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Grounding objectives
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Mandatory grounding
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• Fig 3-2 Ground conductor carries
current only during fault
until safety device blows
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Noise control
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ZSRP (Zero signal reference plane (ZSRP)
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Earth ground
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Grounding myths
2. The earth is an equipotential. False, this is clearly not true as a result of (1).
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5. An earth ground is unidirectional, with current only flowing into the ground.
False, because current must flow in loops, any current that flows into the
ground must also flow out of the ground somewhere else.
6. An isolated receptacle is not grounded. False, the term ‘‘isolated’’ refers only
to the method by which a receptacle is grounded, not if it is grounded.
7. A system designer can name ground conductors by the type of the current
that they should carry (i.e., signal, power, lightning, digital, analog, noisy,
etc.), and the electrons will comply and only flow in the appropriately
designated conductors. Obviously false.
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Signal grounds
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Ground impedance
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Current paths-low & high frequency
• At low frequencies current
will follow A to B –path of
least resistance
• At high frequencies it will
take the path of least
inductance
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• Grounding is hierarchical:
– Integrated circuits
– board
– system
• Signal grounds :
– Single point DC to 20 KHz
– Multipoint
– Hybrid
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PCB ground structure
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Digital tape recorder grounding
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Single point grounds
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• Do a block schematic
before doing PCB
layout
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• The connection between
each circuit and ground
should be kept as short
as possible (under one
cm)
• Ground plane thickness
has no impact ay high
frequencies-why?
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Common impedance coupling
• Two or more circuits share a common ground
and one or more of the following conditions
exist:
1. A high-impedance ground (at high frequency,
this is caused by too much inductance; at
low-frequency this is caused by too much
resistance).
2. A large ground current.
3. A very sensitive, low-noise margin circuit,
connected to the ground. Solution:
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Chassis ground
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Problems due to Ground loop
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If ground loops are a problem, then they can be dealt with in one of three ways
as follows:
The ground loop shown in Fig. 3-33 can be broken by one of the following:
1. Transformers
2. Common-mode chokes
3. Optical couplers
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• Transformer;
– Limited frequency response
– No DC pass thru
– External Mu metal shield to reduce
magnetic pick-up as well as
Faraday shield between primary
and secondary to reduce inter
winding capacitance-RCA
• Opto
– Used when large ground voltage
differences exists
– Works with digital, not with analog
• Balanced:
– Audio equipments (May also use
isolation transformers)
– Better the balance better is the
CMRR. At high frequencies it is
difficult to achieve balance
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High frequency analysis of common mode choke
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• Many systems contain multiple ground planes, for
example, separate analog and digital ground planes,
which are only connected together at one point,
• Having separate ground or reference planes for a
system results in efficient antennas being designed
into the system.
• In almost all cases, a system will perform better, both
functionally and EMC wise, with a single reference
plane.
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Amplifier shield
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Reduction by the order of 50 with Guard
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SUMMARY
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• Make connections to earth ground only when required for
safety.
• Do not look to an earth ground as a solution to your EMC
problems.
• Single-point grounds should only be used at low frequencies,
typically at frequencies below 100 kHz.
• Multipoint grounds should be used at high frequencies,
typically above 100 kHz, and with digital circuits.
• One purpose of a good ground system is to minimize the
noise voltage produced when two or more ground currents
flow through a common ground impedance.
•
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• The best way to make a low-impedance ground connection over the widest
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