INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
2394-9007
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
Review on Improvement of Cluster-Based Routing
Protocol on Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network
Himanshu Kaushal, Prachi Singhai
Abstract— Vehicular Ad-hoc Net-works (VANET) is an
important component of Intelligent Transportation Systems. It
can be envisaged as the network of moving vehicles
communicating in autonomous and uneven fashion. Dynamic
movement of vehicles cause unpredictable changes in network
topology, because of this scalable and efficient information
dissemination is a major challenge in VANET. Our approach, we
assumed a hybrid VANET consisting of stationary info-stations
and moving vehicles, where vehicles elect their cluster head
which is responsible for their further communication, each
vehicle in a cluster can take the role of publisher or subscriber
and shall communicate with cluster head. Info-stations act as a
rendezvous point for subscriptions and publications as well as
they send matching publications to interested subscriber's cluster
head; along with that these info-stations also provide services for
locating any vehicle in the network. Simulation results show that
our approach performs well with increasing number of vehicles
which suggests the applicability of our approach
Keywords: NS-2, AODV, VANET, CBR, CH, MANET.
I. INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides an introduction of the dissertation, in
this chapter VANET technology is introduced with its
components and a brief background of it. The chapter also
introduces security threats in VANET.
A. Intelligent Transportation System:
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applies advanced
technologies of electronics, communications, computers,
control, sensing and detecting in all kinds of transportation
system in order to improve safety, efficiency, service, and
traffic situation through transmitting real-time information
[24]. It introduced with objectives such as to improve traffic
safety, to relieve traffic congestion, to improve transportation
efficiency, to reduce air pollution, and to increase the energy
efficiency. Generally, I.T.S. is classified into five systems
according to their functions as follows.
Responsibility of Advanced Traffic Management System
(ATMS) is to detect traffic situations and transmit them to
control center via communication network, and then develops
traffic control strategies by combing all types of traffic data.
Manuscript received on February, 2018.
Himanshu Kaushal, M.Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, SAM College of Engineering, Bhopal, M.P., India.
Prof. Prachi Singhai, Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, SAM College of Engineering, Bhopal, M.P., India.
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Additionally, Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS)
makes use of facilities to carry out traffic control and transmits
the information to drivers and concerned departments, and
implements traffic management measures, such as ramp
metering, signal control, speed control, incident management,
electronic toll collection and high occupancy vehicle control.
B. Advanced Traveler Information System:
Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS), with
advanced communication technology, makes road users can
access real time information in the car, at home, in the office
or outdoors as the reference of choosing transportation modes,
travel trips and routes. The system mainly includes changeable
message signs, Highway Advisory Radio (HAR), Global
Positioning System (GPS), the internet connection, telephone,
fax, cable television, information Kiosk and mobile.
II. VANET
In developed countries traffic is increases day by day because
of that travelling on road is very annoying thing. In addition,
the road traffic condition affect the safety of the population,
i.e. one million people worldwide are estimated to be killed
every year on the roads. Due to this, nowadays governments
and the auto motive industry invest many resources to increase
traffic efficiency and road safety, as well as to reduce the
impact of transportation on the environment. An application of
information technology and communication for this purpose
has opened a new range of possibilities. One of the most
promising areas of research is the study of the
communications among vehicles and road-side units, or more
specifically the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) [20].
This kind of networks are self-configuring networks
composed of a collection of vehicles and elements of roadside
infrastructure connected with each other without requiring an
underlying infrastructure, receiving and sending information
and warnings about the current traffic situation.
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
In paper [11], congestion control approach for safety
applications was proposed. The basic idea of this scheme is to
identify congestions using event-driven detection and
measurement, and to manipulate MAC transmission queues
for IEEE 802.11p, in order to ensure the safety messages sent
on the control channel. The event-driven congestion detection
is triggered reactively whenever a high priority safety message
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
is recognized to guarantee the QoS of the safety applications,
while the measurement based congestion detection consists of
measuring the channel usage and comparing it with a defined
threshold. However, the effective transmission of the safety
messages is not guaranteed because the neighborhood context
and the effective bandwidth sharing are not considered.
Mohamed Salah Bouassida suggested this approach in year
2010.
In paper [6] author presents a traffic information
propagation and aggregation scheme, which is suitable for the
city environment and based on Vehicle Ad hoc Network to
improve the traffic condition. In the proposed approach
roadside units (RSUs) can create, collect and distribute traffic
messages; using vehicles mutual cooperation and vehicle-to-
vehicle communication. These traffic messages can help
drivers to choose a better route and prepare against the traffic
events. It reduces the occurrence of traffic accident and it is
useful to avoid traffic jam. But in this paper author not show
the effect of attack by that the congestion is occur because to
identify attacker is a difficult issue that one is the main cause
of congestion.
