Journal of Applied Geology, vol. 1(1), 2016, pp.

1–18

Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization of the Randu Kuning

Porphyry Cu-Au and Intermediate Sulphidation Epithermal Au-Base
Metals Deposits in Selogiri, Central Java, Indonesia

Sutarto* 1,2 , Arifudin Idrus2 , Agung Harijoko2 , Lucas Donny Setijadji2 , Franz Michael
Meyer3 , Sven Sindern3 , and Sapto Putranto4
1 Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran", Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3 RWTH Aachen University, Germany
4 PT. Alexis Perdana Mineral

A BSTRACT. The Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au prospect area is situated in the Selo-
giri district, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia, about 40 km to the South-East
from Solo city, or approximately 70 km east of Yogyakarta city. The Randu Kuning area
and its vicinity is a part of the East Java Southern Mountain Zone, mostly occupied by
both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks, volcaniclastic, silisiclastic and carbonate rocks.
Magmatism-volcanism products were indicated by the abundant of igneous and volcani-
clastic rocks of Mandalika and Semilir Formation. The Alteration zones distribution are
generally controlled by the NE–SW and NW–SE trending structures. At least eight types
of hydrothermal alteration at the Randu Kuning area and its vicinity had been identified,
i.e. magnetite + biotite ± K-feldspar ± chlorite (potassic), chlorite + sericite + magnetite
± actinolite, chlorite + magnetite ± actinolite ± carbonate (inner propylitic), chlorite +
epidote ± carbonate (outer propylitic), sericite + quartz + pyrite (phyllic), illite + kaoli-
nite ± smectite (intermediate argillic), illite + kaolinite ± pyrophyllite ± alunite (advanced
argillic) and quatz + chlorite (sillisic) zones. The Randu Kuning mineralization at Sel-
ogiri is co-existing with the porphyry Cu-Au and intermediate sulphidation epithermal
Au-base metals. Mineralization in the porphyry environment is mostly associated with
the present of quartz-sulphides veins including AB, C, carbonate-sulphides veins (D vein)
as well as disseminated sulphides. While in the epithermal prospect, mineralization is
particularly associated with pyrite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + carbonate ± galena veins
as well as hydrothermal breccias. The Randu Kuning porphyry prospect has copper gold
grade in range at about 0.66–5.7 gr/t Au and 0.04–1.24 % Cu, whereas in the intermediate
sulphidation epithermal contain around 0.1–20.8 gr/t Au, 1.2–28.1 gr/t Ag, 0.05–0.9 % Zn,
0.14–0.59 % Pb and 0.01–0.65 % Cu.
Keywords: Hydrothermal alteration · Mineralization · Porphyry · Epithermal.

1 I NTRODUCTION South zone) within the mining exploration con-

The Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au prospect
area is situated in Selogiri, Wonogiri, Central
Java Province, Indonesia at the coordinate UTM
485800-48700 mE and 9137200-9138600 mS (49
* Corresponding author: S UTARTO , Department of
Geological Engineering, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, JL.
SWK. 104 Condongcatur, Yogyakarta, E-mail: sutarto_-
geo@upnyk.ac.id
cession (IUP) of PT Alexis Perdana Mineral
(Figure 1). . This location is reachable with four
wheel or two wheel vehicle, about 40 km to the
south-east from Solo city, or approximately 70
km east of Yogyakarta city.
The Randu Kuning propect is one of sev-
eral mineral prospects of the Wonogiri area.
Explorations of copper and gold deposits in
Wonogiri area have been done since the Dutch

1
 S UTARTO et al.
Figure 1: Location map of Selogiri area, Wonogiri.
era (1929–1935), and by reference of this ex-
ploration, then were followed by the Japanese
during the occupation of Indonesia (1942–1954)
(Isnawan et al., 2002). The production recorded
from this mine is in small amounts and could
be exported to Japan (van Bemmelen, 1949).
13 years after independence, in 1958, the In-
donesian government evaluated the existing
hydrothermal ore deposits in Tirtomoyo, which
stated that there were three abundant out-
crops of quartz veins containing chalcopyrite
(Isnawan et al., 2002). Since 1995, the Randu
Kuning prospect area attracted the attention of
university students when illegal gold mining
activity started in the area (Suasta and Sin-
ugroho, 2011). May 2009, PT. Alexis Perdana
Mineral the owner of the IUP in Selogiri, started
exploration particularly on the Randu Kuning
and others several prospects surrounding.
The Mineralisation type of Randu Kuning
prospect was interpreted by many researchers
as a porphyry Cu-Au ore deposit and a num-
ber gold-base metals epithermal deposits in its
surroundings (Imai et al., 2007; Suasta and Sin-
ugroho, 2011; Corbett, 2011, 2012 and Muthi
et al., 2012). The intensive erosion process
has uncovered the upper parts of the porphyry
deposit, whereas several gold-base metal ep-
ithermals are preserved along adjacent ridge
(Suasta and Sinugroho, 2011). Many epithermal
veins were also found and crosscut into deeply
porphyry veins and related potassic alteration
(Suasta and Sinugroho, 2011; Corbett, 2012).
2 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
2 R ESEARCH METHODS
In this study, veins and rocks samples were
collected systematically from both drilling and
local mining tunnels as well as surface out-
crops. Secondary minerals assemblages were
identified from polarisation microscopic obser-
vation (120 samples), X-ray diffractometer (43
samples), Qemscan(Quantitative Evaluation
of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy)
analysis (4 samples). The X-ray diffractometer
was conducted at the Geological Engineering
Department of Gadjah Mada University us-
ing Rigaku RINT-2100. Petrographic and ore
microscopic analyses were carried out at the
Geological Engineering Department of Gadjah
Mada University and the Department of Min-
eralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen
University, Germany. QemScan analyses were
carried out at the Department of Mineralogy
and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen Univer-
sity, Germany.
3 G EOLOGIC S ETTINGS
Regional geology
Indonesian achipelagos are controlled by mag-
matic arcs, vary in age from Late Mesozoic
through the Cenozoic. Most mineralizations
are derived from five major Tertiary arcs in-
cluding the Sunda-Banda, Central Kalimantan,
Sulawesi-East Mindanau, Halmahera and Me-
dial Irian Jaya (Carlile and Mitchell, 1994) (Fig-
ure 2).
Sunda-Banda arc is one of the most impor-
tant six major Tertiary arcs in Indonesia extend-
 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS

100° E 110° E 120° E 130° E 140° E

Philippines
PACIFIC OCEAN

PH
IL
EAST MINDANAU ARC
Tangse

IPP
(Cu-Mo)

INE
ACEH ARC

NANGROE ACEH Malaysia 5° N

SULAWESI
Miwah DARUSSALAM C
AR

TRENCH
(Au-Cu)
A
Sondi Seruyung ER
(Au-Cu) AH
M
NORTH SULAWESI TRENCH AL
H
CE
NORTH SUMATERA NT NORTH Motombo
Martabe RA Bulagidun
KALIMANTAN Toka
(Au)
SINGAPORE L Tindung Kencana
KA Lanut
LI Jelai-Mewet NORTH
M NE
RIAU
AN WEST KALIMANTAN Pani NORTH MALUKU
W
Pungkut KEPULAUAN RIAU TA EAST KALIMANTAN SULAWESI GU
N GORONTALO INE 0°
AR Mirah Tapadaa A
C Tombolilato TR
EN
(Cu-Au) C H
Mt. Muro West Kaputusan
SUMATERA BARAT (Cu-Au) WEST
Paboya
CENTRAL PAPUA
JAMBI (Au)
SULAWESI
Sasak
BANGKA BELITUNG CENTRAL KALIMANTAN (Au)

