CHURCHGATE STATION

CORNERS STABILITY CHECKING

GC asked us to provide corners stability for all stations. If in case of Cuffe Parade Launch Shaft only
first 70 linear meters exist in the moment of excavation, in remaining stations all secant piles walls
will be completed forming a close box. In this case on both extremities head walls will produce
similar reaction, but in opposed senses. In our opinion all longitudinal stability checking has no
physical sense, because reactions from both extremities are opposites, but we did such a
calculation to comply with GC requirement.

We have explained in our note “Objections GC concerning corners stability” the points we checked;

- Transmission of load from walers to secant piles wall

- Transmission of load from secant piles wall to ground (soil and rock)
STATION CHURCHGATE

SOUTH EXREMITY SIDE

CHURCHGATE STATION
SOUTH EXTREMITY

A B

berm

G
E
 CHURCHGATE STATION CHURCHGATE STATION
SOUTH EAST CORNER SOUTH WEST CORNER
4,2 4

soil soil

rock

Basalt -8,5

Analyse of stability – south west corner

CHURCHGATE STATION
SOUTH EAST CORNER
4,2

soil

rock

Basalt

Calculation of longitudinal force transmitted by corner struts:

We can estimate global lateral reaction transmitted by corner struts. This reaction transmitted at 45°
and will compres the soil. Strut reaction will be decomposed in tangential and perpendicular
components. Global tangential component will be the same as perpendicular reaction on half of
width of transversal closing wall. It represents 19m We have two struts levels.

Waler’s reactions per m run:

- First level at +2.80 264.35 kN/m

- Second level at – 3.06 573.05 kN/m

Total: 837.4 kN/m

First five levels of corner struts support 38m of transversal wall load, so tangential reaction will be:

837.4 kN/m x 19m = 15911 kN or 1591t

The same reaction will be applied perpendicularly to the secant pile wall.

The length of lateral wall is approximately 260m, and on opposite side the head wall produce similar
opposite load, however we have taken only first 70 m like for Cuffe Parade Launch Schaft.

The average pile depth is approximately 13m on first 20m (with shear pins) and 24.5m on last 50m
(but for last 50m lower4m corresponds to total piles embedment in rock, so contact surface is 24.5m
+ 4m = 29.5m.

We have calculated average tangential effort without taking into consideration shear pins

In this case corresponding shear surface should be:

20m x 13.5m + 50m x (24.5m+4m) = 1745m²

Corresponding average shear strength (including soil and rock):

15911 kN / 1745m² = 9.1 kN/m², approximately 0.9 t/m², value much lower than soil direct shear
(with perpendicular compression) capacity and insignificant for rock.

In fact the tangential effort will be quickly diffused to stiffer part, constituted by lower part
corresponding to rock which capacity is much higher.

To transmit corner struts tangential reaction to secant piles we must foresee an adequate capacity of
transmission (shear connectors and, principally, adhesion between steel waler and concrete) from
waler and to secant piles curtain through concrete between both.
 WALER

CONCRETE

WALER - CONCRETE CONTACT SURFACE

SECANT PILES WALL - SOIL CONTACT SURFACE

Critical case will correspond to second waler level, with maximum reaction 573.05 kN/m, which
represents a total force of: 573.05 kN x 19 m = 10888 kN.

Taking into consideration a direct contact steel (waler) – concrete (space between waler and secant
piles) on first 70m existing during launch chamber excavation we will obtain:

Contact surface: 70.0m x 0.70m = 49 m²

Average strength (without shear connectors):

10888 kN / 49m² = 222.2 kPa = 0.22 MPa

It is much less than available concrete – steel adhesion capacity ( ~ 2MPa)

We have calculate this strength only considering the contact between waler and concrete behind and
we did not taken into consideration shear connectors (two 20mm diam shear connectors per hard
pile, 54 x 2 =108, or 340cm²).

We do not check contact between concrete behind waler, and secant pile wall, because the contact
surface is not plane.
Any way, this consideration has no sense because waler is continue along station box and
compressed from both sides.

