Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables 4
Abbreviations 9
Forward 11
I. INTRODUCTION 13
Background 15
Research Methodology 16
Research Sample 18
APPENDIX 125
THE DATA : WHAT THEY REPRESENT AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
Research Design 127
Limitations to Reports from Government Officials 127
Limitations in the MFI Survey Data 134 3
TABLE TITLE
NO
3-7 Non-Bank MFIs Stating Potential Exists for Saving by Regency / City (%)
3-8 Non-Bank MFIs Stating Potential Exists for Loans by Regency / City (%)
4
TABLE
TITLE
NO
4-13 Outstanding Loans and Accounts held by Women by Type of MFI (%)
4-14a Bank MFIs Mentioning Advantages of Female Customers over Males (%)
4-15b Bank MFIs Market Segments by Type of Bank and Location (%)
4-16b Micro Loans Accounts from Bank MFIs by Economic Sector (%)
6
TABLE
TITLE
NO
5-13 Bank MFIs Using Computers by Level of Use and Type of Bank (%)
5-21a Factors Given for Rejecting Loan Applications by Type of Bank (%)
5-22a Bank MFIs Methods of Handling Bad Loans by Type of Bank (%)
7-2 Values of Credit and Deposits of Non-Banks MFIs in the Survey, 2002
8
ABBREVIATIONS
In Indonesia, where more than 90% of all businesses are micro and small enter-
prises, the question of how to encourage growth and job creation is a vital one in
reducing vulnerability to poverty. Micro and small business owners frequent-
ly comment that capital constraints limit their ability to grow. Indeed, very few
small businesses obtain credit from formal sources. Extending credit to these
enterprises is a challenging task. Small businesses suffer from high turnover, low
levels of formalization, and borrow relatively small amounts that are expensive
for financial institutions to service. This makes them unattractive to many private
commercial lenders, few of whom target small borrowers. Instead, most small busi-
ness borrowers in Indonesia obtain credit from a variety of microfinance institu-
tions (MFIs).
The Foundation expresses its gratitude to Edy Priyono and the team at Akademika
for their work in analyzing the data presented here and to Dr. Thomas Timberg,
Ms. Agustina Musa, Ms. Wida Johnston, and Mr. Sapprudin for assistance to this
project. This work was made possible with the generous support of the United
States Agency for International Development.
13
The Asia Foundation has cooperated with the Center for Business and Govern-
ment of Harvard University (CBG-Harvard), which works for Bank Rakyat Indo-
nesia, to conduct a survey on access to and services of micro finance institutions
(MFIs) in six provinces: West Java, East Java, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan,
North Sulawesi and Papua. The Asia Foundation conducted the survey of institu-
tions, consisting of banks and non-bank financial institutions, while the survey of
households was done by CBG-Harvard. Data collection was performed in 2002 and
included 374 MFIs and 1,438 households. This publication covers data related to
the survey of institutions.
Generally, the survey was aimed at looking at the availability of micro finance
services. Specifically, the aims of the survey were:
1. To evaluate the capabilities of MFIs in several regions of Indonesia. For this
purpose, an MFI was defined as an institution (bank or non-bank) that pro-
vides loans with a ceiling of Rp 50 million per customer. The meaning of
capability here includes efficiency, sustainability, and ability to develop its
service network.
15
Research Locations
The research was done in six provinces, West Java, East Java, West Kalimantan,
North Sulawesi, and Papua, which were chosen on the basis of a comparative ana-
lysis of several regions in Indonesia but were not intended to portray average con-
ditions in Indonesia as a whole.
• From each of these regencies and cities, three districts were chosen at ran-
dom, and the combined characteristics of these districts were then compared
with the characteristics of the province.2
• Finally, from each of these districts, two villages or urban subdistricts were
chosen at random, and again reexamined.
1 These data were descriptive data from the BPS, focusing primarily on percentages of residents living in rural areas and in cities according to the 2000 national
census, as well as on the percentages of poor residents per regency, city, district, and village/subdistrict as measured against a nationwide scale of public prosperity.
Because accurate estimates of the level of poverty based on the BPS poverty line at administrative levels lower than provinces were not available, the BPS poverty line
could not be used as a criterion for further examination of the selected sample locations.
16 2 In several cases, villages or districts with extreme characteristics were not selected and were randomly replaced so that the sample would better approach or
represent the characteristics of the province being studied.
Table 1-1 Research Locations
East Kalimantan Kota Samarinda Samarinda Ulu 1. Teluk Lirong Ilir 2. Gunung Kelua
Samarinda Ilir 1. Pulau Atas 2. Sambutan
Samarinda Utara 1. Lempake 2. Sungai Siring
1. Survey Population
The targets or respondents in this study can be grouped into three categories:
a. Banking financial institutions identified as probably providing micro loans
directly for business purposes (direct business microlending). The banks
that served as respondents were government banks and private banks that
might provide micro loans for working capital and that have a national net-
work of branches.3 For practical reasons and to ease comparison, the same
banks were interviewed as respondents: Bank Mandiri, Bank BNI, Bank BRI
(both branch offices and Village Units), Bank BCA, Bank Danamon, and Bank
Bukopin. In addition to these, branch offices of Regional Development Banks
(Bank Pembangunan Daerah, BPD) and several local Public Credit Banks
(Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, BPR) also served as research samples.
b. Non-bank financial institutions that provide micro loans for working capital.
Included in this category are Islamic credit unions (Baitul Maal wa Tamwil¸
BMT), Savings and Loan Cooperatives (Koperasi Simpan-Pinjam, KSP), Cre-
dit Unions, Savings and Loan Units/ Savings and Loan Facilities (Unit Sim-
pan-Pinjam/ Tempat Pelayanan Simpan-Pinjam, USP/TPSP), Micro Finance
Institutions/ MFI (Lembaga Keuangan Mikro, LKM), and others (such as Vil-
lage Credit Agencies (Badan Kredit Desa, BKD), Common People’s Business
Credit Institutions (Lembaga Kredit Usaha Rakyat Kecil, LKURK)4, etc.).
The USP/TPSP mentioned above are the savings and loan units of Village
Unit Cooperatives (Koperasi Village Unit, KUD), Employee Cooperatives
(Koperasi Karyawan, Kopkar), Women’s Cooperatives (Koperasi Wanita, Kop-
wan), Multi-Purpose Enterprise Cooperatives (Koperasi Serba Usaha, KSU),
and Farmers’ Cooperatives (Koperasi Petani, Koptani). A separate category
was created for the Kopkar (rather than including them in the USP category)
because of their special characteristics that distinguish them from business
cooperatives in general, in order to prevent a significant bias.
3 In practice, there were almost no local commercial general banks identified as possibly being involved in providing
18
micro finance services, though there are some that do provide micro finance services in other regions, especially in Bali.
4 According to the Law on Banking, BKD and LKURK are in fact included in the bank category, but in practice it would be
more appropriate to refer to them as “prospective BPRs”, and so in this study they were placed in the non-bank category
(See: Detlev Holloh, 2001. Microfinance Institution Study. GTZ-Bank of Indonesia-Ministry of Finance).
The MFIs mentioned above are informal community groups that conduct
savings and loan activities, or only provide loans, for the needs of their
own members.
19
The selection of these samples was also done randomly. In several cases, when
there were one or two types of non-bank financial institution that were not
present in a given research location, the proportion of respondents of the other
types in that research location was increased.
20
3. Sample Size
Altogether, in this study 374 microfinance institutions were interviewed, con-
sisting of 114 bank microfinance institutions and 260 non-bank microfinance
institutions. Looking at the distribution of the financial institutions sampled in
this research, the largest samples were found in West Java and East Java: 83 and
81 financial institutions, respectively. The smallest sample was found in West
Kalimantan: only 34 microfinance institutions, comprised of 17 banks and 17
non-bank institutions. The entire research sample of financial institutions, both
banks and non-banks, for the various provinces is shown in Tables 1-2a, 1-2b
and 1-2c below.
