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Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.

SP-1107

Specification for Electrical


Protection System

Document ID SP-1107

Document Type Specification

Security Restricted

Discipline Electrical

Owner UIE (UEE) – CFDH-Electrical

Issue Date Oct. 16

Revision 4.0

Keywords: This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor
any part of this document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise)
without prior written consent of the owner.
Revision: 4.0
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i Document Authorisation
Authorised For Issue

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ii Revision History
The following is a brief summary of the 4 most recent revisions to this document. Details of all
revisions prior to these are held on file by the issuing department.

Rev No. Date Author Scope / Remarks


Version 2.0 Jan 00 Shailesh Desai, OIE/1 Revised and converted to Specification as
per PDO Policy Cascade
Version 2.1 Sep 03 Wim Moelker, TTE/1 Revised as per periodical review policy
Revision 3 Jul’08 Van Zanten Wouter, Thoroughly revised
UIE/1
Revision 4 Oct. 16 Khalid Zadjali - UIE/6 Thoroughly revised

iii Related Business Processes


Code Business Process (EPBM 4.0)

iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF)


Documents
The related CMF Documents can be retrieved from the Corporate Business Control
Documentation Register CMF.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Document Authorisation ...................................................................................................... 3
ii Revision History.................................................................................................................... 4
iii Related Business Processes ............................................................................................... 4
iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents ................................... 4
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1413
1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 1413
1.2 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD ............................................................................. 1413
1.3 APPLICABLE STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES ................................ 1413
1.3.1 PDO Standards ......................................................................................... 1413
1.3.2 SIOP/SIEP Standards ............................................................................... 1514
1.3.3 International Standards ............................................................................. 1514
2 General Protection Requirements................................................................................. 1716
2.1 PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY .................................................................................... 1716
2.1.1 Objectives.................................................................................................. 1716
2.1.2 Application of Relays to Standard Schemes ............................................. 1817
2.1.3 132kV Substations with Breaker-and-Half Scheme .................................. 1817
2.1.4 Automatic Bus Transfer Schemes............................................................. 1918
2.1.5 Circuit Breakers for Generators, Motors and 132kV Feeders ................... 1918
2.1.6 Opening time for HV vacuum contactor or circuit breaker ........................ 1918
2.1.7 33kV Expulsion Fuse, PMR & Outdoor CB ............................................... 1918
2.1.8 Transformers in 33kV OHL system ........................................................... 2019
2.2 SYSTEM EARTHING.................................................................................................. 2019
2.3 RELAY SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................... 2019
2.3.1 Communication Requirements .................................................................. 2120
2.3.2 Relay setting, configuring Tool & the relay soft files ................................. 2120
2.3.3 Other Requirements .................................................................................. 2120
2.3.4 Use of Relays for Operational Interlocks etc. ............................................ 2221
2.3.5 Relay Operation Indication ........................................................................ 2221
2.4 RELAY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ........................................................................ 2221
2.5 MULTIFUNCTION METER (MFM) ............................................................................. 2423
2.6 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS ................................................................................... 2423
2.7 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS .................................................................................... 2625
2.8 INSTALLATION AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS..................................................... 2726
2.8.1 General Requirements .............................................................................. 2726
2.8.2 Protection, Control & Metering schemes - Lead numbering ..................... 2826
2.8.3 Earthing ..................................................................................................... 2827
2.8.4 Current Transformer Earthing ................................................................... 2827
2.8.5 Connections for Protection Testing ........................................................... 2928
2.8.6 Power Supply to Protection Relays ........................................................... 2928
2.8.6.1 PMR Control / Protection Power Supplies ................................................ 3029
2.8.7 Labelling .................................................................................................... 3029
2.8.8 Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) ........................................................... 3029
3 Specific Protection Requirements ................................................................................ 3130
3.1 OVERHEAD LINE FEEDERS – UP TO 33KV ............................................................ 3130
3.1.1 Overhead Line Feeder - 33kV Switchboard .............................................. 3130
3.1.2 Pole Mounted Reclosers (PMRs) .............................................................. 3231

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3.1.2.1 33kV Switchrack incomer PMRs ............................................................... 3231


3.1.2.2 33kV Unit Transformer PMRs/Outdoor CBs ............................................. 3231
3.1.2.3 33kV Switchrack outgoing OHL feeders / OHL Tap-off PMRs .................. 3231
3.1.2.4 33kV OHL Spur-line PMRs ........................................................................ 3231
3.1.2.5 Pipeline Protection PMRs .......................................................................... 3332
3.1.3 Auto-reclose Function ................................................................................ 3332
3.2 33KV INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN STATIONS............................................... 3332
3.2.1 Line differential Protection ......................................................................... 3332
3.2.2 Back-up protection ..................................................................................... 3433
3.3 132KV OVERHEAD LINES ......................................................................................... 3433
3.3.1 Main-1 and Main-2 Protection Relays ....................................................... 3433
3.3.1.1 Line Differential Protection (87L) ............................................................... 3433
3.3.1.2 Distance Protection (21) ............................................................................ 3534
3.3.1.3 Power swing blocking ................................................................................ 3534
3.3.1.4 Voltage transformer supervision (VTS) ..................................................... 3534
3.3.1.5 Switch onto fault (SOTF) ........................................................................... 3534
3.3.1.6 Self-Monitoring .......................................................................................... 3534
3.3.1.7 Echo of tele-protection signal when circuit breaker is open ...................... 3534
3.3.1.8 Weak in-feed ............................................................................................. 3635
3.3.1.9 Current reversal guard............................................................................... 3635
3.3.1.10 Directional Earth fault (DEF) ..................................................................... 3635
3.3.1.11 Directional Overcurrent (DOC) .................................................................. 3635
3.3.1.12 Broken conductor protection & Thermal protection ................................... 3635
3.3.2 Auto-reclose and Synchronising Check Relay .......................................... 3635
3.3.2.1 Auto-reclose (79) ....................................................................................... 3635
3.3.2.2 Synchronising Check (25CH) .................................................................... 3635
3.3.2.3 Breaker Fail (50BF) Protection .................................................................. 3736
3.3.2.4 Undervoltage Protection (27)..................................................................... 3736
3.3.2.5 Voltage transformer supervision (VTS) ..................................................... 3736
3.3.2.6 132kV RIMA, RUNIB, NIM(W), NIM(E), AMAL & MAR Substations – VT
Secondary circuits ..................................................................................... 3736
3.4 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION................................................................................ 3736
3.4.1 Specification of Transformer Protection .................................................... 3736
3.4.1.1 Transformer Biased Differential and Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Specification .............................................................................................. 3736
3.4.1.2 Directional and Non Directional Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection....... 3837
3.4.1.3 Standby Earth fault protection ................................................................... 3837
3.4.1.4 Non-Electrical Protection devices .............................................................. 3938
3.4.2 Transformer Protection Schemes .............................................................. 3938
3.4.2.1 HV Switchboards with incomers working in parallel .................................. 3938
3.4.2.2 Transformers with HV (6.6kV or 11kV or 33kV) primary and 415V secondary
winding....................................................................................................... 4039
a) Transformers Controlled by Fused Contactors ......................................... 4140
b) Transformers Connected To HV Fuses..................................................... 4140
c) Transformers Connected to HV Circuit Breakers ...................................... 4241
3.4.2.3 Transformers with HV primary (33kV and below) and HV secondary windings
................................................................................................................... 4241
3.4.2.4 Transformers with 132kV primary and 33kV, 11kV or 6.6kV secondary
windings ..................................................................................................... 4241
3.4.2.5 Auto Transformers ..................................................................................... 4342
3.5 MAIN GENERATING UNITS....................................................................................... 4342
3.5.1 General ...................................................................................................... 4342
3.5.2 Specific Protection Functions .................................................................... 4443
3.5.2.1 Generator differential (87G)....................................................................... 4443
3.5.2.2 Overall generator and generator transformer differential and REF (87GT,
87N(HV)) ................................................................................................... 4443

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3.5.2.3 Generator-Transformer HV Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection: ............ 4443


3.5.2.4 Earth fault Protection ................................................................................. 4443
a) Stator earth fault protection – 0-95% (59N, 50/51G)................................. 4443
b) Stator earth fault Protection – 95-100% .................................................... 4544
c) Generator Busbar Earth fault protection (59BN) ....................................... 4544
3.5.2.5 Overfluxing (24) ......................................................................................... 4645
3.5.2.6 Loss of excitation (40) ............................................................................... 4645
3.5.2.7 Reverse power (32R) ................................................................................ 4645
3.5.2.8 Negative phase sequence (46) ................................................................. 4746
3.5.2.9 Dead machine protection / Inadvertent Energisation (AE) Protection (50/27G)
................................................................................................................... 4746
3.5.2.10 Pole slipping protection (78) ...................................................................... 4746
3.5.2.11 Undervoltage and Overvoltage Protection (27/59) .................................... 4746
3.5.2.12 Underfrequency and overfrequency protection (81U/O) ........................... 4746
3.5.2.13 Backup overcurrent protection, Voltage dependent (51V) ........................ 4746
3.5.2.14 Under Impedance protection (21G/21GT)................................................. 4847
3.5.2.15 Breaker failure (50BF) ............................................................................... 4847
3.5.2.16 Other protections ....................................................................................... 4948
3.6 LV GENERATING UNITS ........................................................................................... 4948
3.7 132KV AND 33KV BUSBAR PROTECTION .............................................................. 4948
3.7.1 General ...................................................................................................... 4948
3.7.1.1 132kV Substations .................................................................................... 4948
3.7.1.2 33kV Switchboards.................................................................................... 4948
3.7.2 Protection Scheme Requirements ............................................................ 4948
3.7.3 Schemes ................................................................................................... 5049
3.7.3.1 Busbar with two or more Bus Sections ..................................................... 5049
Isolator Contacts ........................................................................................................ 5049
3.7.3.2 Double Busbar with Low Impedance Busbar Differential Protection ......... 5049
a) CT Switching ............................................................................................. 5049
b) Isolator Contacts ....................................................................................... 5149
3.7.3.3 Busbar with single Bus Section ................................................................. 5150
3.8 MOTOR PROTECTION .............................................................................................. 5150
3.8.1 General ...................................................................................................... 5150
3.8.1.1 Vital / Essential Duty motors – short time voltage dips ............................. 5150
a) Definition: Vital Service ............................................................................. 5150
b) Definition: Essential Service...................................................................... 5150
3.8.1.2 Type of Switchgear for Drives ................................................................... 5250
3.8.1.3 Vital service motors including Fire safety related ones ............................. 5251
3.8.2 LV Motors .................................................................................................. 5251
3.8.3 HV Motors ................................................................................................. 5251
3.8.3.1 Protection Requirements - General........................................................... 5251
3.8.3.2 Unit Transformer-motor & Earth fault protection ....................................... 5453
3.8.3.3 Protection Scheme Requirements ............................................................ 5453
a) Breaker failure (BF) protection .................................................................. 5453
b) Unit Transformer - Motor ........................................................................... 5453
c) Unit Transformer – Synchronous Motor .................................................... 5453
d) Schemes with long cables / OHL on Unit Transformer secondary ........... 5554
e) Schemes other than those covered in SP ................................................. 5554
3.8.3.4 Unit Transformer- Motor with VSD ............................................................ 5554
3.9 CAPACITOR BANKS .................................................................................................. 5655
3.9.1 General ...................................................................................................... 5655
3.9.2 Motor Capacitors ....................................................................................... 5655
3.9.3 Switchboard Capacitors ............................................................................ 5756

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3.10 UNDERVOLTAGE / OVERVOLTAGE RELAYS ......................................................... 5756


3.11 UNDERFREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING .................................................................. 5756
3.11.1 Relay Requirements .................................................................................. 5756
3.11.2 Application of the Scheme ......................................................................... 5756
3.11.3 Scheme Requirement ................................................................................ 5756
3.11.3.1 Unit Transformer - Motors ......................................................................... 5856
3.12 SYNCHRONISING ...................................................................................................... 5857
3.12.1 Relay Specification .................................................................................... 5957
3.12.2 Synchronisation Schemes for Substations ................................................ 5958
3.13 AUXILIARY RELAYS................................................................................................... 6058
3.13.1 Trip Circuit Supervision ............................................................................. 6058
3.13.2 Trip and Lockout Relays ............................................................................ 6059
3.13.3 Interposing Relays ..................................................................................... 6160
4 Protection Calculations, Settings and Representation ............................................... 6261
4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 6261
4.1.1 Documentation Preparation and References ............................................ 6261
4.1.2 Basis for Calculations and Guidelines for Time Grading........................... 6362
4.1.2.1 Fault Currents ............................................................................................ 6362
4.1.2.2 Time decrement......................................................................................... 6362
4.1.2.3 Grading Margins ........................................................................................ 6362
5 Specific Protection Setting Requirements ................................................................... 6564
5.1 OVERHEAD LINE FEEDERS - 33KV AND BELOW .................................................. 6564
5.1.1 HV Fuses ................................................................................................... 6564
5.1.2 Overcurrent and Earth fault Protection ...................................................... 6564
5.1.3 Directional Overcurrent and Earth fault Elements ..................................... 6564
5.1.4 CBCT Connected Earth fault Protection .................................................... 6665
5.1.5 Thermal & Broken Conductor Protections ................................................. 6665
5.1.6 Pole Mounted Reclosers (PMRs) .............................................................. 6766
5.1.6.1 Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection Settings for End PMRs .................... 6766
5.1.6.2 Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection Settings for Upstream PMRs........... 6766
5.1.6.3 Other settings for PMRs ............................................................................ 6766
5.2 33KV INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN STATIONS............................................... 6766
5.2.1 Line Differential Protection ........................................................................ 6766
5.2.2 Back-up protection ..................................................................................... 6866
5.3 132KV OVERHEAD LINES ......................................................................................... 6867
5.3.1 Main-1 and Main-2 Protection Relays ....................................................... 6867
5.3.1.1 Line Differential Protection ........................................................................ 6867
5.3.1.2 Distance Protection -Scheme .................................................................... 6867
5.3.1.3 Distance Protection - Choice of Characteristics ........................................ 6867
5.3.1.4 Distance Protection - Zone Settings .......................................................... 6867
5.3.1.4.1 132kV OHL Impedance Data..................................................................... 6867
5.3.1.4.2 Zone 1 setting ............................................................................................ 6867
5.3.1.4.3 Zone 2 setting ............................................................................................ 6867
5.3.1.4.4 Current Reversal Guard timer setting ........................................................ 6968
5.3.1.4.5 Zone 3 setting ............................................................................................ 6968
5.3.1.4.6 Zone 4 setting ............................................................................................ 6968
5.3.1.4.7 Mutual compensation ................................................................................ 6968
5.3.1.4.8 Load Impedance and resistive reach setting ............................................. 6968
5.3.1.5 Power Swing Blocking ............................................................................... 7069
5.3.1.6 Directional Earth fault (DEF) Element ....................................................... 7069
5.3.1.7 Directional Overcurrent (DOC) .................................................................. 7069
5.3.1.8 VTS, SOTF, TOR, Fault Locator, functions ............................................... 7069
5.3.1.9 Time delay settings .................................................................................... 7170
5.3.1.10 Thermal Overload and Broken conductor protection Settings................... 7170
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5.3.2 Auto-reclose and Synchronising Check Relay .......................................... 7170


5.3.2.1 Auto-reclose Function ............................................................................... 7170
5.3.2.2 Synchronising Check Function .................................................................. 7271
5.3.2.3 Breaker Fail Protection .............................................................................. 7271
5.3.2.4 Undervoltage Protection ............................................................................ 7271
5.3.2.5 VT Supervision .......................................................................................... 7271
5.4 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION ............................................................................... 7271
5.4.1 Fuses for Transformer Protection ............................................................. 7271
5.4.2 Overcurrent and Earth fault Settings ......................................................... 7372
5.4.2.1 Highset Overcurrent element pickup setting ............................................. 7372
5.4.2.2 Coordination between 132kV Transformer highset protection & Zone 2 of
upstream 132kV OHLs .............................................................................. 7372
5.4.2.3 Coordination between Transformer incomer overcurrent protection and
downstream motor feeders ....................................................................... 7372
5.4.2.4 Primary Overcurrent Protection Coordination for ph-ph faults on secondary
(Dy) ............................................................................................................ 7472
5.4.2.5 Transformer Primary Overcurrent protection and Standby Earth fault
protection on Secondary ........................................................................... 7473
5.4.2.6 Earth fault protection settings .................................................................... 7473
5.4.2.7 Fused contactors and Feeder protection .................................................. 7573
5.4.2.8 Transformer (with 415V Secondary) Protection ........................................ 7574
5.4.2.9 415V Standby earth fault protection .......................................................... 7574
5.4.3 Directional Overcurrent / Earth fault Elements.......................................... 7574
5.4.4 Transformer Biased Differential Protection ............................................... 7674
5.4.5 Transformer Restricted Earth fault Protection........................................... 7675
5.4.6 OLTC-AVR ................................................................................................ 7675
5.5 GENERATOR / GENERATOR TRANSFORMER ...................................................... 7775
5.5.1 Generator Differential Protection............................................................... 7776
5.5.2 Generator, Generator-Transformer Differential and HV Restricted Earth Fault
.................................................................................................................. 7776
5.5.3 Generator-Transformer HV Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection: ............ 7776
5.5.4 Stator Earth fault ....................................................................................... 7776
5.5.5 Overfluxing ................................................................................................ 7776
5.5.6 Overvoltage ............................................................................................... 7876
5.5.7 Loss of Excitation ...................................................................................... 7877
5.5.8 Reverse Power / Low Forward Power ....................................................... 7877
5.5.9 Negative Phase Sequence ........................................................................ 7877
5.5.10 Underfrequency and Overfrequency ......................................................... 7877
5.5.11 Backup Overcurrent Protection (51V) ....................................................... 7977
5.5.12 Under Impedance Protection (21G/21GT) ................................................ 7978
5.6 LV GENERATORS ..................................................................................................... 7978
5.7 BUSBAR PROTECTION............................................................................................. 7978
5.8 MOTOR PROTECTION .............................................................................................. 8079
5.8.1 Fuses for Motor Protection ........................................................................ 8079
5.8.2 Motor Protection Relay .............................................................................. 8079
5.8.2.1 Short Circuit Protection (50) settings ........................................................ 8079
5.8.2.2 Earth fault Protection (51G) settings ......................................................... 8179
5.8.2.3 Thermal Overload protection (49) settings ................................................ 8180
5.8.2.4 Prolonged Start & Stall Protection (51S/LR) settings ................................ 8180
5.8.2.5 Negative phase sequence protection (46) settings ................................... 8180
5.8.2.6 Neutral voltage displacement protection (59N) settings ........................... 8280
5.8.2.7 Out-of-step protection (78) for Synchronous motors ................................. 8281
5.8.2.8 Loss of Excitation protection (40) for Synchronous motors ...................... 8281
5.8.2.9 Overvoltage protection (59) for Synchronous motors ............................... 8281
5.8.2.10 Additional requirements for Vital Service / Fire-safety related drives ....... 8281
5.8.3 Motors driven by VSDs ............................................................................. 8281
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5.9 UNDERFREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING & START INHIBITION ............................. 8381


5.10 SYNCHRONISING ...................................................................................................... 8382
5.10.1 33/11/6.6kV switchboards.......................................................................... 8382
5.10.2 Generators / Generator transformer feeders at Power Stations................ 8382
5.10.3 132kV OHLs .............................................................................................. 8482
5.11 VOLTAGE RELAYS .................................................................................................... 8483
5.11.1 6.6kV / 11kV Induction Motors ................................................................... 8483
5.11.2 Synchronous motor.................................................................................... 8483
5.11.3 Voltage Relays for Automatic Bus Transfer Scheme ................................ 8483
5.11.4 Protection Relays with voltage input.......................................................... 8483
5.12 THERMAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS ..................................................... 8583
5.13 DISTURBANCE RECORDER SETTINGS.................................................................. 8584
5.13.1 Electromechanical etc. relays in the substaion.......................................... 8584

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6 Protection and Control Logic Diagrams....................................................................... 8685


7 Numerical Relays, Representation of Details .............................................................. 8786
7.1 SCOPE OF WORK DURING DETAILED DESIGN (PANEL ENGINEERING) .......... 8786
7.2 SCOPE OF WORK DURING PROTECTION SETTINGS .......................................... 8786
8 Indicating lamps.............................................................................................................. 8988
9 Alarm schemes................................................................................................................ 9089
10 Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 9190
10.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 9190
10.2 TECHNICAL ................................................................................................................ 9190
10.3 ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... 9190
Appendix A: Check list of Information to be provided to PDO for the purpose of
Protection Assessment ................................................................................. 9493
Appendix B: ANSI / IEC Symbols.......................................................................................... 9695
Appendix C: Generator/GSUT/UAT Trip Matrix (Includes Protection Alarms) – Typical 9897
Appendix D: Trip Matrix - Transformer feeder (Typical) ............................................... 101100
Appendix E: Trip Matrix - 132kV OHL Feeder (Typical) ................................................. 103102
Appendix F: Trip Matrix - 33kV OHL/Cable Feeder (Typical) ........................................ 104103
Appendix G: Trip Matrix - HV Motor Protection (Typical) ............................................. 105104
Appendix H: Trip Matrix - HV Unit Trafo - Motor Protection (Typical) ......................... 106105
Appendix I: Technical Differences between MVAA relays and PRIMA relays .............. 107106
Appendix J: Expulsion Fuse Links Current-Time Characteristic Curves .................... 108107
Appendix K: Synchronous Motors – Typical Voltage – Time Stability Characteristic 110109
Appendix L: Elm Conductor – Thermal Overload Characteristic (Typical) .................. 111110
Appendix M: Motor Protection Relay – Programmable Scheme Logic ........................ 112111
Appendix Q: Typical Protection Settings for Capacitor Banks ..................................... 116115
Appendix R: Typical Settings for Automatic Power Factor Controller (APFC) with
Capacitor Banks ......................................................................................... 117116
SP USER-COMMENT FORM .............................................................................................. 118117

ASSOCIATED DIAGRAMS
Figure No. Drawing No., Rev. Title
STD 4 6500 XXX INDEX, LEGEND ETC.
Index STD 4 6500 000 D Index Sheet /SP1107 Standard Drawings
Legend STD 4 6500 001 D Legend Sheet/Electrical Symbols
STD 4 6501 xxx 33KV OHL / CABLE
Figure 1.1 STD 4 6501 001 D Protection and Metering SLD for 33kV Overhead
Line / Cable Feeder
Figure 1.2 STD 4 6501 002 C Protection and Metering SLD for 33kV Overhead
Line / Cable (Interconnector with Bi-directional Power
Flow)

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Figure No. Drawing No., Rev. Title


STD 4 6502 xxx 132KV OHL / CABLE
Figure 2.1 STD 4 6502 001 D Protection and Metering SLD for 132kV Overhead
Line
STD 4 6503 xxx TRANSFORMERS
Figure 3.1 STD 4 6503 001 D Protection and Metering SLD for transformers with
415V Secondary
Figure 3.2 STD 4 6503 002 D Protection and Metering SLD for HV/HV transformer
with <500m Primary Connection – Up to 33kV
Figure 3.3 STD 4 6503 003 D Protection and Metering SLD for HV/HV transformer
with >500m Primary Connection – Up to 33kV

Figure 3.4 STD 4 6503 004 D Protection and Metering SLD for transformer with
132kV Primary winding
Figure 3.5 STD 4 6503 005 A Protection and Metering SLD for Distribution
Transformer with 132kV Primary winding (<500m)
Figure 3.6 STD 4 6503 006 A Protection and Metering SLD for Distribution
Transformer with 132kV Primary winding (>500m)
STD 4 6504 xxx GENERATORS
Figure 4.1 STD 4 6504 001 D Protection and Metering SLD for Generators
connected to 33kV Switchgear (Without GCB)
Figure 4.2 STD 4 6504 002 C Vacant
Figure 4.3 STD 4 6504 003 C Protection and Metering SLD for LV Generator
Figure 4.4 STD 4 6504 004 C Protection and Metering SLD for Generators
connected to 132kV Grid (With GCB)
STD 4 6505 xxx HV MOTORS
Figure 5.1 STD 4 6505 001 D Protection and Metering SLD for HV Motor
Figure 5.2 STD 4 6505 002 D Protection and Metering SLD for Unit Transformer /
Synchronous Motor Circuit – 33kV
Figure 5.3 STD 4 6505 003 D Protection and Metering SLD for Unit Transformer /
Induction Motor Circuit – 33kV
Figure 5.4 STD 4 6505 004 A Protection and Metering SLD for Unit Transformer /
Synchronous Motor Circuit (with Long Feeder on
Transformer Secondary) – 132kV
Figure 5.5 STD 4 6505 005 A Protection and Metering SLD for Unit Transformer /
Induction Motor Circuit (with Long Feeder on
Transformer Secondary) – 132kV
Figure 5.6 STD 4 6505 006 A Protection and Metering SLD for VFD / Synchronous
Motor (Transformer Primary-132kV)
STD 4 6506 xxx BUSBAR PROTECTION
Figure 6.1 STD 4 6506 001 C Protection SLD for 132kV Busbar with more than one
bus section
Figure 6.2 STD 4 6506 002 C Protection SLD for 132kV Busbar with single bus
section
Figure 6.3 STD 4 6506 003 A Vacant

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Figure No. Drawing No., Rev. Title


Figure 6.4 STD 4 6506 004 B Protection SLD for 132kV Busbar with Double
Busbar Arrangement (For Low Impedance Relay)
STD 4 6507 xxx AUXILIARY SCHEMES (AC/DC DISTRIBUTION,
VSS, SSS, LS SCHEMES ETC.)
Figure 7.1 STD 4 6507 001 C DC Supply Distribution Scheme
Figure 7.2 STD 4 6507 002 C Arrangement for digital communication between ECR
and Numerical Relays
Figure 7.3 STD 4 6507 003 A Vacant
Figure 7.4 STD 4 6507 004 B Synchronising Selection Scheme for typical HV
System
Figure 7.5 STD 4 6507 005 B Synchronising Selection & Control Block Logic for
typical HV Feeder
Figure 7.6 STD 4 6507 006 B Load Shedding Scheme (LSS) for typical HV System
STD 4 6508 xxx GENERAL (TYPICAL SCHEDULES, FORMATS,
SCHEMES ETC.)
Figure 8.1 STD 4 6508 001 B Vacant
Figure 8.2 STD 4 6508 002 A Typical example of Programmable Logic / Masking
for
Numeric relays

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1 Introduction

1.1 SCOPE
This SP specifies the electrical protection schemes and equipment that shall be
applied to all new PDO projects and is complementary to DEP 33.64.10.10-GEN and
DEP 33.64.10.17.GEN.
The scope of SP includes 132kV, 33kV, 11kV, 6.6kV and 415V Systems. In 415V
system, the scope limited up to 415V incomer circuit breakers and ACB/MCCB
outgoings. With regard to the 415V motor feeders and SFU outgoing feeders,
stipulations in DEP and relevant SP shall apply. Further, for extensions / modifications
to existing installations, RMUs etc., the SP may be applied with appropriate
modification to retain the integrity.
Numerical relays have capability for control, interlocking & monitoring of connected
feeders, in addition to protection. However, as per the current philosophy of PDO, the
SP considers use of protection functionality only and not Control and interlocking.
In case of installations with Substation Control System (SCS) or Substation
Automation & Monitoring System (SAMS) using the control, interlocking & monitoring
capabilities of the numerical protection relays, the SP can be applied with appropriate
modifications (especially the section dealing with Relay Communication System), with
prior approval of CFDH-Electrical.
The new power station 132kV substations are with breaker-and-half schemes. The
scope of the document covers these substations as well.

1.2 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD


For any deviation from this Standard the written agreement of PDO shall be obtained
prior to performing related engineering work.
Compliance with this Standard for modifications or extension work to existing facilities
may not always be possible; in such cases PDO's written instructions shall be obtained
to indicate whether a deviation is acceptable.
The document uses the device function numbers vide IEEE/ANSI C37.2. The
equivalent graphical symbols vide IEC 60617 are tabulated (for commonly used
protection functions) at Appendix B, for ready reference.

1.3 APPLICABLE STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES

1.3.1 PDO Standards


SP-1105 - Electrical Standard Drawings.
SP-1103 - Electrical Engineering Guidelines.
SP-1109 - Specification for Earthing and Bonding
SP-1121 - Specification for Low Voltage Switchgear &
Control Assemblies.
SP-1120 - Specification for High Voltage Switchgear & Control
Assemblies.
SP-2047 - Specification for Preparation and Content of
Engineering Drawings

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SP-2167 - Specification for Fire Water Pumps/Package


PR-1265 - Procedures for Maintaining Power System Network
Models
PR-1168 - Power Systems Emergency Response Procedure
PR-1942 - Electrical Equipment Numbering Procedure

1.3.2 SIOP/SIEP Standards

S 64.000 - Standard Drawing - Electrical Symbols in Addition to


IEC 60617
S 67.004 & S 67.028 - Standard Drawings - Schematic diagrams of control
circuits for HV & LV motors
S 67.019 - Standard Drawing - Single line diagrams of LV
Switchboard panels
S-67040 – S-67060 - Standard Drawings - Typical HV Single Line
Diagrams
DEP 33.10.03.10-Gen- - Symbols and Identification System - Electrical.
DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen- - Electrical Engineering Design.
DEP 33.64.10.17-Gen - Application of Protective Functions For Electrical
Systems
DEP 33.65.11.31-Gen- - Synchronous AC Machines
DEP 33.65.40.31-Gen- - Power Transformers (Amendments/Supplements to
IEC 60076 and IEC 60726).
DEP 33.66.05.31-Gen- - Electrical Machines – Cage-Induction Type
DEP 33.66.05.33-Gen- - A.C. electrical variable speed drive systems
DEP 33.67.01.31-Gen- - Low-Voltage AC Switchgear and Controlgear
Assemblies. (Amendments/Supplements to IEC
60439).
DEP 33.67.51.31-Gen- - High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear
Assemblies.

1.3.3 International Standards

IEC 61869 - Instrument Transformers (CTs & VTs)


IEC 60255 - Specification for Electrical Relays.
IEC 60076-5 - Power Transformers, Ability to withstand short
circuits.
IEC 60787 - Application guide for the selection of high-voltage
current limiting fuse-links for transformer circuits
IEC 61000 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
IEC 61850 - Communication Standard for Substations
IEC 60617 - Graphical symbols for diagrams
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 - IEEE standard electrical power system device
function numbers and contact designations
ANSI/IEEE C37.91 - IEEE guide for protective relay applications to power
transformers.

