too poorly preserved to be distinguishable. Three
Oxfordshire Ware white mortaria were also noted, probably of 3rd Century date.
Among the greywares the rim and shoulder of a heavy olla (storage jar), were noted from context 042.
The fabrics were mostly local and forms reflected those of the Black-burnished jars. Sherds from
colour-coated Caerleon Ware flagons were noted in contexts 046 and 077.
Page 10
The Black Burnished Ware assemblage comprised a minimum of 18 vessels. Datable jars and dishes
from context 050 which contained the single largest group of vessels, all dating from the 3rd Century
AD or early 4th Century at latest. This dating is reflected throughout the assemblage; a jar from 286 is
mid to late 3rd Century and a jar from 155 is late 3rd or early 4th Century.
The Samian ware assemblage contained only a few clearly diagnostic sherds. Most of the identifiable
sherds originate from Central or Eastern Gaul and included Dr37, Dr79 types (context 259, c160AD
onwards) and two Dr45 mortaria fragments from contexts 286 and 287, which were in common use
from the late 2nd Century onwards.
The amphorae are mostly wine vessels from France and olive oil vessels from Span. A stamp
(CIRCIF), was noted on an handle from context 080.
A summary of the finds archive can be found in Appendix 2. A full copy of the finds archive can be
found in the site archive.
4 Discussion
The Roman remains discovered during the evaluation represent a resource of National Importance.
They can be broadly categorised into three sections; the road, the buildings and the funerary remains.
The road identified follows a line immediately north of Bulmore Road from the northern limit of the
survey area until approximately NGR ST 3558 9127, southwards from which it probably follows the
present line of Bulmore Road. The buildings occur either side of the Roman road from the northern
limit of the survey area to ST 3555 9121, from whence onward funerary remains are present along the
south side of the Road. The function of the buildings is unclear, although domestic usages and
industrial activity can be postulated. The funerary remains reflect varying strata of Romano-British
society, ranging from simple unenclosed cremations to the remains of substantial monumental tombs,
all within close proximity to one another, although it is interesting to note that all the burials seen
were cremations, no inhumations were present. The road itself is a substantial structure,
approximately 8m in width, perhaps with side ditches, and with evidence for a series of surfaces. The
remains immediately to the north of Little Bulmore Farm, in trench 17, seem to represent the remains
of a working surface, of purpose or purposes unknown. The finds range from late 1st Century AD to
early 4th Century, although the bulk of the datable objects (coins and ceramics), are 3rd Century in
date. The bulk of the finds are not derived from primary contexts, so although they provide a broad
date range for activity on the site, they cannot be used to provide any evidence for phasing. It is
noticeable that only in the southwestern part of field C does evidence for buildings and for burials co-
exist. This may indicate that the buildings in this area may be ritual rather than domestic or industrial.
Elsewhere on site, no features of archaeological significance were identified. This is not surprising
given the topography of the site; the steep slopes to the rear of Little Bulmore Farm and the alluvial
floodplain of the river valley. The Roman occupation is restricted to the terrace immediately above
the floodplain of the Usk. The site of Little Bulmore Farm itself has produced finds of Roman date,
mainly tile, from residual contexts, although no features of Roman date were identified within the
farm complex. However, the evaluation did demonstrate the presence of remains of probable early
post-medieval date. This would tie in with the construction of the farmhouse in the early 17th Century,
and its development during the last 300 years.
The assessment of the areas of potential has as set out in the stage 1 works has proved valid; the
archaeological remains are concentrated along a strip along Bulmore Road, within the areas of high
and medium potential. 3 The evaluation has refined these areas, so that part of the area defined of
medium or high potential has proved negative. No significant remains were found within the areas of
lower potential. Constraints upon developments would therefore seem to exist in the strip along
Bulmore Road, the field between Little Bulmore Farm and Bulmore Road. The remains at Little
Bulmore Farm will require mitigation if they are to be affected by the development; the farmhouse
itself is a listed building (LB2).
3
A. M. Yates 1999(a), fig4, p11.
Page 11
Appendix 1: Site data
A total of 398 context records (including 63 from the test pits), 32 scale drawings. 8 each of black and
white print and colour slide films, averaging 36 exposures, and 1 soil sample were retrieved during the
evaluation. The context record is summarised below:
Table 1: Summary of site context data
Context Trench Type* Description