NON BANK
BMT 5 3 8 . 2 2
KOPKAR 4 2 6 3 2 5
KSP 3 3 6 5 18 23
Other MFIs . 2 2 1 . 1
PROGRAMs 7 2 9 . 1 1
USP 9 18 27 9 15 24
TOTAL NON-BANK 28 30 58 18 38 56
TOTAL ALL 41 42 83 33 48 81
21
NON BANK
BMT 1 5 6 1 5 6
KOPKAR . . . 4 1 5
KSP 5 2 7 5 4 9
Other MFIs . 2 2 1 3 4
PROGRAMs . . . 2 . 2
USP 2 . 2 4 8 12
TOTAL NON-BANK 8 9 17 17 21 38
TOTAL ALL 13 21 34 23 30 53
NON BANK
BMT . 2 2 . . .
KOPKAR . 1 1 . 2 2
KSP 7 4 11 3 2 5
Other MFIs 20 22 42 2 1 3
PROGRAM 1 1 2 . . .
USP 5 6 11 9 3 12
TOTAL NON-BANK 33 36 69 14 8 22
22
TOTAL ALL 38 43 81 23 19 42
II. PROFILE OF THE
RESEARCH AREAS
23
It is evident from the available data that the regencies/cities that served as the
research locations differ widely in terms of numbers of residents and levels of
development. The regency with the largest population has more than two million
people, while most of the other regions have fewer than 600,000 people. Physi-
cally, too, the research areas differ; very few urban regions were selected for this
study, but the regencies, of a more rural nature, differed in terms of area and of
population density. The factors of area and population density strongly affect the
costs of financial institutions, as well as the transportation costs of businesses. It is
therefore not surprising that very clear differences were found between research
areas in terms of economic level, quality of infrastructure, educational levels, and
levels of community incomes. All of these factors have a strong impact on the mar-
ket for financial services, and especially on their ability to achieve a certain level of
economic viability. Thus it is no coincidence that the regions in Java and the urban
areas with higher population densities show a greater degree of development of
microfinance institutions. Of course, the regencies have varying economic lev-
els: several of them are agricultural areas (though in fact not very many), while
other regions are dominated by natural resource extraction industries (oil, gas, and
mining), and several of the urban regions serve as administrative and service
centers for the surrounding areas and have little industry.
25
The figures presented in this section come from official sources and have varying
levels of reliability. The data on populations and areas are very sound. The data
on educational levels are nearly as good as the data on populations and areas. The
data on GRDP of regencies/cities are generally recognized as having some weak-
nesses, but are used nevertheless because no alternative data are available. The data
on length of road networks are somewhat more complex in terms of data quality,
because of differences in quality and differing definitions about roads. The use of
water transport in island regions also affects the relevance of these data.
The issue of data accuracy also applies for bank loans, which often include a large
number of companies, such that they do not reflect accumulation among local
residents. In reality, the issue of where GRDP and loans are recorded is essentially
a matter of ease for a number of large companies.
CONDITIONS OF REGENCIES/CITIES
East Java is a very large province, covering most of the eastern part of the island of
Java. Together, East Java and West Java contain nearly a third of Indonesia’s entire
population (Table 2.1). The two regencies/cities selected as research areas in this
province have only a small population compared with East Java’s total population.
Malang and Madiun are both located near the center of the province of East Java.
Both regions have a high level of financial development, which is on the whole a
characteristic of regions in East Java.
26
Table 2-1 Background Data on Research Locations, 2001/2002
Source: BPS and Edi Sigar (2003), Buku Pintar Indonesia ( Indonesian Almanac)
Note: Data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) are for 2001, while data on Indonesia’s population are for 2002.
Figures for population have been rounded.
27
Province/Regency/City Bank Deposits Bank Loans Small Loans BPR Deposits BPR Loans 2
28
Table 2-3 Economic and Social Indicators in Research Locations 2001/2002
Contribution Population
Contribution Contribution Population Population
of Trade, Hotel Elementary Population Road
of Agric of Industrial Junior/Senior Diploma
Regencies ultural Sector Sector to
and Restaurant School
High School Holders or
Aged 15/ Coverage
Sector to Graduates or Older (KM)
to GRDP (%) GDRP (%) Graduates (%) Higher (%)
GRDP(%) Lower (%)
West Java
East Java
West Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Sulawesi
Papua
Source : BPS
Note: Data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) are for 2001, while data on Indonesia’s population are 2002
29
Sample Data
Province/ Banks
Regency/City Total Non
National Banks Banks Banks
BRI Unit BPR
Non-BRI Unit
West Java
Bandung 3 3 7 13 28
Purwakarta 4 6 2 12 30
East Java
Malang 6 3 6 15 18
Madiun 5 3 2 10 38
West Kalimantan
Pontianak 8 2 2 12 9
Sanggau 4 1 0 5 8
East Kalimantan
Samarinda 6 3 0 9 21
Kutai K. 3 2 1 6 17
North Sulawesi
Manado 4 3 0 7 36
Minahasa 1 2 2 5 33
Papua
Jayapura 5 4 2 11 8
Manokwari 6 3 0 9 14
Total 55 35 24 114 260
West Java’s population is nearly as large as that of East Java, even though several
of its second-level administrative regions (but not our two research locations) have
recently become a separate province. West Java occupies the western part of the
island of Java and has several second-level administrative districts bordering on
Jakarta. In 2002, West Java was officially split into two provinces with the estab-
lishment of the new province of Banten, comprised of second-level administrative
regions previously part of West Java. The two selected regencies represent only a
small proportion of West Java’s total population, and are located toward the center
of the island. The city of Purwakarta (capital of the regency) is a small city, while
Bandung regency is the territory that surrounds the city of Bandung and contains
the population overflow from the city. These two regions show a very strong con-
trast in terms of their local economies. Development of the financial sector in West
Java is somewhat behind that of East Java, but financial services in West Java are
30 better than in the other four research location provinces.
In comparison, the remaining four provinces in this study represent smaller popu-
lations and many of them have very low population densities. However, low popu-
lation density is not a characteristic of the urban regions in the research sample
(the cities of Manado, Pontianak, Samarinda and Jayapura). West Kalimantan and
East Kalimantan, located on the western and eastern sides of the island of Kaliman-
tan, have very large areas but very sparse populations. The island of Kalimantan
is in fact shared with two other countries: Malaysia and Brunei. Sanggau regency
borders on Malaysia, and therefore much of its economic activity is related to this
fact, including non-recording of economic flows and a certain amount of smug-
gling. Aside from having certain highly attractive industries, overall Kalimantan is
somewhat behind Java in terms of economy, infrastructure, and education. Kutai
Kertanegara has several large foreign companies, while Pontianak and Samarinda
are important commercial centers and the centers of government of their respec-
tive provinces. In the rural regions of Kalimantan, the level of financial develop-
ment is generally low, although West Kalimantan has a Credit Union movement
that is quite influential among the Dayak community. Generally, the cities that
served as samples in this study have high proportions of economic activity in the
construction, services, and transportation sectors.
North Sulawesi, bordering on the southern Philippines and located on the north-
ernmost tip of the island of Sulawesi, is a relatively wealthy region with a well-edu-
cated population. However, North Sulawesi’s infrastructure is rather poor, and its
financial sector is underdeveloped. The city of Manado is the gateway to trade with
the Philippines and a popular tourism center, as well as the center of government
and regional trade.
Papua has an enormous territory but a tiny population. The easternmost provin-
ce of Indonesia, Papua shares the island with the nation of Papua New Guinea.
Papua’s economy is dominated by several natural-resource-based industries, which
are the main attraction for investors and are foreign-owned. The central part of
Papua has poor transportation facilities and its people are generally poorly edu-
cated. The second-level administrative regions serving as samples in Papua are
both coastal regions. Development of financial institutions in this region is quite
limited. Conditions in Papua are also widely affected by security disturbances.
31
33
Although some of these bank branches have substantial resources, they do not
concentrate on small businesses, especially micro borrowers (which in this study
are defined as loans of up to 50 million Rupiah). The commercial bank branches’
major role is in saving services, and micro finance is only a small part of their
activities.