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IEEE C37.96 - IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection


IEEE C37.99 - IEEE Guide for the protection of Shunt Capacitor
banks
IEEE C37.101 - IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection
IEEE C37.102 - IEEE Guide for the AC Generator Protection
IEEE Std C57.13.3 - IEEE Guide for Grounding of Instrument
Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases
IEEE Std 242 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
NFPA 20 : Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
Fire Protection
NFPA 70 : National Electrical Code
Energy Networks Association, UK
TS 48-3 - Instantaneous High-Impedance Differential
Protection.
TS 48-4 - DC Relays associated with a Tripping Function in
Protection Systems.
- Functional Test Requirements- Overcurrent and
TS 48-6-6
Earth Fault Protection

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2 General Protection Requirements


The general principles to be adopted when applying electrical protection and control
systems are outlined in DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen 'Electrical Engineering Design. Further
information concerning protection of individual items of plant can be found in the
relevant equipment DEP.
This SP provides additional information concerning PDO requirements for protection
schemes. It includes standard protection single line diagrams and Control/Protection
block diagrams to be applied to PDO systems.
Current PDO philosophy is to maintain distinction among protection, control,
interlocking and metering schemes. Hence, protective relays shall not be used for
routing the control commands or for interlocking / metering purposes without specific
approval of UIE. Safety interlocking shall be hardwired.
For the power system configurations not covered in this SP specific approval shall be
obtained from UIE/6.

2.1 PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY

2.1.1 Objectives
The prime objectives of electrical protection systems are to reliably:
 Identify system faults and automatically initiate action to isolate the
affected plant whilst minimising disruption to the healthy part of the
system.
 Prevent, or minimise, equipment damage by early identification of fault
conditions and rapid control action.
 Identify abnormal conditions that could affect personnel safety (e.g.
touch voltages of faulted equipment) and avoid these by design.
 Maintain full plant availability - i.e. avoid nuisance trips.

To meet the above objectives, the main requirements of a protection system are:
 Redundancy - i.e. if a single protection device or circuit fails there must
be an independent secondary method for fault identification and
isolation.
Note: Secondary protection need not have such stringent requirements for minimal
disruption as the primary protection.
 The possibility of dormant, un-revealed faults in protection systems
should be minimised by design - e.g. use of trip circuit supervision, self-
checking relays etc.
 Positive operation for the full range of anticipated system fault levels
 Fault clearance within the critical clearing times for system stability.
 No operation for short time overloads and normal system transients
such as motor starting currents; transformer magnetising inrush
currents, switching surges etc.
 Fail-safe logic is widely used in C&A schemes but not in Electrical
schemes. In case there is a problem in trip circuit or in DC supply, the
same is annunciated calling for urgent action of operator and the subject
feeder is allowed to continue in service. In electrical systems, the
backup protection is expected to clear a fault in case of problem in the
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protection scheme of subject faulty feeder. For process safeguard trip


etc. the C&A schemes shall include monitoring of subject CB opening
and issue trip command to the upstream CB, in case the subject CB is
not open within a specified time due to problems in the protection
scheme (DC supply etc.) or due to issues with CB operating
mechanism.

2.1.2 Application of Relays to Standard Schemes


This SP contains standard protection schemes for a number of electrical system
building blocks common to PDO systems. Main and Back-up protections are identified
in the scheme with physically separate relays.
Multifunction numerical protection relays incorporating features such as self-checking,
programmable scheme logic, communication, measured value display and
disturbance/fault recording facilities shall be applied unless it is specifically agreed to
do otherwise.
The self-check feature for multifunction relays shall include the following minimum
continuous self-monitoring features:
 Auxiliary supply supervision
 Checksum on all protection algorithms
 Memory checks
 Checks on input modules (A/D converter)
 Watchdog supervision on program execution
 Check on Opto input and digital output modules
Only relays with above self-supervision / diagnostic features may be considered for
integrating multiple protection functions into one relay.
However, Main and Back-up protections shall not be combined into one relay.
Wherever, two nos. of Main relays (Main-1 and Main-2 relays) are provided (e.g. for
the Generators and 132kV Overhead Line feeders), main and backup protections are
combined in the same relay and provided in both Main-1 and Main-2 relays.

2.1.3 132kV Substations with Breaker-and-Half Scheme


The new power station 132kV substations are with breaker-and-half scheme. The
breaker-and-half scheme with double bus arrangement is different from the normal
single bus arrangement in that,
 The tie-bay CTs are paralleled with those in main bay for protection and
metering purposes.
 The main bay as well as tie-bay circuit breakers are provided with BF
protection.
 Busbar protection of a bus shall trip the main bay breakers connected to
the respective bus. Busbar protection shall not trip the remote ends of
the OHL or Transformer, considering that the power supply to OHL or
Transformer is not affected during a bus fault.
 The Breaker fail protection of main bay breakers shall initiate the
respective busbar trip and in addition, trip of the associated tie-bay
breaker. The Breaker Fail protection of tie-bay breakers shall trip the
adjacent main bay breakers only. Breaker fail protection for main bay
breaker and tie-bay breaker shall trip remote ends as well, with lockout.
Remote ends, in case of transformer feeders, mean the secondary side

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of the transformer. Breaker fail protection relay and scheme shall


comply with requirement in clause 3.3.2.3.
 Stub protection is not required in PDO system. There is no Line isolator
in the standard configuration adopted by PDO and hence if a Line is
down, the respective cross bay main breaker and mid breaker will have
to be kept off.
 Transformer feeders shall be provided Synchro-check facility at LV (33
or 11 or 6.6kV) Switchboards for uninterrupted changeover.
The auto-reclose scheme for breaker-and-half substations, shall always consider main
bay breaker. Whenever, main bay breaker is not available (but feeder is still in service
through tie-bay breaker), the auto-reclose scheme for the respective feeder shall be
selected ‘Out’.
Tie-bay breaker is also tripped along with the main bay breakers, by the main bay
protection relays whenever there is a transient fault. In order to keep the auto-reclose
scheme simple, closing of tie-bay breakers in 132kV breaker-and-half substations are
not included as part of auto-reclose schemes. However, the tie-bay breakers shall be
auto-restored to service on successful auto-reclose of the feeder. The criteria for the
same shall be:
 Main bay breaker is closed
 AR successful (Completion of Reclaim time)
 Synch permissive available. Synch check shall verify the
o voltages of two Line VTs, in case of OHL & OHL or OHL & GSUT
o voltages of Line VT and Bus VT, in case of OHL & Transformer
2.1.4 Automatic Bus Transfer Schemes
In case automatic bus transfer scheme is specified, the switchboard shall include
protective and trip lockout relays/releases in the incomers.
The incomer trip lockout relay (incomer overcurrent, incomer earth fault as well as
standby earth fault protection) contact shall be wired in the bus transfer scheme to
inhibit the bus transfer in case the tripping of incomer is due to an uncleared
downstream fault or bus fault.
Time delays for the bus transfer schemes shall be such that bus transfer at upstream
switchboard shall be carried out first. Bus transfer at downstream switchboard shall be
carried out later if it is required (e.g. in case of failure of bus transfer at upstream
switchboard).

2.1.5 Circuit Breakers for Generators, Motors and 132kV Feeders


The Circuit breakers for generators, motors and 132kV feeders shall have two trip
coils. The protection shall be arranged to trip both the trip coils. Additionally for motor
circuit breaker an under voltage release device shall be provided to ensure the fail
safe operation as per SP-1120.

2.1.6 Opening time for HV vacuum contactor or circuit breaker


Opening time for HV vacuum contactor or circuit breaker shall not be more than 50ms.
The vacuum contactor and the associated fuse shall be co-ordinated to ensure that
the fuse always operates at all values of current to clear the faults within contactor’s
maximum breaking/withstand capacity.

2.1.7 33kV Expulsion Fuse, PMR & Outdoor CB


33kV Expulsion fuses have limited fault rating of 8kA (Bussman data). Hence,
installations with fault levels exceeding 6kA shall not employ expulsion (drop-out)

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fuses. These fuses should not be typically installed up to distance of 11.0kM on the
single ELM conductor from 33kV switchboard having short circuit current as 31.5kA.
Pole Mounted Reclosers (PMRs) are available up to a fault rating of 16kA at present.
Hence, wherever, circuit isolation is required, PMRs shall be specified if the fault
currents at the location do not exceed 14kA and hence PMRs should not be typically
installed up to distance of 3.0kM on the single ELM conductor from 33kV switchboard
having short circuit current as 31.5kA. Outdoor circuit breakers (OCB) shall be
preferred only if estimated fault levels at the location exceed 14kA.
In place of PMR or OCB, possibility of installing current limiting type HRC fuses shall
be explored if there are no concerns from operation and maintenance team.
Short circuit calculation shall be carried out by the contractor / design consultant during
design stage to determine the fault current before recommending any of the above
options. Parallel operation of 33kV switchboard incomers and possible future increase
of 132kV source fault levels shall be considered while estimating the 33kV fault levels
at the load point.

2.1.8 Transformers in 33kV OHL system


Further, transformers installed in field up to a rating of 2500kVA need not be provided
33kV OCB / PMR and instead Fuse-Disconnector is adequate. This applies even if the
transformer secondary voltage rating is 6.6kV (though such small ratings shall be
avoided when the secondary voltage rating is over 415V).

2.2 SYSTEM EARTHING


33kV system shall be solidly earthed by earthing the neutral of secondary winding of
132/34.5kV, delta/star power transformers. 6.6kV and 11kV systems shall be low
resistance earthed by restricting earth fault current to 300A by Neutral Earthing
Resistor (NER) on the secondary of incoming delta/star transformers (However, it is
not applicable for 6.6/11kV star winding of unit transformers for motors and clause
3.8.3.2 shall be referred).

2.3 RELAY SPECIFICATIONS


All relays shall conform to IEC 60255 and shall be of approved make. Further, only
those relay types (for a given make) which are proven for not less than two years in
desert environment similar to that of Oman shall only be considered. The vendor shall
confirm that the relay models supplied are current and service & support will be
available for 10-years as a minimum, from the date of supply. Further, vendor is
expected to inform the owner the company obsolescence plan for various relay
models, 3-years advance as a minimum. Vendor shall also clearly indicate hardware
and software versions of the relays.

The relays available in market are categorized as Transmission products and


Distribution products by the vendors. It is general understanding that transmission
products are built with higher quality levels and options than the distribution products,
considering greater importance of transmission equipment. Thus, it is expected that
the vendor of protection schemes offer only those relays categorized as Transmission
products for use in 132kV power system. In case of any doubt, prior approval shall be
sought from PDO Protection Head.
All relays (protection relays as well as auxiliary/interposing, trip/lockout relays etc.) in
the control and protection schemes shall be 110V DC rated, in general. However,
relays shall withstand 125V DC on continuous basis considering the float voltage level
for 110V battery.
In remote locations with no 110V DC UPS facility, the relays can be 110V AC rated.

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All overcurrent and earth fault protection relays shall have inrush (2nd harmonic)
blocking feature.
In case of feeders with small CT ratio with respect to available fault current, it is
recommended to select the protection relays with provision of highset overcurrent
protection operation on ‘Inst’ or ‘peak’ current sensing and not on RMS current sensing
so that the protection operates before the subject CT goes into saturation.

2.3.1 Communication Requirements


For relays with communication facilities \ programmable scheme logic \ binary code
settings, it shall be possible to connect relays to local PC for the purpose of logic
checks and setting modifications. It shall be possible to make this connection without
need of removing any connections to the relay. In addition to the local interface facility
all the protection relays shall be supplied with remote communication facility to central
control room. All the numerical protection relays shall comply with IEC 61850
communication requirements. Built-in protection modules in PMRs / RMUs and
protection releases in the 415V circuit breakers can be an exception.

Where protection relays in the 415V incomers form part of the local control /
monitoring / data acquisition system (for example, 415V incomers for the switchboards
in 132/33kV substation), the relays shall be IEC 61850 compliant. However, where the
415V switchboards are installed with no connection to local control / monitoring / data
acquisition system (for example, switchboards in isolated field locations), the
compliance with IEC 61850 in the 415V incomer relays is optional.

2.3.2 Relay setting, configuring Tool & the relay soft files
Further, the scope shall include supply of software with at least three licences for
using in PDO / Consultants’ offices for setting / configuration studies / disturbance,
event, fault record viewing.
Before equipment is ordered, sufficient studies shall be performed for providing tie-in
with the existing local \ remote PC system. Studies shall also be carried out to
determine the protection requirements and to ensure that appropriate relay protection
functions and setting ranges with required sensitivities are chosen. The logic schemes
for individual relays shall be configured in respective relays in accordance with the
approved scheme drawings and tested before despatch of the relay panels. The soft
copy of the scheme logic also shall be sent in a CD (in duplicate), for verification
during relay setting studies / commissioning.

2.3.3 Other Requirements


All numerical protective relays shall have enough no of contacts / thyristor outputs
adequately rated to operate tripping relays and circuit breakers directly, i.e. without the
imposition of auxiliary relays. The contacts shall be capable of making and interrupting
the tripping currents, which occur, unless specific provision is made for interrupting the
current on contacts elsewhere in the circuits. The relays are expected to provide direct
trip to all the relevant breakers in addition to operating master trip/lockout relay and
hence shall have adequate output contacts. Requirement of number of inputs and
outputs shall be decided base on the individual feeder protection scheme. At least two
nos. each spare inputs and outputs shall be made available for client’s future use.
Contractor shall select relay model number based on the recommendations from
PDO. However, in absence of any recommendations, contractor shall submit his
proposal for PDO approval.
It shall not be possible to change the relay settings without removing the protective
relay case (electromechanical/static type relays) or without pass word control
(numerical type), as the case may be.

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For the protections based on high impedance principle (e.g. busbar protection or
Restricted Earth fault protection for transformer windings), the relays can be electro-
mechanical or static type. For all other protection functions, the relays shall be
numerical type and shall include self supervision, fault/event/disturbance record
capability as well as communication capability, as a minimum.
Time dependent overcurrent and earth fault protection relays should incorporate
definite time characteristic and a selection of standard inverse, very inverse,
extremely inverse and long-time inverse operating characteristics to IEC 60255.
Highset element shall have adjustable time delay and inhibiting facility.
Dropout to pickup ratio for all current operating protection elements shall not be less
than 70% even at the lowest protection setting.
PDO electrical system doesn’t have high resistive earthing except for generators and
unit transformer connected motors. Hence, earth fault protection element provided in
the relays shall not saturate up to expected earth fault currents.
Relay coils operating on DC shall be designed so that any coils energised from the
positive pole of the battery are via normally open contacts. This is to minimise the
effects of electrolysis.

2.3.4 Use of Relays for Operational Interlocks etc.


Use of protection relays for operational interlocks is subject to specific approval after
addressing issues such as fail-safe features, redundancy, facility of software back-up
etc.

2.3.5 Relay Operation Indication


All protective relays shall be provided with hand reset operation indicators. These
operating indicators shall be designed in such a way as to prevent any accidental
resetting of the indicators. It shall be possible to retrieve event-recording data after
failure of auxiliary DC supply. Indication of relay operation shall be retained until
manually reset, irrespective of whether or not the relay protective function has
previously been self-reset.
Wherever programmable LED’s are used for such indications the correct signal
description shall be displayed in the form of label next to each LED. For relays with
LCD displays in abbreviated forms the correct description of all the possible
abbreviations shall be affixed at suitable location for operator reference.
Where mechanical flags are employed, these shall be clearly marked in a permanent
manner; adhesive labels shall not be used.

2.4 RELAY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM


All the numerical protection relays shall be IEC61850 compliant. Protocol converters
shall not be used unless specifically permitted by the Owner.
The IEC 61850 protocol is Ethernet based and is the worldwide standard for protection
and control systems used by utilities. By means of this protocol, information can also
be exchanged directly between bay units / relays / IEDs so as to set up simple,
masterless systems for bay and system interlocking (not a requirement in PDO as per
current practice).
Fig. 7.2 indicates typical interface of numerical relays with local/station computer and
virtual computer.
All the numerical relays in a given station shall be wired to a TCP/IP based
communication bus and shall be connected to a local/station computer via Ethernet
switches. The local /station computer shall be industrial type and act as
 Gate way for communication with the remote system and also a
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 Device for communicating / accessing any of the relays in the


substation.

The communication to the remote system (i.e. virtual computer) shall be through PDO
WAN. The virtual computer can be any individual computer in any of the PDO offices
which can access local / station computer through Citrix.

The local / station computer along with main Ethernet switch shall be rack mounted in
a vertical cabinet. Wherever possible, this vertical cabinet shall be placed in central
location and opposite to C&R panels/switchboards for better view. Vertical cabinet
shall also contain SNTP GPS time server required for time synchronisation, with
antenna mounted on the roof of the building. Time resolution shall be 1ms or better.

Power supply to local/station computer shall be 110V DC. If is not possible to provide
local/station computer suitable for 110V DC, power supply to local/station computer
can be 240V AC. This 240V AC power supply shall be derived from station 110V DC
supply by 110V DC to 240V AC inverter. This inverter shall be industrial type. If 240V
AC UPS power supply is available in the station, it can be connected to local/station
computer and in such case 110V DC to 240V AC inverter is not required.
Auxiliary power supplies to all other hardware (e.g. Ethernet switches etc.) supplied as
part of the Relay Communication System shall be derived from the 110V DC auxiliary
power supplies available in the relay panels/switchboards.
The following minimum functionality shall be made available at the local/station
computer as well as virtual computer, for which the scope shall include any additional
hardware/software required for:
 Display of the quantities measured by relay such as currents and
voltages.
 Retrieval of disturbance records stored in relay buffer.
 Retrieval of event records stored in relay buffer.
 Setting and configuring the relays
 Switching of setting groups, wherever applicable
 Review of programmable logic / binary coded settings
 Time synchronisation of all the devices in the station including
local/station computer.
Further, the system shall enable access to,
 Local/station computer (in turn to individual numerical relay in the
station) from virtual computer located anywhere in the PDO network
through appropriate authorisation.
 Access controls to the system having various privileges access level, at
least three levels are required. The Contractor shall propose and
configure each level with appropriate privileges according to the
Company requirement and approval.
The specification for the local/station computer, Ethernet switches, GPS clock system
etc. shall be agreed with PDO IT before purchase. Once installed, the system shall be
registered with PDO IT for the purpose of monitoring/trouble shooting, software
upgrades, maintenance etc.
The required Storage capacity (Hard disk) in the local/station computer shall depend
on the no. of total relays in the substation to be connected to the computer with its
associated data.

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Commissioning of Relay Communication System shall not be considered complete


until required access, display, protection relay setting & configuration and data retrieval
from virtual computer is demonstrated by the contractor.

2.5 MULTIFUNCTION METER (MFM)


The numeric multifunction meters (MFM) shall comply with IEC 61000-4-30, IEC
61000-4-7 and IEC 61557-12 and shall have following functionalities as a minimum:

a. Real time viewing of voltage, current, real power, reactive power, power factor and
maximum demand with auto scrolling facility.
b. Accumulated energy
c. Total Harmonic Distortion with spectrum analysis and waveform scopes for both
voltage and current
d. MFM shall capture maximum demand data at the interval of every 15 minutes as
minimum and store this data in the internal memory for at least 50 weeks and
provide reports as required.
e. MFM shall store the measurements of the main voltage characteristics in the
internal memory. The reports are made on the basis of this stored data. Data for
the last 50 weeks as minimum and variations of the measured quantities (Voltage
sag/swell/interruptions) from the standard values are stored in the report, which
enables detection of anomalies in the network.
f. MFM shall have waveform recording capability, which can be triggered by limits
set internally for the measured parameters or from external inputs. MFM shall be
capable of storing 10 waveform records as minimum. Each record shall be of
duration not less than 10 seconds with resolution of 10ms or better.
g. All the data shall be time stamped and MFM shall have time synchronization
facility through communication network.
h. MFM shall have self-monitoring functionality and provide an output contact for
alarm.
i. MFM shall have large LCD display screen with back light for easy viewing and
scrolling of measured parameters.
j. For communication with SCADA / DCS / Other Control System, MFM shall have a
rear RS485 port with protocol as confirmed by supplier of SCADA / DCS / Other
Control System. MFM shall also have a front port for connecting to a laptop for
configuring/viewing/downloading.
k. All required measurements, weekly reports and alarms can also be stored locally
in the internal memory. Stored data can then be transferred to a memory card or
accessed through communication for post analysis. The limits and the required
quality in a monitored period can be defined for each monitored characteristic.

The make and model number of the MFM shall be specified by the vendor in the offer
which shall be subjected to review and approval by the Company. All required
software with license and cords/cables required for settings and viewing of data shall
be included in the offer.

2.6 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS


All current transformers (CTs) for protection, metering and indication shall comply with
the respective, relevant clauses of IEC61869. The current transformers for primary
protection shall have accuracy class PX with appropriate Knee Point Voltage (Vk), CT
resistance (Rct) and magnetising current. Those for back-up protection shall have
accuracy class 5P. The core balance current transformer (CBCT) shall also have
protection accuracy class. The protection class CT shall have appropriate VA rating
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and accuracy limiting factor (ALF). The CT sizing shall ensure proper working of
protective devices for all short circuit currents up to the rated value of switchgear. The
132kV bays shall have five core CTs.
High impedance Motor/Generator differential / Transformer restricted earth fault /
Busbar differential protection shall have dedicated CTs (not shared by any other
protections/meters). The CT sizing shall ensure speed of operation better than 40ms
(@5xIs typically). All CTs connected to any high impedance differential or restricted
earth fault protection scheme shall have identical parameters.
Current transformer primaries shall be of low reactance bar primary type wherever
possible. Split core type current transformers shall not be accepted.
Current transformers shall have a thermal rating at least equal to circuit requirements
and a short time (through-fault) rating at least equal to that of the associated
switchgear.
Current transformers shall have an output rating adequate to cater for the burden (CT
leads, relay, etc) connected to them. They shall have sufficient rating, terminal voltage
and overcurrent performance, where applicable, for the satisfactory operation of their
associated equipment.
Accuracy class of protective current transformers shall be selected dependent upon
the particular application. The Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) shall be selected with
consideration to the maximum value of primary current up to which maintenance of
accuracy is required. In case of feeders with small CT ratio with respect to available
fault current, it shall be ensured that CT doesn’t saturate up to two times of estimated
highset instantaneous setting as minimum.
For the transformer / generator / motor differential, distance / line differential, restricted
earth fault and busbar differential protections, CTs should be Class PX type. The
specification for Class PX CTs shall include:
 Compliance with IEC 61869
 Rated primary current, turns ratio, rated knee-point e.m.f. at maximum
secondary turns
 Maximum exciting current at the rated knee-point e.m.f. or at a stated
percentage thereof
 Maximum resistance of the secondary winding (at a stated temperature)
The applicable X/R value of the system for the CT sizing calculations shall be obtained
from PDO.
Preliminary calculations regarding both stability and sensitivity of the high impedance
differential schemes shall be performed and submitted for PDO’s approval before
ordering of the CTs (switchboards / transformers). This is to enable determination of
CT characteristics and the setting ranges of relays. The basis for the calculations shall
be the relay manufacturer’s guidelines.
The specified CT parameters shall be reviewed and confirmed once the
Switchboards/C&R panels are ordered / relay types are decided.
The CT sizing calculation shall consider rated short circuit current of the switchgear /
busbar and not the estimated one. References of formulas from the relay manuals for
CT sizing, relay manufacturer’s guidelines and all other inputs required for CT sizing
shall be part of the CT sizing calculation document.
All CT sizing calculations are subject to PDO approval.
Earth fault relays fed from residually connected CTs can be susceptible to spurious
trips due to the tolerances of CTs, particularly during transient conditions which can
include large differences in phase voltages. Therefore, 6.6kV and 11kV earth fault
relays should be connected to a core balance CT. The ratio of CBCT shall be selected
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to detect 5A of primary fault current at the lowest relay setting and shall be protection
class. Typical ratio of CBCT shall be 50/1A. CBCT shall also be provided for 33kV
OHL feeders.
If more than one three phase cables are used in parallel, separate CBCT shall be
installed for each cable and these CBCTs shall be connected in parallel across a
common relay.
Whenever CBCTs are installed over the rectangular busbars (or cables in flat
formation) before the cable compartment terminals, they shall be rectangular type
(with compensation coils for flux imbalance, built-in). Three core cables (or single core
cable in trefoil) shall be centred in the CBCT window while installation. This is
important to minimise the flux imbalance and resultant spill current in the CBCT
secondary wires.
In case of 415V feeders with 4-wire distribution, neutral wire also shall pass through
CBCT.
The transformer neutral CT ratio for standby earth fault protection shall be 50% of the
transformer rated current for solidly earthed system and 100% of the NER Current
rating for low resistance / high resistance earthed systems (transformers with 11 or
6.6kV secondary).
The transformer neutral CT ratio for restricted earth fault protection shall be same as
the ratio of phase CTs for this protection.
For the 33kV system and below, whenever it is required to locate CTs with
transformer, these CTs shall be standalone type and bushing CTs are not acceptable.
However, for the system voltage of 132kV and above, bushing CTs can be provided.
Measurement CT sizing shall ensure that CT saturates before short time withstand
capability of meters and effective Instrument Security Factor of the CT at connected
burden is below withstand capability of meters.

2.7 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS


Voltage transformers shall be provided for busbars in all switchgears and for 132kV
substations.
Each VT shall have two secondary windings as a minimum. These shall be identical in
all respects, shall be star-connected and have dual accuracy class, metering as well
as protection.
Voltage inputs to redundant protections shall be segregated.
The VTs in switchgear panels shall be draw-out type or in case of GIS, with
appropriate isolation arrangement.
Voltage transformers for 132kV OHL feeders and generator transformer feeders shall
be electromagnetic type. 132kV bus Voltage transformers shall be capacitor type and
provided with PQ sensors.
All voltage transformers (VTs) shall comply with the requirements of IEC61869. They
shall have a rated secondary output voltage of 110V (or 100V in specific cases, such
as generator VTs), a measuring accuracy class in accordance with DEP 33.67.51.31-
Gen and an output rating adequate to cater for the burdens connected to them. VTs for
high impedance earthed systems shall have voltage factor of 1.2 continuous and 1.9
for 30s.
All VT sizing calculations are subject to PDO approval.
Where one set of VTs supplies a number of different circuits, each circuit shall be
separately protected with lockable MCBs. MCBs on VT circuits shall have facilities to
lock them in open position. This is to avoid possible back energisation of HV
equipment via the VT circuitry.
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The VT secondary MCB in the protection circuits shall be fast acting (typically < 5ms)
type so that the auxiliary contact of VT MCBs can be used for blocking the respective
voltage dependent relays (in the event of opening of MCB).

2.8 INSTALLATION AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.8.1 General Requirements


Protection relays shall be mounted on panels individual to each circuit concerned.
Where space permits, these shall be in the switchgear cubicle, otherwise a separate
relay panel suite shall be provided. Relays shall not be mounted on the HV circuit
breaker moving portion or in any position where they may be subject to vibration
during normal operation. All protective relays shall be visible from the front of the
panel without having to open the panel door. Relays shall be flush or rack mounted in
dust and moisture proof cases or enclosures.
In general, the rules for design and installation in accordance with IEC 61000-5-1 and
IEC 61000-5-2 shall be followed in order to achieve an industrial level Electromagnetic
compatible (EMC) environment (as described in IEC 61000-2-5 and IEC 61000-6-2)
inside low voltage compartments where protective relays / other devices are located.
More specifically the following installation requirements shall apply:
The relays with LED and / or LCD displays shall be mounted at convenient height so
that the LED labels and LCD displays are easily read.
The relays with programmable logic capabilities shall be provided with PC based
Graphical User Interface. The facility of all requisite plug-in connections (e.g. RS232)
shall be provided on the relay for local access during commissioning as well as
maintenance.
Panels provided as extensions, or for erection in the same room as existing panels,
should be of similar design and appearance to those existing. Equipment, meters, etc.
mounted on such panels, likewise should be of a style and scaling similar to the
existing equipment. Fuses and links shall be positioned at the bottom of the front face
of the panels except on panels forming extensions to existing boards where the
arrangement should match the existing panels.
The minimum size of cable used for CT circuits shall be 4 sq. mm. For other circuits
the minimum size shall be 1.5 sq. mm. All cables shall be stranded in order to avoid
the possibility of a break of a single conductor resulting in an open circuit condition.
External multi-core cables shall be armoured and routed in order to limit external
electrically impressed voltages to a minimum.
Optic fibre cables wherever used shall be protected against physical damage.
In case of multi-ratio CTs, all the CT ratios available shall be indicated, with the used
CT ratio underlined specifically.
In case of 132kV C&R panels (and 33kV, if the C&R panels are separate), the control
schemes of circuit breaker, disconnecting switch as well as the CT/PT/ Bay
Marshalling box drawings shall be reproduced in the C&R panel scheme drawings, for
ready reference.
The trip contact from numerical protective relays shall be directly wired to trip
coil of the circuit breaker and these trip contacts shall be provided with dwell
time of 500ms in order to ensure that trip coils are de-energised by circuit
breaker auxiliary contacts and not by relay contacts. Another contact shall be
used for energising associated trip & lock out relay (86).

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2.8.2 Protection, Control & Metering schemes - Lead numbering


The lead numbers are standardised as below so that any PDO protection engineer
can easily identify the purpose for which the lead is connected by looking at the lead
number.
J Series DC Incoming J1, J2 etc.
K Series Control – Closing, Tripping K1, K2, K3 etc.
etc.
L Series Alarms, Indications and L1, L2, L3 etc.
Annunciations
E Series Potential Transformer E1, E2, E3 etc.
Secondaries
H Series Low Voltage Auxiliary AC H1, H2, H3 etc.
Supplies
A Series CT Secondary and Special A1, A2, A3 etc.
Protection
B Series Busbar Protection B1, B2, B3 etc.
C Series Protection Circuits C1, C2, C3 etc.
D Series Metering Circuits D1, D2, D3 etc.

Further, certain lead numbers are standardised as follows and should be compulsorily
adopted with ferrules at termination of leads.
J1 – DC Positive
J2 – DC Negative
Control & Alarms
Remote Close: K15R
Local Close: K15L
Remote trip: K5R
Local Trip: K5L
2.8.3 Earthing
Each control and relay panel shall be provided with a copper earth bar of not less than
70 sq. mm cross-section and arranged so that the bars of adjacent panels can be
joined together to form a common bus. All metallic relay, instrument and metering
cases shall be connected to the earth bar by means of cable of not less than 2.5 sq.
mm cross-section. The physical contact of case to panel does not suffice.

2.8.4 Current Transformer Earthing


Current transformer earthing is required for personnel protection.
Current transformers associated with a protection circuit shall be earthed at one point
only, which may be local to the protection relays.
Each protection circuit shall be earthed at one point only to avoid the flow of circulating
currents which may flow if earths are made at two or more locations and differences of
potential between the earthing points arise. This could result in spurious relay
operations.
In case of Core balance CTs, correct practice shall be followed with regard to power
cable armour earthing, in order to avoid maloperation of earth fault protection due to
armour currents.

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IEEE Std C57.13.3 shall be referred for further guidance on the subject.
The earth connection shall be made through a removable bolted link.
Current transformers for indication and metering shall have their secondaries earthed
local to the position of installation. It is required for personnel protection.

2.8.5 Connections for Protection Testing


Readily accessible facilities shall be provided to allow injection and functional testing
of protection relays and associated circuits without the need to make any
disconnections. These should consist of test socket blocks that allow test plugs to be
inserted, with independent access to either side of the broken circuit. They shall allow:
 Access to all relay input and output circuits, including power supply circuits
 Isolation of VT circuits
 Isolation and shorting of CT circuits.