In paper [2] author presents a secure MAC protocol for
VANET with different message priorities for different types of
applications to access DSRC (Dedicated Short Range
Communications) channels. DSRC (Dedicated Short Range
Communications) is a key enabling technology for VANET
services and applications. There are numerous challenges that
must be addressed before VANETs can be successfully
implemented. Among these challenges is designing of security
mechanisms to secure VANETs against abuse; and designing
of efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols so that
safety related and other application messages can be timely
and reliably disseminated through VANETs. He also stated
that vehicular ad hoc networking is an important component
of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The main benefit
of vehicular ad hoc network communication is seen in active
safety systems that increase passenger safety by exchanging
warning messages between vehicles. Private services and
other applications are also permitted in order to lower the cost
and to encourage VANET adoption and deployment. Proposed
MAC protocol can provide secure communications while
guarantee the reliability and latency requirements of safety
related DSRC applications for VANETs. Nader Moayeri
suggested this approach in year 2010.
In paper [5] author introduces an analytic model for safety
message delivery when using the channel coordination
mechanism defined in the IEEE 802.11 P standard. Author
shows that even under light traffic conditions; the system
cannot successfully meet the assumed safety message
reliability requirements. It happens because of the channel
switching mechanism; when safety messages are buffered at
multiple vehicles during the SCH (Service Channel) sub-
intervals. It creates a bulk arrival of safety messages at the
start of the next CCH (Control Channel) sub-interval, thus;
leading to excessive MAC-layer contention. Because IEEE
802.11 p defines small contention window sizes. It results in
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unacceptable collision probabilities. Author also states that
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) will enable a wide
variety of future vehicle-to-roadside and inter-vehicle
applications. All these services will span a large range of
functionality such as, those supporting vehicular safety & to
those used for best effort roadside advertising. For supporting
this wide range, IEEE 802.11p standard defines seven
channels for communication, consisting of a single control
channel for safety applications and six service channels which
can be used for other purposes. For allowing a single radio
interface to support both types of applications; the standard
defines a channel coordination mechanism that allows the
vehicular radio to alternately access the service and control
channels. While communication it is very important that
safety messages are transmitted with high reliability and low
latency. Using analytical models, paper provides a
performance evaluation of vehicular safety message delivery.
Jhon B. Kenney suggested this approach.
In paper [8] author proposes publish/subscribe framework
for information dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET). According to proposed approach, he assumed a
hybrid Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) consisting of
moving vehicles and stationary info-stations where each
vehicle can play the role of broker, publisher or subscriber.
Every major squares of city is equipped with stationary info-
stations (Access Point) that act as ultimate place holders for
subscriptions and publications. These info-stations (Access
Point) are assumed to be connected to internet and form DHT
(Distributed Hash Table) based broker overlay among them.
Now they act as rendezvous point for subscriptions and
publications & send matching publications to interested
subscribers. These info-stations also provide services for
locating any vehicle in the network. Author also states that
scalable and efficient information dissemination is a major
challenge due to the movement of vehicles which causes
unpredictable changes to the in network topology. P/S
(Publish/Subscribe) communication paradigm provides
decoupling in space, time and synchronization between
communicating entities, which makes it most suitable for
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) like environments.
Simulation results indicate that his approach performs well
with increasing number of vehicles which suggests the
applicability of his approach. Tulika suggested this approach.
A. Proposed Work:
Vehicle node in a network has to elect cluster head node,
which is able to do proper publication and subscription
operation on the behalf of initiator node. This cluster head is
an ultimate place holder in cluster for other nodes. Type of
communication strategy which used in this algorithm is
publish / subscribe for both internal as well as external, but
communication responsibility is all in the shoulder of cluster
head. Algorithm is as follows:
B. CH Selection:
For finding the cluster head, vehicle sends a hello packet
containing (Speed, Last Info-station Passed, (Connecting
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. I, February 2018
Link) in the network at regular time interval and wait for its
reply. When reply come, OBU counts the number of reply;
these replies are refer as connection links. These packets were
collect in a queue where OBU compare them with its last info-
station information if information matched send information
in to next array Title and Authors
IV. CONCLUSION
We have proposed a hybrid technique for structured data
dissemination by which any information in a network shall be
spread in a network without increasing a routing load in a
network as well as without compromises with delay time. This
method employs on each vehicle’s on-board unit (OBU), in
which OBU elect their cluster head and then only communicate
with cluster head or info-stations. Communication paradigm
which is used in our approach is publish/subscribe. The
technique is localized, requires only a small overhead, and does
not have special requirements such as special hardware etc.
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Impact Factor: 4.012
Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
ISSN No. 2394-9007
www.ijrtonline.org
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