The two types of banks that are the major exceptions are BRI Village Units (BRI Vil-
lage Unit) and Regional Development Banks (Bank Pembangunan Daerah, BPD).
These two types of banks provide many micro loans, especially the BRI Village
Units. As of March 2003, BPDs had provided loans of Rp 18 trillion to some 1.8 mil-
lion clients. The amounts of credit from commercial banks in the twelve research
location regencies/ cities are shown in Table 3-1.
There are, in addition, People’s Credit Banks (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, BPR). BPRs
are small-scale banks that do not have access to a payment system, with credit out-
standing of around Rp 7 trillion (all of which is in the micro loan category).
An even smaller category of banks, found only in Java, consists of the Village
Credit Agencies (Badan Kredit Desa, BKD), which BI has put under BRI’s supervi-
sion, and the Village Credit Fund Institutions (Lembaga Dana Kredit Pedesaan,
LDKP) owned by the regional governments. Consideration is currently being given
to transferring these two types into the non-bank MFI category. 35
Non-bank financial institutions are often in the form of cooperatives, but some-
times also in the form of Programs, that is, government entities, which are usu-
ally sponsored by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the government.
In the field, cooperatives and Programs often have the same function and role,
though they differ in form and in their institutional rationale. In addition to the
categories of MFIs mentioned above, there are many informal financial activities
– moneylenders (loan sharks), rotating savings clubs (arisan), and so on – that are
not within the scope of this study. Nearly all the microfinance institutions in this
study provide consumption loans to their clients.
Most cooperatives are registered in various forms with the Cooperatives Depart-
ment, and this is also evident for the institutions that served as the sample for this
study. However, there are also many cooperatives and pre-cooperatives that are
not registered. Institutions registered as cooperatives may take the form of Savings
and Loan Units (Unit Simpan Pinjam, USP) that are parts of multi-purpose busi-
36
ness cooperatives. USPs are required to maintain separate financial records from
those of the cooperatives as a whole, but this provision is often ignored. For the
purposes of this study, the analysis of USPs separates multi-purpose business
cooperatives (Koperasi Serba Usaha, KSU), from those serving employees of
specific institutions (Koperasi Karyawan, Kopkar). This was done because of the
significant differences between them in terms of behavior, although their legal
status is the same.
No precise figures are available about the activities of cooperative MFIs. Coopera-
tives’ lending activities are estimated to amount to over Rp 5 trillion throughout
Indonesia, slightly lower than the value of their deposits. Among the forms of
non-registered cooperatives are Credit Unions, pre-cooperatives such as Self-Re-
liant Community Productive Economic Institutions (Lembaga Ekonomi Produtif
Masyarakat Mandiri, LEPMM), Savings and Loan Facilities (Tempat Pelayanan
Simpan Pinjam, TPSP), and Islamic credit unions (Baitul Maal wa Tamwil, BMT).
There are quite a few MFIs of these types in the research sample. There are also
cooperatives related to NGOs, but this type appears only in the sample for the
North Sulawesi research area, and not in the other five provinces.
Village Savings and Loan Economic Units (Unit Ekonomi Desa Simpan Pinjam,
UED-SP) established by the Ministry of Home Affairs also appear in this study’s
sample. In their operations, these UED–SP resemble cooperatives. The study also
includes District Development Programs (Program Pengembangan Kecamatan,
PPK) and Regional Development to Overcome the Impact of the Economic Cri-
sis (Pemberdayaan Daerah dalam Mengatasi Dampak Krisis Ekonomi, PDMDKE);
these two are national programs related to poverty eradication programs.
The District Development Programs (PPK) are highly underrepresented in the re-
search sample. It is difficult to discuss other forms of MFIs with any certainty, be-
cause these types of MFIs tend to be concentrated in certain regions, and may not
have been captured in the villages and districts that were the locations of this study.
37
The data in the following discussion are based on a stratified sample in six
provinces: West Java, East Java, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Sulawesi
and Papua. In each province, two second-level administrative regions were select-
ed, and from each of these, three districts were selected. In each of these districts,
two villages/subdistricts were selected; however, in the field this was not carried
out completely. A more detailed discussion of the sample selection process is pre-
sented in Chapter 1 and Appendix.
MFIs vary in their legal forms; this is related, among other matters, to the question
of ownership. Some MFIs are owned by individuals, while most banks are in the
form of limited-liability companies (Perseroan Terbatas, PT), which may, in fact,
also be owned by individuals. For BPRs, the existing regulations require that the
owner of a BPR be an Indonesian citizen or Indonesian legal entity (not foreign).
Some MFIs take the form of foundations, and have therefore recently faced certain
problems as a result of the enactment of the Foundations Law of 2001.
MFIs must deposit their surplus funds; they generally do this by depositing in
banks. Table 3-2 shows where they deposit their surplus funds, broken down by
type of MFI. The table shows clearly that general banks are the most popular place
for non-bank MFIs to deposit their surplus funds. This is one form of interdepen-
dence between non-bank MFIs and banks. Through this mechanism, the MFIs also
benefit from the differential between the banks’ interest rates and the interest rates
the MFIs pay their clients.
38
In terms of type of institution, the use of banks as places to deposit surplus funds
is most evident in the Kopkar category (84.2%). Even so, it should also be noted
that Kopkar also use many other institutions (42.1%), as do BMTs, Programs, and
Other MFIs1.
It is interesting to see that the same table also shows that the most popular place
overall to deposit surplus funds is “other”. The meaning of depositing in “other”
places most often is that the surplus funds are in fact kept at the MFI’s own office.
Place of Deposit
Type of Institution
Higher Office General Bank BPR Other
BMT 4.2 62.5 4.2 45.8
Kopkar 0.0 84.2 0.0 42.1
KSP 16.4 57.4 3.3 21.3
Other MFIs 0.0 41.5 0.0 50.9
Programs 0.0 28.6 14.3 42.9
USP 4.6 56.8 4.6 30.7
All Non-Banks 6.2 54.6 3.5 35.4
Source: Field survey (processed)
The variation in place of deposit of surplus funds occurs not only by type of institu-
tion, but also between regencies/cities. Table 3-3 shows that in Sanggau regency,
half of the non-bank MFIs deposit their surplus funds at a higher office. This means
that most of the surplus funds of the MFIs in Sanggau regency circulate only within
their own milieu, without involving other institutions such as banks. In Sanggau
regency, only around 13 percent of the non-bank MFIs deposit their surplus funds
in general banks.
It is also interesting to examine the situation in the city of Madiun. In this city, the
percentage of non-bank MFIs that deposit their surplus funds in banks is relatively
low (40%). Unlike in Sanggau, where surplus funds are mostly deposited to higher
offices, in Madiun only “other” is mentioned as a significant place for deposit of
surplus funds. Quite possibly this is because the non-bank MFIs in Madiun do not
in fact have surplus funds to deposit.
39
1 Many tables in the report feature multiple responses question. For this reason, total responses can be over 100 percent.
COMPETITION
Generally, this survey shows that three types of institutions are competitors for
non-bank institutions in granting micro loans: informal moneylenders (loan
sharks), Savings and Loan Cooperatives (KSP), and BRI Village Units (BRI Village
Unit). Surprisingly, BPRs are not considered a significant competitor to non-bank
MFIs in micro loans. The survey results for BPRs show that 50 percent of BPR
respondents state that their competitors in granting loans are KSPs, while around
25 percent state that the BPRs’ competitors are Village Unit Cooperatives (KUD).
40
In other words, BPRs consider cooperatives to be their competitors in loaning,
whereas Table 3-4 shows that only a minority of cooperatives mention BPRs as
their competitors. Here we find a kind of asymmetry in perception regarding com-
petition between non-bank MFIs, specifically cooperatives, and BPRs.
Loan sharks are competitors because they usually provide loans using a very quick
and easy procedure, but with extremely high interest rates. KSPs and BRI Village
Units are also competitors, as they are relatively numerous and can reach clients
down to (at least) the district level. As BRI is a state-owned bank, BRI Village Units
usually also offer relatively lower interest rates than do non-bank MFIs.