SOUTH SUMATERA
BENGKULU SOUTH MALUKU Wabu
KALIMANTAN SOUT-EAST (Cu-Au) MEDIAL
Awak Mas SULAWESI IRIAN
(Au)
JAYA AR
Way Linggo
Bombana
C
SOUTH
SULAWESI
(Au) 5° S
LAMPUNG
SUMATRA-MERATUS ARC Grasberg
(Cu-Au) PAPUA
Ojolali
(Au

INDIAN OCEAN Cibaliung

BANTEN
JAWA BARAT C
SU (Au) ANDA AR
ND JAWA TENGAH SUNDA-B
A- Pongkor Wetar
BA DIY JAWA TIMUR
WEST NUSA TENGGARA
ND (Au-Ag)
AT Gn. Sawal BALI
RE (Pb-Zn) Selogiri
N CH (Cu-Au-Zn)
Tumpang Pitu
(Cu-Au) Batu Hijau
(Au-Cu)
Elang Pangulir
EAST NUSA TENGGARA East Timor
(Au-Cu)

ACTIVE TRENCH
10° S
PLIOCENE HIGH SULPHIDATION EPITHERMAL VMS
COLLISION ZONE
LOW SULPHIDATION EPITHERMAL OROGENIC
MAGMATIC ARCS PORPHYRY SKARN
400 km Australia

Figure 2: Magmatic arcs distributing in Indonesia (redraw after Carlile and Mitchell, 1994) and
different styles of mineral deposits in Indonesia (Carlile and Mitchell, 1994, Setijadji and Maryono,
2012).

ing from Sumatra through Java to the east of ward from the Late Eocene-Early Miocene mag-
Damar island, where many ore deposits have matism. Many Eocene-Early Miocene volcanic
been known (van Leeuwen, 1994; Charlile and rocks have been identified and observed in
Mitchell, 1994) (Figure 2). The arc is the longest few areas especially in the Southern Mountain
arc in Indonesia, developed by northwards of Java island, including Cikotok Formation
subduction of the Indian-Australian oceanic (Bayah dome) and Jatibarang Volcanic Forma-
plate beneath the southeastern margin of the tion in West Java, dioritic and diabasic intrusive
Eurasian continental plate, named the Sunda- rocks in Karangsambung Central Java and an-
land (Hamilton, 1979; Katili, 1989). The west- desite intrusion (Besole Formation) Pacitan East
ern segment of the arc has an abundance of Java. Whereas many Late Miocene volcanic
low sulphidation epithernal vein system such rocks have also observed such as in Karangko-
as mineralization in Miwah, Sondi, Martabe, bar Banjarnegara, Cilacap-Pangandaran, Paci-
Way Linggo, Ojo Lali, Cibaliung, Pongkor and tan and Selogiri (Soeria-atmadja et al., 1994).
Banyumas. A marked change in the mineraliza- Ore mineralizations on Java island which
tion style is seen in the eastern arc segment, in are found ranging from Cibalium West Java to
which many porphyry copper-gold mineraliza- Tumpang Pitu East Java, are mostly due to the
tions were found (Charlile and Mitchell, 1994), magmatism-hydrothermal processes. Various
such as in Batu Hijau, Elang, Tumpang Pitu types of mineralization mostly epithermal low
(Hellman, 2010; Maryono et al., 2012) and Sel- sulfidationand porphyry Cu-Au are generally
ogiri (Muthi et al., 2012). hosted on the "Old Andesite” volcanic rocks.
Although other indications of mineralisation
Geology and mineralization in Java types such as skarn, volcanogenic massive sul-
Soeria-atmadja et al., (1994) divided the Ter- phide, polymetallic, carbonate base metals and
tiary magmatism on Java into two periods, quartz sulphide veins are also found in some
i.e. the Late Eocene-Early Miocene and the places (Setijadji et al., 2006) (Figure 3). The
Late Miocene-Pliocene magmatism. The vol- different crustal type and source components
canic rocks of Late Eocene-Early Miocene mag- for the magmatism processes may produce a
matism are widespread alongside the south- different type of mineralisation in West Java
ern part of Java, which usually has tholeitic and East Java. West Java is dominated by a
affinity, while the Late Miocene-Pliocene mag- low-sulphidation Au-Ag epithermal system as-
matism has tholeitic, calc alkaline to high K sociated with Neogen-Quartenary high K to
calc alkaline series, distributed mostly north- shosonitic volcanism at continental crust set-

© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University 3

 S UTARTO et al.
ting, on the other hand, Eastern Java to Sum-
bawa is dominated by a porphyry-related Cu-
Au mineralisation system associated with low
to moderate K, minimum crustal contamination
Middle Tertiary--Neogen magmatism (Setijadji
and Maryono, 2012).
The Pongkor epithermal Au-Ag deposit
which has reserves of more than 98 tonnes
Au and 1026 tonnes Ag (Milési et al., 1999), up
to now is the largest Au-Ag mining in Java.
Most epithermal Au-Ag mineralizations are
hosted within volcanic rocks, except those
which were found in Cikotok West Java and
Karangsambung, Central Java, indicating a
sediment hosted and a metamorphic hosted
respectively. Many porphyry Cu-Au mineral-
ization are also reported in some places, such as
Tumpang Pitu prospect in Banyuwangi (Hell-
man, 2010), Kali Sanen prospect in Jember (Tain
et al., 2005), Tempungsari prospect in Lumajang
(Tain et al., 2005), Randu Kuning prospect in
Wonogiri (Prihatmoko et al., 2002; Imai et al.,
2007; Suasta and Sinugroho, 2011; and Muthi
et al., 2012).,) Trenggalek, and Ciemas prospect
(Tain et al., 2005). The Randu Kuning Porphyry
Cu-Au, Wonogiri and the Tumpang Pitu Por-
phyry Cu-Au±Mo, Banyuwangi are the most
promising prospects of porphyry type deposits
on Java island.
Geology of the Randu Kuning Area
The Randu Kuning area is situated in the area
where porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au low
sulphidation occured, at the center of the Sel-
ogiri area. The area is occupied by dioritic
intrusive rocks and hydrothermal breccias as
well as many types of veins/veinlets. Intru-
sive rocks consist of hornblende-pyroxene dior-
ite, hornblende microdiorite and quartz dior-
ite, while the hydrothermal breccia can be clas-
sified as magmatic hydrothermal berccia and
phreatomagmatic breccia (Figure 4). Based on
the observation both on the surface outcrops
and drilling core samples, the intrusive rocks at
the study area consist of hornblende-pyroxene
diorite (previous researcher called as medium
diorite), hornblende microdiorite and quartz
diorite.
The Hornblende-pyroxene diorite which is
not associated with the ore mineralization (pre-
mineralisation), occured prior to the microdi-
orite formation which is responsible for Cu-
4 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
Au porphyry mineralization in the Selogiri area
(syn-mineralisation). Previous researchers de-
scribed this intrusive rock as hornblende diorite
(Suasta and Sinugroho, 2011) and medium dior-
ite (Muthi et al., 2012). On the surface outcrops,
it mostly shows weathered conditions, but in
some locations, especially in river walls, the py-
roxene diorite is still relatively fresh. Generally
it shows a gray colour in fresh condition (lighter
than hornblende microdiorite), porphyritic tex-
ture (moderate-strong), having medium crystal
size (0.3–2 mm) with pyroxene and hornblende
phenocrys size varies up to 2 cm. It contains a
high proportion of plagioclase or at about 35--
50 percent with a lesser amount of hornblende
and pyroxene (3–8 %) (Sutarto et al., 2015b).
The hornblende microdiorite is characterized
by fine grained phenocrysts size (0.1–1 mm),
many of samples which are microscopically
classified as andesite (porphyritic texture),
commonly consist of about 30–45 percent of
plagioclase and 5–14 percent of hornblende.
The hornblende microdiorite is believed to be
responsible for the extensive alteration and
Cu-Au porphyry ore deposit in the study area.
Physically, it appears darker in colour and finer
in crystals size than hornblende-pyroxene dior-
ite. It is caused not only by the amount of mafic
but also due to the abundance of the secondary
magnetite. Most of the hornblende microdior-
ite intrusive body altered to potassic zone and
lack of prophyllitic and phyllic alteration types.
The contact between hornblende microdiorite
and hornblende-pyroxene diorite is commonly
characterized by the formation of intrusive
contact with breccia (magmatic hydrothermal
breccia). The peak part of the Randu Kuning
hill is a representative of this type of intrusion
(Sutarto et al., 2015b).
The quartz diorite has the brightest colors
and the coarsest crystal sizes (0.8–3.2 mm),
equigranular to weak porphyritic texture, char-
acterized by the abundance of plagioclases
(40–55 percent) and small quantities of quartz
(4–7 percent) and alkali feldspars (2–5 per-
cent) (Sutarto et al., 2015b). Due to coarse
grained crystal size, Muthi et al. (2012) rec-
ognized and discribed the intrusive as coarse
diorite. It was generally altered to phyllic-
argillic and prophyllitic alteration type, asso-
ciated with Au-base metals epithermal type
 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS

100° 110° 120° 130° 140°

N 106° E 108° E 110° E 112° E 114° E N

PHILIPINA
MALAYSIA

SINGAPORE
Pacific Ocean 06° S
0 200 400 Km

0°
SUMATRA KALIMANTAN SULAWESI 0°

06° S
0 125 Km JAVA SEA MOLUCCA
PAPUA
INDONESIA
BANTEN JAVA
NUSA TENGGARA
Cibaliung
Pongkor
(Au-Ag) Cianjur 10° Indian Ocean EAST TIMOR 10°
(Au-Ag)
WEST JAVA 100° 110° 120°
AUSTRALIA
130° 140°

Gn. Sawal Petungkriyono

Majenang CENTRAL JAVA
(Pb-Zn)
Jatibarang
Ciemas (Au) EAST JAVA
Sundala
nd boun Selogiri
dary Karangbolong
(Cu-Au-Zn)
Tirtomoyo
Kulon Progo
Tasikmalaya DIY Trenggalek
Lumajang
G.Tajem (Jember)
08° S 08° S
Kasihan Blitar
(Pacitan)
Tumpang Pitu
Island arc crust (Cu-Au)

HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS
PORPHYRY
INDIAN OCEAN
LOW SULPHIDATION EPITHERMAL
HIGH SULPHIDATION EPITHERMAL
10° S SKARN
Active T
rench 10° S
POLYMETALLIC VEIN
QUART-SULPHIDE VEIN
CARBONATE BASEMETAL VEIN Indian oceanic crust MORB
VMS (Cretaceous) (Late Cretaceous- Australian oceanic crust
Early Eocen) (Jurassic)
UNSPESIFIED HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSIT

106° E 108° E 110° E 112° E 114° E

Figure 3: The different styles of mineral deposits distribution in Java island (Modified from Seti-
awan and Yudawinata, 200; Setijadji et al., 2006; Setijadji and Maryono, 2012). Basement crusts is
from Setijadji et al. (2006); Setijadji and Maryono (2012).

mineralization. The dimensions and the dis- ictic components including juvenil (mostly
tribution of this intrusion is relatively nar- rounded) and various wall rock such as altered
rower and smaller than those of hornblende- diorites, veins/veinlets, sandstone, quartzite,
pyroxene diorite and hornblende microdiorite conglomerate and schist (mostly subangular),
intrusions (Sutarto et al., 2015b). There are 0.2–4.5 cm in size, low fragment/matrix ratio
at least two types of hydrothermal breccia (10–65 vol.%). These breccia commonly show
recognized in the research, i.e., magmatic- fluidization, associated with potassic, prophyl-
hydrothermal breccias and phreatomagmatic litic and argillic alteration type, mineralisation
breccias, which were found in the Randu Kun- occured in both dessimination and open space
ing hill area. Magmatic-hydrothermal breccias infilling (Sutarto et al., 2015b).
in the research area are characterized by var- Major structures at the Randu Kuning area,
ious irregular bodies showing subvertical to dominated by relatively the NW–SE, NE–SW,
vertical shapes in contact with the wall rocks, and rare N–S trendings, cross cut all of the
fragments mostly monomic, i.e. various al- rocks in the area. The earliest and most dom-
tered diorite, angular-subrounded and larger inant structures in the research area are the
in grain size (0.5–8.4 cm), matrix mostly con- NW–SE dextral (right) lateral-slip faults, and
sisting of hydrothermal minerals (magnetite, commonly have a longer dimension than other
chalcopyrite and pyrite) as open spce infilling, trends. These structural trends then were cross-
fragmment/matrix ratio is high (60–90 vol.%) cut by NE–SW and N–S sinistral (left) lateral-
or predominantly fragment supported, tex- slip faults. The NE–SW and N–S trend mostly
ture/structures usually crackel, jig-saw and concentrated in the central area. Drilling core
rotated fragments, no fluidization (Sutarto et and surface outcrop data suggest the earlier
al., 2015b). Phreatomagmatic breccias exhib- porphyry vein types were perhaps controlled
ite, irregular dyke and pipe body, subvetical- by dextral (right) lateral-slip faults, whereas
vertical, fragments/clasts consist of polim- the later porphyry vein and epithermal vein

© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University 5

 S UTARTO et al.