1 21 L Topsoil
2 21 L Subsoil
3 21 L Subsoil
4 21 L Rubble spread
5 21 L Colluvium
6 14 L Topsoil
7 14 L Colluvium
8 14 S Wall
9 14 L Colluvium
10** 14 L Fill of 018- Cremation
11 14 L Colluvium
12 15 L Topsoil
13 15 L Colluvium
14 15 L Bedrock
15 15 L Bedrock
16 15 C Drain
17 15 L Fill of 016
18 14 C Cremation
19 14 L Burnt spread- possible cremation
20 16 L Topsoil
21 16 L Colluvium
22 16 L Stone spread within colluvium 021
23 16 C Ditch
24 16 L Large boulder within colluvium 021
25 17 L Topsoil
26 21 L Topsoil
27 7 L Topsoil
28 7 L Colluvium
29 7 L Colluvium
30 7 L Colluvium
31 7 L Colluvium
32 7 L Bedrock
33 6 L Topsoil
34 6 L Colluvium
35 6 L Colluvium
36 2 L Topsoil
37 2 L Colluvium
38 2 L Colluvium
39 2 L Colluvium
40 3 L Topsoil
41 3 L Colluvium
42 3 L Colluvium
43 3 L Colluvium
44 3 L Colluvium
45 5 L Topsoil
46 41 L Topsoil
47 16 L Fill of ditch 023
48 16 L Fill of ditch 023
49 17 L Spread of occupation material
50 17 L Spread of occupation material
51 17 L Modern disturbance- fill of 052
52 17 C Modern disturbance
53 17 L Colluvium
54 1 C Ditch = 167
55 1 L Fill of 054 = 168
56 17 L Disturbed natural
57 41 L Colluvium
58 41 S Wall
Page 12
59 41 S Road
60 41 L Buried soil
61 5 L Colluvium
62 5 L Colluvium
63 5 L Colluvium
64 5 L Bedrock
68 21 S Wall
70 21 S Wall
71 21 L Buried soil
72 34 L Colluvium
73 35 L Topsoil
74 35 L Road
75 42 L Topsoil
76 42 L Colluvium
77 42 L Buried soil
78 42 L Alluvium
79 13 L Topsoil
80 13 L Colluvium
81 13 L Colluvium
82 13 S Wall
83 13 L Colluvium
84 13 L Bedrock
85 41 C Ditch
86 41 L Fill of 085
87 28 L Topsoil
88 28 L Oxidised clay
89 28 L Alluvium
90 28 C Ditch
91 28 L Fill of 090
92 29 L Topsoil
94 29 L Alluvium
95 31 L Topsoil
97 31 L Alluvium
98 30 L Topsoil
100 30 L Alluvium
101 27 L Topsoil
103 27 L Alluvium
104 8 L Topsoil
105 8 L Colluvium
106 8 L Bedrock
107 9 L Topsoil
108 9 L Colluvium
109 9 L Bedrock
110 10 L Topsoil
111 10 L Colluvium
112 10 L Bedrock
113 11 L Topsoil
114 11 L Colluvium
115 11 L Bedrock
116 12 L Topsoil
117 12 L Colluvium
118 12 L Bedrock
119 58 L Topsoil
120 58 L Bedrock
121 24 L Topsoil
122 24 L Colluvium
123 24 L Bedrock
124 23 L Topsoil
125 23 L Colluvium
126 23 L Bedrock
127 23 C Terrace
128 23 S Building
Page 13
129 23 S Retaining wall for terrace 127