Competitor Institutions
Type of USP/ Regional
Institution Other Loan BRI Private BPR General
BKD TPSP/ KSP Govt
MFIs Sharks Units BPRs Syariah Banks
KUD BPRs
BMT:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 28.6 7.1 75.7 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 30.0 10.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 0.0 0.0 29.2 8.3 37.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kopkar:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 16.7 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 16.4 23.1 0.0 7.7 0.0 15.4
• All Locations 5.3 5.3 6.3 10.5 15.8 21.1 0.0 5.3 0.0 10.5
KSP:
• All Cities 3.3 3.3 13.3 10.0 26.7 3.3 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 3.2 6.5 19.4 3.2 12.9 12.9 12.9 3.2 0.0 3.2
• All Locations 3.3 4.9 16.4 6.6 19.7 8.2 9.8 1.6 0.0 1.6
Other MFIs:
• All Cities 3.6 0.0 25.0 14.3 26.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6
• All Regencies 0.0 8.0 28.0 44.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 1.9 3.8 26.4 28.3 17.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9
Programs:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 50.0 16.7 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 42.9 14.3 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0
USP:
• All Cities 6.3 0.0 15.6 3.1 34.4 6.3 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 0.0 5.4 21.4 1.8 23.2 19.6 1.8 5.4 0.0 3.6
• All Locations 2.3 3.4 19.3 2.3 27.3 14.8 2.3 3.4 0.0 2.3
All Non-Bank:
• All Cities 3.6 0.9 17.9 8.9 26.6 6.4 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.9
• All Regencies 1.4 5.4 20.9 10.1 20.9 16.2 3.4 4.1 0.0 3.4
• All Locations 2.3 3.5 19.6 9.6 24.2 11.5 3.1 2.3 0.0 2.3
Source: Field survey (processed)
41
Competitor Institutions
Type of
Institution BRI BRI Bank Private BPR
BPD BCA BKD KUD KSP
Branches Units Mandiri BPRs Syariah
Government Bank:
• All Cities 47.4 31.6 36.8 52.6 42.1 21.1 0.0 0.0 5.3 15.8
• All Regencies 45.5 27.3 36.4 81.8 9.1 27.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 46.7 30.0 36.7 63.3 30.0 23.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 10.0
BPD:
• All Cities 40.0 60.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
• All Regencies 62.5 37.5 25.0 0.0 12.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5
• All Locations 53.8 46.2 23.1 0.0 7.7 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4
Private Banks:
• All Cities 88.9 44.4 33.3 33.3 11.1 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1
• All Regencies 66.7 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 83.3 33.3 41.7 33.3 8.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3
BPR:
• All Cities 33.3 83.3 33.3 66.7 16.7 50.0 0.0 16.7 16.7 16.7
• All Regencies 11.1 83.3 0.0 22.2 16.7 77.8 5.6 5.6 27.8 61.1
• All Locations 6.7 83.3 8.3 33.3 16.7 70.8 4.2 8.3 25.0 50.0
BRI Village units:
• All Cities 13.3 6.7 13.3 86.7 13.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 13.3 26.7
• All Regencies 5.0 0.0 15.0 35.0 20.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 50.0
• All Locations 8.6 2.9 14.3 57.1 17.1 34.3 0.0 0.0 22.9 40.0
All Bank:
• All Cities 42.6 35.2 27.8 55.6 22.2 29.6 0.0 1.9 7.4 18.5
• All Regencies 25.0 35.0 18.3 35.0 15.0 43.3 1.7 1.7 18.3 36.7
• All Locations 33.3 35.1 22.8 44.7 18.4 36.8 0.9 1.8 13.2 28.1
Source: Field survey (processed)
Competition between non-bank MFIs and BRI Village Units in granting loans is
also seen from the survey results for bank respondents. Around 23 percent of BRI
Village Unit respondents state that their competitors in granting loans are KSPs,
and 20 percent state that their competitors are other types of cooperatives.
42
Table 3-5a. Institutions Mentioned by Non-Bank MFIs as Competitor
in Mobilizing Deposits by Type of Institution and Location (%)
Competitor Institution
BKD USP/ KSP Other Loan BRI Private Regional BPR General
Type of Institution
TPSP/ MFIs Sharks Units BPRs Govt. Syariah Banks
KUD BPRs
BMT:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 14.3 7.1 35.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.4
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 0.0 0.0 12.5 8.3 29.2 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5
Kopkar:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3
• All Regencies 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.1
• All Locations 5.3 5.3 10.5 5.3 0.0 26.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.3
KSP:
• All Cities 3.3 0.0 6.7 3.3 6.7 10.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 23.3
• All Regencies 0.0 6.5 19.4 0.0 6.5 22.6 3.2 3.2 0.0 9.7
• All Locations 1.6 3.3 13.1 1.6 6.6 16.4 3.3 1.6 0.0 16.4
Other MFIs:
• All Cities 3.6 0.0 3.6 17.9 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1
• All Regencies 0.0 4.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0
• All Locations 1.9 1.9 9.4 17.0 0.0 22.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5
Programs:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 8.3 33.3 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 7.1 28.6 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0
USP:
• All Cities 3.1 0.0 3.1 0.0 15.5 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.9
• All Regencies 0.0 3.6 17.9 1.8 10.7 26.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 10.7
• All Locations 1.1 2.3 12.5 1.1 12.5 22.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 14.8
All Non-Bank:
• All Cities 2.7 0.0 6.3 6.3 10.7 10.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 18.8
• All Regencies 0.7 4.1 15.5 4.7 7.4 30.4 0.7 2.7 0.0 9.5
• All Locations 1.5 2.3 11.5 5.4 8.8 21.9 0.8 1.5 0.0 13.5
Competitor Institution
Type of Institution BRI BRI Bank Private BPR
BPD BCA BKD KUD KSP
Branches Units Mandiri BPRs Syariah
Government banks:
• All Cities 36.8 5.3 52.6 21.1 63.2 15.8 0.0 0.0 5.2 5.3
• All Regencies 36.4 36.4 54.5 72.7 27.3 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 36.7 16.7 53.3 40.0 50.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 3.3
BPD:
• All Cities 40.0 40.0 60.0 0.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Regencies 75.0 37.5 37.5 0.0 25.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 61.5 38.5 46.2 0.0 46.2 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Private banks:
• All Cities 55.6 0.0 100.0 22.2 44.4 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1
• All Regencies 33.3 0.0 66.7 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• All Locations 50.0 0.0 91.7 33.3 33.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3
BPR:
• All Cities 33.3 66.7 16.7 50.0 33.3 16.7 16.7 0.0 16.7 16.7
• All Regencies 11.1 77.8 0.0 22.2 50.0 66.7 11.1 5.6 16.7 44.4
• All Locations 16.7 75.0 4.2 29.2 45.8 54.2 12.5 4.2 16.7 37.5
All Bank:
• All Cities 35.2 13.0 51.9 35.2 51.9 16.7 1.9 0.0 5.6 7.4
• All Regencies 25.0 35.0 23.3 35.0 33.3 36.7 3.3 1.7 15.0 25.0
• All Locations 29.8 24.0 36.8 35.1 42.1 27.2 2.6 0.9 10.5 16.7
44
It should also be noted that if a certain type of institution is mentioned by non-
bank institutions as a competitor but with only a very low percentage (for example,
BPR Syariah), there are two possible explanations: first, this type of institution is
present but is not in fact a competitor, or second, that this type of institution is in
fact not present in the respondent’s area, and thus it is logical that it would not be
a competitor to the non-bank institutions.
2. Forms of Competition
There are very few data in this study on forms of competition. However, some
indications regarding forms of competition can be seen indirectly in the section
on marketing. For those interested in competition as reflected in “price,” Chapter
4 presents data on the interest rates charged and received by MFIs. Of course, the
interest rates for savings and for loans differ; the data on interest rates are there-
fore presented in the form of a range.
