Pemodelan & Visualisasi 3D

Mengapa 3D?
Melihat & Menganalisis
Operasi metrik
mis. menghitung jarak, volume, luas, panjang
Operasi ‘proximity’
mis. ‘buffering’
Inspeksi Visibility
Studi pencahayaan, perencanaan seluler, studi permukaan bawah tanah
SIG 3D
Operasi spasial 3D
 3D?
3D
Entitas obyek alami dan buatan manusia dalam
dimensi 3D ke semua arah

Model 3D
Replika digital aspek-aspek terpilih dari entitas
obyek dan buatan manusia

City Model / Model Kota

3D model dari obyek-obyek topografi suatu kawasan
perkotaan
Area Aplikasi Pemodelan 3D
CAD/CAM/Keilmuan
Man-made objects

Geologi Geology
Sub ground surface objects Topography

Urban Planning

Perencanaan Kawasan Urban

Supra ground objects
 Pemodelan Obyek 3d Topografi

Properti
Geometrik Sumber Geometric Properties
Bentuk, ukuran, posisi, topologi
Spesifikasi Pemodelan
data
3D Obyek Radiometric Properties
Properti Topo Properti
Radiometrik
Texture, pantulan
Semantik
Semantic Properties
Kelas & atribut, kualitas
Basisdata

(Tempfli 2002)
 Representasi Raster vs. Vektor
Raster:
2,5 D  B,K + tinggi Vektor:
2,5 D
Garis batas bangunan
h + tinggi

h2 2,7 D
h1 Garis batas bangunan
3 D  B,K,Z + ID + tinggi
+ perimeter atap
3D
Bangunan didefinisikan:
muka bangunan+noda(3D)
 Terminologi
1D
Points-nodes-vertices
Lines-arcs-edges-segments

2D
Surfaces-faces-polygons

3D Contoh:
Bodies-Solids-Volumes
=1D  DEM: Elevasi Tanah
=2D  DTM: Permukaan Terain
=3D  Temp. udara
 Tools, Platform & Format

 PC/Windows/UNIX
 RDBMS
GIS
 C++
CAD
 OpenGL
Comp Graph
 DXF
GIS
 HTML
Photo
 VRML  GeoVRML
VR
 VR Browsers
 Web Browsers + SVG plug-in
 Protocols (HTTP/TCP)
 CGI Scripts, Java, etc
Pemodelan 3D
 Mapping Terrain

(A. Rahman & S. Zlatanova 2007)

Mapping Terrain
TIN (surface-based)
Visualisasi 3D

G. Merapi, Jawa (1999)

 Definition three-dimensional map
 a map, itself considered a graphic
representation of the milieu, is said to be
three-dimensional when it contains stimuli
which make the map user perceive its
contents as three-dimensional

Sumber: Kraak (2006): 3D Visualization at Edugi Course

 The case study of Mount St. Helens

On May 18 1980 Mount St.

Helens, located in the north
western part of the United
States erupted. It was one of
the best observed volcanoes
and has resulted in a wealth of
materials for further study. It is
used here to demonstrate the
role of the third dimension in
mapping change.
View Mt. St. Helens
 Topographic map of Mount St. Helens
from before the eruption (source
USGS Washington- Mt. St. Helens
Quadrangle 1943)
Traditionally heights are represented
by contour lines and height points

 Topographic maps of Mount St.

Helens from after the eruption
(source USFS Mount St. Helens
National Volcanic Monument &
Administrative area, 2003).
Relief shading has been added to the
contour lines to improve 3d
perception
 Visualization options for DTM

[a] [b] [c]

The contour lines and spot heights [a] can be stored in a digital
elevation model. The DEM can be used to generate a shaded relief
model [b]. The slope and the position of the sun (always simulated in
the north-west) define the intensity of the colour. This model can be
combined with the traditional layer tint model [c]
 Terrain and other themes

The shaded relief map can also

be combine with other data
layers. In this example the effects
of the eruption (lava- and
mudflows as well as destroyed
forest) are shown
 Other visualization options
It is not always possible or useful to
create a tangible model of reality. To
strengthen the 3d impression of the
viewer one can use expedients like
anaglyphs. These images require a
red/green glasses and the viewer
will experience a ‘true’ 3d view.
 Other techniques……(many)
3D city perception…..

Dam Square, Amsterdam

Helsinski, Finlaad

More samples (VRML)

Bosca 3D (mov)
Mt. Helens (KML)
 DTM Generalization:
Multi-scale Representations

Can be two approaches:

- Metric multi-scale representations (view-
independent LOD)  uniform accuracy all over the
place.
- Visual multi-scale representations (view-dependent
LOD)  the LOD varies from place to place 
common in Comp Graphics
 DTM Generalization

Can also be implemented using these strategies:

- Discrete
(e.g., steps: 1:10.000  1:100.000  1:500.000)

- Continuous
(e.g., arbitrary scale: 1:50.000  1:59.000,55  dll

- Pyramid
 Depth cues and the illusion of real 3d

related related
psychophysical psychological depth cues
to to
depth cues
human’s object’s
retinal disparity visual structure shading
system
monocular movement size
perspective
accommodation
3d map texture
convergence colour
 psychophysical
depth cues

- Akomodasi
- Convergence (follow the obj.)
- Parallax displacement (retinal disparity)
 closer the object , the bigger parallax
 psychological depth cues

 Menciptakan Ilusi 
fool the eye = fool
the brain
Ilusi
psychological
depth cues
 How to present the third dimension
three-dimensional presentation  Tangible representations
result in the most realistic
techniques representation of the 3d
world. One can touch them.
realistic • globe
 In the category suggestive
representation • relief model
presentations one can sub
• tactual map divide based on the number
one image • image on 2d medium of images required.
suggestive using graphic stimuli  One: example shaded relief
presentation • mental maps map
• movement parallax  Two: example stereo images
• vr  More: example holographic
two • vr representation
images • optical stereo  Both type of depth cues are
• anaglyphs
used in all categories
• polarisation
more • lenses
images • holographic
• vari-focal mirrors
 Graphic stimuli: the psychological depth
cues
To express attribute values in size retinal image size
cartography the graphical
variables are use. For
instance amounts are value shading
represented by symbols that
change in size. texture texture

These same variable are colour colour

used as depth cue to create
stimuli that make one
experience the image as 3d. orientation line perspective
Shading is a well know
example. shape perspective

visual hierarchy overlap /

obstruction
 Virtual Reality as 3d mapping
environment

In a Virtual Reality (VR) environment users becomes part of the data set, part of a
digital world where they can explore and interact with the data. The experience of
being part of it, called immersion, is enhanced by the (stereoscopic) three-dimensional
images, sound and real time interaction. The VR environment gives the user a sense of
the real environment. Examples are wandering through a newly planned urban
neighbourhood.
 Maps and Virtual Reality

plan view model view world view

VR as interface to spatial data: a multiple view approach

 plan view, or map view which offers the 2d overview
 model view gives a perspective schematic overview
 world view offers a realistic view on reality