130 24 S Disturbed coping stones
131 24 C Cremation
132 24 L Fill of 131
133 24 C Foundation cut
134 24 S Bathstone foundation stones within cut 133
135 24 L Collapsed masonry
136 23 C Pit
137 81 L Colluvium
138 81 L Bedrock
139 82 L Topsoil
140 82 L Colluvium
141 82 L Bedrock
142 81 L Topsoil
143 24 L Collapsed masonry
144 24 L Fill of 145
145 24 C Pit
146 24 L Masonry
147 23 L Fill of 148
148 23 L Pit
149 23 L Charcoal spread- possible cremation
150 39 L Topsoil
151 39 L Colluvium
152 39 L Colluvium
153 39 L Collapsed wall
154 39 S Road
155 39 L Buried soil
156 39 S Wall
157 1 L Topsoil
158 1 L Colluvium
159 1 L Colluvium
160 1 L Bedrock
161 1 C Ditch
162 1 L Fill of 161
163 1 L Fill of 161
164 1 L Occupation
165 1 C Pit
166 1 L Fill of 165
167 1 C Ditch
168 1 L Fill of 167
169 77 L Topsoil
170 77 L Colluvium
171 77 S Metalling
173 77 L Colluvium
174 4 L Topsoil
175 4 L Colluvium
176 4 S Metalling
177 4 L Colluvium
178 42 S Stone and slag surface
179 42 L Colluvium
180 42 S Wall
181 42 S Metalling
182 43 L Topsoil
183 43 L Colluvium
184 43 L Alluvium
185 43 L Bedrock
186 44 L Topsoil
187 44 L Colluvium
188 44 L Alluvium
189 59 L Topsoil
190 59 L Colluvium
191 59 L Bedrock
192 60 L Topsoil
193 60 L Colluvium
194 60 L Bedrock
195 38 L Topsoil
196 38 L Bank
198 38 C Ditch
Page 14
199 38 L Fill of 198

200 38 L Alluvium
201 33 L Topsoil
203 33 L Alluvium
204 32 L Topsoil
205 32 L Alluvium
207 32 L Alluvium
208 26 L Topsoil
209 26 L Colluvium
210 26 L Bedrock
211 57 L Topsoil
212 57 L Colluvium
213 57 L Bedrock
215 83 L Topsoil
216 83 L Colluvium
217 83 L Bedrock
220
221 34 L Topsoil
222 34 L Colluvium
223 23 L Colluvium
224 34 S Wall
225 34 L Colluvium
226 34 S Wall
227 34 L Colluvium
228 35 L Topsoil
229 35 S Road
230 25 L Topsoil
231 25 L Colluvium
232 25 L Colluvium
233 25 L Colluvium
234 25 L Bedrock
235 46 L Topsoil
236 46 L Colluvium
237 46 L Colluvium
238 46 L Colluvium
239 46 L Gravel lens
240 46 L Alluvium
241 46 L Alluvium
242 46 L Bedrock
243 20 L Topsoil
244 20 L Colluvium
245 20 L Colluvium
246 20 L Colluvium
247 20 L Bedrock
248 20 S Drain
249 20 S Drain
250 20 L Stone spread
251 22 S Wall
252 22 C Quarrying
253 22 L Colluvial fill of 252
254 22 S Wall
255 22 L Burning- possible cremation
256 24 L Fill of 257
257 24 C Disturbance around 134
258 22 L Topsoil
259 22 L Colluvium
260 22 L Bedrock
261 19 L Topsoil
262 19 L Colluvium
263 19 L Colluvium
264 19 L Bedrock
265 37 L Topsoil
266 37 L Colluvium
267 37 S Metalling
268 37 L Colluvium
Page 15
269 18 L Topsoil
270 18 L Platform
271 18 L Modern disturbance
272 18 L Bedrock
273 23 S Monumental carved stonework
274 48 L Topsoil
275 48 L Colluvium
276 48 L Bedrock
277 47 L Topsoil
278 47 L Colluvium
279 47 L Bedrock
280 36 S Wall footing
281 36 L Topsoil
282 36 L Colluvium
283 35 L Stones
284 36 S Burnt clay
285 36 L Wall footing
286 36 L Fill of possible drain
287 36 L Buried soil
288 36 L Colluvium
289 19 L Topsoil
290 19 L Colluvium
291 19 L Bedrock
292 50 L Topsoil
293 50 L Colluvium
294 50 C Pit- possible cremation
295 50 L Fill of 294
296 50 L Colluvium
297 50 L Bedrock
298 53 L Topsoil
299 53 L Colluvium
300 53 L Bedrock
301 55 L Topsoil
302 55 L Colluvium
303 55 L Bedrock
304 36 L Metalling
305 54 L Topsoil
306 54 L Colluvium
307 54 L Bedrock
308 52 L Topsoil
309 52 L Colluvium
310 52 L Bedrock
311 78 L Topsoil
312 78 S Brick surface
313 78 S Cobble and brick surface
314 78 S Wall
315 78 L Levelling layer- ash
316 78 L Gritty clay
317 78 L Clay and rubble layer
318 78 S Wall
319 79 S Wall
320 79 L Flag surface
321 80 L Topsoil
322 80 L Colluvium
323 56 L Topsoil
324 56 L Subsoil
325 56 L Bedrock
326 56 S Metalling
327 79 L Asphalt
328 78 L Construction trench for 318
329 51 L Topsoil
330 51 L Colluvium
331 51 L Bedrock
332 45 L Topsoil
334 45 L Alluvium
335 45 L Alluvium
* L= layer, S= structure, C= cut feature
** sampled context
Page 16
Table 2: Summary of test pits results
Context No Depth Thickness Description Notes