MARKETING
1. Marketing Methods
Table 3-6 shows that in general, non-bank MFIs mostly market savings through
their customers (word of mouth). This method is mentioned as being used by
around 68 percent of all non-bank respondents. This implies that non-bank MFIs
do not employ any specific methods to market their savings facilities. Most likely,
this means is chosen because it is considered the most efficient, as the geographic
area of operation of non-bank MFIs is usually not very large.
45
Marketing Methods
Type of
Institution Print
Leaflets Direct Radio Customers Prizes Other
Media
For Savings:
BMT 50.0 54.2 16.7 8.3 91.7 16.7 33.3
Kopkar 10.5 31.6 0.0 5.3 68.4 5.3 26.3
KSP 9.8 50.8 3.3 4.9 82.0 8.2 16.4
Other MFIs 1.9 56.6 0.0 1.9 36.5 1.9 15.4
Programs 0.0 35.7 0.0 0.0 57.1 0.0 21.4
USP 16.5 38.8 0.0 2.3 72.9 5.8 14.3
All Non-Bank 14.1 46.3 2.3 3.5 68.4 6.6 18.0
For Loans:
BMT 41.7 50.0 12.5 4.2 95.8 8.3 29.2
Kopkar 10.5 31.6 0.0 5.3 68.4 5.3 21.1
KSP 16.4 59.0 3.3 4.9 91.8 8.2 16.4
Other MFIs 0.0 71.7 0.0 1.9 48.1 1.9 26.9
Programs 7.1 50.0 0.0 7.1 71.4 0.0 28.6
USP 19.8 45.4 1.2 2.3 82.6 7.1 19.1
All Non-Bank 15.6 53.5 2.3 3.5 77.4 5.9 21.8
Source: Field survey (processed)
46
2. Views Regarding Market Potential
Overall, Table 3-7 shows that around 74 percent of non-bank MFI respondents state
that there is still a potential market for savings in their region. However, significant
variations can be seen between regions. This survey at the financial institution
level found that the city of Jayapura was considered the survey location with the
lowest potential for savings (only 25% of respondents though there was potential
to expand deposits). Several other regions can be categorized as having low savings
potential, though not as low as Jayapura: Bandung regency (53%), Manado (60%),
and Kutai Kertanegara regency (65%).
Institutions that stated that potential for savings still exists were asked in which
market segment such potential remained. The same table shows that the lower-
middle to lowest income brackets were the market segments most often mentioned
by respondents. This is because non-bank MFIs are generally aimed at this market
segment. This pattern is seen in all regions, although in differing proportions.
Table 3-7. Non-Bank MFIs Stating Potential Exists for Savings, by Regency/City (%)
47
Table 3-8 contains similar information, but for loans. This table shows that around
91 percent of non-bank respondents in this study stated that there is still potential
for lending in their regions. There is still variation between regions, but not as
great as the variations in savings potential. In several regions (Malang regency,
city of Pontianak, Kutai Kertanegara regency, Minahasa regency, and Manokwari
regency), all respondents stated that such potential exists. This reflects the high
level of demand for micro loans in several regions.
The lowest figure was found in Bandung regency, where only 79 percent of
respondents stated that there is still a potential market for loans. It must be
remembered that Bandung regency is also the lowest in market potential for
savings. According to these perceptions, Bandung has the lowest potential for
expansion of MFI services.
Table 3-8. Non-Bank MFIs Stating Potential Exists for Loans, by Regency/City (%)
48
PROFITABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY
Return on Equity (ROE), the ratio between profit and capital, which is the measure
generally used to measure a bank’s financial performance, may be inappropriate
for many cases in this study. This is because nearly all the bank respondents in
this survey were single branches from among the numerous branches of the banks
concerned. Further, it is difficult to distinguish between the capital of the bank’s
owners and the capital derived from the bank’s depositors, especially for BPRS.
The Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) is one indicator of the performance of microfi-
nance institutions that can be used specifically to see whether certain institutions
tend to mobilize their funds or not. Table 3-9 shows that in December 2000 and
in May 2003, the value of LDR was less than one. This indicates that in these two
periods, banks were granting loans with a lower value than the amount of deposits
in the banks. The developments in banks’ LDR in this survey show that the figure
tended to remain stable between 2000 and 2002, in the 0.4 to 0.5 range.
Because of various limitations to the data as explained in the Appendix, the perfor-
mance ratios used for banks cannot be applied to non-bank financial institutions. The
indicator that is appropriate, and comparable to ROA, is the ratio of profit to credits
granted. The results of the calculation of this ratio can be seen in Table 3-10.
50
IV. SERVICES
PROVIDED
51
TYPES OF SERVICES
The banking sector provides many types of financial services to small and micro
customers, which fall generally into the categories of loans/credits of various types
and savings facilities. The banking sector also provides services for payments and
fund transfers. Although they are included in the banking category, BPRs are not
allowed to provide payment and fund transfer services; however, some of them
do provide these services, typically in cooperation with general banks or other fi-
nancial institutions. In Indonesia, banks often provide these services, even though
they have issued credit cards and debit cards, which are also in fact a facility for
payments and fund transfers. Banks also provide services of a non-routine nature,
such as replacing damaged banknotes.
This study focuses on lending and saving services. The discussion on savings will
be much briefer than that on loans, as in this study microfinance institutions are
considered in the context of development of micro enterprises. In this context, at-
tention will be focused mainly on the micro loans granted by the various financial
institutions that served as the sample of the study.
For the sake of simplicity, the discussion in this study will refer only to “savings”
and “loans,” but in reality there is a tremendous variety of products in each of these
categories. Many microfinance institutions offer various loan programs, primarily
programs whose funds come from external investors as opposed to deposits. In this
situation, the requirements and procedures for such loans are usually determined
by the owner (source) of the funds.
As with loans, savings also consist of many product schemes, often accompanied
by prizes or the like. No less important is the difference in requirements for differ-
53
Non-bank MFIs typically provide a limited range of services, particularly with re-
gard to payments and fund transfers, but even in the matter of loans and savings,
which are the focus of this study, differences are seen. This is especially true for
cooperatives, which are quite numerous in the study sample. Cooperatives usually
have various types of compulsory contribution requirements related to member-
ship, as well as voluntary deposits, for which various incentives are provided.
There is a great variation in the savings products provided by the MFIs in the
study sample. Banks mostly provide time deposits and savings accounts, although
in practice time deposits seldom apply for small/ micro depositors. Other financial
institutions often provide services that are essentially adaptations of the services
provided by banks. For example, cooperatives, in addition to deposits that are in
principle a form of capital participation, also have “regular” savings accounts (like
those at banks).
Loans also vary, though the variation is not as great. Generally, loans can be classi-
fied into two categories: standard loans (like those normally granted by banks) and
loans of the government program type.
54
1. Numbers and Values of Savings Accounts and Loans
Table 4-1 shows the numbers of accounts and values of savings and loans in vari-
ous institutions. Of course, a depositor may have more than one account. This is
particularly true with Programs, in which participants are required to maintain a
balance between their deposits and their loans.
The table shows that the balance between value of loans and that of savings varies
by type of institution, indirectly reflecting their differing orientations. Some insti-
tutions have a lower tendency to grant loans than to accept deposits, such as BMTs
and Kopkar. Even so, the fund gap (or surplus) is not very great. What MFIs do with
their surplus funds has been discussed previously in Chapter 3.
In contrast, certain other institutions (KSPs, Programs, and USPs) grant loans in
amounts greater than their deposits. For Programs, this is very easy to understand,
as they are usually focused on providing loans to the public.