External test points are not required for relays having integral test facilities accessible
with test plugs to all input and output circuits.
Numerical relays with programmable logic shall have a facility to individually switch on
or off all the output relays through software interface. This shall be possible without
disturbing programmed protection/control logic. This facility is required for
commissioning of SCADA alarms and signalling.
Links shall be provided for isolation of the trip circuits of each protection relay and the
common trip circuit to each circuit breaker trip coil. The isolation facility for testing shall
ensure that any alarms generated, as a result of testing, are not transmitted to SCADA
as normal alarms.

2.8.6 Power Supply to Protection Relays


The power supply from the DC UPS distribution board (DCUPS DB) shall be extended
independently to protection relays and trip coil(s) through the associated Control &
Relay Panel (CRP).
The auxiliary power supply wiring shall be done by looping in all the equipment supply
terminals in series, thus forming single (positive and negative) supply bus with as
many connection points as the number of equipment. This supply bus shall end at the
terminals of DC supply supervision relay. This arrangement ensures 100% coverage
of auxiliary supply wiring for supervision.
Typical DC supply distribution scheme is indicated in fig. 7.1. Two feeders each shall
extend DC supplies from DCUPS DB. These two feeders shall form two independent
DC supply buses in control & relay panel. The two breaker trip coils shall be wired to
two supplies drawn from above DC buses. The associated main and back up
protection equipment shall also be supplied from two independent DC buses. Both DC
supply buses shall be independently supervised by two supply supervision relays.
Same principle shall be followed for DC supply distribution of other HV switchgears
with two trip coils.
For other switchboards, DC supply distribution shall be in line with scheme indicated in
fig. 7.1.
In small installations where 110V DC UPS power supply is not envisaged/not
available, such as RMUs or isolated 415V Switchboards, the protection should be
through modules built-in to the breakers (e.g. self powered relays, protection releases
etc.). Relays, if provided, can be AC/DC power supply operated (including breaker trip
power supplies) as required.
It may be mentioned that some of the 415V breaker releases are being provided DC
auxiliary supplies from line VT through AC/DC converter.
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All such supplies shall be connected phase-to-phase and not phase-to-earth. These
supplies shall have auto changeover scheme so that healthy supplies are available
even during abnormal conditions (like one incomer not available or a fault in the
outgoing feeders).

2.8.6.1 PMR Control / Protection Power Supplies


PMRs are provided with VTs to charge the internal battery and provide auxiliary
supplies to the PMR including the control / protection module. However, if the PMR is
located close to a substation/plant, the 110V DC / 240V AC UPS supplies shall be
provided for PMR protection and control. This will ensure better reliability by
eliminating the battery and charging circuit in the PMR. However, further DC to DC or
AC to DC conversion shall be provided in the PMR control / protection module.

2.8.7 Labelling
All relays and links shall be provided with clearly inscribed labels describing their
application in an unambiguous manner, which shall be consistent with the description
given on the schematic and wiring diagrams.

2.8.8 Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)


Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) shall comply with IEC 60947.
Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) in the VT circuits shall additionally comply with the
stipulations at clause 2.7 above and shall have an auxiliary contact to raise an alarm
when the MCB is open.
MCBs shall be installed behind a door or cover to prevent tripping by inadvertent
contact.
The rating of MCB provided in the DC UPS supply distribution scheme (e.g. control &
protection schemes in the relay panels or switchgear panels) shall be coordinated with
the upstream MCB in the outgoing feeders of DC UPS distribution board. This
protection coordination shall be demonstrated through coordination curves during
design stage. This also applies to AC UPS distribution (e.g. AVR panel, excitation
panel etc.)

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3 Specific Protection Requirements


The specific requirements of protection elements and protection schemes for different
types of circuits are indicated in this section.

3.1 OVERHEAD LINE FEEDERS – UP TO 33KV

3.1.1 Overhead Line Feeder - 33kV Switchboard


Overhead Line Feeders from 33kV switchboard shall be provided overcurrent
protection (51/50), residual earth fault protection (51N/50N) and CBCT based earth
fault protection (51G). Overcurrent and earth fault protection shall have a selection of
operating characteristics and highset instantaneous protection. The choice of
characteristic shall be made with consideration of the protection discrimination
requirements. Both overcurrent and earth fault protections shall have inrush (2nd
harmonic) blocking feature.
CBCT connected earth fault protection (51G), provided as standard, shall be capable
of detecting less than 5A primary earth fault current. This protection may be
incorporated into the multifunction relay provided the requirement of sensitivity is
complied. CBCT shall not be connected to sensitive earth fault protection element of
the relay for solidly / effectively earthed system and low resistance earthed system.
The relay shall also have facility to detect thermal condition of the OHL based on long
time inverse characteristic and also broken conductor condition based on I2/I1
(Negative phase sequence current / Positive phase sequence current) or any other
appropriate principle. The broken conductor condition shall be annunciated in the
SCADA. No trip is envisaged. However, setting of thermal protection for 33kV OHLs is
not envisaged in the current practice in PDO.
On parallel feeders, time dependent directional overcurrent and earth fault relays shall
be provided.
For the rings, if any, formed by 33kV interconnections between stations, time
dependent directional overcurrent and earth fault relays shall be installed as
appropriate to maintain selective tripping throughout the ring.
Directional overcurrent elements shall be cross-polarised to ensure sufficient
sensitivity under various fault conditions. The relay shall have selectable maximum
torque angle so that same relay can be applied for different type of feeders. The
directional element shall be able to detect and maintain the direction of operation even
after collapse of voltage signal.
Voltage input for directional relays shall be from a VT secondary, different from that
supplying to the primary protection. This is to ensure fuse failure in one VT secondary
circuit will not affect both the protections.
Directional relays shall inhibit the protection on detection of “VT fuse fail”.
Where studies show that minimum fault levels are below the required setting of
overcurrent relays, use of distance relays or voltage controlled overcurrent / earth fault
relays shall be considered.
All 33kV overhead line feeders from 33kV switchboard shall be provided with auto-
reclosing facilities.
The protection scheme for a typical 33kV radial overhead line feeder is shown in Fig.
1.1. Typical trip matrix is attached as Appendix-F.

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3.1.2 Pole Mounted Reclosers (PMRs)


The 33kV ring system provided for field distribution consists of pole mounted load
break switches and / or auto-reclose breaker (PMR - Pole Mounted Recloser)
provided at the switchrack outgoing feeder or OHL tap off point. Installation of PMRs
shall be in line with clause 2.1.7 .
The PMRs shall be with built-in microprocessor based protection/reclose modules and
set to protect for faults in the OHL downstream of the PMR. The scope of PMR supply
shall include software for setting / configuring / event, fault, disturbance record viewing
of the protection module.
Overcurrent and earth fault protection in PMR shall have a selection of operating
characteristics and highset instantaneous protection. The choice of characteristic shall
be made with consideration of the protection discrimination requirements. Both
overcurrent and earth fault protections shall have inrush (2nd harmonic) blocking
feature.
If PMR is used for pipeline protection trip or any external trip, controller shall have
settable time delay (or debounce time) to trip the PMR. This time delay is required to
ride over transient voltage dips. However, it shall be applicable only for pipeline
protection trip or other external trips and not for electrical protection trips or
transformer mounted protection trips. Pipeline protection relay contact shall be
disconnected from the trip circuit, if PMR is not used for pipeline protection.

3.1.2.1 33kV Switchrack incomer PMRs


33kV Switchrack incomers are from a 33kV switch board in the respective stations.
Generally, these incomers are provided with Disconnecting Switches. For any
uncleared faults in the downstream 33kV feeders, the outgoing feeder protection at the
33kV switchboard is expected to act as back-up. Hence, even if a PMR is installed at
the switchrack incomer, the same is expected to be used as an on-load isolator and
the protection as well as reclosing functions disabled.
It is recommended not to provide any tap-off from OHL before 33kV Switchrack.
However, in case, there is a tap-off from the OHL before the Switchrack, then, the
Switchrack incomer PMR protection needs to be set to ensure that the uncleared
outdoor feeder faults at switchrack doesn’t trip the feeder at the 33kV switchboard.

3.1.2.2 33kV Unit Transformer PMRs/Outdoor CBs


In case of unit transformer-motors connected to 33kV field OHL with one PMR/OCB at
the unit transformer primary and another PMR/OCB as breaker back-up for Process
safeguarding trips, the back-up breaker (PMR/OCB) shall not have any protection /
reclose module and shall be wired to trip through Process safeguard logic.

3.1.2.3 33kV Switchrack outgoing OHL feeders / OHL Tap-off PMRs


The source end of an overhead line from 33kV switchrack or 33kV tap off from main
OHL ring system should be provided with PMR.
Tap-off in the 33kV OHL system shall always be from the main OHL and not from the
OHL that is already a tap-off (from the main OHL).
It is not recommended to provide tap-off PMR from branch overhead line supplied
from another tap-off PMR. In case the above becomes inevitable due to the field
conditions, the subject shall be discussed and approval sought at the design stage,
with PDO protection head to address coordination issues, if any.

3.1.2.4 33kV OHL Spur-line PMRs


Spur line PMR may be provided at the primary terminals of the distribution
transformer.

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3.1.2.5 Pipeline Protection PMRs


In case, two PMRs are installed in series for pipeline protection, first PMR shall have
both electrical protection as well as pipeline protection and second PMR shall have
only pipeline protection without any electrical protection.

3.1.3 Auto-reclose Function


Even though as per current PDO philosophy, auto-reclose function is disabled for
33kV OHL, all overhead line feeders from 33kV switchboard and all 33kV PMRs shall
be provided auto-reclose function as follows:
The line breaker shall be reclosed after a dead time, which shall be adjustable
between 1 and 60 seconds. The dead time shall be set long enough to allow
undervoltage protection on motor control centres or variable speed drive units to
operate and the motors to be disconnected. The dead time shall be typically 5s.
If the fault persists or recurs within the reclaim time, which shall be adjustable between
1 and 200 seconds after the initial recloser, then the fault shall be cleared by IDMT
overcurrent / earth fault protection. Operation of the time dependent protection within
the reclaim time shall result in tripping of CB and lockout of the auto reclose scheme.
The reclaim time selected shall be longer than the operating time of the time
dependent protection and longer than the reset time of the circuit breaker closing
mechanism. The reclaim time shall be typically 180s.
The scheme shall include an operation indicator and operation counter with facilities to
lockout after a set number of operations. Facilities shall also be provided to manually
inhibit the auto reclose scheme as required (during Live-line washing of OHL
insulators, for example).

3.2 33KV INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN STATIONS


The protection of 33kV interconnecting feeder is shown in fig. 1.2. Typical trip matrix is
attached as Appendix-F.
The 33kV feeders interconnecting stations, where there is a possibility of bi-directional
power flow, line differential or high impedance differential (for feeder lengths <
500metres) protection, as required, shall be provided as main protection. The
directional overcurrent relays shall act as back up to line differential protection.
Directional elements from overcurrent and earth fault relays shall be utilised to obtain
selective tripping in either direction during relay co-ordination exercise.

3.2.1 Line differential Protection


The relay shall use fibre optic cable for current comparison and communication
between two ends.
Line differential protection shall be numerical, operating on current comparison
principle. The comparison shall be on per phase basis. The protection shall be able to
identify fault type and provide visible indication for the faulty phases.
Relay shall have capability of providing inter-tripping facility on external trip signals
with clear identification of inter-tripping action. It should not be construed as operation
of differential element.
Identical Make and Type of the relays shall be provided at either end of OHLs in order
to ensure problem-free communication with each other.
If and when applied to lines with tee off transformer feeders, the relay shall have the
capability of identifying transformer inrush currents and restrain the operation during
such condition.

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Paralleling of current transformers is not allowed in line differential protection schemes


and in order to meet this requirement, relays with adequate analogue inputs shall be
selected.
Line differential relays shall not be used for the routing of permissive / interlocking
signals between two ends. Separate Binary Input/Output module for electrical to fibre
optic interface shall be provided for the routing of permissive / interlocking signals
between two ends.
Relay shall be able to monitor the communication and provide alarm and also block
the operation of relay. Relay should have facility of overcurrent back up under failed
communication condition.
The communication requirements of the protection shall be clearly identified taking in
to consideration the distance between the two terminals and compatibility of all the
interface equipment shall be clearly established.

3.2.2 Back-up protection


The backup protection shall be provided by directional overcurrent and earth fault
relay. The specification of this relay shall be same as clause 3.1.1.

3.3 132KV OVERHEAD LINES


132kV overhead lines shall have minimum two main protection relays (Main-1 & Main-
2). Each of the two main relays shall separately energise both trip coils. Two
trip/lockout relays shall be used for the two trip coils.
Each main protection relay (Main-1 & Main-2) shall have Line differential protection
(87L), Distance protection (21), Directional Overcurrent / Earth fault protection, aided
DEF, Thermal overload protection (49), Broken conductor protection, fault locator, etc.
In addition, separate protection relay having at least auto-reclose function (79),
synchronising check function (25CH), breaker fail protection (50BF) and undervoltage
protection (27) shall be provided.
The protection schemes required are shown in Fig. 2.1. Typical trip matrix is attached
as Appendix-E.

3.3.1 Main-1 and Main-2 Protection Relays


Redundant multifunction protection relays (i.e. Main-1 and Main-2) shall be provided.
Main-1 and Main-2 should be of different manufacturer. Both relays from same
manufacturer are acceptable only when they are on different algorithm and platform
(i.e. entirely different hardware and software).
Identical Make and Type of the relays shall be provided at either end of OHLs in order
to ensure problem-free communication with each other.
Relays shall have dual redundant protection communication channels between other
end relays. Test features shall be provided for routine checking of the integrity of the
protection communication channels. This may be either an end-to-end or a reflex test.
These facilities shall include all features necessary to permit these tests with the
feeder in service, with minimum risk of unwanted tripping.
Relays shall have sufficient trip outputs to trip the circuit breaker directly and initiate
operation of trip & lockout relays (86), auto-reclose function, breaker fail protection,
SCADA alarms and local annunciation.
Both relays shall have at least following functions:

3.3.1.1 Line Differential Protection (87L)


The line differential protection shall be as per clause 3.2.1.

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3.3.1.2 Distance Protection (21)


Distance protection shall employ 6 separate measuring elements for each zone, i.e.
one for each type of fault in each zone (e.g. R-Y Z1, Y-B Z1, B-R Z1, R-E Z1, Y-E Z1
and B-E Z1).
Relays selected shall have measuring characteristics (e.g. mho, offset mho, lenticular,
quadrilateral, etc), which are immune to mal-operation due to load current, transformer
magnetising inrush currents, line de-energisation and similar system transient
conditions.
The relays shall have facility of selection of various single ended as well as carrier-
aided distance protection schemes. The minimum options shall include zone
extension, permissive underreach, permissive overreach, echo feature, blocking and
direct transfer trip schemes.
The relays shall also include mutual compensation feature meant for parallel line
feeders.
The relays shall be immune to the transients introduced by CVTs during faults.

3.3.1.3 Power swing blocking


The power swing blocking feature detects impedances encroaching in to the operating
characteristic due to disturbances which result in transient changes in the rotor angles
of generators at either end of a line.
The power swing blocking feature shall detect impedance encroaching into the relay
operating characteristic due to any disturbance resulting in transient changes in the
rotor angles of generators at either end of a line. For these conditions tripping shall be
blocked to allow the power system to return to a stable condition.
Power swing blocking should be inhibited on zero sequence current detection. The
relay shall be able to clearly distinguish a 3 Phase fault condition and power swing
condition.

3.3.1.4 Voltage transformer supervision (VTS)


The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) feature shall supervise the voltage signal to
the Main-1 and Main-2 relays and shall operate for loss of voltage, due to, for
example, tripping of an MCB.
Loss of voltage shall not result in tripping. VTS operation shall initiate an alarm and
shall inhibit the voltage based protections.

3.3.1.5 Switch onto fault (SOTF)


The switch onto fault feature shall provide fast clearance, when closing onto a line,
which is faulted anywhere along its length.
This includes cases where close up three phase line faults, which may result in zero or
very low voltage at the VT primary windings.

3.3.1.6 Self-Monitoring
Comprehensive self-monitoring features specified in the clause 2.1.2 shall be
provided.

3.3.1.7 Echo of tele-protection signal when circuit breaker is open


The echo feature shall ensure that even with the remote circuit breaker open, the
permissive overreach aided trip and DEF aided scheme achieves fast clearance for
faults anywhere along the line length.
In situations where the remote circuit breaker is open, and a fault occurs on the line,
the tele-protection signal from the local relay shall be retransmitted (echoed) at the
remote end back to the local end thus allowing fast clearance.
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Echoing of the received teleprotection signal shall be enabled through the


programmable logic available in the numerical relays and not through the protection
settings.

3.3.1.8 Weak in-feed


The weak in-feed feature shall be provided. However, it shall be kept disabled.

3.3.1.9 Current reversal guard


The current reversal guard feature shall prevent mal-operation through current
reversal conditions during fault clearance on parallel lines.

3.3.1.10 Directional Earth fault (DEF)


Directional earth fault protection shall be provided to cater for high-resistance earth
faults.
The directional earth fault scheme shall operate in conjunction with a protection
communication channels to provide rapid clearance of this type of fault, on the receipt
of a teleprotection signal from remote end.
In case of parallel lines (double circuits), directional earth fault shall be polarised with
negative sequence voltage instead of zero sequence voltage to prevent mal-operation
due to mutual coupling.
In line with the distance protection, the method of operation will permit selection
between -either the permissive overreach or blocking mode and shall include Echo of
tele-protection signal when the circuit breaker is open.
The directional earth fault protection shall also be capable of IEC inverse and definite
time delayed tripping independent of the receipt of a carrier signal.

3.3.1.11 Directional Overcurrent (DOC)


Directional overcurrent protection shall be provided for backup protection. It shall have
IEC inverse and definite time trip characteristics.

3.3.1.12 Broken conductor protection & Thermal protection


Thermal protection based on long time inverse principle and broken conductor
protection based on (I2/I1) or any other appropriate principle shall be provided.
The broken conductor protections shall be annunciated in the SCADA. No trip is
envisaged for broken conductor protection.

3.3.2 Auto-reclose and Synchronising Check Relay


This multifunction protection relay shall have at least following functions:

3.3.2.1 Auto-reclose (79)


Auto-reclose shall be provided for all 132kV overhead line feeders. It should be
initiated for the operation of line differential protection (87), Zone-1 distance protection,
distance protection carrier aided trip (permissive overreach) and DEF carrier aided
trip.
Zone-2, Zone-3 & Zone-4 distance protections, Directional overcurrent and earth fault
time delayed protections, SOTF and TOR protections, busbar protection shall initiate
auto-reclose lockout.

3.3.2.2 Synchronising Check (25CH)


Synchronising check shall be provided for all 132kV overhead line feeders.
Synchronising check protection specification shall be as described at clause 3.12.

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3.3.2.3 Breaker Fail (50BF) Protection


Breaker fail protection (50BF) shall be provided for all 132kV overhead line feeders.
However, as per current PDO philosophy, it shall be kept disabled except for 132kV
substations with breaker-and-half scheme.
In case of 132kV Substations with Breaker-and-half scheme, the breaker fail protection
shall be enabled. The main bay breaker fail protection shall trip the corresponding tie-
bay breaker, the respective busbar as well as trip the remote end. The tie-bay breaker
fail protection shall trip the two adjacent main bay breakers as well as trip the
corresponding remote ends. Lockout shall be provided for associated remote ends too.
Breaker fail protection scheme shall include contact of the disconnector status so that
this scheme is available only when disconnector is closed. In addition, isolation link
shall be included in the tripping scheme in order to isolate it during testing of the
protection relays.
The breaker fail protection relay specifications shall be as described at 3.5.2.15.

3.3.2.4 Undervoltage Protection (27)


Undervoltage protection shall be provided and shall be used to provide earth switch
close permissive in case of dead line condition.

3.3.2.5 Voltage transformer supervision (VTS)


The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) feature shall supervise the voltage signal to
relay and shall operate for loss of voltage, due to, for example, tripping of an MCB.
VTS operation shall initiate an alarm and shall inhibit the all voltage based functions
(e.g. synchronising check, DLLB or LLDB conditions, undervoltage etc.).

3.3.2.6 132kV RIMA, RUNIB, NIM(W), NIM(E), AMAL & MAR Substations – VT Secondary
circuits
The existing 132kV schemes in RIMA, RUNIB, NIMR(W), NIMR(E), AMAL and
MARMUL substations have y-phase terminal of the VT secondaries earthed instead of
usual star point.
These substations are old and it is important to verify the schemes whenever new
feeders are planned in the said substations and ensure the compatibility. This applies
to protection, voltage selection and metering as well as synchronising schemes.

3.4 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

3.4.1 Specification of Transformer Protection


This section identifies the requirements of standard protection provided for
transformers of various sizes. Section 3.4.2 specifies the applicability of these
protections to various transformers depending on application and size.

3.4.1.1 Transformer Biased Differential and Restricted Earth Fault Protection


Specification
Biased differential protection provides high-speed unit protection for phase and earth
faults of the transformer primary and secondary windings.
Transformer Biased differential protection relays shall be of the multifunction numerical
microprocessor type and shall incorporate integral CT ratio and vector group
compensation and integral restricted earth fault protection.
The biased differential protection shall be of the high-speed type. The relay shall have
facility to detect transformer magnetising inrush currents and thus prevent operation of
relay during energisation of transformer under normal conditions. The techniques used
for restraining protection operation under above conditions should not cause the
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slowdown of relay operation under heavy internal fault conditions e.g. faults at
transformer terminals.
The operating characteristic of the bias protection shall ensure stability on any
transformer tap position under maximum through-fault conditions.
Paralleling of current transformers (e.g. for the transformer supplied from switchyard
with one and half breaker scheme, etc.) is not allowed in biased differential protection
schemes and in order to meet this requirement, relays with adequate analogue inputs
shall be selected.
Whenever transformer restricted earth fault protection is based on high impedance
principle, it shall include either internally, or for connection externally, the appropriate
stabilising resistors and voltage limiting devices.
For the resistance earthed system, restricted earth fault protection shall be based on
the low impedance principle.
Restricted earth fault relays shall be installed on transformer star windings to increase
winding coverage since these relays provide virtually complete cover for earth faults.
For the REF protection based on the low impedance principle, phase CTs need not be
distinct and separate from those for transformer differential protection. For the REF
protection based on the high impedance principle, phase CTs shall be distinct and
separate from those for transformer differential protection, unless there is confirmation
from vendor as to the reliable, proven performance of the scheme to that effect.
Cables and connections between the transformer and the switchgear should be in the
protected zones of the biased differential and restricted earth fault relays.

3.4.1.2 Directional and Non Directional Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection
The IDMTL overcurrent, earth fault and highset overcurrent, earth fault protection for
distribution transformers shall be as per clause 3.1.1.
Highset overcurrent and earth fault elements shall be of the low transient overreach
type
Both overcurrent and earth fault protections shall have inrush (2nd harmonic) blocking
feature.
The use of numerical relays with multiple IDMTL and high set elements along with
directional elements are preferred rather than discrete directional and non- directional
relays.

3.4.1.3 Standby Earth fault protection


Standby earth fault protection is connected to the neutral CT in the transformer neutral
circuit. This shall be set to detect faults in the transformer windings and shall be
coordinated using time delay for faults in the outgoing feeders of the switchboard.
Standby earth fault protection neutral CT shall not connected to sensitive earth fault
protection element of the relay for solidly / effectively earthed system and low
resistance earthed system.
In case of resistance earthed neutrals, the earth fault protection relay shall include an
instantaneous element as well set to isolate the transformer without delay in case of
flashover in the resistor cabinet and consequent high currents during an earth fault in
the system. The current pick up for the instantaneous element shall be set 150% of the
NER rating. The CT shall be high accuracy type with a ratio as applicable for the rating
of NER.
Standby earth fault protection can be part of the feeder overcurrent / earth fault
protection or can be a separate relay.

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3.4.1.4 Non-Electrical Protection devices


Excess winding temperature, excess oil temperature and pressure release device
protections and protection for on load tap changer (OLTC) shall be provided in
accordance with DEP 33.65.40.31 – Gen and SP-1117.
Buchholz protection shall be provided on all oil filled transformers fitted with a
conservator tank. The Buchholz device shall be a two-element device giving operation
under low gassing and surge conditions. Transformer on load tap-changer
compartments shall be provided with a separate Buchholz device.
Low oil level and pressure relief devices shall be provided when specified. The low oil
shall initiate an alarm whilst the pressure relief shall initiate a trip.
The non-electrical external protection devices functions such as tap changer and
transformer Buchholz, oil and winding temperature, low oil level, and pressure relief
device operation shall not be wired to the Transformer differential protection relay or
any other numerical relay. In order to ensure adequate redundancy, these functions
shall be wired to individual interposing relays which will in turn provide alarm (local as
well as SCADA), trip and indication signals. The interposing relays shall conform to
sec 3.13.3.
Oil and winding temperature protections shall be used for alarm only. However, if
micro switch is used instead of mercury switch for oil and winding temperature
indicators, stage-2 of these alarms should be connected for breaker trip as well as for
lockout relay.

3.4.2 Transformer Protection Schemes


The degree of protections applied to power transformers is normally related to the
rating of the transformer. However, in certain instances, e.g., duplicate supplies to
essential service boards, the use of faster-acting discriminative protection normally
associated with larger transformers may be justified on smaller unit sizes. The
schemes of this Standard are only providing minimum requirements.
Fig 3.1 includes Transformer with 415V Secondary connected to 33kV OHL, through
Fuse-Disconnector. This shall be applicable even for transformers with HV secondary,
provided the transformer rating doesn’t exceed 2.5MVA. In such a case, the
transformer incomers on secondary shall be provided overcurrent and earth fault
protection, Standby Earth fault protection and voltage unbalance protection for
detection of 33kV fuse failure.
The Standard protection schemes for HV/HV transformer with primary or secondary
connections longer than 500 meters shall include line differential protection (87L) for
the leads. In such a case, line differential relay (87L) shall include transformer too in
the protection zone and the transformer differential protection in this relay shall
conform to the requirements as stipulated at Clause 3.4.1.1 above.
Standard protection schemes for different transformer sizes / configurations are
provided as part of this SP. In case of a requirement other than the identified ones,
new scheme specific to the project can be prepared and got approved by CFDH-E.
Guidance can be taken from the existing standard drawings while preparing the new
drawing.

3.4.2.1 HV Switchboards with incomers working in parallel


33kV system in PDO is operated with bus section breaker closed. Hence, summation
(partial differential) type overcurrent & earth fault protection using the incomer and bus
section CTs shall be provided for 33kV switchgears so as to clear the busbar as well
as uncleared outgoing feeder faults, selectively. Connection of CTs for partial
differential protection scheme shall be in line with section 13.4.5 of IEEE standard 242.
Use of summation CT is not relevant for this scheme and hence it shall not be
provided.

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The partial differential relay shall be one per bus section and on operation, shall trip all
the incomers to the respective bus section as well as the bus section breaker.
The partial differential protection needs to be in service even when one of the
incomers is under maintenance shutdown. Hence, each section Partial differential
OC/EF protection shall be located in the Bus Section / Extension panels (total 2nos
relays in BS panel) with DC supplies as well as trip/lockout relays separate from that of
incomer panels. Each relay shall have its own Trip/Lockout relay that would trip (&
close block) the respective bus section incomer and the bus section breaker.
Directional Overcurrent & Earth fault relay and Standby Earth fault (SBEF) relay in the
incomers will be wired to 132kV lockout relay and thus there is no need to have
separate lockout relays in the incomers.
The CTs in bus section shall overlap to ensure fast clearance of bus section faults.
All the transformer / generator incomers, bus section breakers as well as tie feeders
from other switchboards shall be wired in to the scheme. This scheme is also
applicable for HV switchboards, which are supplied from tie feeders from other HV
switchboard with bus section breaker closed and having no transformer / generator
incomers.
With more sources connected to each bus section of the switchboard there is a
possibility that the summed-up current to the relay exceeds nominal relay input rating
of 1A, even during normal load conditions. This shall be evaluated on case-to-case
basis, so as not to subject the relay to continuous overload.
All such source feeders shall include directional overcurrent & earth fault relays, set to
look away from the busbars, to act as backup to the transformer / feeder differential
protection. In addition to directional overcurrent & earth fault protection, this relay shall
also have non-directional overcurrent and earth fault protection.
Standby earth fault protection shall have two stages at least. The first stage shall
coordinate with the partial differential earth fault protection and the second stage shall
be set sensitive to detect transformer winding faults. Both stages shall trip the
transformer primary breaker & master trip / lockout relay and 33kV incomer breaker.
In addition to 33kV switchgear, if any other switchgear is operated with incomers in
parallel in line with the project requirement, protections shall be provided in line with
this clause.

3.4.2.2 Transformers with HV (6.6kV or 11kV or 33kV) primary and 415V secondary
winding
Fig. 3.1 shows the protection that shall be used for transformers with 415V secondary.
Typical trip matrix is attached as Appendix-D.
Transformer differential protection and restricted earth fault protection are not required
for transformers with 415V secondary.
Standby earth fault protection connected to a CT in the neutral connection shall be
used to provide protection against LV earth faults. This protection can be provided on
the 415V switchgear. However, standby earth fault protection in HV switchgear / relay
panel is recommended, if HV panel is within 300m from transformer.
If possible, the standby earth fault protection can also be provided in the LSIG
protection release of 415V incomer circuit breaker and in such case discrete standby
earth fault protection relay is not required. This neutral CT which is to be connected to
LSIG protection release and located at the transformer terminal box shall be selected
and supplied as per recommendation of manufacturer of the LSIG protection release.
On the secondary side of the transformers, incomer feeders to the 415V switchboards
shall be provided with circuit breakers. For overcurrent and earth fault protection,
LSIG protection release shall be provided. To enable co-ordination with downstream
protection devices, these shall have adjustable time and current settings.
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In case, switchboard outgoing feeders include harmonic producing loads (e.g. thyristor
controlled heaters etc.), the suitability of earth fault protection release (against any
spurious trips due to harmonics) for switchboard incomers as well as corresponding
outgoing feeders, shall be verified with the manufacturer.
If necessary, numerical relays for overcurrent & earth fault protection can be provided
instead of electronic protection release. In such case, separate neutral CT shall be
provided and connected in parallel with phase CTs for the earth fault protection. It is
required to ensure that earth fault protection doesn’t operate for load unbalance
current.

