CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS B. 2.

1. Write the general

1. Write the formula of formula of alkenes.
alkane. 2. Explain why boiling
1. Define the carbon
2. Explain why boiling point of alkenes
compound. point of alkanes increase descending
2. What is an
increase descending the homologous series
organic compound? the homologous series 3. Write the equation
3. List 3 examples 1. Define isomerism
3. Write the equation of combustion of
of organic 2. Draw structural
of combustion of pentene
compound and 3 formula of pentane
pentane
examples of non- isomers
organic compound. 3. Draw structural
formula of pentene
Alkane isomers
Alkenes
Carbon
compound 2.2
2.3

2.1
2.4 Isomerism
1. Define polymer.
2. Explain the
coagulation process of Natural2.9 CARBON
latex when it is added rubber COMPOUND
with formic acid.
2. Explain why 1. Define the
2.8 2.5
vulcanized rubber is homologous series of
stronger than natural alcohol
rubber. 2. Write the chemical
2.7 2.6 equation of combustion
Alcohol of propanol.
Fat 3. Describe a laboratory
experiment to produce
alcohol
Ester
Carboxylic acid
1. Define saturated fat
and unsaturated fat.
2. Stated the difference
between saturated fat
and unsaturated fat. 1. Define an ester. 1. Define carboxylic
3. What is the type of 2. Write the general acid.
reaction that changes formula of ester. 2. Write the equation
unsaturated fat to 3. Describe an involved in the
saturated fat? experiment to production of carboxylic
produce etil acid from propanol.
methanoic. 3. Explain why
methanoic acid cannot
conduct an electric

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 B. 2.1

Compound consists of carbon

element.

Definition of carbon
compound

Examples

ORGANIC CARBON
Combustion of
COMPOUND
organic compounds
sebatian organik

Type of compound Inorganic compound

Saturated Unsaturated
hydrocarbon hydrocarbon
s s

Inorganic carbon Compound consists of

Organic carbon compound carbon and did not come
Hydrocarbon compound from the organism
(animal or plant)

Compounds contain
Examples; carbon and come from
. organism (living thing). Examples:
Animal or plants Carbonate of metal,
Bicarbonate of metal,
carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, etc
Examples:
Glucose,
Protein,
Fat, etc

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 B. 2.2

n Molecular Name Structural formula Members Size of Melting Density State

formula molecule point
Methane Small Low Low Gas
1 CH4 methane Ethane Gas
Propane Gas
2 C2H6 ethane …….. Butane Gas
Pentane Liquid
3 …….. propane ………. Hexane Increase Increase Increase Liquid

4 C4H10 butane

5 ……… pentane ………

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1. Non soluble in
water
2. Non conductor of
electricity
Physical
Explanation to
properties and
General formula and the physical
the changes properties
group members
change.

General formula Non complete combustion

ALKANE CH4 + O2 C + 2H2O
CnH2n +2
C2H6 + O2 …. + …..
n = 1,2,3,…
…… + ….. …. + …
Substitution Chemical
reactions properties

Sun light Combustion

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 …….. + …… Complete combustion.

…….. + ……. ……… + ……. CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O

C2H6 + O2 …… + ……

C4H10 + O2 …….. + …….

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 B. 2.3
n Molecular Name Structural
Formula Formula Members Molecul Melting Density State
ar size point
1 C2H4 ethene Ethene Low Low Gas
Propene Gas
2 C3H6 propene Butene Gas
Pentene Gas
3 …….. butene Hexene Liquid
Heptene Increase Increase increase Liquid
4 C5H10 pentene

5 ……… hexene

10 1. Non soluble in
water
2. Non conductor of
General Physical electricity
formula General formula and properties and
group members the changes
Explanation to
CnH2n the changes
n = 2.3,4, … Homologous
Series ALKENE

Test to differentiate alkenes using

bromine water /Acidic potassium Chemical
magnate (VII). Experiment. properties
Polymerization
of alkene

Reaction Examples

1. Addition reaction

(a) Addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation) C2H4 + H2 C2H6

(b) Addition of bromine C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br2

H3PO4, 300oC, 60 atm.
(c) Addition of steam C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
acidic KMnO4
(d) Oxidation C2H4 + H2O + [O] C2H6O2