Savings Loans
Value/
Type of Bank Value/
Accounts Value Accounts Value Account
(000) (Rp.000.000)
Account (000) (Rp.000.000) (Rp.000)
(Rp.000)
Government
532.5 3,220,529.5 6,047.6 50.5 432,421.8 8,555.4
banks
BPD 285.1 1,492,199.4 5,234.7 38.9 419,037.4 10,765.3
Private banks 20.0 270,751.9 13,534.2 6.2 101,746.7 16,413.4
BPR 58.7 42,888.5 730.2 16.6 55,277.0 3,326.9
BRI Units 214.4 186,655.4 870.6 34.5 142,878.3 4,136.8
55
Savings Loans
Type of Value/
Value/
Bank Accounts Value Accounts Value Account
(000) (Rp.000.000)
Account (000) (Rp.000.000) (Rp.000)
(Rp.000)
Table 4-2 shows the values of deposits and loans in various institutions in various
regions. There are two sources of data in the questionnaires, which are occasion-
ally not consistent with one another: data from responses to direct questions on
deposits and loans, and data from balance sheets.
Savings Loans
Regency(Kab.)/ Value/
Value/
City(Kota.) Accounts Value Accounts Value Account
(000) (Rp.000.000)
Account (000) (Rp.000.000) (Rp.000)
(Rp.000)
The other group is those where the value of loans is greater than that of deposits:
Bandung, Purwakarta, Malang, Madiun, Minahasa, Manado, Manokwari, and Jaya-
pura. Generally, the results of field observations indicate that one characteristic
of non-bank MFIs, especially cooperatives, in North Sulawesi is a tendency to be
oriented toward granting loans. They channel funds derived from the cooperatives’
“owners” to the public, rather than funds from third parties.
Some MFIs accept group customers, that is, deposits from institutions, while others
do not. Table 4-3a shows that many government banks and BPDs offer group
lending. On the other hand, only a few private banks and BPRs have group lending,
and no BRI Units have group lending. When a bank has group lending activities,
it is mostly implementing government credit programs such as PKM, PUKK and
KUT. In fact, all BPR group lending activities are government credit programs.
57
Type of Customer
Type of Bank
Individual Group Total
BMT 83.2 16.8 100.0
Kopkar N.A N.A N.A
KSP 75.0 25.0 100.0
Other MFIs 55.0 45.0 100.0
Programs 15.0 85.0 100.0
USP 67.6 32.4 100.0
All Non-Bank 70.9 29.1 100.0
Source: Field survey (processed)
Table 4-3 shows that in all around 30 percent of the clients of non-bank institu-
tions are group customers. The most interesting case is that of Programs, where 85
percent of customers are group customers. This is easy to understand, as (at least
when they are first established) government programs usually require borrowers
to form groups. Through this group approach, the administrative costs to serve
customers (relative to the value of the loans) can be reduced. Furthermore, the
group approach allows for internal supervision within the groups, thus reducing
the moral hazard that could lead to non-repayment of loans.
Savings interest rates are a central issue for intermediation institutions, because
they strongly influence loan interest rates and, in turn, the demand for credit.
Calculation using currently effective interest rates is difficult, but an attempt was
made in this study by converting interest rates into annual interest rates.
Table 4-4b shows savings interest rates in non-bank financial institutions. Overall,
savings interest rates display a very wide range, from 0 percent to 60 percent per
year. The difference in interest rates between institutions is not easy to interpret,
because savings interest rates depend greatly on the product, or type of savings. If
we compare them with the bank interest rates in Table 4-4a, it can be seen that with
the exception of BPRs, the interest rates of non-bank institutions are higher than
58
bank interest rates. However, it should also be noted that certain non-bank institu-
tions (mainly USPs) may grant loans with extremely low interest. This indicates
that the phenomenon of high loan interest rates in non-bank institutions is not one
that applies generally to all such institutions.
Table 4-4a. Minimum, Maximum, and Median Values of Annualized Bank Savings
Interest Rates and Cost of Funds by Type of Bank (%)
Table 4-4b. Minimum, Maximum, and Median Values of Annualized Non-Bank MFIs
Savings Interest Rates and Cost of Funds by Type of Institution (%)
59
Table 4-5. Minimum, Maximum, and Median Values of Annualized Interest Rates
for Bank Micro Loans by Type of Loan and Type of Bank (%)
For non-banks, the interest rates charged to micro loan customers vary tremen-
dously; they may be extremely high, or extremely low, as shown in Table 4-63. This
table shows that overall, the interest rates of non-bank institutions range from zero
percent to 96 percent. Zero percent interest rates (no interest) are usually provided
by non-bank institutions with a social mission, but they do not usually involve sig-
nificant amounts of funds.
60
3 Interest rates for investment credit were not provided by most of the non-bank MFIs. Therefore,
the available data on interest rates for investment credit was merged in the group interest rate on working capital credit.
Table 4-6. Minimum, Maximum, and Median Values of Annualized Interest Rates
for Non-Bank MFI Micro Loans by Type of Loan and Type of Institution (%)
Table 4-8 gives a picture of the costs that must be borne by customers when they
borrow money from financial institutions, whether banks or non-banks. In all,
around 58 percent of non-bank institutions charge their customers administration
fees. If we compare by type of institution, the ones that most often charge admin-
istration fees are BMTs (74%), while those that least often do so are Other MFIs
(25%). This is because Other MFIs (PDMDKE and the like) are usually instruments
for government loan programs (such as the PPK program). On the other hand, only
two types of non-bank institutions charge notary fees and insurance fees: KSPs and
USPs. Most likely, these charges for notary fees and insurance fees apply only to
loans of high value.
For the institutions that charge them, some of these various loan fees are fixed
rates, while for others, these fees are a percentage of the value of the loan. For fixed
rates, the average administration fee is Rp 8,600, the average insurance fee is Rp
13,000, and the average notary fee is Rp 225,000. When they are a percentage of
the loan, administration fees average 2.2 percent, insurance fees 1.6 percent, and
notary fees 2.0 percent.
Administrative Mandatory
Type of Institution Insurance Fees Notary Fees
Fees Savings
BMT 73.9 0.0 0.0 43.4
Kopkar 50.0 10.0 0.0 35.0
KSP 70.5 13.1 8.2 42.6
Other MFIs 24.5 0.0 0.0 39.6
Programs 42.8 0.0 0.0 35.7
USP 69.3 18.2 10.2 31.8
All Non-Bank 58.0 7.3 5.3 37.6
62
Meanwhile, for banks, Table 4-8b shows that around 72 percent of the bank
respondents state that they charge their customers loan administration fees.
This percentage is around the same as the percentage of bank respondents that
require notary fees. Without discussing the amounts of these charges, Table 4-8a
and Table 4-8b show that compared with non-bank MFIs, banks tend more often to
charge customers fees in addition to the loan interest. As well as the difference in
standards of administration, this may also be due to the difference in the value of
the loans.
Among the various types of banks, BRI Village Units are the ones that least often
charge administration fees. Only around 34 percent of BRI Village Units state that
they charge their borrowers administration fees. In comparison, around 96 percent
of BPRs state that they charge administration fees. In contrast, with regard to no-
tary fees, the largest percentage of respondents stating that they charge such fees
is BRI Village Units (86%). By way of comparison, only 45 percent of BPRs state
that they charge their borrowers notary fees.
Table 4-8b Bank MFIs that Specify Requirements for Loans by Type of Bank (%)
Administration Mandatory
Type of Bank Insurance Fees Notary Fees
Fees Savings
Government banks 90.0 60.0 76.7 16.7
BPD 76.9 76.9 53.8 84.6
Private banks 83.3 83.3 83.3 16.7
BPR 95.8 50.0 45.8 50.0
BRI Village Units 34.3 34.3 85.7 48.6
All Bank 71.9 54.4 71.0 41.2
63
Net interest margin is the differential between loan interest rates and savings inter-
est rates. For the sake of simplicity, administrative and other fees are not taken
into consideration. Table 4-9 shows that in general, the net interest margin of non-
bank institutions is higher than that of banks. It should be noted that the net inter-
est margin cannot automatically be interpreted as a profit earned by the institu-
tion, because it could well be that a high margin is caused by high operating costs.
Table 4-9. Median Savings Interest Rates, Loan Interest Rates, and Net Interest Margins
of Bank and Non-Bank MFIs by Type of Bank and Institution (%)
64
8. Total Cost of Loans
It is evident that even ignoring the transaction costs incurred from the complex
procedure of releasing loans and of collateral requirements, both administration
fees and deposit requirements produce an increase in the actual cost of loans.