In remote isolated locations, it is preferred to have built-in all the required protections
in the ACB/MCCB releases and have no standalone protection relays / lockout relay.
This is for the reason that these stations are without access to any DC UPS. In case
protection relays are provided, the trip output contacts from the relays shall be latched
and reset push-button provided on the panel (and its contacts wired to the inputs of the
relays) for resetting the protection trips once trouble shooting is completed.
In case of switchboards with automatic bus transfer schemes, the incomers shall
include trip/lockout relay (86). The incomer overcurrent and earth fault protections
shall be wired to the lockout relay (86). The lockout relay contact output shall be wired
to inhibit the automatic bus transfer scheme in case the incomer trip is caused by bus
fault or uncleared downstream fault (back up protection operation).
The rating of any fuse protected LV circuit which derives power supply from the 415V
switchboard should not exceed 25% of the rating of the transformer incomer to the
switchboard or 100A, whichever is lower.
Similarly, the rating of any fuse-protected LV-circuit which derives power supply from a
415V DB should not exceed 50% of the rating of the fuse protected 415V incomers to
the distribution board.
Where the rating of the LV circuit (excluding motor feeders) is 100A and above, in
order to ensure proper protection coordination, current limiting type MCCB with LSIG
protection release shall be provided. Protection coordination with upstream MCCB /
ACB and downstream MCCB / fuse shall be ensured.
SP-1121, DEP33.64.10.10 and IEEE Std 242 may be consulted for further guidance.
415V Circuit breakers are supplied with built-in no-volt/undervoltage releases as
standard accessory by some vendors. The same shall be verified during scheme
checking and the releases removed as these can cause avoidable supply failures at
415V switchboards when there is voltage dip due to faults elsewhere in the system.

a) Transformers Controlled by Fused Contactors


For transformer rated 1600kVA and lower, a fused contactor can be provided
instead of a circuit breaker on the HV side of the transformer. The contactor
shall be latched type and there shall be a means to trip all three phases when
one or more fuse links operate. The characteristics of the protection, the
contactor, and the associated fuse shall be co-ordinated to ensure that the fuse
always operates at all values of current to clear the faults within contactor’s
maximum breaking/withstand capacity.

b) Transformers Connected To HV Fuses


Transformers of ratings 2500kVA or less can be connected to an overhead line
system or to cable ring main systems through fuse-disconnectors or fused ring
main units respectively.

Protection against failure of the HV fuse on the primary side of transformer shall
be provided. It is recommended to provide this protection by enabling voltage
unbalance protection in the LSIG protection release of 415V incomer circuit

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breaker so that discrete voltage based protection (27U) relay for HV fuse failure
detection is avoided.

However, requirement of standby earth fault protection, Winding Temperature


trip, Oil Temperature trip and Pressure Release Device trip can be exempted for
transformers rated 300kVA and less.

For details with regard to HV fuse selection, refer clause 5.4.1.

c) Transformers Connected to HV Circuit Breakers


Transformers rated above 1600kVA, when supplied from HV switchboard, shall
be connected to an HV circuit breaker, this is required to ensure appropriate
protection coordination between outgoing transformer feeder and incomer of the
switchboard. The high set instantaneous overcurrent and earth fault elements
shall be enabled on the HV side.

3.4.2.3 Transformers with HV primary (33kV and below) and HV secondary windings
Fig. 3.2 show the protection scheme that shall be applied to HV/HV transformers with
primary connections less than or equal to 500 metres in length. Typical trip matrix is
attached as Appendix-D.
Time dependent overcurrent and earth fault and highset overcurrent and earth fault
protection incorporated into a multifunction numerical relay shall be used on the
primary winding of the transformer.
Differential protection for transformer rated 5.0MVA & above and restricted earth fault
protection shall be provided as per clause 3.4.1.1.
Time dependent standby earth fault protection shall be used on the neutral connection
of the transformer.
Fig. 3.3 shows the protection scheme that shall be used on transformers where
primary connections are longer than 500 metres. In this case, the line differential
protection (87L) shall be provided on 33kV connections in line with clause 3.2.1. The
inter-tripping (Direct Intertripping-DIT) facility of line differential protection relay shall
be used to communicate trip signals between LV and HV panels through the protection
communication channels.

3.4.2.4 Transformers with 132kV primary and 33kV, 11kV or 6.6kV secondary windings
Figs. 3.4, 3.5 & 3.6 show the protection schemes that shall be used for transformers
with 132kV primary voltage. Typical trip matrix is attached as Appendix-D.
Time dependent overcurrent and earth fault and highset overcurrent and earth fault
protection incorporated into a multifunction numerical relay shall be used on the
primary winding of the transformer.
Differential protection and restricted earth fault protection shall be provided as per
clause 3.4.1.1.
Time dependent standby earth fault protection shall be used on the neutral connection
of the transformer.
Whenever primary connections are longer than 500 metres, one line differential
protection relay shall be provided on 132kV overhead line / cable feeder , which shall
be same as main-1 and main-2 relays in line with clause 3.3 of this document. The
inter-tripping (Direct Intertripping-DIT) facility of this protection relay shall be used to
communicate trip signals between LV and HV panels through the protection
communication channels.
In case the secondary feeder length is more than 500meters, line differential protection
(87L) shall be provided for secondary connection in line with clause 3.2.1. The inter-
tripping (Direct Intertripping-DIT) facility of line protection relay shall be used to
communicate trip signals between LV and HV panels through the protection
communication channels.

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3.4.2.5 Auto Transformers


Auto transformers are single winding transformers. Hence, the differential protection
shall be high impedance type using nine CT scheme (3nos. each in primary,
secondary as well as star end of the transformer windings). Separate REF protection is
not relevant for the auto transformers.

3.5 MAIN GENERATING UNITS

3.5.1 General
The generator protection system and trip logic shall broadly be in line with IEEE
guidelines (IEEE C37.102 / C37.101).
Fig. 4.1 indicates the protection scheme that shall be used for generators connected
to the 33kV system through generator transformers without generator circuit breaker
(GCB).
Fig. 4.4 indicates the protection scheme that shall be used for generators connected
to the 132kV grid through generator transformers with generator circuit breaker
(GCB).
The trip matrix indicated at Appendix-C is typical and shall be applied to all the grid
connected generators with suitable changes to suit the configuration.
The arrangement shown shall be regarded as the minimum acceptable in terms of the
number of protection functions and degree of redundancy. Other arrangements of
multifunction and separate relays providing a greater number of functions and/or
greater levels of redundancy will also be considered.
In view of the complexity and various types of protective functions involved, it is
essential to provide separate trip relays, one for each generator circuit breaker, field
circuit breaker, turbine etc.
The classification of tripping for different types of fault i.e. faults, which should issue
trip commands to generator circuit breaker (GCB), Field CB and turbine shall be as
per the trip matrix given at Appendix-C. The logic shown here shall be considered as a
minimum. The trip logic / classification proposed by contractor shall include any other
protection deemed necessary. Such classification shall include other abnormal
conditions such as failure of prime over, drop on steam / gas pressure, excessive
vibration, differential expansion of rotary parts etc.
Multifunction numerical microprocessor relays shall be used for the main generator
and generator transformer protection functions.
Depending on the limitations of the number of analogue inputs (CT and PT inputs) it
may not be possible for single relays to meet all the protection requirements of
generator and generator transformer. When finalising the number of numerical relays
needed to cover complete protection requirements attention must be shown to allocate
the protection functions in such a way that different relays are functionally
complementary to each other.
For the generators with generator circuit breaker, redundant multifunction protection
relays (i.e. Main-1 and Main-2) shall be provided. Main-1 and Main-2 should be of
different manufacturer. Both relays from same manufacturer are acceptable only when
they are on different algorithm and platform (i.e. entirely different hardware and
software).
Duplicate trip coils shall be provided for the HV generator circuit breaker and
generator transformer circuit breaker.
The protection trip relays shall trip both coils and shall initiate operation of respective
lockout relays.

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3.5.2 Specific Protection Functions


Following are the requirements of specific protection functions to be provided for
generators. The trip logic to be followed for each protection function is indicated in
Appendix-C.

3.5.2.1 Generator differential (87G)


The generator differential protection shall provide phase and earth fault unit protection
for the stator. The protection shall be high impedance type. Alternatively, Percentage
type Generator Differential protection can be provided.
In case of percentage type Generator differential protection, the protection shall be
provided by the variable slope, biased differential relay. The relay shall be very
sensitive to internal faults and the bias characteristics shall make the relay stable for
heavy external faults.
In case of high impedance earthed generators, the Generator Differential protection
may not be adequately sensitive and is further discussed below under “Earth Fault
Protection”.

3.5.2.2 Overall generator and generator transformer differential and REF (87GT,
87N(HV))
The multifunction numerical microprocessor overall generator-transformer biased
differential protection relay shall be as per specification clause 3.4.1.1. This shall act
as back-up to faults in generator, the bus duct in addition to the generator transformer.
5th harmonic blocking for generator transformer differential protection shall be enabled
as separate overfluxing protection is always available for the generator transformers.

3.5.2.3 Generator-Transformer HV Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection:


Directional overcurrent and earth fault protection (67/67N) shall be provided for faults
looking towards generator transformer. In addition, if non-directional overcurrent
protection (50/51) may also be enabled,

3.5.2.4 Earth fault Protection


High impedance earthed generators shall be provided Stator earth fault protection as
below to complement the generator differential protection. The Calculation shall be in
line with IEEE C37.101 practice and the sizing shall ensure that the resistive currents
are at least 150% of the capacitive currents in the system, to limit the overvoltages.
The NGT primary voltage rating shall be same as the generator phase-to-phase
voltage rating.
Stator earth fault protection shall be capable of providing coverage for at least 95% of
the stator winding.
In addition, generator schemes with generator circuit breaker (GCB) shall include
generator busbar earth fault protection to protect the circuit on the transformer side of
the generator voltage circuit breaker when the breaker is open.
Generators connected to 132kV grid through generator transformers with generator
circuit breaker (GCB) shall also be provided 95%-100% earth fault protection,
additionally.

a) Stator earth fault protection – 0-95% (59N, 50/51G)


One scheme shall be based on residual (broken delta) overvoltage detection
and incorporated in Main-1 relay. Other scheme shall be based NER (on
secondary of NET) current measurement and incorporated in Main-2 relay.
The NER current measurement scheme shall detect earth faults on at least 95%
of the generator windings. The relay shall be insensitive to frequencies other
than 50Hz. The relay shall have an inverse time characteristic. The relay shall

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be comprehensive, transient free and free from maloperation due to harmonics,


load changes and faults beyond the generator transformer.
A time overcurrent relay with instantaneous element (50/51G) shall be used
(connected to the CT in the NER circuit). The CT shall be of high accuracy type
and the primary current rating shall be equal to the NER rating. The relay setting
shall be chosen so as to prevent maloperation due to the third harmonic
currents in the system. Instantaneous element shall be set to operate in case of
flashover/shorting of NER (accidental solid earth fault).
In case of distribution transformer type grounding, the CT ratio shall be such
that the current in CT the secondary circuit shall be equal to earth fault current
on the primary side of the distribution transformer.
In case of HV resistor connected directly in generator neutral circuit, the neutral
CT ratio shall be unity (5/5A). (Reference IEEE C37.101).
The residual (broken delta) overvoltage measurement through generator line
VTs shall detect earth faults by monitoring a shift in the neutral-to-earth voltage
(59N). The relay shall be insensitive to frequencies other than 50Hz and have
an inverse time characteristic. The relay shall be comprehensive, transient free
and free from maloperation due to harmonics, load changes and faults beyond
the generator transformer.
The protection shall be set to coordinate with the Busbar earth fault protection.
The Ynyn0 connected VTs may cause maloperation of Stator Earth fault
protection for earth faults on the secondary of VTs. Hence, VT secondary
earthing shall be modified to y-phase earthing instead of star point earthing to
minimise the effect of VT-secondary wiring earth faults on the Stator earth fault
protection.

b) Stator earth fault Protection – 95-100%


One scheme shall be based on low frequency voltage injection and incorporated
in Main-1 relay. Other scheme shall be based on the measurement of third
harmonic voltage at the neutral end of the generator and incorporated in Main-2
relay.
Injection method for protecting the entire stator winding of a generator is to
deploy signal injection equipment to inject a low frequency voltage between the
stator star point and earth. An earth fault at any winding location will result in the
flow of a measurable injection current to cause protection operation. This form
of protection can provide earth fault protection when the generator is at
standstill, prior to run-up.

In the third harmonic voltage measurement method, an undervoltage element


(27TH) shall be provided to cover for earth faults at the neutral end of the stator
winding by monitoring the third harmonic voltage produced by the non-linearity
of the generator. In order to avoid maloperation when operating at low power
output, the third harmonic voltage element can be inhibited using an overcurrent
or power element (kW, kVAr or kVA) and internal programmable logic. Third
harmonic voltage measurement method shall be provided for alarm only.

c) Generator Busbar Earth fault protection (59BN)


In case of generator schemes with Generator Circuit Breaker, the busbars
between generator circuit breaker and the Generator transformer/unit auxiliary
transformer(s) shall be protected against earth faults. The protection shall be
based on monitoring of residual voltage on Bus VT secondary side.
The generator busbar earth fault protection may be interlocked with the
generator circuit breaker status (available only when the GCB is open).
Alternatively, if the protection is available all the time, then, it needs to be
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coordinated with the generator stator earth fault protection upstream, as


described above.

3.5.2.5 Overfluxing (24)


The flux in the core of the transformer is directly proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to frequency. Overfluxing conditions can occur if the AVR attempts to
maintain nominal voltage during run up and run down of the generator or due to an
overvoltage condition following a load rejection.
Overfluxing protection shall protect the generator transformer from thermal damage of
the core due to excessive flux in the magnetic circuit. Generator Transformers / Unit
auxiliary transformers built to IEC 60076 can withstand 125% overfluxing for 1minute
and 140% for 5s.
The protection shall be with inverse time characteristic and shall be set to closely
match with the transformer overfluxing characteristic so as to avoid unnecessary trip.

3.5.2.6 Loss of excitation (40)


Loss of excitation protection is provided to protect the generator rotor from overheating
due to the slip-frequency currents induced when excitation is lost and it operates as an
induction generator. The stator winding may also overheat due to the high level of
reactive current drawn from the system. A loss of excitation condition may be caused
by a fault in the excitation system or by incorrect opening of the field circuit breaker.
The system itself is put at risk, as it has to supply the lost VAR output of the generator
suffering the field failure in addition to the VAR required to excite it as an induction
generator.
This protection shall be additional to any loss of excitation protection that may have
been included in the generator excitation system / AVR panel.
The protection shall consist of offset mho element. The complete shutdown of the set
is not always necessary for loss of excitation. The shutdown is required only when loss
of excitation is going to lead to system instability. For this purpose loss of excitation
protection shall be complemented with instantaneous undervoltage element.

3.5.2.7 Reverse power (32R)


The reverse power protection function provides protection against mechanical damage
to the turbine in the event of loss of turbine output whilst still connected to the system.
Under such conditions the generator will run as a motor, drawing active power from the
system. Continued operation under these conditions can cause damage to the turbine.
In addition the protection shall be as sensitive (especially with steam turbines and this
may not be an issue with gas turbines which have motoring power requirement of
approximately 50% of its rating due to compressor load) as practical in order to detect
turbine governor failure.
In case of steam turbines, this protection shall be provided with a separate high
accuracy measurement class CT so as to reliably sense the motoring power. For
steam turbines, reverse power protection shall have two stages. First stage shall have
low time delay and be anded with turbine trip signal (valve close status). Second stage
shall be without turbine trip signal and have higher time delay.
In case of gas turbines, single stage protection shall be provided without turbine trip
signal and have low time delay.
A time delayed trip shall be provided such that there shall be no risk of maloperation
during power swings.
The contact of this relay shall not be used to trip the turbine during planned shutdowns.

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3.5.2.8 Negative phase sequence (46)


The negative phase sequence protection function provides protection against the
effects of excessive rotor heating that can occur due to unbalanced loading of the
generator. This can be as a result of system faults or unbalanced system loads. The
protection shall be able to identify and protect the generator against short term as well
as sustained negative sequence loading.
The protection shall be arranged to provide a first stage alarm and a second stage trip.

3.5.2.9 Dead machine protection / Inadvertent Energisation (AE) Protection (50/27G)


In order to avoid catastrophic failure of the generator due to sudden application of
balanced three-phase voltage to the generator when it is shut down or on turning gear,
dead machine protection shall be provided.
The protection shall be retained in service during the generator shutdown and be
designed to trip generator breaker required to isolate the unit However, in case of
planned shutdown of generator, disconnector with generator circuit breaker shall be
kept open so that there is no possibility of sudden application of three phase voltage to
the generator.
The relay shall be interlocked to avoid its mal-operation under power swing & loss of
excitation conditions.

3.5.2.10 Pole slipping protection (78)


Pole slipping can occur either due to scarcity of excitation or due to uncleared primary
system faults. Pole-slipping, if allowed to persist, may result in instability of other
machines connected to the system resulting in wide spread system disturbance in
addition to mechanical stresses in the rotating parts leading to ultimate machine
failure. Protection shall be provided to detect the pole-slip condition and isolate the
generator.

3.5.2.11 Undervoltage and Overvoltage Protection (27/59)


An overvoltage condition may arise due to a faulty voltage regulator or load rejection
whilst on manual regulator control. The overvoltage protection function provides
protection against insulation damage which can occur due to the excessive stresses
which result from an overvoltage condition.
The protection shall have two stages – one for urgent trip on detection of transferred
voltage surges from the grid and the second set to coordinate with the generator AVR
response. The setting shall be time delayed to ensure that the machine doesn’t trip on
overvoltage during load throw-off.
Undervoltage protection shall be wired only for alarm so as to alert the operator for
corrective action. This is in line with IEEE C37.102.

3.5.2.12 Underfrequency and overfrequency protection (81U/O)


The frequency measuring element shall have two stages for underfrequency settings
and one stage of overfrequency setting. Underfrequency shall be wired for alarm so
as to allow corrective action by operator.
The generators shall be allowed to continue to work within the frequency range as
stipulated by Oman Grid Code. Currently the frequency range for continuous operation
of generators is 47.5Hz to 51.5Hz.

3.5.2.13 Backup overcurrent protection, Voltage dependent (51V)


For generators directly connected to the grid or switchboard without generator
transformer, voltage controlled overcurrent protection shall be provided as back up
protection for uncleared system faults fed by generator.

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For generators connected to the 33kV switchboard through generator transformer,


voltage restrained overcurrent protection shall be provided as back up protection for
uncleared system faults fed by generator.
The voltage dependent mode shall be used for protecting the generator when the fault
current and generator terminal voltage fall below normal load values due to generator’s
inability to sustain high fault current for uncleared faults.
In voltage-controlled mode, when voltage drops below a predefined value, the relay
shall switch over from ‘overcurrent characteristics’ to ‘fault characteristics’.
In voltage-restrained mode, the relay shall be able to modify the time current
characteristic continuously depending on the value of terminal voltage.
Backup Overcurrent protection shall be set to coordinate with the Overcurrent
protection in the outgoing feeders at the Grid bus.

3.5.2.14 Under Impedance protection (21G/21GT)


For generators connected to 132kV grid through generator transformers with generator
circuit breaker (GCB), under impedance protection (21GT) shall be provided on the HV
side of the generator transformer. An adjustable time delay shall be provided to ensure
that co-ordination with the main system protection is achieved such that the
impedance protection only operates for faults not cleared by the main system
protection, especially distance protection on 132kV OHL feeders.
For all generators connected to 132kV grid through generator transformers, under
impedance protection (21G) should be provided on generator side of generator-
transformer, in this case neutral of this relay shall be left unearthed to prevent its
operation on generator earth faults since these faults are taken care by other
protections.

3.5.2.15 Breaker failure (50BF)


Breaker failure protection shall be provided for all main generators. This protection
shall act when the generator circuit breaker or HV circuit breaker (52G-LV or 52G-HV)
fails to open on a fault. Breaker failure protection shall initiate tripping of breaker(s),
which is (are) next to the failed breaker on source side(s).
The following requirements shall be met by breaker fail protection provided for
generator breakers
 The ratio of resetting current to operating current for current detection
element used in breaker failure function shall be in the range of 80 to
90% or better.
 The resetting time of the current detection element shall not be more
than 20ms (preferably of the order of 5-10ms)
 Continuous energisation of current detection element may lead to
sluggish resetting or even non-resetting of this element in rare case
even after breaker has opened and cleared the fault. To overcome this
problem the current detector circuit in breaker failure protection shall be
energised only after trip command is issued to the breaker.
Auxiliary contact of breaker shall be used in parallel with current detection element to
ensure correct operation in case there is insufficient current for current detection to
operate. The breaker failure protection shall be initiated by all trip relays associated
with generator breaker tripping.
In case of generators connected to 132kV grid, breaker fail protection scheme shall
include contact of the disconnector status so that breaker fail scheme is available only
when disconnector is closed.

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In case of generators connected to 11kV or 33kV switchboards, the breaker ‘service’


position contact or alternatively, the isolator status contact (in case of GIS) shall be put
in series with the breaker status contact to prevent maloperation of breaker fail
protection scheme when the feeder is down.
The breaker fail protection relay shall be distinct from the main protection relays.
Alternatively, the BF protection shall be enabled in both the main protection relays so
that the breaker fail protection is not disabled, in case of unavailability of either
protection relay. Isolation link shall be included in the tripping scheme in order to
isolate it during testing of the protection relays.

3.5.2.16 Other protections


Stator temperature, diode failure, rotor earth fault, over-speed protection etc. shall be
provided as part of the generator and turbine control functions.
Rotor earth fault protection for generators connected to 132kV grid through generator
transformers with generator circuit breaker (GCB), shall comprise two relays, one for
alarm on occurrence of first earth fault and the other for trip in the event of second
earth fault occurring when the first earth fault is persisting. The alarm relay shall detect
the single earth fault anywhere in the field circuit. The relay shall be incorporated with
suitable DC bias voltage. The scheme shall not use a permanently connected brush.

3.6 LV GENERATING UNITS


The protection scheme shall be as shown in Fig. 4.3.

3.7 132KV AND 33KV BUSBAR PROTECTION

3.7.1 General
33kV Switchboards connected to generators and all the 132kV busbars shall be
provided with Busbar protection. In PDO, Busbar protection is not envisaged for other
33kV switchboards and all the switchgears below 33kV.

3.7.1.1 132kV Substations


For 132kV busbars, phase and earth fault protection based on the high impedance
principle of differential protection shall be provided. Discriminating zones and an
overall check zone shall be applied. These zones shall operate from two independent
CT cores.
Low impedance numerical busbar protection (Fig 6.4) may be considered for double
busbars with CT switching requirements, as it simplifies the scheme thus
improving the reliability.

3.7.1.2 33kV Switchboards


The busbar protection for 33kV Switchboards with generating sources shall be based
on high impedance principle similar to that for 132kV busbars.
Where there is no generation connected, busbar protection is not required.

3.7.2 Protection Scheme Requirements


To mitigate against the possibility of a relay mal-operation resulting in the loss of a
complete section of a busbar, operation of both the discriminating zone and check
zone shall be required for tripping to occur.
The trip signal from the bus zone protection shall be wired to both trip coils.
The bus zone protection shall also initiate direct inter-trip (DIT) signal to the remote
end of 132kV feeder circuits through fibre optic protection communication channel.
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This also shall lead to lockout of remote ends, due to the fact that the busbar trip could
be due to a fault between the breaker and CT of a particular bay or due to BF
protection trip (Breaker-and-half scheme).
Busbar protection shall also trip both the primary and secondary circuit breakers of
any 132kV bus connected transformers and shutdown any connected generators.
In case of breaker-and-half schemes, refer 2.1.3 above.
Secondary circuit of a CT shall be continuously monitored, so that in the event of an
open circuit an alarm shall be given, the secondary circuit shorted and the tripping
rendered inoperative by means of an electrically operated relay. Switches shall also
be provided to take each zone out of service.
The trip relays for bus zone protection shall be located in the busbar protection panel
and shall be wired directly to the switchgear for tripping.

3.7.3 Schemes
Busbar protection shall be used at all 132kV substations. Two sets of CTs shall be
provided, one on either side of bus section breaker / bus coupler breaker for zone
overlap for busbar with two or more bus sections and for double busbar
configurations.

3.7.3.1 Busbar with two or more Bus Sections


Fig. 6.1 shows the scheme that shall be adopted for a 132kV substation with more
than one section of busbar. The scheme consists of three zones of busbar protection,
one for each Bus and one overall check zone.

Isolator Contacts
All the auxiliary contacts used in CT switching scheme shall be silver-plated. In
case of Normally Open contacts two contacts in parallel shall be used in CT
circuits.
Auxiliary contacts used in busbar protection scheme shall meet the following
requirements
While closing of Isolator, Auxiliary Contacts shall close before Pre-arcing of
Primary contacts.
While opening of Isolator, Auxiliary Contacts shall open after Primary contacts
open.

3.7.3.2 Double Busbar with Low Impedance Busbar Differential Protection


The scheme for double busbar is shown in fig. 6.4. Scheme consists of three zones of
busbar protection, one each for Bus and one overall check zone.
The scheme can be hard wired, based on conventional protection relays or in the form
of software logic, based on numerical relays, specifically designed for busbar
protection and CT Switching application.

a) CT Switching
Switching the line CT inputs to corresponding bus Zone relay shall be carried
out by bi-stable relays, imaging the position of bus isolators. It shall be ensured
that CT circuits do not become open under any operating / switching sequences.
Use of auxiliary CTs is possible with low impedance busbar differential
protection and ensures continuity of main CT circuit. Main CTs shall be suitably
sized for the burden of auxiliary CTs.

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b) Isolator Contacts
Operation of imaging relays shall be monitored continuously to generate alarm
on detecting malfunction. Auxiliary contacts of Bus isolators should be used to
drive these bi-stable relays. Type of isolator contacts should be as specified in
fig 6.4.
All the auxiliary contacts used in CT switching scheme shall be silver-plated. In
case of Normally Open contacts two contacts in parallel shall be used in CT
circuits.
Auxiliary contacts used in busbar protection scheme shall meet the following
requirements
While closing of Isolator, Auxiliary Contacts shall close before Pre-arcing of
Primary contacts.
While opening of Isolator, Auxiliary Contacts shall open after Primary contacts
open.
NO and NC auxiliary contacts shall not have overlap to prevent hunting of CT
switching relays during travel of isolator contacts from fully open to fully closed
condition.
If isolator auxiliary contacts are derived from multiplication relay, then it shall be
ensured that relay is switched to ON position as soon as isolator blades move
from OFF position. DC supply for operation of imaging relays shall be derived
from the same source as operating supply for respective isolators.

3.7.3.3 Busbar with single Bus Section


The scheme for a single busbar without line circuit breaker is shown in Fig. 6.2. The
design features shall be the same as for the double section busbar except that a check
zone is not required.

3.8 MOTOR PROTECTION

3.8.1 General
General protection requirements for motors installed in hazardous and non-hazardous
areas are specified in DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen.

3.8.1.1 Vital / Essential Duty motors – short time voltage dips


DEP 33.64.10.10 defines Vital and Essential Services as below:

a) Definition: Vital Service


“A service which, if it fails in operation or when called upon, can cause an
unsafe condition of the process and/or electrical installation, jeopardise life, or
cause major damage to the installation.”

b) Definition: Essential Service


“A service which, if it fails in operation or when called upon, will affect the
continuity, quality or quantity of the product.”
These are identified by electrical design group in consultation with PDO-Process
during design stage of the project and listed in the Utility Data Sheets.
The vital / essential duty motors shall not trip during short-time voltage dips in the
system (such as the ones caused by faults elsewhere in the system), depending on the
requirement.

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3.8.1.2 Type of Switchgear for Drives


 HV contactor shall not be provided for motors rated more than 1.2MW,
instead, circuit breakers shall be provided. This is required to ensure
appropriate protection coordination between outgoing motor feeder and
incomer of the switchboard.
 The contactor and the associated fuse shall be co-ordinated to ensure
that the fuse always operates at all values of current to clear the faults
within contactor’s maximum breaking/withstand capacity.
 Motor contactors shall not have high dropout time delay as coordination
between fuse and contactor is ensured by selection of fuse so that all
the short circuit faults are cleared by fuse.
 If the motors are VSD controlled, the VSD shall include transient voltage
dip ride-through function as per DEP 33.66.05.33-Gen.

3.8.1.3 Vital service motors including Fire safety related ones


Motor switchgear & control gear for vital service drives (either HV or LV) including Fire
Water Pumps and other fire safety related drives shall conform to NFPA20/70
requirements.
Vital service motor protection trip shall be limited to locked rotor and short circuit
protection only. The locked rotor protection pickup setting shall not be less than 300%
of the motor full load current and shall not trip before 8s.
Overload protection and earth fault protection shall be wired only for alarm.

3.8.2 LV Motors
Protection requirements for LV motors shall be as per SP-1121, DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen
and DEP 33.67.01.31-Gen.

3.8.3 HV Motors

3.8.3.1 Protection Requirements - General


HV motor circuit protection shall be provided with multifunction numerical
microprocessor based relay (motor protection relay). The relay shall have the facility to
display measured values, store motor starting time/starting current and fault currents,
communicate, accept an external trip input and shall incorporate as a minimum the
following protection functions:
 Short-circuit protection (50)
 Thermal Overload protection (49)
 Phase Unbalance and loss of phase protection (46)
 Locked Rotor and excessive start time protection (51LR/48)
 CBCT connected Earth fault protection (51G) for switchboard connected
motors
 Undervoltage protection (27) with an adjustable time delay
Motors shall also have:
 frequent starting limitation protection or restart inhibit protection (66).
Restart inhibit protection or frequent starting limitation protection shall be provided for
close inhibit only and shall not be used for tripping the motor.
Additionally,
 under-load protection
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shall be provided for submerged pump drives.


Separate motor differential protection (87M) shall be provided for motors rated 3.5MW
and above. In such case, two nos. of motor protection relays (MPR) shall be provided
and they shall be multifunction relay having all motor protections as well as motor
differential protection (87M). All applicable motor protections and motor differential
protection shall be enabled in both relays. For synchronous motors, motor protection
relays should be of different manufacturer, both relays from same manufacturer are
acceptable only when they are on different algorithm and platform (i.e. entirely different
hardware and software). For motors connected through unit transformers, common
differential protection shall be provided for unit transformer and motor combination for
the motors rated below 3.5MW and it shall be as per clause 3.4.1.1.
The earth fault protection for motors connected to HV Switchboard shall be through
CBCT. CBCT shall not be connected to sensitive earth fault protection element of the
relay.
In addition to the motor protections specified above, Synchronous motors shall also be
provided protection against
 Loss of excitation (40),
 Out-of-step / pole slipping (78)
 Rotating diode failure detection
 Overvoltage (59) and
 Rotor Earth fault protection (64R)*
* Rotor Earth fault protection shall be provided if the same is vendor standard design.
If rotor earth fault protection is provided, it shall be wireless type (i.e. without slip rings
and brushes).
For description of out-of-step and loss of excitation protections, clause 3.5.2 should be
referred. Out-of-step protection based on power factor sensing (55) is not acceptable
and shall be impedance based (78).
Undervoltage protection for synchronous motors shall have an inverse characteristic
matching the stability curve of the motor.
132kV Unit transformer connected motor protection relay shall include
underfrequency protection element with adjustable time delay for including the
feeder under Load Shedding Schemes of PDO. When the underfrequency element
operates, it shall issue a separate annunciation as “Load shedding protection
operated” in order to distinguish from motor protection operation. Rate-of-rise of
frequency element is not required.
The numerical motor protection relays can accept Temperature detector inputs from
motor windings, bearings etc. However, the current practice in PDO is to wire these
detectors to the C&A panels. Hence, the motor protection relays may not be specified
to have the feature (that is optional).
To provide sufficient protection for the motor under stalling conditions and at the same
time allowing normal running-up of the motor under lowest allowable motor starting
voltage,
 the motor safe stall time shall in general be greater than the normal
running-up time by a margin of at least 3s.
If the same cannot be met due to large inertia of the drive or otherwise, stalling
protection initiated from a motor shaft speed sensing switch shall be applied.
In certain cases when motors are fed via unit transformers the voltage at the motor
terminal may fall below 80%. In such a case it may be possible to set the motor
protection relay without exceeding the thermal limits of the motor, i.e. starting times
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longer than the safe stall time at 100% voltage can be allowed knowing that motor
terminals are never going to be subjected with 100% voltage during starting. Discretion
may be applied to the requirement of a speed-sensing switch for such motors.