Analyse of stability – south west corner

CHURCHGATE STATION
SOUTH WEST CORNER
4,1

soil

-8,5

Calculation of longitudinal force transmitted by corner struts:

We can estimate global lateral reaction transmitted by corner struts. This reaction transmitted at 45°
and will compres the soil. Strut reaction will be decomposed in tangential and perpendicular
components. Global tangential component will be the same as perpendicular reaction on half of
width of transversal closing wall. It represents 19m.

We have two struts levels

Waler’s reactions per m run:

- First level at +2.80 264.35 kN/m

- Second level at – 3.06 573.05 kN/m

Total: 837.4 kN/m

First five levels of corner struts support 38m of transversal wall load, so tangential reaction will be:

837.4 kN/m x 19m = 15911 kN or 1591t

The same reaction will be applied perpendicularly to the secant pile wall.

The length of lateral wall is approximately 260m, and on opposite side the head wall produce similar
opposite load, however we have taken only first 70 m like for Cuffe Parade Launch Schaft.
The average pile depth is approximately 12.5m We have calculated average tangential effort without
taking into consideration shear pins

In this case corresponding shear surface should be:

70m x 12.5m = 875m²

Corresponding average shear strength (including soil and rock):

15911 kN / 875m² = 18.2 kN/m², approximately 1.8 t/m², value much lower than soil direct shear
(with perpendicular compression) capacity and insignificant for rock.

In fact the tangential effort will be quickly diffused to stiffer part, constituted by lower part
corresponding to rock which capacity is much higher.

To transmit corner struts tangential reaction to secant piles we must foresee an adequate capacity of
transmission (shear connectors and, principally, adhesion between steel waler and concrete) from
waler and to secant piles curtain through concrete between both.

SECOND STRUT LEVEL

WALER WB 2 -3

CONCRETE
WALER WB 2 -3

0,85 m CONTACT SURFACE

Critical case will correspond to second waler level, with maximum reaction 573.05 kN/m, which
represents a total force of: 573.05 kN x 19 m = 10888 kN.
Taking into consideration a direct contact steel (waler) – concrete (space between waler and secant
piles) on first 70m existing during launch chamber excavation we will obtain:

Contact surface: 70.0m x 0.70m = 49 m²

Average strength (without shear connectors):

10888 kN / 49m² = 222.2 kPa = 0.22 MPa

It is much less than available concrete – steel adhesion capacity ( ~ 2MPa)

We have calculate this strength only considering the contact between waler and concrete behind and
we did not taken into consideration shear connectors (two 20mm diam shear connectors per hard
pile, 54 x 2 =108, or 340cm²).

We do not check contact between concrete behind waler, and secant pile wall, because the contact
surface is not plane.

Any way, this consideration has no sense because waler is continue along station box and
compressed from both sides.

NORTH SIDE

CHURCHGATE STATION NORTH EXTREMITY

berm

berm berm
 CHURCHGATE STATION CHURCHGATE STATION
NORTH WEST CORNER NORTH EAST CORNER
4 4

soil soil

rock

Basalt
rock

Basalt

rock berm

Analyse of stability – north east corner

CHURCHGATE STATION
NORTH EAST CORNER
4

soil

rock

Basalt

rock berm

Calculation of longitudinal force transmitted by corner struts:

We can estimate global lateral reaction transmitted by corner struts. This reaction transmitted at 45°
and will compres the soil. Strut reaction will be decomposed in tangential and perpendicular
components. Global tangential component will be the same as perpendicular reaction on half of
width of transversal closing wall. It represents 19m

We have two struts levels.

Waler’s reactions per m run:

 - First level at +2.80 268.47 kN/m
- Second level at – 3.06 301.0 kN/m

Total: 569.5 kN/m

Corner struts support 38m of transversal wall load, so tangential reaction will be:

569.5 kN/m x 19m = 11820 kN or 118t

The same reaction will be applied perpendicularly to the secant pile wall.

The length of lateral wall is approximately 260m, and on opposite side the head wall produce similar
opposite load, however we have taken only first 70 m like for Cuffe Parade Launch Schaft.

The average pile depth is approximately 9.5m. We have calculated average tangential effort without
taking into consideration shear pins

In this case corresponding shear surface should be:

70m x 9.5m = 665m²

Corresponding average shear strength (including soil and rock):

11820 kN / 665m² = 17.7 kN/m², approximately 1.8 t/m², value much lower than soil direct shear
(with perpendicular compression) capacity and insignificant for rock. We did not take into account
shear pins.