Even so, most institutions have costs of loans that do not differ greatly from the
nominal interest rates. There are some extreme values, mostly from those that
report extremely low interest rates. All of this comes from the transaction costs
incurred in the process, and from illegal commissions, which are often reported
but are not directly covered in this study.
The repayment rate of loans is a problem for all financial institutions, though the
degree of problems with micro loans is usually smaller than with larger loans. The
loan repayment rate for banks is presented in Table 4-10a. The table shows that
overall the loan repayment rate to banking institutions is 94.5 percent. The loan
repayment rate at government banks, BPDs and BRI Village Units are higher than
at private banks and BPRs.
Table 10b presents information on the loan repayment rate in non-bank financial
institutions. Compared with banks, the level of loan repayment at non-bank insti-
tutions is lower, only around 93 percent. Among the non-bank financial institu-
tions, the lowest loan repayment rate is seen in USPs.
65
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
With regard to the geographical extent of MFIs’ service networks, there is a tremen-
dous variation between regencies in terms of numbers of institutions and of cus-
tomers. Services are generally more intensive in urban regions than in regencies.
Furthermore, services are also more limited in many regions outside Java. Manok-
wari (Papua) and Sanggau (West Kalimantan) are the regions whose microfinance
institutions have the fewest services.
In fact, variation is even found within districts; more micro financial services are
found in district capitals than in villages far from the district capitals. This is indi-
cated by the fact that in around half of the villages surveyed, there were no micro-
finance institutions.
66
2. Areas of Operations
It can also be seen that the geographical targets of the MFIs in this study may be
characteristic of MFIs as a whole. Table 4-11 shows the operational areas as defined
by the MFIs themselves. Around 32 percent of the non-bank institutions in the
study have very limited areas of operations, only one village. These institutions fill
a market not yet reached by traditional banking services.
Village
> 1 Regency/ District up to
Type of Institution up to 1 Village TOTAL
City Regency
District
BMT:
• All Cities 30.8 53.8 7.7 7.7 100.0
• All Regencies 0.0 20.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
• All Locations 17.4 39.1 21.7 21.7 100.0
Kopkar:
• All Cities 40.0 40.0 0.0 20.0 100.0
• All Regencies 15.4 30.5 46.2 0.0 100.0
• All Locations 22.2 38.9 33.3 5.6 100.0
KSP:
• All Cities 50.0 30.0 8.7 13.3 100.0
• All Regencies 6.5 35.5 25.8 32.3 100.0
• All Locations 27.9 32.8 16.4 23.0 100.0
Other MFIs:
• All Cities 11.5 15.4 19.2 53.8 100.0
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 19.2 80.8 100.0
• All Locations 5.8 7.7 19.2 63.3 100.0
Programs:
• All Cities 50.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 100.0
• All Regencies 0.0 6.3 41.7 50.0 100.0
• All Locations 7.1 7.1 35.7 50.0 100.0
USP:
• All Cities 25.0 46.9 6.3 21.9 100.0
• All Regencies 8.9 19.8 48.2 23.2 100.0
• All Locations 14.8 29.5 33.0 22.7 100.0
All Non-Bank:
• All Cities 30.6 34.3 9.3 25.9 100.0
• All Regencies 6.1 20.3 37.2 36.5 100.0
• All Locations 16.4 28.2 25.4 32.0 100.0
67
Source: Field survey (processed)
Among the various types of institution, the ones that most often have a presence
in only one village are Other MFIs (around 63%). This is understandable, because
several institutions, such as UED, PDMDKE, P2K, and BKD (all of which fall into
the “Other MFIs” category) are in fact designed to work in village regions. But as
things develop, institutions that were originally designed to serve one village may
serve residents of other villages.
In all, for non-bank institutions, Table 4-11 shows that 32 percent have a presence
in only one village. This means that around a third of non-bank MFIs in the re-
search sample are believed to operate on a very small scale.
On the other hand, it is interesting to note that 16 percent of non-bank MFIs have
coverage in more than one regency. This is an indication that although many are
small-scale, non-bank MFIs have started to develop into larger-scale business units.
Therefore, the paradigm that non-bank MFIs are highly local by nature may, in the
years to come, have to be revised.
68
TARGET GROUPS
1. Gender
Two aspects are considered: female target groups or customers, and the views of
MFIs about the behavior of female customers. Table 4-12 provides a picture of the
target customers by gender, as reported by respondents. As might be expected,
most (88%) MFIs stated that they have both male and female target groups, or in
other words, they do not place a priority on any particular gender as their target.
Target Groups
Regency(kab.)/ Both
City(kota) Women Men women Total
and men
Kab Bandung 0.0 3.6 96.4 100.0
Kab Purwakarta 20.0 3.3 76.7 100.0
Kab Malang 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
Kota Madiun 13.2 2.6 84.2 100.0
Kab Sanggau 8.9 1.8 89.3 100.0
Kota Pontianak 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
Kab Kutai 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
Kota Samarinda 4.8 4.7 90.5 100.0
Kab Minahasa 12.1 6.1 81.8 100.0
Kota Manado 13.9 2.8 83.3 100.0
Kab Manokwari 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
Kota Jayapura 37.5 0.0 62.5 100.0
All Locations 9.2 2.7 88.1 100.0
69
Source: Field survey (processed)
Women (%)
Type of MFIs
Loans Savings
Bank:
Government banks 47.1 24.8
BPD 32.8 30.9
Private banks 20.4 16.8
BPR 33.8 28.4
BRI Units 25.6 23.2
All Bank 33.1 25.0
Non-Bank
BMT 45.3 45.3
Kopkar 37.2 35.3
KSP 46.0 46.9
Other MFIs 66.1 64.3
Programs 43.6 40.0
USP 46.4 51.8
All Non-Bank 48.9 50.5
Figure 4-1 shows that quite a few bank respondents stated that there is a difference
in character between male and female customers, particularly with regard to their
position as loan customers. When types of banks are compared, it is seen that BPDs
are the type of bank that most often states that there is a difference between male
and female customers, while the lowest figure is for private banks.
70
Figure 4-1. Bank Respondents Stating There Are Differences in
Character between Male and Female Customers (%)
Government Banks
BPD
Private Banks
BPR
BRI Units
All Banks
Table 4-14a shows that in general, in cases when a difference in character is con-
sidered to exist between male and female customers, female customers are con-
sidered superior to male customers. They are said to be better in promptness of
repayment of loan installments, easier to collect from, and more honest.
71
BMT
Kopkar
KSP
Other MFIs
Program
USP
All Non-Bank
The opinions about advantages of female customers over male customers also do
not differ greatly from those expressed by banks. A majority of non-bank respon-
dents felt that women are better in terms of prompt payment of loan installments,
ease of collection, and honesty (Table 4-14b).
Table 4-14b. Non-Bank MFIs Mentioning Advantages of Female Customers over Males (%)
It has been mentioned in other sections of this report that non-bank MFIs are an al-
ternative for the poor and/or micro enterprises to obtain financial services. Banks
are considered too bureaucratic by a majority of the poor and/or micro enterprises.
Banks are also unable to provide services to the poorer strata, because the cost of
servicing small loans is prohibitive. This consideration of profitability is believed to
influence banks’ unwillingness to channel micro credits.
Table 4-15a shows that this indication is not far off the reality in the field. Around
86 percent of non-bank MFIs state that their target group is “middle-lower”. The
“lower” group is also an important target group for non-bank MFIs (76%), though
there are also non-bank MFIs that aim at the “upper” and “middle upper” classes as
their target groups. This is because Employee Cooperatives (Koperasi Karyawan,
Kopkar) in institutions such as universities, government offices, and private com-
panies provide services to non-poor customers.
It is interesting to see that around 62 percent of banks state that their target group
is the lower category. In terms of type of bank, BRI Units are the type that most of-
ten states that the lower stratum is their target group (80%), while the lowest figure
is for private banks (33%). In fact, among the private banks located in regencies,
not one stated that the lower stratum is their target group.