3.8.3.2 Unit Transformer-motor & Earth fault protection


In case of unit transformer connected motors, the Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER) on
the secondary of unit transformer shall be sized to limit earth fault current to 20A in
order to avoid irreparable motor core damage in case of stator earth fault.. However,
calculation shall be carried out to ensure that NER current is not less than 150% of the
total estimated capacitive current in the system. (Refer IEEE C37.101).
With earth fault currents limited to 20A on the unit transformer secondary side, there is
no need for transformer restricted earth fault protection (87N). Adequate earth fault
protection shall be ensured by sensitive standby earth fault protection (51G) connected
to neutral CT and additionally neutral voltage displacement protection (59N) shall be
provided.
Neutral CT shall be high accuracy type with primary rated at 100% of the NER current
rating.
Large Synchronous motors are similar to Synchronous generators in design. Hence,
high resistance earthing of motor voltage system similar to unit transformer connected
generators can be provided. The earth fault protection shall ensure coverage of not
less than 95% of the motor windings. For further details on earth fault protection of
Synchronous motors, clause 3.5.2.4 can be referred.

3.8.3.3 Protection Scheme Requirements


The protection scheme used for directly connected motors is shown in Fig. 5.1. Typical
trip matrix is attached as Appendix-G.
The protection schemes for unit transformer connected synchronous motors and
induction motors are shown in Figs. 5.2 & 5.4 and Figs. 5.3 & 5.5 respectively. Typical
trip matrix for unit transformer connected motors is attached as Appendix-H.
Typical protection scheme for Unit Transformer connected Synchronous motor with
VFD is shown in Fig 5.6 and the drawing is for information only.

a) Breaker failure (BF) protection


Breaker fail protection on the process safeguarding trip or other process
stop/trip command from IPS/DCS/FCS system is not required in electrical
protection relay or switchgear panel. Any such requirement will be taken care in
the DCS/FCS/IPS system by Control & Automation teams and trip command to
upstream breaker(s) will be directly wired from DCS/FCS/IPS system in case
motor breaker fails to trip.

b) Unit Transformer - Motor


The scheme for unit transformer – motor shall include circuit breaker at motor
terminals also. This breaker shall be operated for process trips and motor
protection trips. The Transformer/motor Differential protections and earth fault
protection shall trip 33/132kV breaker as well as the motor circuit breaker.
132kV connected unit transformers shall be with OLTC to address the impact of
allowable 132kV voltage variation of +/-10% (SP-1103) on the motor starting.

c) Unit Transformer – Synchronous Motor


In addition to requirements for unit transformer – motor in line with clause
3.8.3.3 (b), following are the requirements for unit transformer – synchronous
motor.

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Synchronous motors supplied to Shell standards (DEP 33.65.11.31-Gen) can


operate continuously at 0.9 leading (at a motor terminal voltage of 0.9pu) and
supply VArs to the system. The excitation controller shall include excitation
booster module to help prevent motor going out-of-step during system faults.
This also will help in the event of sudden load increase on the drive (and
prevent out-of-step trip) due to process changes.
Power supplies to the excitation circuit / AVR / excitation panel shall be reliable,
derived from AC / DC UPS. If normal AC supplies are used the same shall be
from redundant sources with appropriate auto changeover facility
Further, in the interest of PDO power system
 the unit transformers (nominal tap & the OLTC tap range) shall be
designed so as not to have any restriction in its capacity in
export/absorption of VArs as per the motor rating, even working at
extreme limits of motor terminal voltage.
 the unit transformers shall be supplied with OLTC. The Synchronous
motor excitation controller shall be designed to coordinate with the Unit
Transformer OLTC-AVR so as to allow the motor to work at the set
power factor without causing voltage violations at motor terminals.
 the unit transformer’s rated no-load voltage at principal tap shall be
same as the motor rated voltage so that the motor will not trip on
overvoltage when synchronised.

d) Schemes with long cables / OHL on Unit Transformer secondary


Schemes involving long power cable or OHL on secondary of unit transformers
shall not be preferred as these are likely to be less reliable (due to more number
of cable runs and associate cable joints/terminations or OHL faults).

e) Schemes other than those covered in SP


Standard protection schemes for different unit transformer-motor configurations
are provided as part of this SP. In case of a requirement other than the identified
ones, new scheme specific to the project can be prepared and got approved by
CFDH-E.
For example,
The schemes in standard drawings for 132kV connected unit transformer–
motors are with cable lengths above 500 meters on secondary of unit
transformer-to-motor circuit breaker. In case the OHL / cable lengths on unit
transformer secondary are below 500 meters, the scheme can be modified to
exclude line differential protection (87L) for long cable / OHL. In such a case,
the transformer differential/LV-REF protection shall include in its zone the
transformer secondary cables too.
Similarly, in case of OHL/cable longer than 500 meters on primary of unit
transformer, line differential protection (87L) shall be considered for OHL/cable
on primary of the transformer. Line differential protection (87L) shall comply with
clause 3.2.1.
The line differential protection (87L) shall include transformer too in the
protection zone. The transformer differential protection in this relay shall
conform to the requirements as stipulated at Clause 3.4.1.1.
Guidance can be taken from the existing standard drawings while preparing the
new drawing.

3.8.3.4 Unit Transformer- Motor with VSD


A typical scheme (Fig. 5.6) is attached for protection of large unit transformer- motor
with VSD. The scheme is typical and for information only.
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Protections shall comply with IEEE C37.96, DEP 33.66.05.33-Gen and DEP drawing
S67.057.
OLTC may not be provided in case of VSD-motors if the starting and running
requirements as per DEP/SP can be met without OLTC for Unit Transformer.
The requirement of synchronous motor as well as the requirement of bi-directional
power flow capability of the drive (for VAR export or regenerative braking etc.) shall be
discussed during tender stage on case-to-case basis and requirement of OLTC should
be considered.
Differential and other motor protection elements should be capable of operating at
frequencies other than 50Hz as per the allowable speed variation of the drive
specification. The design basis report shall capture this aspect and the impact of
harmonic rich environment that is prevalent in the drive system while selecting the
relays / protection for VSD transformer, Harmonic filters and the motor.
In case of ungrounded power system, earth fault protection shall be based on broken
delta voltage detection and shall cover complete system, Converter input side, output
to motor, harmonic filter banks etc. The earth fault protection on the input side of the
converter shall be effective under all conditions, while the converter is ‘on’ as well as
‘off’.
Further, 132kV connected Unit Transformer-Motors shall include a circuit breaker at
the input terminals of VSD for process control / trips. Alternate to circuit breaker at
VSD input terminals, two 132kV circuit breakers can be provided.

3.9 CAPACITOR BANKS

3.9.1 General
Capacitor units shall be with integral fuse protection as stipulated in DEP. All the
capacitor banks greater than 1000kVAr rating shall be connected in Double-Star
configuration and shall be provided with unbalance protection to detect failed capacitor
units and annunciate / isolate the feeder. This is in line with DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen.
Protection (including settings) of capacitor banks shall, in general, be as per IEC
60871 / IEEE C37.99 / the manufacturer standard. Capacitor bank protection relays
need not be IEC61850 compliant.
For the typical protection settings of capacitor banks, appendix-Q shall be referred.

3.9.2 Motor Capacitors


It is not recommended to provide power factor correction capacitors at the motor
terminals. If they are proposed for any project, shall be subject to CFDH-E approval.
In case of motors with power factor correction capacitor at their terminals, a single
switching device and associated relays and/or fuses that control/protect both the
motor and the capacitor shall be provided (DEP33.64.10.10-Gen).
The motor connected power factor correction capacitor sizing calculation shall
address the issue of self-excitation (Refer Clause. 27.5.3 of IEC 60871-1 which states
typically the capacitive current shall not exceed 90% of the motor no-load current and
typically, the no-load current of motors varies from 20% for 2-pole machines to 60%
for 20-pole ones). Wherever possible, the motor vendor shall be contacted for
recommendation on the maximum permissible capacitor rating. The calculation shall
be subject to PDO approval.
Fixed type Power Factor Correction Capacitors connected across Motor terminals
shall have differential protection CTs at phase terminals, so as to exclude the
capacitor from the unit-transformer - motor differential protection zone. The motor
protection relay shall also protect the capacitor.

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Capacitors shall not be connected in parallel with motors performing a vital or


essential service e.g. drives of instrument air compressors, fire water pumps etc., in
accordance with DEP33.64.10.10.

3.9.3 Switchboard Capacitors


Power Factor Correction Capacitors connected to the switchgear busbars shall have
more than one stage and switching arrangement with control through Automatic Power
Factor Controller (APFC).
APFC shall be set as per the manufacturer’s guidelines and meeting the requirements
stipulated in DEP. For the typical settings of APFC controller, appendix-R shall be
referred.
The protection scheme shall include Overvoltage protection.

3.10 UNDERVOLTAGE / OVERVOLTAGE RELAYS


Undervoltage / overvoltage relays shall have a minimum two voltage elements
connected across three phases. Relays shall be with built in time delays. Pickup to
dropout ratio for voltage relays shall be within 5% of unity. The relay shall block the
operation of undervoltage elements under no-voltage condition.

3.11 UNDERFREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING

3.11.1 Relay Requirements


Underfrequency relays with adjustable frequency and time delay settings shall be of
the numeric type and shall be insensitive to harmonic voltage distortion and to
transient voltage deviations. The relay shall have:
 four stages of underfrequency settings.
 rate of change of frequency element.
The relay shall block the operation of frequency elements under no-voltage condition.
The load shedding relay shall be discrete and use of functionality available in any
other protection relay is not acceptable. However, it can be clubbed with bus
undervoltage protection relays.

3.11.2 Application of the Scheme


All 33kV, 11kV and 6.6kV switchboards shall be equipped with the facility of tripping
the loads (outgoing breakers) under under-frequency conditions. Tie feeders between
the stations shall not be tripped under load shedding scheme.

3.11.3 Scheme Requirement


Fig. 7.6 indicates the load shedding scheme for a typical HV system.
One relay per bus shall be provided, incorporating four stages of protection. The
voltage input to the underfrequency relay shall be automatically selected from the
secondary voltage of either busbar. Also, one common load shedding On/Off switch
per bus shall be provided.
Output from the load shedding relay shall be bus-wired to every feeder panel and five
position (four stage and off position) selector switch shall be provided in each feeder
panel to select the feeder to any tripping stage or to an OFF position.

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3.11.3.1 Unit Transformer - Motors


In case of motors connected through unit transformers (other than 33kV Switchboard
connected unit transformers), the underfrequency element (at least one stage) with
adjustable timer shall be provided in the Motor protection relay for setting the load
shedding trip as per the load shedding study report. When the underfrequency element
operates, it shall issue a separate annunciation as “Load shedding protection
operated” in order to distinguish from motor protection operation.
Rate-of-rise of frequency element is not required.

3.12 SYNCHRONISING
Overview of Synchronising Selection Scheme for a typical HV system is indicated in
Fig. 7.4.
Synchronising check relay shall be provided to prevent inadvertent closing of the
breaker under ‘out of phase condition.
Synchronising check relay shall be provided for all 132kV overhead line breakers,
132kV bus section breakers, 132kV bus coupler breakers, 132/33kV and 132/11kV
transformer feeders where generation (or alternative source) may be connected to the
LV side. This facility shall also be provided to 33kV feeders, which are used for
interconnection of two stations.
Synchronising facility which can be common for one substation shall comprise of
double voltmeter, double frequency meter, synchroscope for incoming and running
voltages, Synchronisation Auto / Manual selection switch and lockable Synchro-check
IN / BYPASS selector switch. All these equipment shall be mounted on hinged
synchronising panel that can be easily viewed from either end of the (switchgear)
control panel.
Use of common synchronising check relay is not recommended in 132kV substations
and hence separate synchronising check relay shall be provided for each 132kV
feeder.
The generator synchronising scheme (manual as well as automatic) shall facilitate use
of both generator voltage CB (or 52G-LV, if available) and the 132kV grid voltage CB
(52G-HV).
The generator synchronising is normally through turbine control system. In addition,
manual synchronising facility shall be provided in generator control panel.
Further, Generator synchronising, at either 52G-LV or 52G-HV, can be initiated from
SCADA (to be executed by Turbine control system). Generator synchronising at 52G-
HV can also be initiated from 132kV CRP. In addition, it shall be possible to close 52G-
HV from CRP or SCADA in override mode to back energise the generator transformer
(with 52G-LV open).
Use of synchronising check element in the protection relays is acceptable provided it
meets the technical requirements. These elements require external triggering and the
same shall be addressed in the C&R panel schemes by wiring the Synchronising
selector switch / SCADA synch selection signal to the relay as a binary input and
programming appropriately.
All other switchboards including 415V ones shall be interlocked with the respective
upstream switchboards to keep the schemes simple and economical, yet reliable. In
these switchboards, synchronising check relay is optional and shall be preferred only
in case of practical difficulty in interlocking with the upstream switchboard.
Switchboards supplied from 132kV breaker-and-half substations, 33kV Switchracks
and 11kV RMUs are some of the cases which may require synchronising check relay
for paralleling.
The synchronising check relays need not be IEC61850 compliant.
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For 33kV Switchracks, Field Ring mains and 11kV RMUs, the check (at present) is
through switching programs and the same practice shall continue.

3.12.1 Relay Specification


Synchronising check relays shall check the phase, slip frequency and magnitude of
the voltage difference at synchronising, and inhibit closure outside acceptable limits.
Synchronising check relays shall also have option of Dead Line Live Bus (DLLB) and
Live Line Dead Bus (LLDB) closing in the override mode. Live and dead voltage
settings shall be provided so that Dead Line Live Bus (DLLB) or Live Line Dead Bus
(LLDB) condition can be determined.

3.12.2 Synchronisation Schemes for Substations


Feeders in the same station (controlled from same room) may share synchronising
equipment.
All the switchgears/substations shall be provided with Bus VTs. The bus voltage input
is required for synchronising, metering, for providing voltage polarisation to directional
relays in transformer feeders, for undervoltage protection of motors and for providing
voltage / frequency signals to load shedding schemes.
In the existing substations / switchboards, there are no bus VTs.
For the extension of existing switchgear / switchboards, the voltage selection scheme
for new switchgear panels shall be fully integrated with the existing scheme.
Running and Incoming voltages required for synchronisation shall be derived from bus
VT and line VT respectively. For the synchronisation of bus section breaker / bus
coupler breaker, one bus VT supply shall be taken as running voltage and other bus
VT supply shall be taken as incoming voltage.
Once the voltages of a particular feeder are selected for synchronisation, it shall
prevent simultaneous selection of any other feeder in order to prevent paralleling of
two VT supplies.
Requirements of synchronising schemes are outlined in the block logic diagram shown
in Fig. 7.5.
Every feeder requiring synchronising facility shall be provided with a key operated
ON/OFF/OVERRIDE switch in the control room. A single key shall operate all the
switches of one switchgear. This key shall be locked in both ON and OVERRIDE
position. In SCADA selection between SYN ON & OVERRIDE shall be provided for all
feeders. Interlocking shall be ensured by software programming in SCADA. ‘SYN ON’
signal shall be wired to the synchronising check relay for triggering the synchronising
check.
Synchronising scheme shall
- Provide a Remote / Supervisory selector switch in control room to select the
breaker closing operation from either control room or SCADA.
- Shall allow closing of breaker in “SYN ON” mode only after check of system
synchronism by synchronising check relay.
- Shall allow closing of a breaker in OVERRIDE mode only after check of Live Line
Dead Bus or Dead Line Live Bus check by synchronising check relay
In case of Dead Bus – Dead Line condition, no remote closing is envisaged.
An interlocking scheme shall be devised at each substation so that it shall not be
possible to parallel two power stations other than via circuit breakers, which are
equipped with synchronising facilities. The scheme shall take cognisance of the status
of disconnectors and circuit breakers.

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3.13 AUXILIARY RELAYS

3.13.1 Trip Circuit Supervision


Trip circuit supervision shall be applied to all HV circuit breakers.
Trip circuit supervision shall be provided to monitor the trip circuits with the circuit
breaker in both open and closed state.
Where duplicate trip coils are provided, both trip circuits shall be monitored.
The trip circuit shall be wired by looping-in relay contacts in sequence, so that the
entire trip wiring is monitored.
Protection tripping shall not be routed through the circuit breaker LOCAL/REMOTE
control selector switch. The trip isolation link in the circuit breaker control cubicle shall
be monitored by the trip circuit supervision.
Relay elements shall be delayed on drop-off to prevent false alarms. Relay alarm
elements shall be equipped with self-resetting flag indicators.
Series resistances shall be provided in trip circuit supervision circuits to prevent mal-
tripping should a relay element become short-circuited.
The use of Trip Circuit Supervision function, wherever it is a part of a Numerical Relay
is acceptable only if there a single numerical protection relay for the subject feeder
and the function meets the above detailed requirements.

3.13.2 Trip and Lockout Relays


Protection trips to the circuit breakers shall be wired directly from the numerical relay
trip outputs.
Trip/Lockout relays shall be provided for all feeders. The trip command to the circuit
breaker shall be issued from trip/lock out relay, in addition to direct trip from the
protective relays.
The trip/lockout relays shall be high burden type complying with TS 48-4 Class EB 2
or Class ESI 2. High burden relays are less susceptible to mal-operations due to
capacitive discharge currents (e.g. under conditions such as an earth fault on the
secondary wiring associated with the trip relay operating coil circuits). They also
permit the use of supervision relays.
These shall be one for each trip coil / protection group.
The period between energisation of the trip relay coil and closure of the tripping
contacts shall be less than 10ms.
The tripping contacts shall have making capacity of the maximum current, which can
occur in the circuit controlled by these relays. They shall also be capable of breaking
such currents unless provision is made for breaking the current on contacts elsewhere
in the circuits.
Lockout relays are used to block the closing of a breaker under faulty conditions. To
prevent resetting of this relay on failure of auxiliary supply the latching mechanism of
the lockout relay shall be mechanical. The reset mechanism of the lockout relay shall
be hand reset as well as electrically operated to facilitate both local and remote
resetting.
Lockout relays shall be equipped with a pair of normally closed contacts arranged to
break its own coil circuit when in the latched position, thus avoiding battery drain.
Flag shall be provided for the lockout relays. Resetting of the flag shall match the
resetting of the relay.
Separate trip relays shall be provided when the lockout function is not called for and,
the protection relay doesn’t have output contacts rated for tripping function. The trip
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relays shall be self reset type with hand reset flag. These relays shall be suitable for
continuous energisation, in addition to being high burden type.

3.13.3 Interposing Relays


Interposing relays are widely used in protection schemes. Some of the applications
are,
 routing the transformer mounted protections such as Buchholz relay and
the inter-trip signals from primary to secondary side of the transformer
 in case of interconnecting feeders, routing of signals from one end to
the other end
 routing of breaker fail protection signals to the upstream breaker
panel(s)
 contact multiplication
The interposing relays when used in protection / tripping schemes shall have the same
level of reliability / robustness (for example, high speed operation, high degree of
mechanical stability against seismic, vibration and shock, high inductive breaking
capacity of the contacts) as the main protection relays to ensure the integrity of the
protection schemes. In case of long signal cables, these intertripping relays need to be
immune to induced AC voltages additionally. Comparison between Protection class
interposing / auxiliary relay and the general purpose auxiliary relay is provided at
Appendix-I, for better understanding. Hence, these shall be type MVAWA (ALSTOM
make) or equivalent. However, if length of the control cables energising interposing
relays are not long and these cables don’t run along with other power cables or
primary ground path, MVAA (ALSTOM Make) type relay or equivalent may be used in
order to avoid higher time delay. Decision to use MVAA type relays shall be assessed
during engineering stage of the project. General purpose relays (such as SCHRACK,
PRIMA, OMRON, PLA) shall not be acceptable.
Interposing relay’s contact shall not break the trip coil current when it is connected to
trip coil directly and hence it shall always be connected in parallel with contact of trip &
lockout relay (86).
In case of both trip and alarm interposing relays, contacts shall be self reset type and
the flag hand reset type.

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4 Protection Calculations, Settings and Representation

4.1 GENERAL
TA-1 (CFDH-E) is the approval authority for protection settings. Approval must be
obtained before new equipment is commissioned or existing settings are revised.
Protection studies and setting recommendations shall only be undertaken by PDO
consultants approved specifically for such studies.

4.1.1 Documentation Preparation and References


Protection settings shall be recorded on schedules.
Protection schedules, submitted for approval for other relays than overcurrent and
earth fault protection, shall be accompanied with supporting calculations. The
schedules shall include important information on the feeders, relay complete model
(MLFB, Cortec etc.) no., applicable drawing references for the transformers, protection
schemes etc.
The schedules shall reflect a level of uniformity for better control, for example, all the
redundant feeders shall have one set of settings in a substation.
Protection grading curves shall be provided for overcurrent and earth fault co-
ordination and shall be in colour, for better clarity.
The document shall be of sufficient detail giving relevant information regarding the
selection of each setting. Description of the system and of operating modes on which
the settings are based shall be clearly indicated.
In the relay setting schedule, voltage element settings shall be indicated in percentage
of rated voltage in addition to absolute value, for better clarity.
Calculations showing compliance with the relay manufacturers CT requirements shall
be provided - especially for biased differential, high impedance differential and
distance protection. The motive for choosing a particular CT rating and accuracy class
shall also be provided (see clause 2.6)
A checklist of the information required is given in Appendix A.
DIgSILENT software shall be used for determination of overcurrent and earth fault
settings. The guidelines specified in the document PR-1265 shall be followed for
submittal of relay settings, relay operating curves, fault currents etc.
The grading curves shall include the following information:
 The reference voltage level
 Overcurrent / earth fault relay operation at setting.
 Fuse curves showing both the pre-arcing and operating characteristic
 Motor starting characteristic
 Motor thermal withstand
The following particulars shall be given in the study document as a basis for the relay
settings. When close scrutiny is needed, these particulars should be represented in the
form of curves.
 Maximum and minimum fault levels
 Transformer fault current withstand capacity
 Transformer magnetising inrush current

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 Power cable short circuit withstand capacity


 Contactor short circuit breaking capacity.

4.1.2 Basis for Calculations and Guidelines for Time Grading

4.1.2.1 Fault Currents


The 100ms (5 cycle) and 10ms (1/2 cycle) maximum and minimum fault currents (rms
symmetrical values) shall form the basis for calculating the time dependent and
instantaneous relay settings respectively.
The bus fault currents shall be considered ensuring that the short time rating of the
switchgear bus and other equipment is not exceeded. Limited duration overcurrents
arising from single or group motor starting / reacceleration shall be permitted.
The fault current flowing through a given branch shall be calculated with DIgSILENT
model under various operating scenarios. Fault current calculations shall be included
in the study.
The minimum value of the fault current flowing through branch shall be considered for
checking the sensitivity of the relays and tripping times.
Instead of Ia, 3Io shall be considered from DIgSILENT output for the calculation of
earth fault current magnitude.
The IDMT coordination in PDO is based on IEC curves. The multiple of current at
which the inverse curve flattens is either 20 or 30 times of the set value. It varies with
the relay manufacturer, type of curves and type of relay used. This affects the
protection coordination and hence shall be taken in to account.

4.1.2.2 Time decrement


When determining the sensitivity of the IDMTL element, it shall be ensured as a
general guideline that fault current is more than the relay operating current for 0.1s,
0.5s, and 2s intervals.

4.1.2.3 Grading Margins


The pickup for overcurrent protection shall typically be 125% of the feeder rating. The
setting can be lower in case of OHL tap-offs and others, depending on the expected
loading. The overcurrent pickup setting shall preferably be less than half the calculated
fault current for minimum fault level conditions considering realistic operating
conditions.
The earth fault protection pick up shall be typically
 5 to 15% of the protected equipment rating or feeder rating for solidly
earthed system or
 5 to 15% of the NER rating for resistance earthed system.
CBCT connected earth fault protection for 33kV OHL feeders and SEF protection for
33kV PMRs shall typically be set at 5A.
In case of fuse-backed contactor feeders, short circuit protection shall not be provided
(as the same is ensured by fuses) to allow fuses to blow and prevent contactor
damage in case high current faults and earth fault protection shall be typically delayed
by 0.1s to provide better stability during inrush currents..
The grading margin between adjacent electronic time dependent overcurrent and earth
fault relays shall not be less than 0.30s. In case of Numerical relays, the same shall
not be less than 0.25s.
For identification of a faulted plant, a grading margin should be provided between
overcurrent relays at either end of interconnecting feeder (including transformers),
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provided the protection operating time at the source end is not exceeding 1s. In case
of bus section breaker, grading need not be provided if the normal operation is with
bus section breaker in open position.
This time interval shall be maintained at the maximum short circuit current that can
flow through both the protections simultaneously or at the instantaneous setting of the
relay nearest to the fault, whichever is the lower value of current. For example, while
verifying coordination at the bus level, between outgoing and incoming feeders, the
scenario “Bus section(s) open” or/and only one source On (if more than one source
connected to the same bus)” shall be considered.
A lower grading margin should be considered only in case the above grading margin
results in tripping times higher than the equipment withstand ratings in the station and
shall be based on the formula:
T’ = 0.2t + tcb + 0.08 seconds.
Where T’ = minimum grading time interval
t = nominal operating time of relay nearest to fault(s)
tcb = circuit breaker interrupting time(s)
IDMT protection elements in numerical relays shall be set to reset instantaneously (on
current coming down below the pickup setting) unless the relay needs to coordinate
with an electro-mechanical relay downstream. With the IDMT overcurrent protection
set to reset instantaneously (on opening of breaker), it is adequate to coordinate for
one start of the motor (the largest motor with all the other feeders in service).
In case the relay reset is not instantaneous and for electromechanical type relays, the
protection stability during motor starting shall be verified as follows:
In case of HV incomers to the switchboard with motor outgoing feeders, the
overcurrent coordination at the incomer level should take into account two successive
hot starts that are permitted for the HV motors. This also applies to the overcurrent
protection on the primary of unit transformers, in case of unit transformer-motor
feeders. The no. of permissible successive hot starts in case of LV motors is three.
Directional overcurrent relays (at receiving ends) set to look towards the source need
not be coordinated and can have sensitive settings.
For grading between relays and downstream fuses the margin shall generally be no
less than 0.2s. The total clearing time of the fuse shall be used for coordination
purposes. In circumstances where a closer margin between the relay and the fuse
characteristics may be advantageous, the minimum grading time interval shall be
based on the formula:
T’ = 0.4t + 0.15
Where T’ = minimum grading time interval
t = total clearing time of the fuse at fault current considered
Discrimination between fuses is required in the high fault current region (i.e. currents
which operate the fuse in less than 0.01s) and if discrimination is achieved in this area,
then it is assured at all lower current levels. If the pre-arcing I2t value is not exceeded,
there will be no deterioration in the fuse characteristic. Therefore, if the total I2t value of
the smaller fuse doesn’t exceed the pre-arcing value of the larger fuse then
discrimination between the two fuses will be satisfactory. A margin should be allowed
however, for fuse tolerances. Generally, the pre-arcing I2t of the major fuse shall
exceed the total operating I2t of the minor fuse by a margin of approximately 40%.

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5 Specific Protection Setting Requirements


This section provides general guidelines to be followed when determining the settings
of various protections.
However these guidelines shall be treated as a reference only and the guidelines do
not relieve the contractor / design consultant of the responsibility of determining
required settings to provide adequate protection to the equipment.
For further guidance, the PDO practice (including any documents / communication
issued time-to-time) as well as the industry recognised protection reference documents
such as IEEE Std 242 (Buff book), Network Protection and Application Guide (NPAG
of AREVA) shall be consulted.

5.1 OVERHEAD LINE FEEDERS - 33KV AND BELOW

5.1.1 HV Fuses
Discrimination between fuses is required in the high fault current region (i.e. currents
which blow a fuse in less than 0.01s). If discrimination is achieved in this region then it
is assured at all lower current levels.
If the pre-arcing I²t value is not exceeded then there will be no deterioration of the fuse
characteristic. Therefore, if the total I²t value of the smaller fuse does not exceed the
pre-arcing I²t value of the larger fuse then discrimination between the two fuses will be
satisfactory. A margin should be allowed however, for fuse tolerances. Generally, the
pre-arcing I²t of the major fuse shall exceed the total operating I²t of the minor fuse by
a margin of approximately 40%.
As a general guideline for satisfactory grading between two fuses the rating of the
upstream fuse shall be at least twice the rating of the largest downstream fuse.
When fuses are selected according to the fuse manufacturer’s application guideline, a
copy of the guideline shall be provided.
Installation of HV fuses shall be done in line with clause 2.1.7 and HV fuses for
transformers are discussed at clause 5.4.1.

5.1.2 Overcurrent and Earth fault Protection


33kV overhead lines without earth wire have a high fault loop resistance for earth
faults considering the soil conditions in the interior and that the currents have to return
to the source through the soil.
For overhead line feeders from 33kV switchboard, IDMT overcurrent protection pickup
should be set at 100% of the feeder rating and IDMT earth fault protection pickup
should be set at 15% of the feeder raring. General guidelines provided under clause
4.1.2.3 shall be applied for time setting.
If three-phase fault and earth fault levels at upstream protection device are higher
than 1.3 times of corresponding fault levels at downstream protection device,
upstream protection device shall be provided instantaneous overcurrent and earth
fault protection, set at 1.3 times of corresponding downstream fault level. Whenever,
instantaneous protection is enabled, inrush blocking function shall also be enabled.

5.1.3 Directional Overcurrent and Earth fault Elements


When used on parallel feeders direction of trip shall be opposite to the direction of
normal power flow.