Trial Pit 61
523 0.15m 0m - 01.15m Brown clay loam. Topsoil. As 500. No lower
iron-stained horizon.
524 2.15m 0m - 2.30m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502
525 0.7m 2.3m - base of Soft, moist, dark grey (N4) reduced silt clay. As 503.
trench at 3m
Trial Pit 62 Near bend in river embankment. Sides stable.
526 0.25m 0m - 0.25m Brown clay loam. Topsoil. As 500.
527 0.15m 0.25m - 0.4m Grey-brown slightly clayey silt loam. Sharp upper boundary,
undulating lower boundary
over 3cm.
528 0.19m 0.4m - 0.59m Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) plastic clay with no As 501.
inclusions. Frequent Fe and Mn flecks.
529 1.66m 0.59m - 2.25m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502. Some water inflow
As overlying 528, with reduced iron staining at 2m.
and Mn flecks.
trench at 3m
Trial Pit 63
undulating lower boundary.
As 527.
538 0.15m 0.42m - 0.57m Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) brown plastic clay As 501.
with no inclusions. Frequent Fe and Mn
flecks.
539 1.53m 0.57m - 2.1m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502.
540 0.9m 2.1m - base of Soft, moist, dark grey (N4) reduced silt clay. As 503
trench at 3.0m
Trial Pit 63A Near river embankment. Sides stable. Positioned too close to TP 62, so renumbered TP 63A.
As 527.
flecks.
trench at 3m.
Trial Pit 64
517 2.25m 0.15m - 2.4m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502. Firm. No
No iron-stained horizon. groundwater seepage.
Beginning to change to a
gley at 2.1m.
518 0.6m 2.4m - base of Soft, moist, dark grey (N4) reduced silt clay. Some water at 2.5m.
trench at 3m. Organic stained.
Trial Pit 65 Sides collapsing from just below topsoil.
flecks.
trench at 3m. Organic streaks.
Trial Pit 66
As 527.
flecks.
trench at 3m.
Page 17
Trial Pit 67
Becoming a firm clay/ silt clay. undulating lower boundary.
As 527.
flecks. Much iron staining.
trench at 3m
Trial Pit 68
546 0.25m 0m - 0.25m Brown clay loam. Topsoil. As 500. Continual
surface water.
547 0.75m 0.25m - base of Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502. Trial pit constantly
trench at 1m flooded. Abandoned at 1m.
Trial Pit 69
558 1.85m 0.25m - 2.1m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502. Sides tending to
collapse below topsoil.
trench at 2.5m
Trial Pit 70
512 0.15m 0m - 0.15m Brown clay loam. Topsoil. As 500. Continual
groundwater flow.
513 0.13 0.15m - 0.28m Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) brown plastic clay As 501. Sides unstable
with no inclusions. Frequent Fe and Mn below topsoil.
flecks.
Becoming soft at 1m.
Water issuing from sides at
1.5m and 2.1m.
515 2.5m (base of Beginning a change to gley, but still oxidised. Sides collapsing and too
trench) much water to bail out.
Abandoned at 2.5m depth.
Trial Pit 71 Continual inflow of surface water.
509 0.1m 0.1m - 0.2m Firm, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) plastic clay Sharp contact above and
with no inclusions. Frequent Fe and Mn below. As 501.
flecks.
510 1.8m 0.2m - 2m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502.
Sides unstable at 0.4m
depth.
Becoming greyer at 1.2m
511 1m 2m - base of Soft, moist, dark grey (N4) reduced silt clay. As 503.
trench at 3m Sides collapsing.
Trial Pit 72 Continual surface water.
551 0.75m 0.25m - base of Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502. Trench abandoned
trench at 1m at 1m.
Trial Pit 73 Excavated slightly to west of designated position to avoid a field grip.
505 0.09 0.11m - 0.20m Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) brown plastic clay Sharp contact above and
with no inclusions. Frequent Fe and Mn below. As 501.
flecks.
506 2m 0.2m - 2.2m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502.
Sides collapsing at 1.2m.
Changing to a grey reduced
silt clay at 2.05m.
507 0.8m 2.2m - base of Soft, dark grey (N4) reduced clay. Organic
trench at 3m streaks.
Trial Pit 74
500 26cm 0m - 0.26m Brown clay loam. Topsoil.
501 11cm 0.26m - 0.37m Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) plastic clay with no Sharp contact above and
inclusions. Frequent Fe and Mn flecks. below.
502 58cm 0.37m - 0.95m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. Water appearing at 1m.
Gradual gleying from 1.2m.
503 2.55m 0.95m - base of Soft, dark grey (N4) reduced clay with organic
trench at 3.5m streaks.
Trial Pit 75 Continual surface water.
Page 18
549 0.72m 0.28m - base of Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502. Trial pit abandoned
trench at 1m. at 1m depth.
Trial Pit 76
561 0.18m -2.1m Reddish brown (5YR 4/3) oxidised silt clay. As 502.
562 1.92m 2.1m - base of Soft, moist, dark grey (N4) reduced silt clay. As 503
trench at 3.0m
Page 19
Appendix 2: Finds data
Table 3: Summary of finds archive
Category No. of Contexts No. of items Weight (kg) Min. Count