485800 486000 486200 486400 A’ 486600 486800 487000

GEOLOGICAL MAP

9138600
9138600

63
OF THE RANDU KUNING
N
61/62

200 m
9138400

9138400
27 65 64
66
38 LEGEND :
29 24
17

46 26 21 15 40 36 Alluvial Deposit
9138200

9138200
TRK 02
12 42
33 Tuff, tuffaceous sandstone
48 30 TRK 01
20
5 1 Quartz Diorite
10
48/18 6 2 TRK 03
16 8 4 Phreatomagmatic
9 7 3 50/52 45 TRK 05 Hydrothermal Breccia
53
Magmatic Hydrothermal Breccia
9138000

9138000
11 14

13 35 Hornblende Microdiorite
47

39 Hornblende-Pyroxene Diorite
60 25

43 Righ Lateral Slip Fault

9137800

9137800
Left Lateral Slip Fault
70
Quartz Stockwork
31 34
71 Quartz Vein
59

58
Street River
9137600

9137600

72 41 37

Contour interval line

A
54 12 Bore Hole
57

TRK 01
Geological Cross
9137400

9137400

55
Section Line
487000
23 9137200 Coordinate UTM (zone 49 South)
A’
N INDEX MAP (UNSCALE))
110° 48' 0" E 111° 0' 0" E 111° 12' 0" E
100° 110° 120° 130° 140°
9137200

9137200

N KARANGANYAR REGENCY
PHILIPINA
69 MALAYSIA

Pacific Ocean
SUKOHARJO
REGENCY
7° 46' 0" S

7° 46' 0" S
SINGAPORE KEC. SELOGIRI

56
0 200 400 Km
SULAWESI

67 0°
SUMATRA
KALIMANTAN 0°

WONOGIRI REGENCY
200 m MOLUCCA

PAPUA

JAVA
INDONESIA
485800 486000 486200 486400 486600 486800 487000
WADUK GAJAH MUNGKUR

NUSA TENGGARA

10° Indian Ocean EAST TIMOR 10° Gadjahmungkur

8° 0' 0" S

8° 0' 0" S

AUSTRALIA
100° 110° 120° 130° 140°
105° 110° 115°

GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION

5° 5°

Java Sea
N N
DKI JAKARTA

BANTEN
WEST JAVA
EAST JAVA
CENTRAL JAVA

GUNUNG KIDUL
EAST JAVA

Randu Kuning
DIY DIY 0 5 10 Km
8° 12' 0" S

8° 12' 0" S

110° 48' 0" E 111° 0' 0" E 111° 12' 0" E

Indian Ocean WONOGIRI

Lancip-Kepil
REGENCY
INDIAN OCEAN Study Area
250 250 0 125 250 Km

Hill
10° 10°
105° 110° 115°

225
Hill Randu Kuning 07o 44'15" S 483000 484000 485000 486000 487000 488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000 07o 44'15" S
110 o 57'26" E
110 o 49'50" E

B LAWU
CELEP

SELOGIRI AREA
Malangsari

Nglenggong fault
BARAN NGUTER SERUT
5° PENGKOL
200 11°
CUPIT
Dukuh

NGASINAN
Gondangrejo
Kec. JUMAPOLO

fault
5° Mojorejo

175 Guntur
BENGAWAN SOLO
9143000

WONOHARJO
5°
6°

Jendi
JANGGLENGAN Jaten kulon

150 8° Terok
KARANG ASEM
Jomboran
14°

A125
SENDANG IJO
9142000

BULU 6°

A Jatirejo
JATEN
NAMBANGAN
12°
TANJUNGREJO
Cengkirlegi
WONOKERTO
9141000

100
(-) (+)
TIYARAN
Kedunganyar

Kec. BULU GEMANTAR

12°
75
9140000

PULE
10°
Jendi MANJUNG

50 GENTAN

RANDU KUNING
23° WONOKARTO
Gegeran KALIANCAR
25°
9139000

20°
Kec. SELOGIRI
SOLO

25 Kedungsono
JENDI
AWAN

55° PURWOSARI
A Kepatihan Randu Kuning
BENG

A’
9138000

SINGODUTAN
0 0 45° 72°
KEDUNGSONO
WONOKARTO

Sidowayah Waduk tandon

-25 20° 20°

9137000

Banaran

Keloran
GIRITIRTO Kec. WONOGIRI
88°
-50 KEPATIHAN
Ngemplak
Tulakan

61°
60°
WONOBOYO

BULUSULUR
9136000

GUNUNGAN

-75 (-) (+) 15°

20°

Mlati
KELORAN
Melikan

65°
45°

15°
PARE
45°
GIRIPURWO
Jambe
9135000

PURWOREJO

-100 10°
11°
16°
WURYOREJO
Temulus Donoharjo
POKOH KIDUL

-125 Karangtalun
9134000

Kapen Randubang

-150 Kec. MANYARAN

BERO 17° Ngroto
Grobok
9133000

20° 10°
18°

-175 10°
SENDANG

9° 20° 15° Sendang

9132000

8°
-200
UR

Jetis kidul
16°
GK
UN
HM

12°
JA

19°
GA

GUMIWANG LOR PONDOKSARI N

-225
K

Cakaran
DU
110 o 49'50" E

110 o 57'26" E
WA

PULUTAN WETAN
Kec. NGUNTORONADI
Kec. WURYANTORO
Tempuharjo
Ngasinan
1 km

-250 -250 07o52'00" S 483000 484000 485000 486000 487000 488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000 07 o 52'00"S

N45 E N225 E

Figure 4: Geological map of the Randu Kuning area (Sutarto et al., 2015b).

6 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS
types were controlled by sinistral (left) lateral-
slip faults (Sutarto et al., 2015b).
4 H YDROTHERMAL A LTERATION AND M IN -
ERALIZATION
Alteration types
Alteration zones distributions of the researched
area are generally controlled by the NE–SW and
NW--SE trending structure. At least eight types
of hydrothermal alteration at the Randu Kun-
ing area and its vicinity had been identified, i.e.,
1) Magnetite + biotite ± K-feldspar ± chlorite
(potassic); 2) Chlorite + sericite + magnetite ±
actinolite; 3) Chlorite + magnetite ± actinolite ±
carbonate (inner propylitic); 4) Chlorite + epi-
dote ± carbonate (outer propylitic); 5) Sericite +
quartz + pyrite (phyllic); 6) Illite + kaolinite ±
smectite (intermediate argillic); 7) Illite + kaoli-
nite ± pyrophyllite ± alunite (advanced argillic)
and 8) Quatz + chlorite (sillisic) zones Figure 5.
The magnetite + biotite ± K-feldspar ± chlo-
rite (potassic) zone is scattered on microdiorite
intrusive rocks body and small part of pyrox-
ene diorite intrusive rocks especially in contact
to the microdiorite intrusion of Randu Kuning
hill. This zone is characterized by the present
of secondary minerals assemblage, i.e., one or
both of secondary biotite and/or K-feldspar
associated with magnetite, actinolite, quartz
and lack of carbonate minerals (Suasta and Sin-
ugroho, 2011; Corbett, 2011, 2012 and Muthi
et al., 2012). Microscopically, biotite usually
has dark-brown colour, fine grained, fibrous
Figure 6A and is present predominantly in
the central part of the hornblende microdior-
ite intrusion and gradually will decrease to
the edge part of the hornblende microdiorite
and the part of pyroxene-hornblende diorite.
The Qemscan analysis of the potassic-altered
hornblende-pyroxene diorite (sample WDD
03-47.20), shows many kinds of hydrothermal
secondary minerals such as biotites, alkali-
feldspars, chlorites, quartzes, calcites, kaolin-
ites, illites, sericite and rare of ore minerals
(pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrites) Figure 7.
The chlorite + sericite + magnetite ± actino-
lite is widespread on the upper part of the mag-
netite + biotite ± K-feldspar ± chlorite (potas-
sic) characterized by the dominant of chlorite
and sericite, although other secondary mineals
such as magnetite, quartz, and sometimes acti-
© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
nolite are still found. The chlorite + sericite
+ magnetit ± actinolite zone is developed on
the small upper part of hornblende microdior-
ite. The chlorite + magnetite ± actinolite ± car-
bonate alteration type Figure 6B is commonly
recognised between magnetite + biotite ± K-
feldspar ± chlorite (potassic) zone and chlorite
+ epidote ± carbonate (outer propylitic) zone.
The zone mostly is widespread in pyroxene-
hornblende diorite rocks, and within a small
part of hornblende microdiorite. In some places
these alteration zones cut to minerals assem-
blage of the magnetite + biotite ± K-feldspar ±
chlorite (potassic) zone and gradually changed
outward to the chlorite + epidote ± carbonate
(outer propylitic) zone. The chlorite + epidote
± carbonate, (outer propylitic) alteration zone
is widespread on pyroxene-hornblende diorite
rocks and a small part of quartz diorite, gradu-
ally from the inner prophyllitic to least altered
rock, comprising of chlorites, epidotes, carbon-
ates and quartz.
The illite + kaolinite ± smectite, (intermedi-
ate argillic) zone appears mainly adjacent to
breccia and fault zone, especially in the ep-
ithermal prospect area, which is characterized
by the present of clay minerals. Illite, kaoli-
nite and smectite are the main minerals iden-
tified in the vein samples suggesting struc-
tural controlled argillic alteration (Muthi et al.,
2012). The illite + kaolinite ± pyrophyllite ± alu-
nite (advanced argillic) is situated at the cen-
tre of Kepil hill, southwest of the Randu Kun-
ing hill, comprising mostly illite, pyrophyllite,
kaolinite, quartz and lack of alunite, carbon-
ate and chlorite. The quatz + chlorite (sil-
lisic) zone is restrictedly found at the fault
zones, both within drilling core data and sur-
face outcrop, consisting of quartz, sericite, car-
bonate, clay minerals and opaque minerals. It
is mostly related to the preatomagmatic hy-
drothernal breccia occurence of the epithermal
system. The sericite + quartz + pyrite (phyl-
lic) alteration commonly appears in the fault
structure zones, locally overprint to the potas-
sic alteration and inner prophyllitic zone, on
hornblende-pyroxene diorite rocks, microdior-
ite hornblende as well as quartz diorite (Suasta
and Sinugroho, 2011; Corbett, 2011, 2012 and
Muthi et al., 2012). This zone is characterized by
retrograde silica-sericite-chlorite-pyrite assem-
7
 S UTARTO et al.