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The operating time of this element shall be less than the operating time of the non-
directional element on the feeder parallel to it by an adequate grading margin. This
should be achieved by selecting a lower current as well as time settings.
The fault angle, the lagging angle between the expected fault current and the voltage
is depending on the fault impedance. Generally it will range from 45° to 60° for phase
faults with the higher value applicable for overhead lines and the lower value
applicable for transformer feeders.
Hence the relay angle chosen (with quadrature line voltage input employed for
polarisation, called cross polarisation) should be +30° (i.e. 90°-60°) for overhead line
feeders. The + sign indicates that the relay will operate when current is flowing away
from the bus.
Typically, the Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA) settings for cross-polarised
Directional overcurrent protection shall be,
Plain feeders (with Zero Sequence source behind the relay location) +30°

Transformer feeders (with Zero Sequence source in front of the relay location) +45°
If operation is needed for the currents flowing towards the bus, then the setting of +30°
shall be corrected with 180° to a value of –150° (i.e. 30°-180°).
It shall be noted that the above guidelines are general and if more precise information
is available about fault angles then this should be considered when specifying the
angle settings.
Residual voltage polarisation is adopted for Earth fault protection, in general. For earth
faults the characteristic angle should be typically between 0° to –60°. However the
actual setting shall be decided based on the type of polarisation used, system earthing
and relay manufacturer’s guidelines.
Typically, the Relay Characteristic Angle settings for Residual voltage polarised
Directional Earth fault protection shall be,
Resistance Earthed Systems 0°
Distribution Systems (Solidly earthed), 33kV (-)45°
Transmission Systems (Solidly earthed), 132kV (-)60°
The directional elements shall be set to block on detection of “VT fuse fail” and issue
alarm.

5.1.4 CBCT Connected Earth fault Protection


CBCT connected earth fault protection (51G) shall be capable of detecting less than
5A primary earth fault current at the minimum relay setting. Minimum time delay shall
be 4s, to avoid mal-operation at transient unbalances during switching of ring circuits
through isolators or during phase fault conditions.
Under fault conditions, imbalance of the system voltage will cause an unbalance in the
capacitive current drawn in each phase of a feeder. It is possible for a healthy feeder
to trip via CBCT connected earth fault protection due to unbalanced capacitive
currents. The pickup of CBCT connected earth fault protection shall be set higher than
the expected capacitive current; typically a primary operating current setting of three
times the steady state phase-to-earth capacitive current should be satisfactory
CBCT connected earth fault protection need not be co-ordinated with standard earth
fault relays. CBCT connected earth fault protection shall be coordinated independently
with sensitive earth fault (SEF) protection in the downstream PMRs.

5.1.5 Thermal & Broken Conductor Protections


Thermal protection is not envisaged for 33kV OHLs as per present practice.
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The broken conductor detection based on I2/I1 threshold shall have typical settings of
20% pickup & 60s time delay of. The broken conductor condition shall be annunciated
in the SCADA. No trip is envisaged.

5.1.6 Pole Mounted Reclosers (PMRs)

5.1.6.1 Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection Settings for End PMRs
As far as possible, it is recommended to clear the faults on the 33kV overhead lines
within 0.1s so that voltage dips on the healthy circuits doesn’t exist for longer time.
Hence, typical overcurrent and earth fault protection settings for the remotest end PMR
(i.e. PMR which has no other PMR in its downstream circuit) are as follows:
Overcurrent protection: Current Pickup: 120A, Characteristics: Standard Inverse and
TMS: 0.05.
Earth fault protection: Current Pickup: 40A, Characteristics: Standard Inverse and
TMS: 0.05.
SEF protection: Current Pickup: 5A, Delay: 5s

5.1.6.2 Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection Settings for Upstream PMRs
PMRs which are installed in the upstream of end PMRs shall be coordinated with all
the PMRs in the downstream circuit.
For overcurrent protection and earth fault protection, as far as possible current pickup
and characteristics should be set same as for the end PMR. TMS shall be modified as
necessary for coordination with downstream PMRs. However it should be ensured that
current pickup for overcurrent protection is not less than 125% of the total load current.
If three phase fault and earth fault levels at upstream PMR are higher than 1.3 times of
corresponding fault levels at downstream PMR, upstream PMR shall be provided
instantaneous overcurrent and earth fault protection and set at 1.3 times of
corresponding downstream fault level. Whenever, instantaneous protection is enabled,
inrush blocking function shall also be enabled.
Recommended SEF protection: Current Pickup: 8A, Delay: 1s more than time delay for
downstream PMR.

5.1.6.3 Other settings for PMRs


Settable time delay (or debounce time) shall be set at 1s for the pipeline protection
trips or other external trips which are wired in fail safe mode through a tripping relay
energised from AC supply. This time delay is required in order to avoid nuisance
tripping due to momentary voltage dip. If the tripping relay is energised from DC UPS
supply then time delay is not required.
The transformer mounted protections (e.g. buchholz trip etc.) and other electrical
protection trips shall be wired as “energise to trip” and hence time delay is not
required. For these protections time delay shall not be provided.

5.2 33KV INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN STATIONS

5.2.1 Line Differential Protection


The line differential protection relays from different manufacturers differ substantially
in design. Hence the settings of line differential protections shall be worked out based
on relay manufacturer’s guidelines.
Overcurrent and Earth fault Protection Elements in line differential protection
relays: The same settings of back up protection shall be repeated in these relays
(overcurrent and earth fault elements are generally available in these relays) to
provide additional back up protection to the feeder.
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5.2.2 Back-up protection


Directional relays shall be provided to act quickly, even under bi-directional power flow
conditions for faults in the interconnector. The directional relays shall be set to look in
the direction of the interconnector at both the stations. The setting of non-directional /
directional back up overcurrent and earth fault protections shall be as per clause 5.1.2
& 5.1.3.

5.3 132KV OVERHEAD LINES

5.3.1 Main-1 and Main-2 Protection Relays

5.3.1.1 Line Differential Protection


The line differential protection elements from different manufacturers differ
substantially in design. Hence the settings of line differential protections shall be
worked out based on relay manufacturer’s guidelines.

5.3.1.2 Distance Protection -Scheme


As dual redundant protection communication cannel is provided, Permissive
Overreaching scheme (e.g. POR, POTT scheme) shall be applied. Permissive
Overreaching scheme is preferred to Permissive Underreaching scheme (e.g. PUR,
PUTT scheme) because the resistive reach of zone-2 or zone-1B element is higher
than zone-1 element. The carrier signal shall be initiated by zone-2 or zone-1B.

5.3.1.3 Distance Protection - Choice of Characteristics


The quadrilateral or fully cross-polarised mho characteristic provides a better coverage
for arc resistance and under high ground resistance conditions. Hence quadrilateral
characteristic should be selected for earth faults in particular and for phase faults in
general.

5.3.1.4 Distance Protection - Zone Settings

5.3.1.4.1 132kV OHL Impedance Data


For 132kV OHLs built on Wood Poles, Steel Towers and Concrete Poles, impedance
data shall be calculated as per PDO standard SP-1114A, SP-1114B and SP-1114C
respectively. The impedance data to be obtained from the OHL consultant before
start of protection study.
The actual lengths and the impedance data may vary slightly during execution. The
calculated zone reaches for distance protection shall be verified and confirmed
with the measured data before actual commissioning.

5.3.1.4.2 Zone 1 setting


Zone-1 impedance setting shall be 80% of the protected line section. This should
ensure that under no circumstances the relay would operate for faults beyond the
protected line section. The same shall be 70% in case of parallel lines (including
substantial length of Double Circuit construction), to prevent overreaching due to the
effect of mutual induction when the other circuit is shut down and earthed at both
ends.

5.3.1.4.3 Zone 2 setting


The zone-2 reach shall be 120% of protected section. This shall be verified against
reaching beyond 50% of the shortest line from remote substation as well as beyond
the transformers (operating in parallel) at the remote substation. A safety margin of

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20% should be considered for transformer impedance while verifying that zone-2
doesn’t reach beyond the transformer winding.
In case zone-2 setting reaches beyond 50% of the shortest line from remote
substation, it should be limited up to 50% of the shortest line from remote substation.
OHLs with line differential protection or OHL parallel to protected line (if any) shall
not be considered for shortest line from remote substation.
Similarly, if zone-2 setting reaches beyond the 80% of the transformer (operating in
parallel) at the remote substation, it should be limited up to 80% of the transformers
(operating in parallel) at the remote substation,

5.3.1.4.4 Current Reversal Guard timer setting


Current reversal guard is applicable when there are parallel paths (or double circuit
lines) between two substations.
The guard is relevant if Zone-2 is set 150% of the subject line or more and for
DEF/aided channel.
Typical setting shall be 55ms (with maximum signalling channel reset time
considered as 20ms).
Current reversal guard timer need not be set if the DEF aided element operation is
set with time delay.
Thus, Current reversal guard time delay is not required for Zone-2 and DEF
elements set as per the guidelines in this section.

5.3.1.4.5 Zone 3 setting


Zone-3 shall be set in forward direction to provide backup protection for all overhead
lines from remote substation. Zone-3 reach shall be set at 120% of (protected
overhead line plus longest overhead line from remote substation). OHL parallel to
protected overhead line (if any) shall not be considered for longest overhead line
from remote substation.
In case zone-3 setting reaches beyond 80% of the transformers (operating in
parallel) at the remote substation, zone-3 setting should be limited up to 80% of the
transformers (operating in parallel) at the remote substation.
Underreach due to infeeds at remote substation should not be considered.

5.3.1.4.6 Zone 4 setting


Zone-4 shall be set to cover in the reverse direction of uncleared close-up faults or
back up for busbar faults. The same shall be
 25% of Zone-1 for protected line length <30km and
 10% of Zone-1 for protected line length equal to or greater than 30km.

5.3.1.4.7 Mutual compensation


For double circuit parallel lines on steel towers between any two substations, in order
to eliminate effect of mutual flux coupling on the ground distance elements, mutual
compensation shall be enabled using current from parallel line.

5.3.1.4.8 Load Impedance and resistive reach setting

Load impedance shall be calculated at


 110% of rated MVA of the OHL feeder
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 90% of the rated voltage


 0.8 power factor
Wherever, single ELM OHL is connected in parallel with the twin ELM OHL between
same substations, load impedance of twin ELM OHL shall be considered for the single
ELM OHL too. This is required to temporarily allow sudden overloading of the single
ELM OHL when twin ELM OHL is tripped.
The resistive reach for phase faults and earth faults shall be set in line with the relay
manufacturer’s recommendations.

5.3.1.5 Power Swing Blocking


Power swing blocking feature shall be enabled for all 132kV substation interconnecting
feeders and shall be set to block for zone-1 and zone-2. Power swing blocking should
be inhibited on zero sequence current detection.

5.3.1.6 Directional Earth fault (DEF) Element


For the setting of the directional earth fault elements, the guidelines specified under
clause 5.1.3 shall be followed.
For rapid clearance of earth fault in the protected overhead line, carrier aided DEF trip
shall be provided with Permissive Overreaching scheme.
For all new overhead lines where main-1 and main-2 protection relays (with dual
redundant protection communication channels) are provided, non carrier aided
directional earth fault protection shall be disabled.
For the existing overhead lines where main-1 and main-2 protection relays (with dual
redundant protection communication channels) are not provided, non carrier aided
directional earth fault protection shall be enabled and set at 80A. IEC inverse
characteristic and TMS at 0.25. In addition, definite time protection with long time delay
of 5s shall be provided for high resistance earth faults.
The minimum operating time of the non carrier aided directional earth fault protection
element should not be less than the operating time of the zone-2 element.

5.3.1.7 Directional Overcurrent (DOC)


For the setting of the back-up directional overcurrent elements, the guidelines
specified under clause 5.1.3 shall be followed.
For all new overhead lines, where main-1 and main-2 protection relays (with dual
redundant communication channels) are provided, directional overcurrent protection
shall be disabled.
For the existing overhead lines where main-1 and main-2 protection relays (with dual
redundant protection communication channels) are not provided, directional
overcurrent protection shall be enabled and set at 175% of rated current of the
overhead line, IEC inverse characteristic and TMS at 0.25. It shall be ensured that it
also coordinates with overcurrent protection on primary side of the transformers at
remote substation for phase faults on the secondary side of the transformer.

5.3.1.8 VTS, SOTF, TOR, Fault Locator, functions


VT supervision, SOTF, TOR and Fault locator functions shall be set. VT supervision
shall be auto-reset.
VT fuse fail shall be annunciated and also set to block all the voltage dependent
protections.
Switch-on-to-fault (SOTF) function shall be set to operate for Zone 1 & Zone 2 and
shall be active for duration of 60s after the CB is closed.
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TOR (Trip on Reclose) shall be enabled for Zone 1 & Zone 2.


Distance-to-fault locator function shall be set to provide reading in terms of kilometres.
In case of parallel lines, CT from the other circuit shall be wired to the relay and mutual
compensation shall be set in the relay, for correct working of Fault locator with parallel
lines.

5.3.1.9 Time delay settings


Relay operating times for different elements shall be,
Zone 1 - Instantaneous
Distance, - Instantaneous
Carrier aided
DEF, Carrier - 100ms (to allow Surge Arresters to discharge during lightning
aided phenomenon)
Zone 2 - 250ms (less than critical clearing time 300ms for 132kV system
in PDO)
Zone 3 - 1s
Zone 4 - 1s
Power Swing - All Zones, Time: 10s in general and 2s for those
block interconnectors identified for system split., Unblock: on
detection of Zero sequence current
SOTF - Zone 1 & Zone 2, Active for: 60s from the moment CB is closed
TOR - Zone 1 & Zone 2

5.3.1.10 Thermal Overload and Broken conductor protection Settings


Thermal protection based on long time inverse principle and broken conductor
protection based on (I2/I1) shall be set. Typical Overload characteristics of Elm
conductor for different pre-load conditions are given at Appendix-L for ready reference.
The typical settings for thermal protection are
 Thermal Trip 110%(i.e. 440A for single ELM and 880A for twin ELM)
 Time constant 12minutes
The thermal alarm shall be set at 70% of thermal trip and wired to SCADA. Thermal
trip shall be wired to Trip coil-1 and 2 of 132kV breaker. Lockout is not required.
Typical settings for broken conductor protection based on (I2/I1) are
 Pickup 20%
 time delay 60s.
Broken conductor protection alarm shall be annunciated in the SCADA and no trip is
envisaged.

5.3.2 Auto-reclose and Synchronising Check Relay

5.3.2.1 Auto-reclose Function


One no. three pole auto-reclose shall be provided and trip after reclose shall initiate
auto-reclose lockout.
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One end of the overhead line, which has lower fault level, shall be provided auto-
reclose with dead line closing. Other end of the overhead line, which has higher fault
level, shall be provided auto-reclose with synchronising check closing.
Auto-reclose dead time for dead line closing shall be set at 5s and for synchronising
check closing, dead time shall be set at 10s.
Reclaim time shall be set at 15s.

5.3.2.2 Synchronising Check Function


For the setting of the synchronising check function, the guidelines specified under
clause 5.10.3 shall be followed.

5.3.2.3 Breaker Fail Protection


The typical settings for BF protection shall be
 Pickup: 200mA
 Time delay: 200ms

5.3.2.4 Undervoltage Protection


The typical settings of undervoltage protection for earth switch interlock shall be
 Pickup: 20% (To determine dead line condition)
 Time delay: 5s

5.3.2.5 VT Supervision
VTS operation shall initiate an alarm and shall inhibit the all voltage based functions (e.g.
synchronising check, undervoltage etc.). VT supervision shall be auto-reset.

5.4 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

5.4.1 Fuses for Transformer Protection


Fuse links intended for transformer circuit protection shall comply with IEC 60787 /
60282. The fuse-link must withstand the transformer inrush current, considered for
practical purposes as
 12 x transformer full load current for 100ms and
 25 times for 10ms.
The minimum current rating of the fuse-link shall be
 125% of transformer full load current.
For transformers connected to an overhead line system through HV fuse cut-outs, it
must be ensured that the maximum system fault level at the point of application is
within the breaking capacity of the fuse. This may mean choosing a higher ampere
rated fuse than the calculation demands at times. Installation of fuses shall be done in
line with clause 2.1.7. In case of high fault level, PMR shall be installed in line with
clause 2.1.7.
In case there are motors connected on Low Voltage side, the HV fuse sizing shall take
the motor starting requirements into consideration so as to avoid fuse blowing.

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The melting data of the type-T expulsion fuses is given at Appendix-D for ready
reference. HV fuse ratings for 33kV connected transformers shall be in line with STD 4
1554 001.3.
Also, refer clause 5.1.1 above for general guidelines for fuse selection.

5.4.2 Overcurrent and Earth fault Settings


The setting of overcurrent element shall be
 greater (typically 125%) than the maximum rated current of the circuit
being protected. At the same time it shall be
 less than half the calculated fault current for minimum fault level
conditions, considering normal operating conditions.
In addition, the settings chosen should not allow the short circuit capacity of cables and
transformers to be exceeded.
Partial differential protection overcurrent pickup setting shall be 125% of the total
bus load or the total rating of all loads supplied from the bus section. This is important
especially when the subject bus section has more than one source connected to it.

5.4.2.1 Highset Overcurrent element pickup setting


Sensitivity and operating time must also allow for magnetising inrush currents during
transformer energising. Settings of the instantaneous element for a transformer feeder
circuit must be above:
 1.3 x transformer maximum symmetrical through-fault current, and
 The maximum magnetising inrush current to avoid any undesirable
tripping during switching.
When manufacturer’s data is not available, magnetising inrush current is generally
assumed to be
 12 x full load current for 100ms (and 25 x full load current for 10ms).
In most applications, the requirement to set the relay above the LV fault level will
automatically result in settings which will be above the level of magnetising inrush
current.
When the system available fault level is lower than the expected energisation inrush
current, the highset pickup shall be set lower than the estimated inrush current
magnitude by enabling the inrush (2nd harmonic) blocking feature to prevent trip during
energisation.

5.4.2.2 Coordination between 132kV Transformer highset protection & Zone 2 of


upstream 132kV OHLs
The faults on the 132kV side of the transformer are sensed by zone-2 elements from
other stations. Hence it is essential that highset element on the 132kV transformer
feeders is set
 well below the minimum fault current on the 132kV side of the
transformer to prevent operation of distance relays at other stations.
However, this may not be possible in locations with low system fault levels and in all
such cases, transformer differential / REF protection can be depended upon.

5.4.2.3 Coordination between Transformer incomer overcurrent protection and


downstream motor feeders
Overcurrent protection on incoming circuits should be set such that
 tripping will not occur if the circuit is fully loaded and at the same time
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 the largest rated motor supplied by the circuit is starting.

5.4.2.4 Primary Overcurrent Protection Coordination for ph-ph faults on secondary (Dy)
When grading through a Delta/Star transformer a phase-to-phase fault condition on the
low voltage (Star) side (0.866 of the three phase fault value) produces the same
magnitude of fault current in one phase on the high voltage (Delta) side (2-1-1 current
distribution) as would a three phase low voltage fault condition. Hence, the settings
calculated should
 ensure discrimination between the LV relays at 0.866 x LV three-phase
fault current and HV relay at LV three-phase fault current.

5.4.2.5 Transformer Primary Overcurrent protection and Standby Earth fault protection
on Secondary
Standby Earth fault Protection should grade with the overcurrent protection on the
primary (Delta) side of a transformer, because an earth fault on the secondary (Star)
side would appear on the primary side as 1/3 p.u. fault current in two phases.

5.4.2.6 Earth fault protection settings


The earth fault protection on each feeder must be set such that
 The minimum earth fault currents are detected and that co-ordination
with the downstream devices is achieved.
 Arcing faults are not considered in setting the earth fault relay.
However, earth fault current settings are set well below minimum fault
levels to allow for reduced fault currents.
 Standby earth fault protection for 33kV system shall have two IDMT
stages at least. The first stage shall coordinate with the incomer earth
fault (partial differential) protection and the second stage shall be set
sensitive (Pickup-25A approx, time delay-5s) to detect Transformer
winding faults. .
 The 11kV and 6.6kV systems in PDO are resistance earthed. Where a
Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER) is used to limit the earth fault current to
300A. It is possible that an earth fault condition could cause a flashover
of the NER and hence a dramatic increase in the earth fault current.
For this reason, two stage Standby earth fault protection shall be
applied:
The first stage shall be set in the range of 5 to 15% of the NER current
rating and definite time characteristics which co-ordinate with
downstream earth fault protection.
The second stage shall be set at 150% of NER current setting but with
zero time delay, providing fast clearance of an earth fault which gives
rise to an NER flashover.
 Earth fault protection relay shall be connected through CBCT on the
primary side of a delta-star transformer supplied from 6.6kV or 11kV
switchgears. It shall be set in the range of 5 to 15% of the NER current
rating. For vacuum contactor feeders, time delay of 0.1s shall be
provided in order to provide better stability during inrush currents.
 Where an earth fault relay is residually connected on the primary side of
a delta-star transformer (e.g. on 33kV or 132kV system), earth fault
protection should be set:- current pickup at 15% of transformer rated
current, TMS as 0.1 and characteristics as standard inverse. Highset
element should also be set same as overcurrent highset protection
setting with inrush (2nd harmonic) blocking enabled.
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5.4.2.7 Fused contactors and Feeder protection


For transformers controlled by fused contactors on primary side, instantaneous
element shall be disabled to prevent attempted opening of the contactor beyond its
breaking capacity.

5.4.2.8 Transformer (with 415V Secondary) Protection


The overcurrent protection on the LV side shall be set to clear faults
 within 1s for a fault current of 50% of the minimum 3-phase short circuit
current.
This is to take in to account the effect of fault arc resistance in limiting the magnitude
of current.
Instantaneous overcurrent protection in the LV incomer feeder shall be enabled and
typically set at the 50% of the available phase fault current.
Some of the switchgear vendors supply undervoltage release as a standard with the
circuit breakers in the switchboard. The same shall be avoided (made dysfunctional, if
provided) to prevent loss of 415V power supplies during a fault elsewhere in the
system (due to ensuing undervoltage).

5.4.2.9 415V Standby earth fault protection


The standby earth fault protection shall be in set in two stages.
The first stage shall coordinate with 415V incomer earth fault protection or
downstream fuses, if there is no 415V incomer earth fault protection. It shall be set
IDMT characteristic to clear
 the earth fault current equal to 50% of the minimum prospective
symmetrical three phase short circuit current in less than a second.
The second element of the standby earth fault protection shall be set as sensitive
earth fault protection –
 Pickup 25A (approx)
 Time delay 5s
(This is to ensure that the low current earth faults (which cannot cause the respective
feeder fuses to blow) as well as the transformer winding faults are not left hanging on
to the system for too long.)
Both stages shall trip the 415V incomer as well as upstream HV breaker (if provided).

5.4.3 Directional Overcurrent / Earth fault Elements


Directional relays shall be provided in transformer incomers intended to be working in
parallel, such as transformer incomers to the 33kV Switchboard. This protection shall
be back-up to the transformer differential / REF protection.
In case there is no generation on the secondary of transformer, the pickup and TMS
shall be set sensitive, as there is no coordination required. They shall be set at:
Dir. overcurrent pickup-100% of the rated current, Characteristics-SI & TMS-0.1
Directional earth fault pickup-20% of the rated current, Characteristics-SI & TMS-0.1
In case there is generation on the secondary of transformer, the settings shall allow
power flow towards primary. The relay shall be considered in the coordination studies,
as necessary.
RCA setting shall be as per the guidelines for directional settings at clause 5.1.3.

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For generator transformers, the directional overcurrent protection on HV side shall be


set above the power drawn by the Generator auxiliary power supply system. This
protection shall act as backup to the generator transformer differential protection

5.4.4 Transformer Biased Differential Protection


The through-fault stability of the transformer differential protection is very critical. It
must be ensured that CTs do not get saturated under heavy through-fault conditions. It
is not enough to check the stability of the protection at the through-fault currents alone
because such calculation does not consider DC offset, unfavourable core
magnetisation of CT etc. Value of system X/R ratio reflects the possible DC offset.
Relay manufacturer’s catalogue provides sufficient guidelines and safety factors for
the above conditions and shall be used for establishing the through-fault stability of the
protection.
The protection shall be set to detect magnetic inrush (by way of 2nd harmonic current
sensing or other means) and block the protection.
The sensitivity of the relay shall be set to maximise the protection of the winding whilst
maintaining stability for maximum (off-tap) through-fault conditions, taking into account
CT mismatch and the possible permutation for CT saturation. The winding coverage
obtained by this relay is typically 80% and is often much less when the transformer
neutral point is earthed through a resistance.
Zero sequence filtering shall be enabled in the relay for Y-connected sides of the
transformer.

5.4.5 Transformer Restricted Earth fault Protection


Relay manufacturers guidelines shall be followed for selecting the through-fault
stability limit for restricted earth fault protection. It should be assumed that any
earthing resistor could become short-circuited.
The effective fault settings for transformer REF protection shall be between 10-60% of
the rated current of the protected winding for solidly earthed systems.
Pickup setting for REF protection shall not be more than 5% of the rated primary
current of phase side CTs for resistance earthed system.
Maximum resistance of associated stabilising resistor for high impedance type
restricted earth fault protection shall be selected such that required setting is within
60% to 100% of maximum resistance. Otherwise it shall be proved by calculation that
heat dissipation during normal operation and fault operation is within selected
continuous and short time withstand limits.
The maximum peak voltage developed across a current transformer secondary wiring
shall not exceed 2.5kV under maximum internal fault conditions. If necessary, surge
suppressors (non-linear resistors, also called metrosils) shall be provided to limit the
voltage developed to 2.5kV peak or less.

5.4.6 OLTC-AVR
OLTC-AVR for transformers shall be set as per the recommendation of the
manufacturer.
OLTC-AVR if provided for generator transformer shall be set taking care not to
interfere with the Generator excitation AVR functioning.
As a general rule, OLTC-AVR response shall be delayed so as not to respond on
transient voltage dips. Dead band shall be set to prevent too frequent operations /
hunting.
Refer appendix-P for Typical settings of OLTC-AVR.

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5.5 GENERATOR / GENERATOR TRANSFORMER


The generator protection should be set in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendation and as per IEEE guidelines. The settings shall be critically reviewed
from the power system point of view. This applies specifically to the protections like
underfrequency, undervoltage and generator backup overcurrent / under impedance
protection.
The guidelines below as well as those under clause 3.5 above shall be followed for
setting of various generator / generator transformer / unit auxiliary transformer
protections.

5.5.1 Generator Differential Protection


Generator differential protection (biased type) should have two bias settings, one for
internal faults and another for external faults. The bias setting of 10 to 25% is
considered satisfactory for providing stability against external faults. The bias setting
for internal faults shall be chosen as low as possible in order to produce almost zero
restraint condition for internal faults.
The current setting shall be as sensitive as possible. Typically down to 5%. However
the effective setting shall be worked out after taking into account CT magnetising
currents.

5.5.2 Generator, Generator-Transformer Differential and HV Restricted Earth Fault


The setting guidelines as per clause 5.4.4 and 5.4.5 are valid.

5.5.3 Generator-Transformer HV Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection:


Directional overcurrent and earth fault protection (67/67N) shall be provided for faults
looking towards generator transformer. Following settings should be adopted.
Dir. overcurrent pickup-100% of the rated current, Characteristics-SI & TMS-0.1
Directional earth fault pickup-20% of the rated current, Characteristics-SI & TMS-0.1
In addition, if non-directional overcurrent protection (50/51) is also enabled, setting
shall be based on rating of the generator transformer at expected minimum
temperature at site during winter season. This is to cover higher output available from
gas turbine during winter periods. Suitable setting may be decided in line with data
sheets/curves for the generator transformer, generator and gas turbine.

5.5.4 Stator Earth fault


Stator earth fault shall have two settings to maximise the coverage. The low set
element should be set not higher than 5% and time delayed to prevent chances of
mal-operations. The actual delay shall depend on manufacturer’s recommendations
regarding withstand capabilities of the machine. The high set element should be set in
the range of 10 to 15% with instantaneous operation.
For generators connected to the 132kV grid through generator transformers with
generator circuit breaker (GCB), two independent forms of earth fault protection are
required. The scheme shall include 95% as well as 100% earth fault protection as
described at clause 3.5.2.4 above.

5.5.5 Overfluxing
In general the protective curve of the relay should be below the generator transformer
/ unit auxiliary transformer overfluxing capability curve. The setting should be able to
detect at least 5% change in the nominal voltage to frequency ratio. The operating
time may vary from 0.2s to several seconds depending on the design philosophy and
AVR control, which shall be finalised in consultation with the generator/generator

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transformer supplier. In any case, the setting shall not be too sensitive to cause
undesirable operation of the protection.

5.5.6 Overvoltage
The voltage setting shall be adjustable between 100% and 120% of the phase-to-
phase nominal voltage with a time delay adjustable between 1 and 3s, in order to
avoid tripping due to transient overvoltages.
Instantaneous overvoltage protection for voltages beyond above limits (say set at
150%) shall be as per manufacturer’s recommendations.

5.5.7 Loss of Excitation


When the operation of mho relay is accompanied by operation of undervoltage relays,
then the generator shall be shut down completely. However if there is no operation of
the undervoltage relay then the tripping shall be time delayed. This time delay shall
depend on the ability of the control system to restore the excitation.

5.5.8 Reverse Power / Low Forward Power


The reverse power or low forward power protection is mainly provided to protect the
turbine against pitting during failure of prime mover. Hence the requirements of this
protection shall be worked out in consultation with turbine supplier.
Package unit supplier shall define clearly the threshold reverse power level, which will
not cause any damage to the system in general and turbine blades in particular. The
reverse power element (relay) shall be able to detect and operate under these
threshold levels. Also refer clause 3.5.2.7 above.

5.5.9 Negative Phase Sequence


The basis for the setting of the negative phase sequence element shall be the
negative sequence current withstand characteristic of the generator. The current
pickup settings shall be selected to allow the generator to operate within its
permissible continuous negative sequence current. The operating time characteristic
shall be selected to match the generator’s short time withstand characteristic for
operation under fault conditions.
Stage 1 (Alarm) shall have an adjustable setting to match the generator continuous
negative phase sequence current withstand capability and shall include an adjustable
definite time delay or fixed time delay of not less than 3s.Stage 2 (Trip) shall have an
adjustable thermal characteristic capable of being set to match the generator short
time negative phase sequence current withstand capability based on (I2)2t
characteristic. It shall be possible to set the Stage 2 to pickup at a negative phase
sequence current equal to the generator continuous withstand capability while still
closely matching the generator (I2)2t capability.

5.5.10 Underfrequency and Overfrequency


The setting of the underfrequency trip shall not be over 47.5Hz to allow the
underfrequency based load shedding (in the power system) maximum time to act.
The setting shall also ensure the tripping of the generator circuit breaker before the
turbine under speed level is reached.
It shall avoid turbine trip and keep the generator running so that the generator can be
put back on line as soon as system conditions allow.
The overfrequency element shall be used as back up to governor speed control
equipment. Overfrequency trip shall be setting shall not be less than 51.5Hz.

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5.5.11 Backup Overcurrent Protection (51V)


The voltage controlled overcurrent mode should be selected for generators, which are
directly connected to the switchboard without generator transformer.
For generators connected to 33kV switchboard through generator transformers, the
voltage restrained overcurrent protection should be provided.
The voltage setting for characteristic changeover shall be set below the voltage
reduction, which may occur due to a single phase-to-earth fault. At the same time, the
voltage setting shall be set above the minimum voltage that may occur during a
remote three-phase fault.
This protection is meant to provide backup for any uncleared system faults. Hence the
setting of this protection shall be time graded with the downstream overcurrent
protection.

5.5.12 Under Impedance Protection (21G/21GT)


The 21G protection shall be set to operate at approximately 70% of the rated
generator transformer impedance after allowing for short time overloads and minimum
operating voltage under normal conditions.
The 21GT protection shall be set to 120% of impedance of longest 132kV overhead
line from substation. It shall be ensured that 21GT setting is not more than 70% of the
load impedance. Time delay for 21GT setting shall be coordinated with time delay for
zone-3 protection of the 132kV overhead lines from substation.