2. Combustion
Combustion in the air (oxygen) C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

C4H8 + …… ……. + ……

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 B.2.4
Isomers of pentane Isomers of butene

Compound with the

same molecular
formula but
different structural
formula

IUPAC
Example of isomer naming

Definition of isomerism

Instruction:
ISOMERISM 1. Specify the number of carbon
atom in the longest continuous
carbon chain.
2. Numbering carbon atoms with
1,2,3,… starting near functional
IUPAC name of group /and branch..
isomer 3. Branch names -CH3 , methyl
-CH2CH3, ethyl

Isomer of alkane (hexane)

Isomer of an alkene (pentene)

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 B.2.5
Carbon compound CH3OH methanol
Misuse of the contained hydroxyl C2H5OH ethanol
alcohol and the functional group, OH C3H7OH propanol Physical
effect C4H9OH butanol properties and the
changes
downward series.
Fuel, solvent, Formula Am:
Medical aspect, CnH2n+ 1OH
Cosmetic aspect.. n = 1,2,3,… Naming

Definition
of alcohol
Usage of Homologous
alcohol series of alcohol

Chemical properties ALCOHOL Isomerism in the alcohol

of alcohol

Chemical properties of
the ethanol

1. Combustion
Ethanol
C2H5OH + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Oxidation
2[O]
C2H5OH CH3COOH + H2O
Preparation In industry:
3. Dehydration The physical properties of ethanol
Alumina
Steam + ethene
of the ethanol
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

Cotton Alumina Dissolve in water In laboratory:

+ Dissolve in organic solvent, Fermentation Process.
Ethanol Neutral, Experiment
Ethene
Non-conductor of electricity
Diagram

Heat

Water

15
 Dehydration of ethanol

B. 2.6
CnH2n+1COOH
n = 0,1,2,… HCOOH methanoic acid O
CH3COOH ethanoic acid
C2H5 COOH propanoic acid R -C - OH
General
C3H7COOH butanoic acid where R
formula
C4H9COOH pentanoic acid is an alkyl group
…………..
Acid that contain the
functional group
carboxyl, -COOH
Oxidation of ethanol
Homologous Naming Acidic KMnO4
Series C2H5OH CH3COOH + H2O
Conc. H2SO4
Definition

Preparation of
ethanoic acid
Ketertiban dalam CARBOXYLIC
siri homolog ACID

Physical properties of
the carboxylic acid
karboksilik
The usage of
carboxylic acid
Chemical properties
of ethanoic acid

1. Ethanoic acid + base salt + water

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

2. Ethanoic acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide

2CH3COOH + K2CO3 2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2

3. Ethanoic acid + metal salt + hydrogen

2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

4. Ethanoic acid + alcohol esther + water

Ethanoic + ethanol ethyl ethanoat + water
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Ethanoic acid + ethanol +
concentrated sulphuric acid
( after boiling)
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 n m Molecular formula Name of ester

0 2
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
n = 0,1,2,…
m = 1,2,3,… 1 1

2 3

General formula
of ester
Diagram?
Molecular formula and
the name of ester
Homologous
series of ester Preparation
A group of
homologous series
Definition
with functional ESTER
group of carboxyl,
-COO- Ethyl ethanoate
etanoat

Physical properties
The ester daily life
usage
Natural source
of the ester To predict the
formation of the ester

17

…is an ester formed from
glycerol (alcohol) and
carboxylic acid.
The fat molecule that built of
only singular covalent bond
between carbon atom in the
molecules.
B. 5.3
The fat molecules that built of
multiple bond between
carbon atom in molecules.

Definition
Definition
Examples: definition
Chicken’s fat,
? fat and oil. Cow’s fat,
Saturated Unsaturated
Etc. Contoh:
fat fat

Comparison
Type of fat

Fat Oil
Higher melting Lower melting Conversion of the
point (more than point (less than unsaturated fat to the
20oC) 20oC) saturated fat.
Solid at room Liquid at room FAT AND OIL
temperature temperature
Found in animals Found in plants
& human & fish
Production of margerine:
The effect of Hydrogenation process of unsaturated fat
fat on health (palm oil)
Palm oil
Ni
- C = C - + H2 -C – C –

The needed to H H
use palm oil Extraction process of Double bond single bond
palm oil in industry

Taken too much saturated

fat may cause:
1. Obesity
2. Hardness of an artery
3. High blood pressure
4. Heart disease
5. Stroke