486400 486600 486800 487000

485800 486000 A
486200 B’
ALTERATION ZONE MAP

9138600
9138600

63 OF THE RANDU KUNING AREA

N
61/62

200 m

9138400
LEGEND:
9138400

27 65 64
66
38 Magnetite+biotite±K Feldspar±chlorite
24
29 17 (potassic) zone
40 36 TRK 04
46 26 21 15 Chlorite+sericite+magnetit±actinolite
33 TRK 02 zone
12 42

9138200
9138200

Chlorite+magnetit±actinolite±carbonate
48 30 TRK 01
20
5 1 (Inner Propylitic) zone
10
48/18
16 8
6
4
2
TRK 03 Chlorite±epidote±carbonate
45
(Outer Propylitic) zone
9 7 3 50/52 TRK 05
53 Sericite+quartz±pyrite
11 (Phyllic) zone

9138000
14
9138000

13 35
47
Illite+Kaolinite±smectite
(Intermediate Argillic) zone
39
60 25 Illite+kaolinite±pyrophyllite±Alunite
43
(Advanced Argillic) zone
9137800
9137800

quartz+chlorite
70 (Silisic zone)

34
Unalterated
31
71
59
Righ Lateral Slip Fault
58
41 37
Left Lateral Slip Fault
9137600

72
9137600

Quartz Vein Zone

B
Quartz Stockwork
54
57 Local Mining

Street River
9137400

55
9137400

23 Contour interval line

A’

12 Bore Hole
N Geological Cross
69 TRK 01
Section Line
9137200
9137200

67 56
487000
485800
100 m
9137200 Coordinate UTM (zone 49 South)
INDEX MAP (UNSCALE))
110° 48' 0" E 111° 0' 0" E 111° 12' 0" E
100° 110° 120° 130° 140°

ALTERATION ZONE CROSS SECTION

N KARANGANYAR REGENCY
PHILIPINA
MALAYSIA
SUKOHARJO
Pacific Ocean
7° 46' 0" S

REGENCY
7° 46' 0" S

KEC. SELOGIRI
SINGAPORE 0 200 400 Km
SULAWESI

KALIMANTAN 0°
0°
SUMATRA WONOGIRI REGENCY
MOLUCCA

PAPUA

JAVA
INDONESIA WADUK GAJAH MUNGKUR

NUSA TENGGARA

Indian Ocean EAST TIMOR 10°

Gadjahmungkur
10°
8° 0' 0" S
8° 0' 0" S

AUSTRALIA
100° 110° 120° 130° 140°
110° 115°
105°
5°
5°

N
N
Java Sea
DKI JAKARTA

EAST JAVA

Randu Kuning
BANTEN
WEST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

250 Lancip-Kepil 250 DIY EAST JAVA GUNUNG KIDUL

0 5 10 Km
8° 12' 0" S

DIY
8° 12' 0" S

110° 48' 0" E 111° 0' 0" E 111° 12' 0" E

Hill
WONOGIRI
Indian Ocean REGENCY
INDIAN OCEAN
Study Area

Randu Kuning
0 125 250 Km

Hill
10°
10° 115°
105° 110°

484000 485000 486000 487000 488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000 07o 44'15" S
07o 44'15" S 483000
110o 57'26" E

Nglenggong
110o 49'50" E

200 fault B LAWU

NGUTER
CELEP

SERUT
Malangsari

SELOGIRI AREA
BARAN PENGKOL
5°
Dukuh
11°

fault
CUPIT

NGASINAN Gondangrejo
Kec. JUMAPOLO
5° Mojorejo
Guntur

Jendi WONOHARJO
9143000

150 5°
6° BENGAWAN SOLO
14°
JANGGLENGAN Jaten kulon

B 8° Terok
KARANG ASEM
Jomboran
SENDANG IJO

125
9142000

BULU 6°

B' Jatirejo
NAMBANGAN
12°
TANJUNGREJO
Cengkirlegi
WONOKERTO

100 JATEN

(-) (+)
9141000

TIYARAN
Kedunganyar

12°
Kec. BULU GEMANTAR
9140000

PULE

50 10°

RANDU KUNING
MANJUNG
Jendi
GENTAN WONOKARTO
23° Gegeran KALIANCAR
25°
9139000

20°
Kec. SELOGIRI
SOLO

Kedungsono
WAN

JENDI
PURWOSARI
55°
BENGA

0 0 A Kepatihan Randu Kuning A’

9138000

SINGODUTAN
45° 72°
WONOKARTO
KEDUNGSONO

Sidowayah Waduk tandon

20° 20° Banaran
9137000

-50 88° Tulakan

Keloran GIRITIRTO Kec. WONOGIRI
WONOBOYO
60°

(-) (+)
KEPATIHAN BULUSULUR
Ngemplak 61°
9136000

GUNUNGAN
Melikan 45°
20° 45°
KELORAN GIRIPURWO Jambe
65°
Mlati
PARE
15° 15°
-100
9135000

PURWOREJO

10° 16°
11°
WURYOREJO
Donoharjo
Temulus

-125 Karangtalun
POKOH KIDUL
9134000

Randubang

-150 Kec. MANYARAN

Kapen

Ngroto
Grobok

BERO
17°
9133000

20° 10°
18°
SENDANG
10°
9° 15° Sendang
20°

-200
9132000

8°
UR

Jetis kidul 16°

GK
UN
HM
JA

12°
19° N
GA

GUMIWANG LOR PONDOKSARI

K
DU

Cakaran
110 o 57'26" E

Kec. NGUNTORONADI
WA
110 o 49'50" E

PULUTAN WETAN
Kec. WURYANTORO
Tempuharjo

-250 -250 07o52'00" S

Ngasinan

488000 489000 490000 491000 492000 493000 494000

1 km

07 o 52'00"S

N45 E N225 E 483000 484000 485000 486000 487000

Figure 5: Alteration zone map of Randu Kuning area and its vicinity (Sutarto et al., 2015b).