5.6 LV GENERATORS
For the larger generators fitted with fast acting automatic voltage regulators voltage is
generally held to an acceptable level under the conditions of an external fault. This
enables operation of normal overcurrent relays. However it is not valid for all LV
generators. Hence voltage controlled element is used to switch the relay operating
characteristic when the generator voltage drops due to a heavy external fault. The
setting chosen shall be such that the switched characteristic provides proper sensitivity
and grading under reduced voltage condition.

5.7 BUSBAR PROTECTION


For high impedance busbar differential protection, the through-fault stability limit shall
be not less than the switchgear short circuit rating. It should be assumed that any
earthing resistor could become short-circuited.
The effective fault setting for the high impedance busbar differential protection shall be
between 10 and 30% of the minimum fault current available, unless otherwise agreed
by PDO.
The sensitivity of this protection shall be established after considering all future
feeders for which substation is designed for.
Maximum resistance of associated stabilising resistor for high impedance type busbar
protection shall be selected such that required setting is within 60% to 100% of
maximum resistance. Otherwise it shall be proved by calculation that heat dissipation
during normal operation and fault operation is within selected continuous and short
time withstand limits.
The maximum peak voltage developed over the current transformer secondary wiring
shall not exceed 2.5kVp under maximum internal fault conditions. If necessary, surge
suppressors (non-linear resistors, also called metrosils) shall be installed to limit the
voltage.

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Busbar protection trip logic shall include busbar trip in case of generator transformer
feeder BF protection operation.
In case of breaker-and-half scheme substations, the busbar trip scheme shall include
BF protection of main bay breakers connected to the respective busbars. Intertrips
related to BF protection shall lockout the remote breakers too.
In case of busbar trip, the remote ends also shall be locked out, considering the
busbar protection operation could be due to a fault between breaker and CT or due to
BF protection operation (breaker-and-half scheme).

5.8 MOTOR PROTECTION

5.8.1 Fuses for Motor Protection


Fuse links intended for motor circuit protection must be able to withstand the starting
current of the motor and carry the normal full-load current continuously without
deterioration.
Fuse-links shall be selected in accordance with the fuse link manufacturer’s
recommendations, taking into consideration the number of starts per hour, the voltage
rating of the motor, the run-up time of the motor and the starting current of the motor
and the coordination between fuse and contactor.
The current rating of fuse link however, must not be less than
 1.25 times the rated current of the motor.

5.8.2 Motor Protection Relay


Numerical Motor protection relays use thermal imaging methods to protect the motor
against thermal overloads. The setting criteria may differ from manufacturer to
manufacturer depending on the thermal-imaging algorithm used by them. However the
setting chosen must ensure that the relay trip time for thermal overload is always less
than the motor thermal withstand time at respective current for both hot as well as cold
conditions.
When setting thermal overload elements it shall be ensured that the motor
temperature does not rise beyond class B insulation limits even though the motors are
provided with class-F insulation.
For protections not detailed below, clause 3.8 above shall be referred.
Undervoltage protection settings for motors shall be as indicated at clause 5.11 below

5.8.2.1 Short Circuit Protection (50) settings


In case of motors connected to circuit breakers, short circuit protection shall be
provided. Protection settings shall be
 125% of the motor starting current (lock rotor current) with 0.1s time
delay
 250% of the motor starting current (lock rotor current) without any time
delay (instantaneous setting)
The motor starting current (especially in case of unit transformer connected motors)
shall be at the expected motor terminal voltage during starting.
Short circuit protection shall be disabled for motors connected to HV contactors. Short-
circuit protection for these feeders is provided by fuse.

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5.8.2.2 Earth fault Protection (51G) settings


In case of motors connected to 6.6kV /11kV system, earth fault current is limited by
NER.
The earth fault protection for the motors is provided by CBCT operated earth fault
element or by earth fault element connected to the transformer neutral in case of
motors with unit transformer. The setting of this element shall be
 in the range of 5 to 15% of the NER current rating
Residually connected earth fault element, shall not be set too sensitive (less than 15%
of the motor rated current) to prevent mal-operation during motor starting.
Time delay of 0.1s shall be provided in order to provide better stability. For unit
transformer connected motors, earth fault current is limited to 20A by NER and hence
time delay of 1s should be provided for better stability.

5.8.2.3 Thermal Overload protection (49) settings


Typically, the thermal overload element pickup shall be
 105% of the motor rated current.
Thermal protection shall be coordinated with the motor characteristic up to a load of
150% rated only.
‘Thermal protection inhibit during start’ feature shall be enabled in the motor protection
relay as this allows better coordination of thermal protection with the motor thermal
withstand capability at near the motor rated current (and as there is a separate
protection for prolonged start condition)..

5.8.2.4 Prolonged Start & Stall Protection (51S/LR) settings


Most of the modern Motor protection relays include separate protection for prolonged
start and stall conditions. The current magnitude during motor start can be different
from that during stall condition, especially in case of motors with assisted start (e.g.
Reactor-start). The pickup for each of the elements shall be selected as
 Average of 105% of motor rated current and the motor starting current
at the expected terminal voltage.
Time delay shall be selected providing a margin of
 2s minimum from the motor data for hot start and stall withstand
capability.
To be realistic, the starting and stall withstand times appropriate for the expected
motor terminal voltage shall be considered.
The start detection criteria shall be
 (circuit breaker status contact + the current drawn by motor, both
criteria have to be present).

5.8.2.5 Negative phase sequence protection (46) settings


Negative phase sequence currents do most harm when the condition occurs during
motor start. Typically, first stage setting shall be
 Pickup equal to 30% of motor full load current.
 Time Delay shall be 1s to ensure stability against external faults
The negative phase sequence currents during running are generally factored in to the
thermal overload protection and hence second stage protection may not be required.
However, if it is not factored in to the thermal overload protection element, relay shall
have a second stage negative phase sequence protection element, which can be set

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either with inverse characteristic to coordinate with the motor negative sequence
characteristic or with higher definite time delay at low pickup setting.

5.8.2.6 Neutral voltage displacement protection (59N) settings


This protection is applicable for unit transformer connected motors due to high
resistance earthing, setting shall be
 in the range of 5 to 15% of the phase to neutral voltage
 time delay shall be 1s to ensure stability against external faults

5.8.2.7 Out-of-step protection (78) for Synchronous motors


Settings of out-of-step protection shall be as per the relay manufacturer’s guidelines.

5.8.2.8 Loss of Excitation protection (40) for Synchronous motors


Out-of-step protection as above will not be able to detect partial loss of excitation
conditions. Hence, Loss of excitation protection shall also be enabled in the motor
protection relay. This shall be set in the same lines as that for generators.
Settings of other parameters shall be as per the relay manufacturer’s guidelines.

5.8.2.9 Overvoltage protection (59) for Synchronous motors


Overvoltage protection shall be provided for alarm purpose only. Tripping of motor is
not preferred on overvoltage protection. However, if motor manufacturer recommends
tripping of motor on overvoltage, it shall not be set up to 110% of rated voltage.

5.8.2.10 Additional requirements for Vital Service / Fire-safety related drives


These drives shall be allowed to operate to destruction if required for safety of the
plant / personnel. Hence, Motor protection settings for Fire water pumps and other
drives related to fire safety shall conform to NFPA.
Vital service / Fire pump motor protection trip shall be limited to locked rotor and short
circuit protection only. Overload protection, undervoltage protection and earth fault
protection shall be wired only for alarm. There shall be no timers to prevent repeated
start/stops.
 Motor circuit fuses, in case of fuse-backed contactor feeders shall be
sized to hold
o 600% of the full-load current rating of the motor for at least
o 100s.
 Locked rotor protection pickup shall be set at a minimum of
o 300% of motor full load current and
o tripping time between 8s and 20s.

5.8.3 Motors driven by VSDs


When VSDs are used, most protective functions are programmed into VSD. The VSD
is controlled from process control room. The VSDs shall include transient voltage dip
ride-through feature so as to avoid tripping of VSD during faults elsewhere in the
system. Protections shall comply with DEP 33.66.05.33-Gen, DEP Drawing S67.057
and IEEE C37.96.
 The power supply feeder breaker to VSD will not see the motor starting
current and hence the protection need not be coordinated for the motor
starting currents.

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 The current for any fault downstream of VSD is limited by the VSD
generally. Hence, it is adequate if the feeder protection is set to protect
for faults in the cable feeder.
 Protection of the cable feeder shall be set meeting the recommendation
of the VSD vendor.
Typical protection scheme for 25MW rated VSD-Motor feeder is indicated at Fig. 5.6.

5.9 UNDERFREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING & START INHIBITION


Settings of a load shedding scheme such as number of stages, amount of load being
shed in each stage, minimum frequencies are specified in the document ‘Load
Shedding Plan’ approved by CFDH-E. This plan may be revised after addition /
deletion of any major load or generation in the PDO system.
The load shedding in PDO is, in general, based on four stages of underfrequency.
Rate of change of frequency, undervoltage sensing for Load shedding may be adopted
in some areas on case-to-case basis.
The settings are often accompanied by a minimum time delay of 0.3s, to prevent
operation during temporary oscillations and the delay itself could be in-built in the relay
sampling scheme, depending on the relay type/design.
Load shedding study is conducted periodically in PDO and the recommended settings
for different areas adopted in PR-1168 as per the study recommendation.
The load shedding setting schedules are maintained separately (distinct from
protection setting schedules) for each of the areas.

5.10 SYNCHRONISING
The requirements for settings of synchronising check relay (25CH) shall be as follows.
 The acceptable frequency difference (f) which should range from
0.01Hz to 0.2Hz
 The acceptable phase angle difference () which may range from 5° –
15° (higher in case of 132kV OHLs)
 The acceptable voltage difference (v), which should be between 0.5%
– 10%.
The time for which the voltage locus of both systems should remain within the set
points may be set between 0.5s and 5s typically.

5.10.1 33/11/6.6kV switchboards


For breakers for which operator is certain that sources on both sides are already
paralleled at a higher voltage level, the settings could be
 v should be 2.5%. This is to prevent closing of a (33/11/6.6kV) bus
section breaker when two transformers are at different taps.
 The lower time setting of 0.5s is acceptable.

5.10.2 Generators / Generator transformer feeders at Power Stations


The more stringent conditions from the above ranges should be applicable for critical
links such as 132kV generators / generator transformer feeders and lines linking two
separate power systems / islands, which may involve major load swings under
unfavourable conditions. For such links, the setting of
 f should be 0.05Hz or 0.1%
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  should be 10°,
 V should be 5%.
The operation of the relay shall be enabled only under live line and live bus condition.
The relay shall not give permissive signal under dead bus or dead line conditions.
In addition to above settings, exact breaker operating time shall also be provided to
match the instant of closing.

5.10.3 132kV OHLs


For 132kV OHLs, the settings shall be
 f should be 0.05Hz or 0.1% (in terms of timer setting, 2s for 40° phase
angle difference)
  should be 35°, this allows a window of -35° to +35°
 V should be 10%.
If the OHL is interconnecting two separate power systems / islands, then the settings
as in Clause 5.10.2 shall be applied.

5.11 VOLTAGE RELAYS


The main purpose of undervoltage protection in PDO network is to trip motor feeders
in case of sustained undervoltage or no voltage conditions.

5.11.1 6.6kV / 11kV Induction Motors


For the 6.6kV / 11kV motors, the voltage setting of 75% of system nominal voltage
and time delay of 2s should be provided in the motor protection relay. In case of unit
transformer connected motors, undervoltage protection shall be inhibited during motor
starting, as the design starting voltage is allowed to be less than 80% rated.

5.11.2 Synchronous motor


Synchronous motors can be stable even at lower voltages and for longer duration.
In case of synchronous motors, undervoltage protection shall preferably be with
inverse characteristic and set to coordinate with the motor voltage stability curve, with
sufficient margins. Typically, the undervoltage pickup shall not be greater than 60%
rated.
In case definite time characteristic is used, the setting shall be 60% and time delay
shall be 3s or as recommended by motor manufacturer.
Typical Voltage stability characteristic curve for Synchronous motors is included at
Appendix-E for reference.

5.11.3 Voltage Relays for Automatic Bus Transfer Scheme


Undervoltage protection relays with incomer feeders of a switchboard shall be set at
75% in order to trip the incomer feeder. Time delay for the incomer undervoltage
relays shall be 3s for the upstream 6.6kV or 11kV switchboards and 4 to 5 seconds for
the downstream 415V switchboards.
Healthy condition of the bus shall be determined by more than 90% voltage for 2s.

5.11.4 Protection Relays with voltage input


All protection relays with the voltage input shall be set for undervoltage, overvoltage,
underfrequency and overfrequency protection in order to trigger the disturbance
records. These shall be typically set at 20% deviation for voltage and 5% deviation for
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frequency from the nominal value. The disturbance record may typically be set for 5s
duration or as long as possible in a given relay model.

5.12 THERMAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS


As per IEC 60076-2, the final temperature limits for oil and winding are 100°C/105°C
respectively. Hence,

 The Alarm stage-1 and stage-2 settings for Oil Temperature shall be
90/100°C.

 The settings for Winding Temperature Alarm stage-1 and stage-2


should be 95/105°C.

5.13 DISTURBANCE RECORDER SETTINGS


Typical Disturbance recorder settings shall be

 Pre-fault – 0.5s,

 Post-fault – 1.5s,

 “Trigger & Save on Pickup” for switchboard incomers / OHLs /


Interconnectors etc. This includes unit transformer protection in case of
unit transformer – motor feeders. This is to have a backup record for a
downstream feeder fault)

 “Trigger on Pickup and Save on Trip” for motor feeders.


The disturbance recorder shall be enabled for all electrical trips.
In case trigger on pickup is not available and the trigger takes place only on trip, the
pre-fault (pre-trigger) duration shall be maximised to capture the waveforms during the
fault event. The waveform record after the CB is open is not much of significance and,
can be limited to
 100ms (typical).

5.13.1 Electromechanical etc. relays in the substaion


The trip outputs of Electromechanical / static relays such as MCAG/MFAC/7VH and
any other relays without DR facility shall be wired to the numerical relays in one of the
feeders to trigger the DR for the purpose of recording the data.

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6 Protection and Control Logic Diagrams


One drawing for each type of feeder shall be prepared and submitted for approval.
This shall form the basis for preparation of circuit diagrams for the relay and control
panel and switchgear panels.

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7 Numerical Relays, Representation of Details


Numerical relays offer great advantage over conventional relays in terms of flexibility.
Unlike conventional relays, the contacts, input signals, operating logic of various
protection and auxiliary functions can be software programmed in the form of binary
coded mask settings, programmable logic diagrams, special relay settings etc.
The intent of this clause is to demarcate between these software settings and identify
proper documents under which they shall be represented.

7.1 SCOPE OF WORK DURING DETAILED DESIGN (PANEL


ENGINEERING)
Fig. 8.2 shows a typical example of Programmable Logic / Masking for
Numeric relays to be carried out by detailed design consultant / panel manufacturer.
For numerical relays, the programming of input and output signals shall be carried out
by the detail design consultant / relay panel manufacturer. Any change of the functions
assigned to these input and output signals may have to be accompanied by external
wiring changes. Hence all the assigned digital Input/Output signals to the relays shall
be clearly marked in the relay and control panel drawing along with its required binary
code or any other form of input instruction needed for programming the input/output
signals.
Any spare Input/Output signals shall be clearly marked so that if needed, these signals
can be programmed at site during commissioning by commissioning engineer. Such
programming shall be reflected in the as-built drawings of the relay and control panel.
The programmable logic is functionally an extension of or an improvement over
hardware logic wired with selection of various auxiliary relays. Hence all such logic
programming shall also be represented in the relay and control panel drawings as
specified above.
In general, any relay programming carried out to meet the requirements specified
under relevant clauses from section 3, ‘Specific Protection Requirements’ will have to
be programmed during the relay panel manufacturing process and will have to be
represented in the drawing of the relay and control panels.
The soft copies of the above files and the relay setting/software tool shall be sent in a
CD (in duplicate) to the client along with the panels. The updated relay files shall be
stored in PDO’s Electrical Protection System Database on commissioning of the
project.

7.2 SCOPE OF WORK DURING PROTECTION SETTINGS


In general the relay setting documents shall represent various parameter settings,
changes of which in no way affect the wiring of relays to other components.
In addition, relay setting document shall list all the available protection and auxiliary
functions of the relay and whether these functions are enabled or disabled.

Whenever multiple setting groups are used during the relay setting exercise, the
settings of both groups shall be clearly represented in the relay setting documents
along with the conditions of switchovers.

Wherever alternate group settings are not used, the unused groups shall be
specifically disabled or if cannot be disabled, a note shall be included to say that all
groups to be set identical to the selected protection group.

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If needed for activation of setting group any internal or external logic shall be clearly
marked along with the relay setting document. Such logic shall be incorporated at site
during commissioning and shall be transferred to the relay and control panel drawing
as a part of the as-built drawing.
The schedules shall also include menu/configuration settings, I/O mapping details,
Programmable Logic diagrams / details (such as PSL, CFC) etc. for the numerical
relays. Relay vendors, in general, recommend to use default logic (PSL logic or CFC
logic or other relay manufacturer’s logic) provided with the relays. This shall be kept in
mind while modifying the default logic for a specific project.
The vendor-sent soft copies of the relay setting/configuration files for the project shall
be received by the protection consultant from PDO and updated once the protection
study is approved. The updated soft files of the relays shall also be submitted to PDO
(in addition to the studies / schedules) for storage in Electrical Protection System
Database.
The as-built relay setting schedules and the relay setting/configuration/logic files shall
be sent by Site team to PDO after the feeder is commissioned, for updating Electrical
Protection System Database.

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8 Indicating lamps
Indicating lamps shall be supplied from the substation battery.
At unattended substations a switch shall be provided on the bus section control/relay
panel, so that all indicating lamps can be switched off, if so desired.
Lamp fittings shall allow for adequate ventilation, and in the event of a failure, allow for
easy removal and replacement of the lamp without the use of special tools.
Lamp test facilities shall be provided so that all lamps on one panel can be tested
simultaneously by operation of a common switch.

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9 Alarm schemes
The alarms being provided by the contractor shall be indicated in the protection and
control logic diagram specified in clause 6.
Alarms shall operate a common buzzer.
The alarm scheme shall operate from the station battery.
Means shall be provided for silencing audible alarms whilst leaving the buzzer free to
sound if any other alarm circuit is energised.
Alarm indicating lamps shall remain on until cancelled by resetting the devices
initiating the alarms and the operation of a separate cancellation key.
A common facia for each circuit shall be provided and mounted on the associated
panel. Common alarm facia shall be of the multi-window type (preferably with
individually replaceable windows) with individual alarms operated from self seal-in
relays and indicated by flashing illumination of an inscribed transparent window.
Operation of the common accept-key shall cause the light to become steady and
silence the audible alarm.
A lamp test push button shall be provided for each facia. Each facia shall include at
least two spare windows for possible future use.
A selector switch shall be provided on the bus-section control/relay panel labelled
Attended / Unattended. With the switch selected to Unattended, the alarm indications
and buzzer shall be de-energised such that there will be no drain on the substation
battery. Operation of the switch shall not affect the sending of the alarm to the Control
Centre.
Where applicable, contractors shall provide potential-free auxiliary switches, contacts
or auxiliary relays on equipment to initiate alarm signals for transmission by SCADA to
the Control Centre. Some of these alarm contacts will be paralleled in the SCADA
marshalling cubicle to transmit only a common alarm to the SCADA equipment from a
group of alarm contacts, others will be connected to the SCADA equipment
independently. Details of the alarms to be initiated and transmitted are listed on the
SCADA Input/Output Schedules for each substation.
Means shall be provided to delay the receipt of nuisance alarms both at the alarm facia
and over the SCADA system, e.g., alarms, which would otherwise be received for a
transient dip in system voltage.

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10 Definitions

10.1 GENERAL
For the purposes of this SP the following definitions shall be used.
Shall - The word 'shall' is to be understood as mandatory.
Should - The word 'should' is to be understood as strongly recommended.
May - The word 'may' is to be understood as indicating a possible course of action.
The Company - Petroleum Development of Oman LLC of Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
User - A specialist engineer, Consultant or Contractor who applies this Standard.
Consultant - A party to a Contract with the Company who is responsible for providing
design, engineering and other related consultancy services under a Contract.
Contractor - A party to a Contract with the Company who is responsible for
construction and other related Works specified in a Contract. On occasion, for example
in 'turnkey' contracts, a Contractor may be responsible for the duties of both Consultant
and Contractor.
Manufacturer - A party responsible for the manufacture of equipment or material to
perform the duties specified by the Company.
Vendor/Supplier - A party responsible for the supply of equipment, materials or
product-related services in accordance with a Purchase Order issued by PDO or its
nominated Purchasing Office.

10.2 TECHNICAL
Teleprotection - A means whereby a protection command is transmitted to a remote
location.
Buchholz Relay - A device for detecting accumulation of gas or sudden oil surges
within an oil-immersed transformer or reactor tank.
Restricted Earth Fault - A protection scheme for detection of earth faults on a specific
item of plant.
Discriminating Zone - A protection scheme for detection of faults within a defined
area of plant (usually busbars).
Numerical Protection Relay - A relay in where the analogue input signals are
converted to digital form and sampled before being proceeded by the micro-processor.

10.3 ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
ARC – Automatic Recloser
AVC - Automatic Voltage Controller
AVR - Automatic Voltage Regulator
BF Protection – Breaker Fail Protection
CB – Circuit Breaker
CBCT – Core Balance Current Transformer
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CFDH-E – Corporate Functional Discipline Head - Electrical


CT - Current Transformer
CVT - Capacitor Voltage Transformer
DC - Direct Current
DB - Distribution Board
DEF – Directional Earth fault element (in Distance relay)
DEP - Design and Engineering Practice (SIPM)
DIgSILENT – DIgSILENT software for power system studies
ERD – Engineering Reference Document (PDO)
GSUT – Generator Step-Up Transformer
HRC - High Rupturing Capacity
HV - High Voltage
IDMTL – Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
IED – Intelligent Electronic Device (a general term that includes numerical relays)
IEEE/ANSI – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers / American National
Standards Institute
km - kilometres
kV - kiloVolt
kVA / MVA - kiloVolt Ampere / Million Volt Ampere
kW / MW – kilo Watt / Mega Watt
MVAR – Mega Volt Ampere Reactive
VAr / kVAr – Volt Ampere Reactive / Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
LED – Light Emitting Diode
LSIG - Overload, Short-circuit with Delayed Trip, Instantaneous Short-circuit and
Ground-fault (circuit breaker trip functions)
LV - Low Voltage
MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker
MCCB – Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
MFM - Multifunction Meter
ms – millisecond
NET – Neutral Earthing Transformer
NER – Neutral Earthing Resistor
OCB – Outdoor Circuit Breaker
OHL – Overhead Line
OLTC – On-Load Tap Changer
PDO - Petroleum Development Oman LLC

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PMR – Pole Mounted Recloser


PR – Procedures (PDO)
PT – Potential Transformer
REF – Restricted Earth fault protection
s – second
SCADA – Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SIEP - Shell International Exploration & Production
SIOP - Shell International Oil Products
SIPM - Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV
SOTF – Switch On To Fault logic
SP - Specification (PDO)
SSS – Synchronising Selection Scheme / Synchronising Selection Switch
TOR – Trip On Reclose
UAT – Unit Auxiliary Transformer
VSD – Variable Speed Drive
VSS – Voltage Selection Scheme / Voltage Selector Switch
VT - Voltage Transformer
VTS – Voltage Transformer Supervision

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APPENDIX A: CHECK LIST OF INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED TO PDO FOR THE PURPOSE OF


PROTECTION ASSESSMENT

FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS / REPORT


 Fault current calculation to establish fault currents seen by the relays and
switchgear under various operating scenarios.
Or
 The DIgSILENT outputs providing the above information based on PDO
approved DIgSILENT model.

RELAY SETTINGS CALCULATIONS


 Relay Setting Schedule
 Setting Calculation Sheets / Basis document
 Extract of Fuse Manufacturers Application Guidelines (for Transformers and
Motors)
 Protection Grading Curves
 Extract of Relay Manufacturers CT requirements
 Calculation Showing Compliance with Relay Manufacturers' CT Requirements
 Approved copies of Key Single Line Diagram and Protection Single Line
Diagram containing all the information as per SP2047 shall be submitted. From
the following details, any data, which is not represented in single line diagram,
shall be provided separately.
 Relay soft files as finalised during FAT and associated relay
setting/configuration software tool
 PSL/CFC diagrams in hard as well as soft copies
 Stabilising Resistor & Metrosil details (high impedance current differential
protection)

CT DATA
 Ratio, Accuracy Class, Rated Output, Accuracy Limit Factor
 Magnetisation Curve
 CT secondary winding resistance
 CT secondary lead length, conductor size

VT DATA
VT Ratio, VT Accuracy Class, VT Rated Output

MOTOR DATA
 Rated Voltage, Full Load Current, and kW, Efficiency, Power Factor, No-load
current
 Locked Rotor Current and withstand time motor "hot". (Both at 80% and 100%
volts for switchboard connected motors and at design terminal voltage for unit
transformer connected motors)
 Starting time (at 80% and 100% volts for switchboard connected motors and at
design terminal voltage for unit transformer connected motors)
 Starting current, motor terminal voltage and time in case of reactor start (or any
other assisted start) motors
 Allowed number of starts/hour from both hot and cold
 Thermal Damage Curve, Heating and Cooling Time constants
 Negative phase sequence current withstand characteristic
 Undervoltage vs Stability characteristic (Synchronous motors)
 Recommendation for ‘Loss of load’ protection (Submerged pump drives)
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 Speed switch /sensor provided or not. Details including settings of the sensor
shall be provided.
 Excitation panel details including settings for various protection modules in
excitation panel such as rotor earth fault protection, diode failure protection
(Synchronous motors)
 NET/NER calculation (Unit Transformer motors)
 Motor-Capacitor sizing calculation (for induction motors, if provided)

TRANSFORMER DATA
 Voltage Ratio, MVA Rating, Vector Group, Impedance volts, X/R value (or
Resistance and Reactance)
 Tapping Range, step; AVR – setting recommendation
 Through-Fault Current Withstand
 Zero sequence impedance (in case of Earthing (Zig zag) auxiliary transformers,
additionally zero sequence impedance of zigzag winding for faults in the EAT
primary side and zero sequence impedance of EAT for faults in EAT secondary
side)
 Transformer inrush current
 Transformer winding capacitance
 NER details (for transformer with 6.6kV or 11kV secondary)
 Neutral as well as Phase CT details
 Primary fuse sizing calculation / rating details
 Overfluxing withstand capability curve (for Generator / Unit auxiliary
transformer)

OVERHEAD LINE AND CABLE / BUSDUCT DATA


 33kV OHL layout indicating the OHL lengths to tap-off point
 Resistance /km
 Reactance /km
 Susceptance  siemens/km
 Short Circuit Withstand (Conductor and Armour)
 Thermal Overload capability curve

GENERATOR DATA
 MW / MVAR Capability chart showing base and peak load operation.
 Voltage Rating
 Reactance (Xd, Xd', Xd'')
 Time Constants (T'do, T''do)
 Negative sequence current / voltage withstand curve
 Generator fault current decrement curve
 Generator 3rd harmonic voltage vs speed curve
 Generator winding capacitance
 NET/NER sizing calculation and details

SWITCHGEAR DATA
 Voltage Rating, Maximum Continuous Current Rating, Short Circuit Rating and
Time, CT/VT details as listed above
 Short Circuit Breaking Capacity of Contactors and back-up fuse rating/basis
 Fault Making Capacity
 Operating (Close / Open) Time of Switchgear
 Protection modules type, with literature and software copy (OHL PMRs / outdoor
CBs)
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APPENDIX B: ANSI / IEC SYMBOLS

The IEEE/ANSI C37.2 uses numbering system for various functions, supplemented by letters
where amplification of the subject function is required. IEC 60617 uses graphical symbols. The
table below lists frequently used ANSI device numbers and the equivalent graphical symbols
vide IEC.