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 B. 5.4

R O R O R O R O

n H2N - CH - C - OH + H - N - CH – C - OH N - CH – C - N - CH – C - + nH2O

H H H n
Amino acid amino acid protein
(monomer) (monomer) (polymer)

Protein nC6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n + nH2O

glucose starch
(monomer) (polymer)
Giant molecule with long chain
(macromolecule) consist of
repeated sequence small molecules Carbohydrate
(micro molecule) called monomer
found in an animal & plant

NATURAL
Several polymer
RUBBER
Definition of and it’s monomer
natural polymer

Usage of
natural rubber Natural nC5H8 (C5H8)n
rubber Isoprene natural rubber
(monomer) (polymer)
Comparing the properties
of the natural and
vulcanized rubber
-- Explain Preventing Coagulating of
coagulation of the latex Experiment
latex
Vulcanization
of rubber. Definition
Latex is a colloid. It is a mixture of rubber particles
and water. A rubber particle is made up of negatively
charged protein membrane surrounds many rubber
Experiment: molecules. The negative charges are preventing the
1. Vulcanization of natural collision between molecules. When an acid is added to
rubber.
the latex, H+ from an acid is neutralized the negative
2. Comparison of properties
between natural and charge at protein membrane to allow the collision
vulcanized rubber between the rubber particles. The protein membrane
breaks, and then the rubber molecules are free to
Diagram clump together. Latex has coagulated

19
A. Analysing Alkanes

1. The general formula of alkanes are : ______________________________

2.. Complete the table by writing the name , molecular formula and structural formula of alkanes.

Number of
Molecular
Carbon atom per Name Structural formula
formula
molecule

3. All alkanes _______________________ in water because they are _____________________

compounds.

4. As the number of carbon atoms increases,

a) the size of the molecule _____________________________

b) the boiling and melting point ___________________ because _____________________

________________________________________________________________________

c) the amount of soot produced ______________________ because ___________________

________________________________________________________________________

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 5. Complete combustion of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water only.

a) C2H6 + O2 

b) C5H12 + O2 

6. Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with halogrns in the presence of ultra violet light.

CH4 + Cl2 

B. Analysing Alkenes

1. The general formula for alkenes is __________________________________________

2 Complete the table below by writing the names, molecular formula and structural formula .

Number of
Molecular
Carbon atom per Name Structural formula
formula
molecule

3. Alkenes undergo addition reaction due to the presence of the double bonds.

a) Hydrogenation : C3H6 + H2 

Condition of reaction : _________________________________

b) Halogenation : C3H6 + Br2 

- C– C=C- + Br-Br 

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 d) Hydration :

Condition of reaction : ____________________________________

e) Oxidation :

4 . Polimerization : The process whereby small molecules are joined together to form large
molecules.

5. Compare and contrast between alkanes and alkenes.

Alkanes Alkenes

General Formula

Bonding

Combustion

Physical properties

Chemical properties

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 Flowchart for the reaction of ethene

Ethane-1,2-diol Poliethene
C2H4(OH)2

IV VI Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH

II I
Ethanea IX Ethyl ethanoate
Ethene VIII
C2H5Cl C2H6 CH3COOC2H5
C2H4 VII

III
X
V Ethanol
C2H5OH
1,2 dibromoethane
C2H4Br2
Carbon dioxide and
water
Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I VI

II VII

III VIII

IV IX

V X

10
 Flowchart for the reaction of ethene

Butane-1,2-diol Polibutene
C4H8(OH)2

IV VI
Butanoic Acid
C3H7COOH

II I
Butane Butene IX Butyl butanoate
C4H9Cl C4H8 VIII
C4H10 VII C3H7COOC4H9

III
X Butanol
V C4H9OH
1,2 dibromobutane
C4H8Br2
Carbon dioxide and
water
Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I VI

II VII

III VIII

IV IX

V X

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 Flowchart for the reaction of propene

propane-1,2-diol Polipropene
C3H6(OH)2

IV VI
Propanoic acid
C2H5COOH

II I
Propane Propena IX Propyl propanoate
C3H7Cl C3H6 VIII
C3H8 VII C2H5COOC3H7

III
X Propanol
V C3H7OH
1,2 dibromopropane
C3H6Br2 Carbon dioxide and
water

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I VI

II VII

III VIII

IV IX
V X

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13
10
Objective Questions

1. What is the functional group for alcohol?

A. Carboxylate B. Diol
C. Hydroxide D. Hydroxyl

2. Which process is involved in changing propene into propanol ?

A. Oxidation B. Hydration
C. Fermentation D. Combustion

3. The equation below representsthe reaction in the industrial preparation of ethanol.

X + H2O  CH3CH2OH

What is X ?