8 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS

Figure 6: A) Crossed polars light photomicrograph of magnetite+biotite±K-feldspar±chlorite

(potassic) altered hornblende-pyroxene diorite. Most potassic type minerals (biotite, K-feldspar)
were overprinted by inner prophyllitic type minerals (actinolite-chlorite-silica) (Sample: WDD-09-
157.65); B) Crossed polars light photomicrograph of the chlorite+magnetite±actinolite±carbonate
(inne prophyllitic)-altered hornblende-pyroxene diorite (sample: WDD 30-59.05); C) Crossed po-
lars light polished section photomicrograph under the reflected light of the magnetite-chalcopyrite-
bornite assemblages within magnetite+biotite±K-feldspar±chlorite (potassic) zone (Sample: WDD
19-82.40); D) Crossed polars light photomicrograph polished section under the reflected light of
sphalerite-chalcopyrite-galena-pyrite of carbonate-sulphides vein within inne prophyllitic-altered
hornblende-pyroxene diorite (Sample: WDD 19-64.75). Mineral abbreviations: Bt = biotite, Pl = pla-
gioclase, Ac = actinolite, Kfs = K-feldspar, Qz = quartz, Mag = magnetite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Bn =
bornite. Cal = calcite, Chl = chlorite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Py = pyrite, Sph = sphalerite, Gn = galena.

© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University 9

 S UTARTO et al.

Figure 7: Qemscan image of A). The magnetite+biotite±K-feldspar±chlorite (potassic)-altered

hornblende-pyroxene diorite, consist of many secondary minerals such as K-feldspar-biotite-
magnetite-hematite were replaced by chalcopyrite-bornite-chlorite, quartz-calcite-dolomite and
kaolinite-illite assemblages. B). Closed up the image of figure A. Sample WDD 03-47.20). Min-
eral abbreviations: Bn = Bornite, Bt = biotite, Qz = quartz, Chl = chlorite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Dol =
dolomite, Hem = hematite, Kfs = K-feldspar, Kln = kaolinite, Mag = magnetite, Pl = plagioclase Ill
= illite.

blages, which is mostly limited to fault zones prospect comprises 90.9 Mt at 0.35 g/t Au and
or selvages to late stage quartz-pyrite veins or 0.10 % Cu, using a cut-off grade of 0.2 g/t AuEq
D veins (Corbett, 2012). (Nightingale, 2014).

Mineralization Porphyry Cu-Au mineralization

Based on the characteristics of many param-
eters such as pattern and type of hydrother-
mal alteration, veins type, gangue and ore min-
erals assemblages, fluid inclusions, the Randu
Kuning mineralization at Selogiri is likely por-
phyry Cu-Au to intermediate sulphidation ep-
ithermal Au-base metals (Table 1. There are at
least eight mineralisation prospects areas at the
Randu Kuning and its vicinity, they are Randu
Kuning porphyry Cu-Au prospect and many
intermediate sulphidation epithermal Au-base
metals prospects including Bukit Piti-Tumbu,
Gawe, Geblak, Jangglengan, Lancip-Kepil and
Randu Kuning South prospects (Table 2). Most
mineralizations in the researched area are as-
sociated with the present of some sulphides
such as chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite,
sphalerite, galena, and chalcocite. The copper
gold resource of the Randu Kuning porphyry
Not all porphyry vein types contribute in cop-
per and gold mineralization. The early quartz-
magnetite veins (particularly A and M veins)
generally do not contain Cu-Au or barren,
while the later sulphide bearing veins (AB, C ,
D veins as well as chalcopyrite dessiminated)
mostly are rich of copper and gold. Based on
the fluid inclusion analysis the hydrothermal
fluid of the porphyry level were developed at
temperatures from 300 to >600°C with salinity
ranging between 16–72 wt.% NaCl equiv. Cor-
bett (2011; 2012) reported that stockwork AB
vein cut by C style chalcopyrite vein in WDD8-
1384m comprising 1 g/t Au; 2570 ppm Cu, D
veins contain locally elevated Au to 5 g/t Au,
1.1 g/t Ag and 292 g/t Cu (in DDH WDD18-
358.4m) with tipically low Ag:Au ratios of
0.2 and disseminated magnetite-chalcopyrite
mineralization in WDD18-336.9m comprising

10 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS

Table 1: Characteristic of the porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits in the Randu Kuning
area.

PORPHYRY IS EPITHERMAL
TECTONIC Island arc Island arc
INTRUSIVE ROCKS Hornblende-pyroxene diorite, Hornblende-pyroxene diorite,
hornblende microdiorite hornblende microdiorite, quartz
diorite
HOST ROCKS Hornblende microdiorite, Hornblende microdiorite,
hornblende-pyroxene diorite hornblende-pyroxene diorite,
hydrothermal breccia
STRUCTURES NW Sinistral LF NS Fault zone
NE Dextral LF Hydrothermal breccia
ALTERATION Potassic, inner propylitic, Outer propylitic, intermediate
phyllic, outer propylitic argillic, advanced argillic
GANGUE Magnetite, biotite, K-feldspar, Chlorite, epidote, sericite, quartz
MINERALS anhydrite, chlorite, actinolite, carbonate, illite, kaolinite, smectite,
sericite, quartz gypsum, pyrophyllite, alunite
METALS Cu, Au Au,Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb
CONTENTS
ORE MINERALS Chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite,
pyrrhotite galena
MINERALISATION Disseminated chalcopyrite, Sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-
STYLES quartz-sulphide veins carbonate vein, quartz-carbonate-
sphalerite vein
TEMPERATURE 300°C to >600°C 200-300°C
SALINITY 16-72 wt.% NaCl equiv. <8-24 wt.% NaCl equiv.

© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University 11

 Table 2: Mineralisation prospect area and their characteristic. All of the metal contents data are summarized from PT. Alexis Perdana Mineral.
Randu Kuning Randu Kuning Gawe Bukit Piti- Geblag Jangglengan Lancip-Kepil

© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

Prospect South Prospect Prospect Tumbu Prospect Prospect Prospect
Prospect
INTRUSIVE ROCKS MD MD/CD? MD MD MD MD, CD? MD
WALL ROCKS MD, MED MD, MED MD, MED MED MED MED Hydrothermal
Hydrothermal MD Hydrothermal breccia
breccia breccia
STRUCTURES NW sinistral fault Dextral fault Dextral fault Fault zone Fault zone Fault zone Fault zone
NE dextral LF EW vein EW vein Hydrothermal Contact dia-
breccia treme breccia
ALTERATION Potassic, inner Phyllic, Propylitic, Propylitic, Propylitic, Propylitic, Propylitic,
propylitic, phyllic intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate
argillic argillic argillic argillic argillic, silisic argillic
GANGUE MINERALS Bt, Mag, Kfs, Ac, Ser, Qz, Cal, Ser, Qz, Cal, Chl. Mag, Ep Chl, Mag, Ep, Chl, Cal, Mgs, Chl, Ep, Qz, Cal,
Anh, Qz, Chl, Ep Dol, Chl, Anh, Chl, Ill, Kln, Ill- Qz, Py, Ser, Ill, Qz Kfs, Ep, Ser, Ill, Mgs, Ill, Ill-Sme
Gyp, Ill, Kln, Sme, Gyp, Alu Kln, Cal Ser, Ill, Kln, Py Kln, Gyp,
Sme,
S UTARTO et al.