Other Common Other Common


FUNCTIONS ANSI IEC 61850 FUNCTIONS ANSI IEC 61850
Designations Designations
Arc flash Detector AFD SARC Overspeed 12 (1>
Automatic Tap Change Control ATCC AVR Overtemperature 26 PTTR ˥>
Auto-reclose 79 RREC DAR Overvoltage 59 PTOV V>
Blocking (eg. Power Swing Phase Angle 78 >
68 RPSB PSB, OST, OOS
Blocking) or “out-of-step”
Breaker Failure 50BF RBRF BFP Phase Comparison 87P PDIF
Broken Conductor 46BC PTOC I2/I1> Phase-Balance (eg.
46 PTOC I2>
Negative
Busbar Differential 87B PDIF Idiff> Phasor Data Concentrator PDC
Sequence) Current
Circuit Breaker 52 XCBR CB Phasor Measurement Unit PMU
Circuit Breaker Closed Auxiliary Pilot-Wire or Carrier
52a XCBR 85 PSCH
Contacts Communications
Circuit Breaker Open Auxiliary Point-on-Wave Switching CPOW POW
52b XCBR
Contacts
Circuit Switch 89 XSWI Pole Dead (Circuit Breaker PTUV
Open)
Clock or Timing Source CLK Positive Sequence 47 PTUV V1<
Undervoltage
Closing Coil CC Power Factor (Over) 55O POPF PF>, cos >
Cold Load PickUp 51CLP CLP Power Factor (Under) 55U PUPF PF<, cos <
Current Transformer Supervision RVCS CTS QFVR, QITR, QIUB,
Power Quality Monitor PQM PQ
QVTR, QVUB, QVVR
Data Communications Device 16 Push Button PB
Digital Fault Recorder DFR RDRE, RADR, RBDR Rate of Change of 81R PFRC df/dt
Frequency
Delta Directional Comparison f1I / f1V Remote Terminal Unit /
RTU
Data
Directional Earth Fault Restricted Earth Fault 87N PDIF Idiff>, REF
67N PTOC IN>, t>, DEF Concentrator
Overcurrent (Biased)
Directional Over Power 32O PDOP P> Restricted Earth Fault (High 87N PDIF Idiff>, REF
Imp.)
Directional Overcurrent 67P PTOC I> Reverse Power 32R PDOP
Directional Under Power 32U PDUP P< Rotor Earth Fault 64R PEFI
Distance 21 PDIS Z Rotor Thermal Overload 49R PTTR
Distance Aided Schemes 21/85 PSCH Router 16ER
Disturbance Recorder DDR RDRE, RADR, RBDR DR Sensitive Directional Earth
67SEF PTOC Isef>
Fault
Dynamic Line Rating 49DLR PTTR DLR Sequence of Events SER SOE
Overcurrent
Recorder
Earth Fault Overcurrent 51N PTOC IN> Switch on to Fault SOTF PSOF
Ethernet Switch 16ES Stator Earth Fault 64S PTOC
Fault Locator 21FL RFLO DTF 100% Stator Earth Fault
- 3rd harmonic 27TN, 59TN,
Fuse Fail Overcurrent 51FF PTOC Stator Thermal Overload 49S PTTR
PTUV/PTOV/PEFI
undervoltage, 3rd 64S
Generator Differential 87G PDIF Idiff> Stub Bus Protection
harmonic overvoltage, 50ST PTOC
High Impedance Earth Fault low frequency
Substation injection
Metering MET MMTR, MMXU
HIZ PHIZ Hi-Z
Detection
Human Machine Interface HMI IHMI Synchronism Check 25 RSYN CS
Instantaneous Overcurrent 50 PTOC I> Thermal Device (eg. RTD,
26 PTTR RTD
thermistor)
Interlocked Overcurrent Busbar Thermal Overload 49 PTTR
51BB PTOC
Protection
InterlockingScheme 3 CILO Through Fault Monitoring Thru MMXU TF
Interturn Fault 50 PDIF Time Delay 2 t>, TD
Line Differential 87L PDIF Idiff> Time Overcurrent (eg. 51 PTOC I>, t>
IDMT)
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Other Common Other Common


FUNCTIONS ANSI IEC 61850 Designations FUNCTIONS ANSI IEC 61850 Designations
Load Restoration 81R PTOF Transformer Differential 87T PDIF Idiff>
Lockout Relay 86 Transformer Inrush 68 PHAR
Detection
Loss of Field / Under Excitation 40 PDUP Transient Earth Fault PTEF TGF
Loss of Life LoL MMTR Trip Circuit Monitor / TCM TCS
Supervision
Motor Anti-Backspin ABS Trip Coil TC
Motor Differential 87M PDIF Idiff> Tripping Relay 94 PTRC
Motor Emergency Restart 66/86 Turbine Abnormal 81AB PTAF
Frequency
Motor Locked Rotor 51LR PMRI/PMSS Undercurrent 37 PTUC I<
Motor Number of Starts 66 PMRI/PMSS Underfrequency 81U PTUF f<
Motor Reacceleration Underspeed or Zero Speed 14 PZSU (1<
27LV
Authorisation Device
Motor Restart Inhibition 49, 66 PMRI Undervoltage 27 PTUV V<
48, 51LR, Unintentional Energisation
Motor Starting Time Supervision PMRI/PMSS 50/27 PDMP
49R (Dead
Machine Protection)
Negative Sequence Overvoltage 47 PTOV V2> Voltage Balance 60 PTOV
Negative Phase Sequence Voltage Dependent 51V PVOC
46T PTTR
Thermal Overcurrent
Neutral Admittance YN Volts per Hertz Overfluxing 24 PVPH V/Hz
Neutral Displacement Voltage Voltage Transformer VTS RVCS
59N PTOV VN>
(Residual Overvoltage) Supervision
Out of Step Trip (Pole Slip) 78 PPAM OST, OOS Voltage Vector Shift PVSP f1V
Overfrequency 81O PTOF f> Wattmetric Earth Fault 64W PSDE PN>

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APPENDIX C: GENERATOR/GSUT/UAT TRIP MATRIX (INCLUDES PROTECTION ALARMS) – TYPICAL

The trip matrix as below mainly addresses protections of Generator/GSUT/UAT island with GCB
(Standard Drawing STD 4 6504 004). This is typical and shall be applied for all grid connected
generators after making suitable changes.
Mechanical / Turbine protections also trip the generator; however, these are not included
hereunder and need to be covered as appropriate. Lockout is not indicated but is required.
Multiple trip/lockout relays as required shall be provided.
LEGEND for Class of Shutdown
A Normal shutdown type-1 : Trip GCB, Trip Excitation, GT/ST Running
Normal shutdown type-2 : Unload GT, Trip GCB, Trip Excitation, Trip GT/ST via Turbine
B
Control System ( GT/ST Shuts down)
Emergency shutdown type-1 : Trip GCB, Trip Excitation, Trip GT/ST via Turbine Control
C
System ( GT/ST Shuts down)
Emergency shutdown type-2 : Trip GCB, Trip Excitation, Trip GT/ST via Turbine Control
D
System ( GT/ST Shuts down), Trip 132kV CB(s), Trip 6.6kV incomer
E Trip 132kV Bus Circuit Breaker(s) Only
F Trip GCB only
G Trip 132kV Bus Tie Circuit Breaker(s) only
H Trip 6.6kV incomer circuit breakers only

Class of Shutdown CAUSE


Protection
G
A

Description
E

Device No.
        87G Generator Differential Operated
Generator stator earth fault (residual
        59N overvoltage) relay operated (0 to
95%)
Generator stator earth fault current
        51G
relay operated (0 to 95%)
Generator rotor earth fault relay first
        64R-1
stage operated (<80kohm)
Generator rotor earth fault relay
        64R-2
second stage operated( <5kohm)
Generator Fire Detector temperature
        26G-1
high Stage 1 ( 80deg C) - (Alarm)
Generator Fire detector temperature
        26G-2 high Stage 2 ( 100deg C) - CO2
Release
Generator stator earth fault (low
        64S frequency injection) protection
operated (95 to 100%)
Generator stator earth fault (third
        59GN/27TH harmonic based) protection operated
(95 to 100%) – Alarm Only
Emergency stop push button
        5
operated
Loss of excitation relay operated
        40G together with 27/40 relay operated
and protection PT fuse healthy
40G relay operated together with
        27/40
27/40 rly not operated, protection PT

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Class of Shutdown CAUSE


Protection

G
A

H
Description

F
Device No.
fuse healthy and with time delay
Negative sequence current relay
        46G-1
stage-1 operated (Alarm)
Negative sequence current relay
        46G-2
stage-2 operated
Voltage dependent Overcurrent relay
        51V with Inverse Characteristics for
directly connected generators
        78G Pole slipping relay operated
GSUT Overfluxing protection relay
        24GT-1 stage-1 operated ("Reduce
Excitation" command to AVR)
GSUT Overfluxing protection relay
        24GT-2 stage-2 operated (Not to operate
lockout relay for GCB)
Inadvertent Energisation (Dead
        50/27G
machine) protection operated
Undervoltage relay operated - Stage
        27G-1 1 (Prompt Operator for GSUT-OLTC
operation)
Undervoltage relay operated together
        27G-2 with PT fuse healthy - Stage 2 (Not to
operate lockout relay for GCB)
Underfrequency/Overfrequency relay
        81U-1/81O-1 stage-1 operated (Prompt Operator
for Load Management)
Underfrequency/Overfrequency relay
 81U-2/81O-2 stage-2 operated (Not to operate
lockout relay for GCB)
Generator overvoltage relay stage1
        59G-1
operated (Alarm)
Generator overvoltage relay stage2
        59G-2 operated (Not to operate lockout relay
for GCB)
Reverse power relay stage-1
        32R-1 operated (Not to operate lockout relay
for GCB)
Reverse power relay stage-2
        32R-2 operated (Not to operate lockout relay
for GCB)
Generator Circuit Breaker fail
        50LBB
protection operated
Generator Backup impedance relay
        21GT operated together with PT fuse
healthy ( 132kV side)
Overcurrent protection relay operated
        51.1G (Prompt Operator for Load
Management)
     59BN 11kV bus earth fault relay operated
AVR PT1 fuse failure (AVR Transfer
        60.2G
from Auto/1 to Auto/2)
AVR PT2 fuse failure (AVR transfer
        60.4G
from Auto/2 to Auto/1)
        60.5G Metering PT fuse failure (Alarm)

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Class of Shutdown CAUSE


Protection

G
A

H
Description

F
Device No.
Exciter Diode Failure (Open ckt) -
        58
(Alarm)
Exciter Diode Failure (Short ckt) -
        58
(Alarm)
Protection PT1 fuse failure - (Block
        60.1G
voltage dependent protection)
Protection PT2 fuse failure - (Block
        60.3G
voltage dependent protection)
Synchronisation PT fuse failure -
        FFR
(Block Synchronisation)
Generator transformer differential
        87GT
relay operated
Generator transformer HV REF
        87N(GT)
protection operated
Generator transformer HV standby
        51G(GT)
earth fault protection operated
Generator transformer non-directional
        51/51N(GT) overcurrent and earth fault relay
operated ( 132kV side)
Generator transformer directional
        67/67N(GT) overcurrent and earth fault relay
operated ( 132kV side)
Generator backup impedance
        21G
protection. Operated ( 11kV Side)
132kV Bus Circuit Breaker Fail - Also
        50BF1
to respective 132kV B/B trip
132kV Tie Circuit Breaker Fail - Also
        50BF2
to respective main breakers trip
Generator transformer 49(OT)A-1&2,
        49(WT)A-1&2, 63(B)A, 63(TCB)A,
71(LO)A (Alarm)
Generator transformer 63(B)T,
      
63(TCB)T, 63(PR)T
        87T MVUAT diff. Protection operated
        87N(LV) MVUAT LV REF Protection operated
MVUAT LV Standby Earth fault
        51G(LV)
protection operated
MVUAT Non-directional overcurrent,
        50, 51, 51N & earth fault protection operated
(primary side)
MVUAT 63(B)T, 63(TCB)T,
      
63PRV(T)
MVUAT 49(OT)A-1&2, 49(WT)A-1&2,
        63(B)A, 63(TCB)A, 71(LO)A -
(Alarm)
6.6kV MVUAS switchboard incomer
        86T
master trip relay operated
        IPS trip

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APPENDIX D: TRIP MATRIX - TRANSFORMER FEEDER (TYPICAL)

LEGEND
A Open Transformer HV CB1
B Open Transformer LV CB
C Open LV Bus section CB
D Close Block-HV CB (Operate Lockout Relay2)
E Close Block –LV CB (Operate Lockout Relay)
F Close Block –LV Bus section CB (Operate Lockout Relay)

Effect / Action item Cause


Protection Device
A

Description
E

F
No.
Transformer Differential Protection
      87T
Operated
     
Transformer LV-REF Protection
      87N (LV)
Operated
132kV Bus Differential Protection
      87B
operated (Note4)
63(B)T, 63(TCB)T, Main Transformer mounted protection
      63PRV(T)5 operated6
Transformer HV overcurrent / earth
      50/50N/51/51N (HV)
fault protection operated
      HV bus section CB opening (Note7)
Transformer LV Standby earth fault
51G (LV-SBEF) –
      Stage1 & Stage2
protection – Stage1 & Stage2
operated8
Transformer LV incomer overcurrent /
      51/51N (LV) earth fault protection operated

1In case of 132kV CB with two trip coils, each of the protections shall be wired to both the trip
coils.
2 One no. trip/lockout relay for each trip coil. However, each trip/lockout relay at 132kV shall also
operate both the trip coils of 132kV circuit breaker as well as LV CB.
3 It shall not be possible to close LVCB when HVCB is open.
4 When 87L relay is provided due to long cable/OHL, signal to trip LV CB, shall be sent through
Direct Inter Trip (DIT) over protection communication channel in the 87L and shall be without
any additional delay.
5
If micro switch is used instead of mercury switch for oil and winding temperature indicators,
stage-2 of these alarms should be connected for breaker trip as well as for lockout relay
6 Transformer mounted protections are wired to trip / lockout relays through Interposing relays.
Direct trip from the interposing relays to the CB can be wired in parallel with contact of 86 relay
so that trip coil is not opened by contacts of the interposing relays.
7 LV Bus section breaker shall open whenever HV bus section breaker opens but only after
verifying that all the three LV breakers (two incomers & bus section breaker) are in closed
position and after a time delay of 500ms.
8 Whenever LV incomer earth fault protection (or partial differential earth fault protection) is
available and coordinated with LV standby earth fault protection. In such case. LV standby earth
fault protection (both stage-1 and stage-2) need not operate lockout relay (86) in the LV incomer
or bus section feeders.
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Effect / Action item Cause


Protection Device
A

D
Description

F
No.
Transformer LV incomer Partial Diff
51-PD/51N-PD (LV)
      Partial Diff connection
connected overcurrent / earth fault
protection operated
Transformer LV Dir overcurrent &
      67/67N (LV) earth fault protection operated

Line differential protection Operated


      87L(HV) or 87L(LV)
(If applicable)
415V incomer neutral overcurrent
      protection (for Transformer 33kV side
DO fuse fail)
Note: In case of Breaker-and-half scheme substations, feeder trip means trip of respective main CB as well
as the tie breaker (the only exception being in case of busbar trip). For BF protection, 132kV OHL trip
matrix shall apply, except that the remote breaker corresponds to Transformer secondary breaker.

1 Through respective local relay (87L)

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APPENDIX E: TRIP MATRIX - 132KV OHL FEEDER (TYPICAL)

LEGEND
A Open Local 132kV CB
B Open Remote 132kV CB
C Open Bus section / Buscoupler CB
D Close Block-Local 132kV CB (Operate Lockout Relay1)
E Close Block –Remote 132kV CB (Operate Lockout Relay1)
F Close Block –Bus section / Bus coupler CB (Operate Lockout Relay)

Effect / Action item Cause


Protection Device
A

Description
E

F No.
87L, Z1, 21-AidedLine Differential Trip, Zone-1 Trip,
      Trip, DEF-Aided Distance protection Aided Trip, DEF
Trip Aided trip ( Note3)
Zone-2, Zone-3, Zone-4, SOTF, TOR,
Z2, Z3, Z4, SOTF,
      TOR, , 79-Lockout
, Auto-reclose Lockout protection
operated
Directional Overcurrent, Non-aided
      67, 67N
Directional Earth fault (Note4)
      49 Thermal Overload Protection (Note5)
      87B Busbar Protection Trip Note6
Busbar Protection Trip signal from
Remote end busbar protection
      87B (Remote)
(received through protection
communication channel)Note7
50BF (Main bay Main bay BF Trip (in case of Breaker-
     
CB) and-half scheme). Note8
Tie bay BF Trip (in case of Breaker-
      50BF (Tie bay CB)
and-half scheme).(Note9)
Note: In case of Breaker-and-half scheme substations, feeder trip means trip of respective main
CB as well as the tie breaker (the only exception being in case of busbar trip).

1
One no. trip/lockout relay for each trip coil. However, each trip/lockout relay at 132kV shall
operate both the trip coils of 132kV CB
2
Tripping of remote end shall be carried out through direct inter-tripping on indicated
protections, only when remote end is identified as weak source. Protection scheme shall be
prepared accordingly during detailed engineering.
3
87L, Z1, 21-Aided Trip and DEF Aided Trip protection shall also initiate auto-reclose.
4
Only applicable for existing overhead lines where both main-1 and main-2 protection relays are
not available. They shall be disabled where both main-1 and main-2 protection relays available.
5
For overhead lines where both main-1 and main-2 protection relays are available.
6
Remote end CB shall be tripped and locked out through Direct Intertrip function in Main-1 &
Main-2 Relays. Tie bay CB & Remote end CB opening is not required in case of breaker-and-
half configuration switchyards
7
Received through Direct Intertrip function in Main-1 & Main-2 Relays. Not applicable, when
remote station has breaker and half configuration switchyard.
8
In case of main bay CB fail protection, trip & lockout of tie bay CB & remote CB and triggering
the respective busbar trip is required
9
In case of tie bay CB fail protection, trip & lockout of both main bay CB on either side of the
subject Tie bay CB and remote end CB is required.
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APPENDIX F: TRIP MATRIX - 33KV OHL/CABLE FEEDER (TYPICAL)

LEGEND
A Open Local 33kV CB
B Open Remote 33kV CB
C Open Bus section CB
D Close Block-Local 33kV CB (Operate Lockout Relay)
E Close Block –Remote 33kV CB (Operate Lockout Relay)
F Close Block –Bus section CB (Operate Lockout Relay)

Effect / Action item Cause


Protection Device Description
A

No.
Directional / Non-directional
51/51N/51G or Overcurrent / Earth fault / CBCT
      67/67N/67G connected earth fault protection
operated (as applicable)
Incomer Partial Differential connected
51-PD/51N-PD Partial
      Diff connection
Overcurrent / Earth fault protection
operated (as applicable)
Line differential protection (as
      87L
applicable)
      21 Distance protection (as applicable)
Load shedding scheme trip (From
      81U Relay in Bus section panel in case of
Switchboard connected feeders)

1
Subject to specified reclose cycles for each protection element. Refer SP1107 for Auto-
Reclose scheme (79) requirements.
2
Through respective local relay (87L)
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APPENDIX G: TRIP MATRIX - HV MOTOR PROTECTION (TYPICAL)

LEGEND
A Open Motor CB
B Open Incomer/Bus section (Upstream) CBs
C Close Block-Motor CB (Operate Lockout Relay)
D Close Block –Incomer/Bus section (Upstream) CBs (Operate Lockout Relay)
E Thermal Close Block Motor CB (Self Reset Type)

Effect / Action
Cause
item
Protection Device
A

Description
E

No.
     87M Motor Differential Protection Operated (if applicable)
 MPR
    (50/51/51G/46/49/48/5 Motor Protection – Electrical/Non-Electrical Faults
1LR)
 Motor Protection – Thermal Lockout / No. of Starts /
    MPR (49/66)
Restart Inhibit
     MPR(27) Motor Undervoltage Protection (if applicable)
 Load shedding scheme trip (From Relay in Bus
    81U section panel in case of Switchboard connected
feeders)

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APPENDIX H: TRIP MATRIX - HV UNIT TRAFO - MOTOR PROTECTION (TYPICAL)

LEGEND
A Open Transformer HV CB
B Open Transformer LV CB (Motor CB)
C Close Block-Transformer CB (Operate Lockout Relay1)
D Close Block –Motor CB (Operate Lockout Relay)
E Thermal Close Block Motor CB (Self Reset Type)

Effect / Action
Cause
item
Protection Device
A

Description
No.
 Transformer Differential Protection Operated (as
     87T
applicable)
    
, 63(B)T, 63(TCB)T,
Transformer mounted protections operated
63PRV(T)
 Transformer HV Overcurrent / Earth fault protection
    50/50N/51/51N (HV)
operated
 Transformer LV Standby Earth fault protection
    51G (LV-SBEF)
operated
 Motor Differential Protection Operated (as
    87M
applicable)
 Transformer - Motor Differential Protection Operated
    87T/M
(as applicable)
 MPR - 50/51 Motor Protection Relay Operated – Electrical / Non-
    /4648//49/51LR) Electrical Faults
 Motor Protection Relay Operated – Neutral Voltage
    MPR (59N)
Based Earth Fault
 Motor Protection – Thermal Lockout/ No. of Starts /
    MPR (49/66)
Restart Inhibit
     MPR (27) Motor Undervoltage Protection Operated
      87L(HV) or 87L(LV) Line differential protection Operated (as applicable)
 Loss of Excitation / Rotor earth fault / Diode Failure /
MPR (40 / 64R / 58 /
    Out-of-step / Overvoltage protection (For
78 / 59)
Synchronous Motors) Operated
     MPR (81U) Load shedding scheme trip

1
One no. trip/lockout relay for each trip coil. However, each protection and trip/lockout relay
shall operate both the trip coils.
2
It shall not be possible to close LVCB when HVCB is open.
3
Through respective local relay (87L)
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APPENDIX I: TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MVAA RELAYS AND PRIMA RELAYS


(Typical, for information only)

Sl.
Item Description MVAA Relays PRIMA Relays
No
1 Continuous Voltage 120% of its max. voltage 110% of its max. voltage
Withstand rating rating continuously. rating continuously.
2 Operating Time 12-25ms depending on the 25ms for dc operated
number of contacts and relays.
relay type.
3 Maximum number of 8 4
output contacts possible
4 Standard contact type - 50W (inductive) with 30W (inductive) at 100V.
Breaking capacity maxima of 5A and 300V.

5 Mechanical environment - Response class 2 Response class 1


Vibration (IEC 255-21-1:
1988)

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APPENDIX J: EXPULSION FUSE LINKS CURRENT-TIME CHARACTERISTIC CURVES


(Typical, for information only)

Reference: ANSI C37-42 / IEC 60282-2

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APPENDIX K: SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS – TYPICAL VOLTAGE – TIME STABILITY CHARACTERISTIC


(Typical, for information only)

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APPENDIX L: ELM CONDUCTOR – THERMAL OVERLOAD CHARACTERISTIC (TYPICAL)

Short term thermal overloads for single conductor Elm conductors

100% pre fault loading 90% pre fault loading


70% pre fault loading 35% pre fault loading
0% pre fault loading transfer limit of the Hubara - Sayala OHL

200%

190%

180%
Allowable percentage overload

170%

160%

150%

140%

130%

120%

110%

100%
3 8 13 18
Minutes - Post fault

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APPENDIX M: MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY – PROGRAMMABLE SCHEME LOGIC


(Typical, for information only)

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Appendix P: Typical Setting for Voltage Regulator with Transformer OLTC For the settings
of Voltage Regulator with transformer’s On Load Tap Changer (OLTC), typical settings of
Voltage Regulator TAPCON 230 with MR Make OLTC, are provided as below:
Parameter Unit Value Min Max
AVR ID - 0004 - -
Activation T2 - T2 on - -
Active Desired Volt. Level - DVL 1 - -
Analog Val. Tap Pos Max % 100,0 0 100
Analog Val. Tap Pos Min % 0,0 0 100
Analog Val. Volt.Lev. Max % 100,0 0 100
Analog Val. Volt.Level Min % 0,0 0 100
App. Confirm Timeout s 5 1 60
Bandwidth % 1,50 0,5 9
Baud Rate - 9.6 kBaud - -
Baud Rate Communication - 9.6 kBaud - -
Blocking Overcurr. I> - Off - -
Blocking Overvolt. U> - Off - -
Blocking Undercurr. I< - Off - -
Blocking Undervolt. U< - On - -
Blocking lower Tap - 0 -128 128
Blocking upper Tap - 40 -128 128
CAN Address - 0 0 16
CT Terminal - Unknown - -
Characteristics T1 - T1 integral - -
Circ. Current Blocking % 20,0 0,5 40
Circ. Current Sensitivity % 0,0 0 100
Compensation Method - LDC - -
Communication Port - RS232 - -
Communication Protocol - Modbus RTU - -
Delay Parallel Failure s 10 1 99
Delay Time T1 s 180 0 600
Delay Time T2 s 10,0 1 10
Delay Time U< s 10,0 0 20
Desired Voltage Level 1 kV 33,00 14,70 42,00
Desired Voltage Level 2 kV 33,00 14,70 42,00
Desired Voltage Level 3 kV 33,00 14,70 42,00
Display % / A - % - -
Display Dimming - On - -
Display kV / V - kV - -
Foll. Tapping w/o Umeas - Off - -
Follower Tapping Direction - Standard - -
Function Monitoring - Off - -
GPI 1 - X4:13 - Off - -
GPI 2 - X4:14 - Off - -
GPI 3 - X4:15 - Off - -
GPI 4 - X4:16 - Quick Tap - -
GPI 5 - X4:17 - DVL 2 - -
GPI 6 - X4:18 - DVL 3 - -
GPI 7 - X6:1 - ParGroup1 - -
GPI 8 - X6:2 - ParGroup2 - -
GPO 1 - X4:9 - Off - -
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Parameter Unit Value Min Max


GPO 2 - X4:12 - Off - -
GPO 3 - X5:9 - ParState - -
GPO 4 - X5:12 - ParError - -
GPO 5 - X5:18 - Undervolt. - -
GPO 6 - X5:21 - Overvolt. - -
GPO 7 - X5:24 - Overcurr. - -
IP address - 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
Key Lock - On - -
LED 1 - Circ.current - -
LED 2 - Bandwidth < - -
LED 3 green - Bandwidth > - -
LED 3 yellow - Off - -
LED 4 red - Off - -
LED 4 yellow - Off - -
Language - English - -
Line Drop Compensation Ur V 0,0 -25 25
Line Drop Compensation Ux V 0,0 -25 25
Local / Remote - Remote - -
Local SCADA Address - 0 0 9999
Manual / Auto - Auto - -
Master/Foll. Curr. Block. - Blocking - -
Max. Tap Difference - 1 1 4
Meas.Transformer Circuit - 0 1PH - -
Motor Runtime s 10,0 0 30
Neg. Act. Pow. Block. - Off - -
Normset Activation - Off - -
Operation Counter - 0 0 99999999
Optical Fibre Light On/Off - Off - -
Overcurrent I> [%] % 110 50 210
Overvoltage U> [%] % 105 100 140
Parallel Control Enable - On - -
Parallel Operation Method - Circ.current - -
Paralleling Group - None - -
Primary Current A 0 0 10000
Primary Voltage kV 33,0 0 999,9
Pulse Time s 1,5 0 10
RS485 Trans. Delay Time ms 5 0 254
Remote Volt. Level Setting - Off - -
SCADA Master Address - 0 0 9999
Secondary Voltage V 110,0 57 123
Stand-alone Blocking - On - -
TCP Port - 1234 0 32767
Tap Pos Limit Block Mode - Off - -
Tap Position Lower Value - 1 -40 40
Tap Position Upper Value - 17 -40 40
Tap pos. indication - BCD - -
U< Below 30V - On - -
Undercurrent I< [%] % 0 0 210
Undervoltage U< [%] % 70 60 100
Unsolicited Retries - 3 0 100
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Parameter Unit Value Min Max


Unsolicited messages - Off - -
Voltage Level Lower Val. V 80,0 0 140
Voltage Level Upper Val. V 140,0 0 140
Z - Comp. Limit % 0,0 0 15
Z - Comp. Volt Rise % 0,0 0 15

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APPENDIX Q: TYPICAL PROTECTION SETTINGS FOR CAPACITOR BANKS

For the protection settings of capacitor banks, typical settings of capacitor protection relay
RLC04 (Make - Strike Technologies) are provided as below:

PROTECTION DUTY SETTING RANGE STEP SETTINGS


STAGE OVERLOAD PROTECTION (TRUE RMS )
Overload ALARM setting 115% of the stage nominal current
Overload TRIP setting 125% of the stage nominal current
Irms>/In 0.25 to 1.50 Overload ALARM setting
Irms>: xt 0.1 to 1200s 0.1s 30s
Irms>> / In 0.2 to 10.0 Overload TRIP setting
Irms>>: xt 0.03 to 10s 0.03s 5s
STAGE UNBALANCE PROTECTION
Unbalance ALARM setting Average of unbalance currents due
to 2nd and 3rd fuse failure
Average of unbalance currents due
Unbalance TRIP setting
to 3rd and 4th fuse failure

Iub_al / In 0.01 to 2 Unbalance ALARM Setting


Iub_al : xt 0.1 to 600s 0.1s 1s
Iub > / In 0.01 to 2.0 Unbalance TRIP Setting
Iub > : xt 0.1 to 14400s 0.1s 0.5s
STAGE OVERCURRENT (FUNDAMENTAL) PROTECTION
Overcurrent LOW SET TRIP setting 125% of the stage nominal current
Overcurrent HIGH SET TRIP setting 200% of the stage nominal current
I1>/In 0.25 to 1.50 Overcurrent Low Set Trip Setting
I1>: xt 0.1 to 1200s 0.1s 5s
I1>> / In 0.2 to 10.0 Overcurrent High Set Trip Setting
I1>>: xt 0.05 to 10s 0.05s 1s
STAGE EARTH FAULT CURRENT PROTECTION
Under Current TRIP setting 20% of the stage nominal current
Io>/In 0.05 to 1 Under current Trip Setting
Io>: xt 0.1 to 60s 0.1s 0.2s
STAGE UNDER CURRENT PROTECTION
Under Current TRIP setting 70% of the stage nominal current
I1</In 0.05 to 1 Under Current Trip Setting
I1<: xt 0.1 to 10s 0.1s 1.5s
LINE UNBALANCE CURRENT PROTECTION
Line Unbalance Current LOW SET TRIP 10% of the stage nominal current
Line Unbalance Current HIGH SET TRIP 15% of the stage nominal current
Ilub>/In 0.01 to 1 Low Set Trip
Ilub> xt 0.1 to 60s 0.1s 2s
Ilub >> / In 0.01 to 1 High Set Trip
Ilub >> xt 0.05 to 10s 0.05s 0.5s
REPETITIVE PEAK OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
Icr / In 100% Capacitor Rated Current / CT Ratio
Vc>/ Vcr 0.80 to 1.50 1.1
Vc >> / Vcr 0.80 to 10.0 2.0
Vc >> xt 0.03 to 10.0s 0.03s 0.03s
Vc > reset : xt 1s to 3600s 1s 30s

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APPENDIX R: TYPICAL SETTINGS FOR AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CONTROLLER (APFC) WITH
CAPACITOR BANKS

For the settings of Automatic Power Factor Controller (APFC) with capacitor banks, typical
settings of BLR-Q(U) (Make - BELUK) are provided as below:
FUNCTION SETTING RANGE STEPS SETTING
CT factor 1 - 6500 As per site
VT factor 1 – 350 As per site
Nominal Voltage (L-L) 100 – 35000V As per site
Connection measurement L-N, L-L L-L
Synchronization frequency Auto., 50Hz, 60Hz 50Hz
Phase Compensation 0-345Degree 15Degree 000 + 90 Degree
V-tolerance min 2-90% -10%
V-tolerance min 2-30% +10%
Countdown Start Al Yes / No Yes
Temperature offset -10 to 10 Degree 0Degree
CT type 1A Yes / No No
Discharge Time 0.1 – 1200s 600s
Step type Normal, fix on, fix off Normal
Fast Max. Step Value 0 – 9999.9kVAR 0kVAR
Cos phi 1 0.6i – 1 – 0.7c i.95
Cos phi 2 0.6i – 1 – 0.7c c.99
Switch interval 0.5 – 1200s 600s
Switch Interval step exchange 0.5 – 1200s 2s
Asymmetry factor -127 to +127 1
Step recognition On/Off Off
Switch Cycle Balancing Yes / No Yes
Switch Cycle Balancing % 1 – 15% 10%
Step Exchange Yes / No No
Control Sensitivity 55 – 100% 55%
Control Auto/LIFO/Progressive Auto
filterfilter
/ Combi
Q Offset -+3200kVar 0kVar
I < limit freeze steps Yes / No No
Q Cap. Steps turn off Yes / No No
Fast Meas. Delay 0 – 900 Periods 50 Periods
Alarm Control Disabled, M, DO, D M
Alarm No Current Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Alarm Step Fault Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Alarm Step Warning Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Alarm Power Factor Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Time Delay 1S – 36000S 300S
Alarm Harmonics U Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Alarm Harmonics I Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Alarm Overload P Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Alarm Overload Q Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Limit Overload Q 1 … 99999.9kVar 1kVar
Alarm P- Export Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Limit temperature 1 Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Limit temperature 2 Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
DI Input Alarm Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Frequency Alarm Disabled, M, DO, D Disabled
Modbus Baudrate 1200 - 38400 9600
Modbus Parity 8E1, 8̊1, 8N2 8E1
Modbus Address 1 - 247 1
Storage Interval 0 – 720min 0min
Synchronisation DI Input On/Off Off
Setup DI Input High/Low High

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SP USER-COMMENT FORM

SP User-Comment Form
If you find something that is incorrect, ambiguous or could be better in an SP, write your
comments and suggestions on this form. Send the form to the Document Control Section (DCS).
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tell you about the decision.
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