It should be noted that these data are respondents’ subjective evaluations, and
rather difficult to relate to actual socio-economic data. However, a loan of Rp 50
million (defined in this study as micro loans) is in Indonesia considered quite
large, relative to average income. In this situation, loans of Rp 500,000 or less are
most likely to be loans to extremely poor people.
73
Social Stratum
Type of Institution Middle- Middle-
Upper Middle Lower
Upper Lower
BMT:
• All Cities 7.1 0.0 64.3 100.0 78.6
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 10.0 90.0 80.0
• All Locations 4.2 0.0 41.7 95.8 79.2
Kopkar:
• All Cities 0.0 33.3 33.3 100.0 50.0
• All Regencies 23.1 30.8 69.2 69.2 38.5
• All Locations 15.8 31.6 57.9 78.9 42.1
KSP:
• All Cities 16.7 26.7 63.3 90.0 66.7
• All Regencies 9.7 12.9 48.4 83.9 83.9
• All Locations 13.1 19.7 55.7 86.9 75.4
Other MFIs:
• All Cities 3.6 14.3 32.1 71.4 78.6
• All Regencies 3.8 11.5 38.5 88.5 88.5
• All Locations 3.7 13.0 35.2 79.6 83.3
Program:
• All Cities 0.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 50.0
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 25.0 91.7 100.0
• All Locations 0.0 0.0 28.6 92.9 92.9
USP:
• All Cities 6.3 21.9 59.4 90.6 87.5
• All Regencies 14.3 16.1 37.5 83.9 67.9
• All Locations 11.4 18.2 45.5 86.4 75.0
All Non-Bank:
• All Cities 8.0 18.8 52.7 87.5 75.9
• All Regencies 10.1 13.5 39.9 84.5 75.7
• All Locations 9.2 15.8 45.4 85.8 75.8
74
Table 4-15b. Bank MFI Market Segments by Type of Bank and Location (%)
Social Stratum
Type of Institution Middle- Middle-
Upper Middle Lower
Upper Lower
Government banks:
• All Cities 16.7 27.8 66.7 94.4 44.4
• All Regencies 27.3 27.3 63.6 90.9 63.6
• All Locations 20.7 27.6 65.5 93.1 51.7
BPD:
• All Cities 16.7 16.7 66.7 100.0 66.7
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 50.0 87.5 75.0
• All Locations 7.1 7.1 57.1 92.9 71.4
Private banks:
• All Cities 11.1 11.1 77.8 77.8 44.4
• All Regencies 66.7 66.7 100.0 66.7 0.0
• All Locations 25.0 25.0 83.3 75.0 33.3
BPR:
• All Cities 0.0 66.7 83.3 100.0 50.0
• All Regencies 16.7 44.4 55.6 88.9 61.1
• All Locations 12.5 50.0 62.5 91.7 58.3
BRI Units:
• All Cities 0.0 6.7 73.3 93.3 80.0
• All Regencies 25.0 20.0 65.0 85.0 80.0
• All Locations 14.3 14.3 68.6 88.6 80.0
All Bank:
• All Cities 9.3 22.2 72.2 92.6 57.4
• All Regencies 21.7 28.3 61.7 86.7 66.7
• All Locations 15.8 25.4 66.7 89.5 62.3
75
Table 4-16a clearly shows that the trade sector is the primary target of non-bank
MFIs (and also of banks in micro lending). Around 50 percent of all accounts in
non-bank MFIs are accounts from customers in the trade sector. The reasons why
this occurs may be quite complex, but the main reason is that the trade sector is
the largest non-agricultural sector. Among the 16 million micro enterprises (with
fewer than five employees) in the non-agricultural sector, around 60 percent are
micro enterprises in the trading sector. Compared with agriculture, which is the
largest sector, the trading sector is relatively easy to serve, because cash flow is
rapid, and profit margins may be greater.
In second place after the trade sector are the “other” sector (including services)
and industry (15%). Meanwhile, the agriculture sector is the least attractive sector
for non-bank MFIs. In all, only around 10% of micro loan accounts come from the
agriculture sector. In terms of supply, MFIs are not very interested in serving the
agriculture sector because of its seasonal character and relatively long production
cycle (especially when compared with the trade sector). Furthermore, on the de-
mand side, not many farmers are interested in borrowing money from MFIs, prob-
ably because the government widely and intensively channels subsidized credits
to the agriculture sector.
76
Table 4-16a. Micro Loan Accounts from Non-Bank MFIs by Economic Sector (%)
Economic Sector
Type of Institution
Trade Agriculture Industry Services Other TOTAL
BMT:
• All Cities 59.3 12.2 18.3 8.4 1.8 100.0
• All Regencies 39.5 1.0 17.4 42.1 0.0 100.0
• All Locations 52.7 8.5 18.0 19.6 1.2 100.0
Kopkar:
• All Cities 68.8 0.0 12.5 12.5 6.3 100.0
• All Regencies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
• All Locations 34.4 0.0 6.3 6.3 53.1 100.0
KSP:
• All Cities 57.1 7.7 11.6 14.5 9.7 100.0
• All Regencies 29.3 25.5 13.0 5.9 26.3 100.0
• All Locations 45.8 15.0 12.1 11.0 16.8 100.0
Other MFIs:
• All Cities 33.7 3.1 32.1 11.1 19.9 100.0
• All Regencies 56.5 9.0 5.7 14.1 16.9 100.0
• All Locations 45.9 6.3 18.0 12.7 18.4 100.0
Programs:
• All Cities 49.0 0.8 47.3 3.0 0.0 100.0
• All Regencies 43.1 16.9 3.8 16.3 20.0 100.0
• All Locations 44.8 12.3 16.2 12.5 14.3 100.0
USP:
• All Cities 69.8 4.9 15.6 5.7 4.1 100.0
• All Regencies 42.9 11.8 14.0 10.2 24.9 100.0
• All Locations 55.2 8.7 14.7 8.1 15.3 100.0
All Non-Bank:
• All Cities 58.6 6.1 18.1 9.8 7.7 100.0
• All Regencies 40.1 13.7 11.7 12.0 25.1 100.0
• All Locations 49.4 9.9 14.6 10.9 16.3 100.0
The situation for banks turns out to be consistent with what happens with non-
banks, as can be seen in Table 4-16b. The table shows that the trade sector is the
most attractive sector, along with the “other” sector, which is the consumption sec-
tor. Again, the agriculture sector is less attractive than the trade sector. Among
the types of banks, the ones with the greatest attention to the agriculture sector
(although the figures are small) are BPRs and BRI Units. 77
Economic Sector
Type of Institution
Trade Agriculture Industry Services Other TOTAL
Government banks:
• All Cities 43.0 13.9 1.6 3.7 37.6 100.0
• All Regencies 32.0 0.8 0.5 6.8 60.0 100.0
• All Locations 38.2 8.1 1.1 5.1 7.5 100.0
BPD:
• All Cities 41.1 3.8 12.7 9.6 32.8 100.0
• All Regencies 7.8 0.7 0.3 0.7 90.5 100.0
• All Locations 24.4 2.3 6.5 5.1 61.7 100.0
Private banks:
• All Cities 26.9 4.2 5.8 1.4 61.6 100.0
• All Regencies 25.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 66.7 100.0
• All Locations 26.5 3.4 4.7 2.8 62.6 100.0
BPR :
• All Cities 43.6 12.4 6.8 8.8 28.4 100.0
• All Regencies 48.7 12.0 1.6 8.4 29.5 100.0
• All Locations 47.1 12.1 3.3 8.5 29.2 100.0
BRI Units:
• All Cities 39.4 8.8 2.7 19.1 33.2 100.0
• All Regencies 48.7 15.3 3.2 4.4 28.4 100.0
• All Locations 45.0 12.9 3.0 10.2 30.2 100.0
All Bank:
• All Cities 39.7 9.8 4.1 10.4 37.3 100.0
• All Regencies 41.8 10.3 2.1 5.6 40.3 100.0
• All Locations 40.9 10.1 3.0 7.8 39.0 100.0
78