METAL CONTENTS Cu+Au Au±Cu±Ag±Zn± Au+Cu Au±Zn±Pb±Ag Au+Zn Au±Zn±Cu±Ag Au+Ag±Zn±Pb

0.66-5.7 g/t Au Pb 0.2-0.92 g/t Au 0.2-0.5 g/t Au 0.1-6.97g/t Au 0.26-2.29 g/t Au 0.82-20.8 g/t Au
0.04-1.24 %Cu 0.4-1.53 g/t Au 0.01-0.21% Cu 0.05-0.12% Pb 0.05-0.25%Zn 0.02-0.65 % Cu 3.5-20.7 g/t Ag
0.8-8.5 g/t Ag 0.23-0.9% Zn 3.5-28.1 g/t Ag 0.38-0.62 % Zn
0.17-0.39% Cu 1.2-8.0 g/t Ag 0.05-0.57 % Zn 0.02-0.14 % Pb
0.003-0.37% Zn
00089-0.14% Pb
ORE MINERALS Ccp, Bn, Pyrr, Py, Sph, Py, Ccp Sp, Py, Ccp Sph, Py, Ccp Py, Ccp, Sph Py, Ccp Red Sph, Ga, Py,
Cv Minor Minor Abundant Minor Abundant Abundant
MINERALISATION Stockwork Qz Py+Cal+Qz±Ccp Py+Cal+Qz±Ccp Qz-Car vein Dissseminated Qz+Car+py±Sph Disseminated
STYLES Disseminated Ccp veins ± Sph veins Py+Car+Qz cut Py+Ccp+Sph ±Ccp±Gn vein Sph
Sul+Qz vein C and B types Qz+Car+Py± Qz+Py+Car
(porphyry vein Dess Py-Ccp Sph±Ccp vein Ep±red Sph vein
types) Ep±Chl vein
ORE DEPOSIT STYLE Porphyry Cu-Au IS epithermal IS Epithermal IS Epithermal IS epithermal IS epithermal Au IS epithermal
Au cut main Au cut Au cut Au cut cut peripheral Qz-sulphide Au
porphyry extension peripheral extension porphyry Car-base metal
porphyry porphyry porphyry Au
Abbreviations: MD = hornblende microdioorite, MED = hornblende-pyroxene diorite, CD = quartz diorite, An = anhydrite Bt = biotite, Bn = bornite,
Ccp = chalcopyrite, Py = pyrite, Gn = galena, Sph = sphalerite, Pyrr = pyrrhothite, Cc = chalcocite, Ac = actinolite, Kfs = K-feldspar, Qz = quartz, Mag =

12
magnetite, Chl = chlorite, Ser = sericite, Cal = calcite.
 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS
102 g/t Au; 1080 ppm Cu and in WDD8-148.3m
contains 1.74 g/t Au; 2550 ppm Cu.
Copper and gold are likely to be transported
together as chloride complexes (CuCl0 and
AuCl2− ) in magnetite stability field. The chlorite
complexes then react with existing magnetite
to produce free gold and chalcopyrite (Equa-
tion 1). Many of replacement ore texture, show
many chalcopyrite replacing magnetite and
minor bornite associated with gold mineraliza-
tion.
Fe3 O4 + 6H2 S + AuCl2− + 3CuCl0 + 7/2H2 O
↔ 4Au0 + 3CuFeS2 + 7H+ + 11Cl− + 7/4O2
(1)
Hence, the Randu Kuning porphyry Cu-Au
deposit is chalcopyrite- rich ore rather than
bornite- rich ore. Arif and Baker (2004) sug-
gested that porphyry Cu-Au deposits with
chalcopyrite-rich ores are more likely to have
a higher proportion of free gold and different
with those of bornite-rich ores, where gold
mostly occurred within copper sulphide grains
as an invisible gold within the sulphide struc-
ture.The gold and copper grade in the Randu
Kuning are mostly associated with the presence
of chalcopyrite both in quartz-sulphides veins
and or as a replacement in magnetite grains
(Figure 8D).
Epithermal environment
On the other hand, the epithermal environ-
ment, gold and copper usually are transported
in different ion complexes. Au is transported as
the thio complexe [Au(HS)2− ; Au2 (HS)2 S2− and
HAu(HS)2− ] in phyrite stability field, while Cu
is preferably transported as chloride complex in
the hematite stability field (Equation 3–4).
4Au(HS)2− + 2H2 O + 4H+
↔ a Au0 + 8H2 S + O2
2CuCl0 + Fe2 O3 + 4SO4− + 6H+
↔ 2CuFeS2 + 2Cl− + H2 O + 8O2
ZnCl + H2 S ↔ ZnS + 2H+ + Cl−
In the Randu Kuning epithermal propects,
gold and base metals mineralization are mostly
associated with sulphides + quartz + carbon-
ate veins and hydrothermal breccias (Figure
© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
8B,C). Many sulphides such as pyrite, chal-
copyrite, sphalerite and lack of galena within
open space hydrothermal breccia also have an
important role in gold-silver-zinc-lead miner-
alization, particularly in the epithermal en-
vironment. Brecciated pyrite-carbonate vein
in Geblag (WDD 54 depth 167-169 m) con-
tains 0.63–2.229 ppm Au, 28.1–31.4 ppm Ag,
784–1150 ppm As, 0,45–0.65 % Cu, 301–640 ppm
Pb and 0.054–0.57 % Zn. Hydrothermal breccia
at the Jangglengan prospect has an important
role in Au-Zn-Ag mineralization. Drilling core
samples of WDD 69 depth 70–76 m comprising
0.3–1.08 ppm Au, 1–1.4 ppm Ag, 33–195 ppm
Pb, 182–2010 ppm Zn and 13–56 ppm As. In the
Figure 8E, free gold grain is found in an inclu-
sion within galena, in sphalerite-galena-pyrite-
chalcopyrite-carbonate vein.
Paragenetic sequences
Based on the veins/veinlets observation data
both field outrops and drilling cores indicate
that there are two ore mineralizing systems in
the Randu Kuning hills those are porphyry Cu-
Au system and intermediate sulphidation ep-
ithermal Au-base metals system (Figure 9).
Hydrothermal fluids which responsible for
the porphyry Cu-Au mineralization is associ-
ated with the occurence of the horblende mi-
crodiorite intrusion. The first ore mineraliza-
tion is a Cu-Au porphyry type deposit charac-
terized by the domination of potassic (biotite
+ K-feldspar + magnetite+ quartz minerals as-
semblage) and propylitic alteration and small
volume of phyllic and advanced argillic alter-
ation within fault zone asssociated with the for-
mation of several porphyry veins style, i.e.:
Stage 1: Early porphyry veining and brecciation
(2)
a. Magnetite ± chalcopyrite ± quartz ± biotite
veinlets.
b. Magmatic Hydrothermal breccia.
(3) c. Quartz ± magnetite (A type) vein.
d. Banded magntetite-quartz (M type) vein.
e. Quartz ± K-feldspar ± magnetite ± pyrite
(4)
(B type) vein
Stage 2: Midle porphyry veining and brecciation
a. Phreatomagmatic breccia.
13
 S UTARTO et al.