Prehistoric
Flint 3 3 0.017
Roman
Brick and tile 47 359 19.762
Bone 6 17 0.073
Shell 1 2 0.004
Iron Objects 21 77 1.186 30 (nails)
Slag/Oven Lining 7 44 0.324
Charcoal 5 18 0.010
Lead 4 4 0.196
Glass 1 1 0.002
Stone (constructional) 27 44 7.662
Stone (monumental) 1 8 100+
Coins 3 3
Redware and Buffware 20 52 0.461 5
Greyware 19 53 1.069 5
Black-burnished 22 139 1.121 18
Samian 23 35 0.289 7
Amphora 17 227 2.557
Mortaria 3 11 0.214 2
Imports 1 1 0.002
Post-medieval
Brick and tile 5 14 0.508
Glass 3 11 0.377
Clay pipe 5 8 0.027
Early post-medieval 1 1 0.004
Local Coarseware 10 73 1.68 11
North Devon Gravel- 2 2 0.008
Tempered Ware
Drelft 1 1 <0.002
Stonewares 1 2 0.006
Yellow Glazed Buffware 2 5 0.012
White Earthenware 2 5 0.017 4
Modern Ceramics 3 4 0.023
Other 3 4 0.035
Objects of Copper Alloy 2 2 0.010
Coins 2 2
Undiagnostic
Ceramics 19 127 0.548
A detailed account of the finds by context can be found in the site archive.
Page 20

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WRU Centre of Excellence, Bulmore, Caerleon,

Archaeological assessment, Stage 3:field evaluation

The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd

APPENDIX 1: SITE DATA................................................................................................................ 12

APPENDIX 2: FINDS DATA ............................................................................................................. 20

Table 1: Summary of site context data 12

List of Figures (at end of text)

Fig 1: Site location

No archaeological features were encountered in any of the trenches in field B.

Trench 39 (fig 10)

Trench 41 (fig 11)

Trench 42 (fig 12)

Little Bulmore Farm (fig 13)

3.2 Test pits

3.3 Finds (by S. H. Sell)

3.3.1 Structural material

3.3.2 Industrial material

3.3.3 Metal objects

Appendix 1: Site data

Table 1: Summary of site context data

Context Trench Type* Description

129 23 S Retaining wall for terrace 127

199 38 L Fill of 198

Table 2: Summary of test pits results

Context No Depth Thickness Description Notes

Appendix 2: Finds data

Table 3: Summary of finds archive

Category No. of Contexts No. of items Weight (kg) Min. Count

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