In fact the tangential effort will be quickly diffused to stiffer part, constituted by lower part
corresponding to rock which capacity is much higher.

To transmit corner struts tangential reaction to secant piles we must foresee an adequate capacity of
transmission (shear connectors and, principally, adhesion between steel waler and concrete) from
waler and to secant piles curtain through concrete between both.
 SECOND STRUT LEVEL

WALER WB 2 -3

CONCRETE
WALER WB 2 -3

0,85 m CONTACT SURFACE

Critical case will correspond to second waler level, with maximum reaction 573.05 kN/m, which
represents a total force of: 573.05 kN x 19 m = 10888 kN.

Taking into consideration a direct contact steel (waler) – concrete (space between waler and secant
piles) on first 70m existing during launch chamber excavation we will obtain:

Contact surface: 70.0m x 0.70m = 49 m²

Average strength (without shear connectors):

10888 kN / 49m² = 222.2 kPa = 0.22 MPa

It is much less than available concrete – steel adhesion capacity ( ~ 2MPa)

We have calculate this strength only considering the contact between waler and concrete behind and
we did not taken into consideration shear connectors (two 20mm diam shear connectors per hard
pile, 54 x 2 =108, or 340cm²).

We do not check contact between concrete behind waler, and secant pile wall, because the contact
surface is not plane.

Any way, this consideration has no sense because waler is continue along station box and
compressed from both sides.
Analyse of stability – north west corner

CHURCHGATE STATION
NORTH WEST CORNER
4

soil

rock

Basalt

Calculation of longitudinal force transmitted by corner struts:

We can estimate global lateral reaction transmitted by corner struts. This reaction transmitted at 45°
and will compres the soil. Strut reaction will be decomposed in tangential and perpendicular
components. Global tangential component will be the same as perpendicular reaction on half of
width of transversal closing wall. It represents 19m

We have two struts levels.

Waler’s reactions per m run:

- First level at +2.80 268.47 kN/m

- Second level at – 3.06 301.0 kN/m

Total: 569.5 kN/m

Corner struts support 38m of transversal wall load, so tangential reaction will be:

569.5 kN/m x 19m = 11820 kN or 118t

The same reaction will be applied perpendicularly to the secant pile wall.

The length of lateral wall is approximately 260m, and on opposite side the head wall produce similar
opposite load, however we have taken only first 70 m like for Cuffe Parade Launch Schaft.

The average pile depth is approximately 9.5m. We have calculated average tangential effort without
taking into consideration shear pins
In this case corresponding shear surface should be:

70m x 9.7m = 679m²

Corresponding average shear strength (including soil and rock):

11820 kN / 679m² = 17.4 kN/m², approximately 1.74 t/m², value much lower than soil direct shear
(with perpendicular compression) capacity and insignificant for rock. We did not take into account
shear pins.

In fact the tangential effort will be quickly diffused to stiffer part, constituted by lower part
corresponding to rock which capacity is much higher.

To transmit corner struts tangential reaction to secant piles we must foresee an adequate capacity of
transmission (shear connectors and, principally, adhesion between steel waler and concrete) from
waler and to secant piles curtain through concrete between both.

SECOND STRUT LEVEL

WALER WB 2 -3

CONCRETE
WALER WB 2 -3

0,85 m CONTACT SURFACE

Critical case will correspond to second waler level, with maximum reaction 573.05 kN/m, which
represents a total force of: 573.05 kN x 19 m = 10888 kN.

Taking into consideration a direct contact steel (waler) – concrete (space between waler and secant
piles) on first 70m existing during launch chamber excavation we will obtain:

Contact surface: 70.0m x 0.70m = 49 m²

Average strength (without shear connectors):

10888 kN / 49m² = 222.2 kPa = 0.22 MPa

It is much less than available concrete – steel adhesion capacity ( ~ 2MPa)

We have calculate this strength only considering the contact between waler and concrete behind and
we did not taken into consideration shear connectors (two 20mm diam shear connectors per hard
pile, 54 x 2 =108, or 340cm²).

We do not check contact between concrete behind waler, and secant pile wall, because the contact
surface is not plane.

Any way, this consideration has no sense because waler is continue along station box and
compressed from both sides.