Figure 8: Some veins and breccia types related porphyry (top) and epithermal (bottom) mineral-
ization in the Randu Kuning prospect area. A) The AB vein with pyrite-chalcopyrite centre line
(left) and quartz-magnetite (A vein) cut by pyrite-chalcopyrite veinlet (C vein) (WDD30-427.30); B)
Sphalerite-pyrite vein with carbonate centre line (WDD 53-76.00) at Gawe prospect; C) Gold-base
metals mineralization associated with chalcopyrite-spaherite-quart-pyrite vein and carbonate cen-
tre line at Kepil-Lancip prospect. D). Photomicrograph polished section under the reflected light
of magnetite grains are replaced by pyrite and chalcopyrite. Sample: WDD 49-369.60. and E)
Sphalerite-galena-pyrite-chalcopyrite assemblage and free gold grain replaced galena. Sphalerite
was relaced by chalcopyrite and galena. Mineral abbreviations: Pl = plagioclase, Ac = actinolite,
Kfs = K-feldspar, Qz = quartz, Mag = magnetite, Car = carbonate, Ser = sericite, Ccp=chalcopyrite,
Py=pyrite, Sph = sphalerite, Gn = galena.

14 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS

PORPHYRY STAGES EPITHERMAL STAGE OX

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4
VEIN TYPES EM Bx A M B Bx AB C D R Bx 1 2 3 Bx 4 5 6 7
Potassic
In.propylitic
ALTERATION

Out.propylitic
Phyllic
Chl-Ser-Mag
ZONES

Argillic
Adv. Argillic
Silisic
Biotite
K-feldspar
Quartz
Actinolite
Chlorite
Epidote
HYDROTHERMAL MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES

Anhydrite
Calcite
Dolomite
Gypsum
Magnetite
Pyrite
Chalcopyrite
Bornite
Sphalerite
Galena
Pyrrhotite
Covellite
Digenite
Chalcocite
Hematite
Sericite
Illite
Smectite
Illite-Smectite
Pyrophyllite
Kaolinite
Alunite
Malachite
Explanation:
A : A vein type AB : AB vein type R : Replacement OX : Oxidation
M : M vein type EM : Early magnetite-mica Bx : Brecciation 1,2,3,4,5,6,7: Ephithermal vein stages
B : B vein type C : C vein type D : D vein type

Figure 9: Paragenetic sequence of the hydrothermal veins/veinlets and minerals in the Randu Kun-
ing prospect.

© 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University 15

 S UTARTO et al.
b. Quartz ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± bornite
(AB type) vein.
c. Pyrite ± chalcopyrite (C type) veinlet.
Stage 3: Late porphyry veining
a. Pyrite + quartz ± chalcopyrire ± carbonate
(D type) vein.
b. Sericite-chlorite-silica selvages.
While the second ore mineralization is an inter-
mediate sulphidation epithermal Au-base met-
als mineralization which overprint earlier por-
phyry mineralization stage characterising by
the formation of the outer propylitic and argillic
alteration type as well as the formation of later
epithermal vein types. Magmatism that pro-
duced both hornblende microdiorite and quartz
diorite intrusions may be related and responsi-
ble to the intermediate sulphidation epithermal
mineralization.
Stage 4: Epithermal veining and brecciation
a. Phreatomagmatic breccia.
b. Epidote + chlorite ± quartz ± carbonate ±
pyrite vein.
c. Sphalerite + chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± quartz
vein.
d. Chalcopyrite + pyrite + quartz ± sphalerite
± chlorite vein.
e. Pyrite + quartz + carbonate ± chalcopyrite
vein (carbonate as centre line or infill in the
centre part of vein).
f. Brecciation.
g. Quartz + carbonate ± pyrite vein.
h. Quartz + carbonate ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite
vein.
i. Carbonate ± gypsum vein.
5 C ONCLUSIONS
Based on the characteristics of many parame-
ters such as pattern and type of hydrothermal
alterations, vein types, gangue and ore min-
erals assemblages as well as fluid inclusions
data, the Randu Kuning mineralization at Sel-
ogiri is co-existing between porphyry Cu-Au
and intermediate sulphidation epithermal Au-
base metals deposits. Porphyry environment
was developed at 300 to >600°C with salinity
16 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
ranges from 16–72 wt.% NaCl equiv., while in-
termediate sulphidation epithermal occurred at
200–300°C with salinity about <8–24 wt.% NaCl
equiv.
A dioritic composition range of the intrusive
rocks type and the domination of the potas-
sic and propylitic zones also lack the phyllic
alteration type, suggested that the alteration
model of the Cu-Au porphyry ore deposit in the
Randu Kuning area is more typically a diorite
model rather than a common quartz monzonite
model.
Not all porphyry vein types contribute in
copper and gold mineralization. In the por-
phyry environment, the early quartz-magnetite
veins (particularly A and M veins) generally
do not contain Cu-Au or barren, while the later
sulphide are bearing veins (AB, C , D veins
as well as chalcopyrite dessiminated) mostly
are rich of copper and gold, with copper and
gold grade ranges about 0.66–5.7 gr/t Au and
0.04–1.24 % Cu. In the intermediate epithermal,
gold and base metals mineralization mostly
associated with sulphides + quartz + carbonate
veins and have metals content grade ranges
0.1–20.8 gr/t Au, 1.2–28.1 gr/t Ag, 0.05–0.9 %
Zn and 0.14–0.59 % Pb. Many sulphides such as
pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and lack galena
within open space hydrothermal breccia also
have important role in gold-silver-zinc-lead
mineralization.
The tonnage and grade copper and gold in
the Randu Kuning area become much smaller
and lower than those of other porphyry Cu-Au
deposits in Eastern Sunda Arc, i.e., Tumpang
Pitu porpyry Cu-Au at Banyuwangi East Java
and Batu Hijau porphyry Cu-Au, Sumbawa.
This may be due to the small-size of intru-
sive rock (hornblende microdiorite) which is re-
sponsible for the mineralization or because of a
major eruption which is responsible for the for-
mation of crater.
A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is a part of PhD thesis research of
the first author at Geological Engineering De-
partment Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia.
My sincere thanks go to Directorate General of
Higher Education (DIKTI), the Ministry of Ed-
ucation and Culture, Republic of Indonesia for
BPP-DN scholarship and PPPI (Sandwich-like)
 R ANDU K UNING P ORPHYRY C U -A U AND IS S ULPHIDATION E PITHERMAL A U - BASE M ETAL D EPOSITS
programs. My regards is extended to the man-
agement of PT. Alexis Perdana Mineral, which
has given us permission to do this research in
the Selogiri prospect area and its vicinity. I
also would like to thank the Head of the In-
stitute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology
(IML) of Aachen (RWTH) University, Germany
who gave me permission to access to the labo-
ratories.
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18 © 2016 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University