A. Ethene B. Ethane
C. Glucose D. Maltose

4. What are the products of the reaction between propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide ?
A. water and carbon dioxide
B. Ethyl ethanoate and sodium ethanoate
C. Water and ethyl ethanoate
D. Sodium ethanoate and water.

5. Which of the following is not true about the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Characteristic Saturated Fats Unsaturated fats

A Melting Point Low High
B Source Animals Plants
C Cholesterol content High Low
D Physical state at room temperature Solid Liquid

6. Coagulation of latex takes place by adding ….

I formic acid
II nitric acid
III aqueous ammonia
IV hydrochloric acid

A. I and II only B. II and III only

C. I , II and III only D. I , II , III and IV.

7. Vulcanised rubber is harder because…..

A. the polymers of rubber are arranged orderly
B. the polymers of rubber combine to form longer chains
C. the polymers are held by sulphur linkage
D. the polymers became neutral.
Structural Questions

1. The figure below shows the set up of apparatus for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate from the
reaction of etanol with ethanoic acid.

10
 Liebig
condenser

Water bath Mixture of ethanol ethanoic acid , and

concentrated sulphuric acid

Heat

a) On the Liebig condenser above, mark ‘X’ to indicate where water flows in and
‘Y’
where water flows out. [ 1 mark]

b) Why is the mixture heated using a water bath ?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) (i) Name the reaction for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate.

___________________________________________________________
[1
mark]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in c (i)

__________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark]

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 d) The experiment is reapeated by replacing ethanol with propanol.
(i) Name the ester formed .

__________________________________________________________
___

[1 mark]

(ii) State one physical property of the ester.

__________________________________________________________
___

[1 mark]

.e) The flow chart below shows the conversión of etanol to ethene and etanol to
ethanoic
acid.

Process Process
I II

Based on the flow chart below shows the conversión of etanol of ethene and
etanol to ethanoic acid.

(i) Process I

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Process II

[ 1 mark ]

(f) An alkane has a structural formula as shown below.

H H H H
Ι ι ι ι
H — C — C — C — C — H

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 Ι ι ι ι
H H H H

What is the name of the alkane?

[ 1 mark ]

2. Propanol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution to produce an organic

compound X.

Propanol

Acidified
potassium Organic Compound
Manganate (VII) X
Solution

Organic Compound
X

a) (i) Name the reaction for changing propanol to

the organic compound X.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii) Name the organic compound X.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
b) (i) Name a reagent which can be used to derive oranic compound Y when propanol
and X react with one another.

______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii) Name the homologous series to which compound Y belongs to.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(iii) Draw the structural formula of compound Y.

13
Figure 2.1 shows changes of a carbon compound involving a series of reactions.

+H2 Alumina
Propane
Heat Alkene Propanol
Heat

Potassium dichromate(IV)
in acid

Propanoic acid

Figure 2.1

(a) Draw the structural formulae of two propanol isomers.

Name both isomers. [ 4 marks ]

(b) The information below is regarding alkene Y:

 Carbon 85.7%
 Hydrogen 14.3%
 Relative molecular mass = 42
 Relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12

Based on the information of the alkene Y:

(i) Determine the molecular formula

(ii) Draw the structural formula
(iii) Name the alkene
(iv) Write the general formula for its homologous series [ 8 marks ]

(c ) (i) Table 2.2 shows the results of a test to differentiate between alkene Y
and propane.

Procedure Observations

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 Bromine water is added to alkene Y Brown colour is decolourized
Bromine water is added to propane Brown colour remains

Table 2.2

Explain why there is difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]

(ii) Table 2.3 shows results of latex coagulation.

Procedure Observations
Propanoic acid is added to latex Latex coagulates immediately
Latex is left under natural Latex coagulates slowly
conditions

Table 2.3

Explain why there is a difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]

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